{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/hq3rv0dh7t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["McNaughton, S. J., Ecology and Management of Tropical Savanna Grasslands"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203830 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203830"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. 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lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=13.62,17.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And before I introduce tonight's speaker,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=17.75,19.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to thank our co-sponsors of animal ecology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=19.77,22.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"animal science, agronomy departments, the biology program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=22.68,26.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"botany department, environmental studies program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=26.88,29.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plant pathology and zoology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=29.7,31.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we have a record of co-sponsors this time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=31.29,34.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, I have graduate college","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=34.65,36.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the committee on lectures helping us out with this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=36.5,39.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our speaker tonight is Dr. Samuel McNaughton.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=39.89,42.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He got his BS at Northwest Missouri State College.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=42.81,47.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Earned his PhD in botany","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=48.93,50.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at University of Texas with Calvin McMillan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=50.56,53.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Post-doctoral work at Stanford University with Peter Raven.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=54.78,59.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And has been with the botany faculty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=60.08,62.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the biology faculty at Syracuse since 1966.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=62.53,67.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has worked extensively with ecology of TIFA until 1973,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=69.74,74.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and has been working with grazing ecology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=75.95,78.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Serengeti ecosystem since then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=78.89,81.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's published extensively on all his work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=82.36,85.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including very many journal 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management","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=91.24,94.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of tropical savanna grasslands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=94.23,96.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd also like to make a commercial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=96.89,98.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the botany department lecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=98.68,101.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at agronomy lecture hall 2050,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=101.26,105.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tomorrow afternoon at four o'clock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=105.32,107.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than a regular time of 4:10.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=107.37,109.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're gonna try to start right at four o'clock tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=110.75,114.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'd like to introduce Dr. McDonnell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=114.17,116.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you Ned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=120.59,121.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a pleasure to be here, and it's a particular pleasure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=121.48,124.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be invited by the student organization and AVID.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=124.96,129.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whoops, here we go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=130.27,132.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Me and microphones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=132.57,133.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a 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here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=138.11,140.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the invitation of the graduate students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=140.1,142.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the opportunity to talk to them about their research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=142.5,145.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And tonight I'm going to talk about some of the problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=145.68,150.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are involved in managing African game parks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=150.83,155.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and particularly by my own research and what I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=155.09,158.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although it's academic research or the 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you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=189.61,192.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what I've been doing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=192.7,194.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of research for the last 15 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=194.09,197.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been working in the Serengeti for 15 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=197.34,201.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I'm going to try to summarize that 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operate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=207.901,211.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the fundamental substitution to analyze this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=211.75,214.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's what proper management policies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=214.83,219.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must be based on some sound scientific knowledge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=219.94,223.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So with that introduction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=223.21,225.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's start with the first slide and get underway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=225.91,230.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just like to start getting a 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do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=245.73,247.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize Saudi Arabia here, I hope?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=248.99,252.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sudden focus looks a little out of it to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=252.06,255.691"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me see if I can buzz it a little bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=255.691,258.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wow, well done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=258.26,259.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here's Africa, a huge land mass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=262.18,267.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of course, sub-Saharan 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=283.43,287.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there we're going to talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=287.83,289.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what lies just East of Lake Victoria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=289.82,294.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was an area that was first discovered by Caucasians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=294.21,297.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1899 when a German Explorer crossed from the coast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=297.89,302.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Southern part of like Victoria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=306.89,311.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was established as a game reserve in the 1920s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=311.25,316.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it became generally accessible around 1950","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=316.18,321.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when various crossings of the rivers were established","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=321.4,326.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and roads were put into the area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=327.54,330.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a relatively recently accessible 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Kansas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=338.66,343.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were probably the most famous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=344.015,345.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wildlife movie makers at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=345.85,348.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Martin Joseph Johnson were the first person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=348.41,351.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to drive an automobile into the area in the 1920s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=351.16,354.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You might know that the Americans would be the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=354.97,357.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to introduce air pollution into the Serengeti ecosystem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=357.81,361.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're going backwards here, but now we're underway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=361.84,366.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's zoom it back out again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=370.4,372.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They regionalized just South of the equator,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=373.86,377.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from one to three degrees South.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=377.24,379.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's no temperature seasonality to speak of at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=379.89,384.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It an elevation of a nominal mean elevation 1500 meters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=385.2,390.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It slopes up slightly from Lake Victoria to the west,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=392.19,396.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to fairly substantiate crater highlands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=397.26,400.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a volcanic area to the south east of the park.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=400.16,405.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And daytime highs would be, well, let's talk fahrenheit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=407.37,412.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be in the 80s and night time lows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=413.48,417.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would usually be in the sort of mid to upper 50s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=417.61,420.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's that way every day, day after day, year around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=420.86,425.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is, however pronounced 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April,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=471.37,474.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the dry season is June through October","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=474.57,479.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the driest month is June, 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pattern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=492.1,495.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's this huge exposed water surface out here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=495.72,499.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which creates its own rainfalls in 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effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=509.57,512.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The two principle areas that I've worked in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=512.47,514.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are Serengeti National Park in Tanzania","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=514.63,518.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Maasai Mara game reserve in Kenya.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=518.12,521.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although for the last 10 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like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=551.21,553.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These animals are wild beasts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=553.38,556.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These animals are Thomson's 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lawn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=564.342,566.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That grazing lawn is maintained by the animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=566.52,570.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see their hooves in some of these pictures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=570.24,574.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All those white dots are wildebeest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=574.73,577.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you can imagine standing on your land 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hill,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=585.13,587.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to the next hill looking over this for mile after mile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=587.95,592.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got some feeling for the number of gay men,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=594.31,597.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who must be present in this area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=597.3,598.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a huge herd, this is the largest herd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=600.66,604.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of free range ungulates in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=604.83,608.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this area of short grasslands is maintained","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=608.61,613.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the activities of these animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=614.03,617.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is on volcanic soils that are derived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=617.89,620.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the crater highlands are highly fertile,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=620.66,624.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll talk a bit about tomorrow afternoon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=625.52,629.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a specific landscape region that we refer to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=629.72,634.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the south western plains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=634.01,636.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's typical rolling plains like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=636.39,639.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the animals concentrate there during the wet 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80%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=650.21,655.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of them are all dropped in about 10 day period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=657.47,662.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's like a huge obstetric toward their inner 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two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=787.46,789.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to two and a half meters during the wet season.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=789.35,792.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically ungrazed during that season,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=792.73,796.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then can be heavily grazed at peak of the dry season","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=796.471,800.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during which they represent an important food reservoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=800.35,805.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first ordination axis is most closely related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=805.53,809.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to grazing tendency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=809.66,812.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And could you just screw that up just to 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nevermind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=820.61,821.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This shows a position on ordination axis one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=821.73,825.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plotted against a mean annual grazing intensity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=825.61,829.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You will see this axis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=829.89,832.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is primarily reflecting grazing 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ways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=838.24,843.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I should explain what this index represents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=843.3,846.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an index that ranges from zero to one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=849.58,852.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's the difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=854.52,856.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's one minus the standing crop of 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totally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=871.83,875.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this index would be one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=875.62,877.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if not grazed at all, it would be close to 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seasonality,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1234.27,1238.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's no frost or anything like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1238.38,1240.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a pronounced growing season gradient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1240.56,1243.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across this system and the animals that are most abundant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1243.42,1247.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, the nomadic or migratory herbivores,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1247.57,1251.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"move in relationship to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1251.04,1254.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They concentrate down here during the wet season","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1254.17,1258.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as the dry season progresses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1258.08,1260.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they move right up this gradient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1260.25,1262.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the tall grasslands up in north west.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1262.6,1267.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tomorrow I'm going to talk about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1267.54,1269.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the nutritional patterns that are related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1269.08,1272.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that rainfall gradient which may provide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1272.12,1274.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more insight into why it's adaptive to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1274.36,1277.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let's talk about the animals in a little more 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character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1288.32,1290.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the most abundant herd of free ranging ungulates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1290.96,1294.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world, and its wildebeest or white bearded gnu,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1294.39,1299.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for obvious reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1300.7,1302.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are 1.4 million of these wildebeest in the 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1950s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1312.27,1316.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were about a quarter of a million of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1316.7,1319.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These animals are subject to an exotic disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1319.15,1322.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called viral disease, called cattle plague or rinderpest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1322.73,1326.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't act as 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comment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1610.46,1614.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the general ecology of the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1614.86,1617.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I first got to the Serengeti in 1973","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1617.99,1620.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was back for a search 1974.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1620.373,1622.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the problem that everybody was talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1625.1,1628.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time, was the elephant problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1628.38,1632.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was regarded as a serious problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1632.0,1634.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the management of African game parks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1634.82,1638.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The elephant problem, wasn't an elephant 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increase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1674.09,1677.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the time I arrived,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1678.19,1679.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were 3000 elephants in the 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arrived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1702.18,1703.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, there are good arrow photography,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1703.52,1706.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I dedicated to that 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trees,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1716.32,1717.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've got to do something about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1717.58,1719.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That all changed in 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question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1772.59,1774.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1774.34,1775.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no single study had looked at primary 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CPN.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1795.652,1798.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That means controlling productivity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1798.499,1800.888"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, it's net productivity and 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literature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1827.34,1832.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what was interesting to us at the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1832.14,1836.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or when we first developed these days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1836.33,1837.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what were more and more interested in now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1837.86,1841.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is certain locations and high rainfall areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1841.5,1845.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had quite love on that productivity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1845.4,1848.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's the thing that became more interesting to 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down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1926.227,1928.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they might be moved to two week intervals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1928.55,1930.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in some cases, as short as a week to 10 day intervals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1930.74,1934.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looking at the impact of the animals on the grasslands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1934.86,1939.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, I must confess that when I started this project,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1940.15,1944.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my general view was it would rain so much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1944.29,1947.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the grass would grow so much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1948.55,1950.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the animals would eat so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1950.78,1953.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And from this, you can estimate carrying capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1953.47,1956.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1956.28,1957.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I first met with chief park warden,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1957.8,1960.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's now director of Tanzania National Parks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1960.97,1964.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said to me, \"I think the most important thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1964.25,1966.257"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"that you could do for us is to estimate current capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1966.257,1970.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of this system for these large animals.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1970.817,1973.528"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"Fine, David, I'll get back to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1973.528,1975.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"next year with the number.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1975.207,1977.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that was 15 years ago and the number's not there yet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1977.24,1982.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what I think we're getting closer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1982.9,1984.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope you'll agree as we conclude and see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1984.96,1989.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we measured controlled net productivity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1990.49,1992.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is exactly the same data that you've just seen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1992.553,1995.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is actual net productivity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1995.4,1997.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is productivity in these temporary exclosures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=1999.168,2000.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the quality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2000.84,2002.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you can see, most of the points","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2003.847,2005.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live above the equality line once again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2005.95,2008.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the short grasslands, mid grasslands, tall grasslands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2008.33,2013.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some of them lies substation about the equality 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productivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2023.76,2026.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these grasslands in some cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2026.92,2030.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by substantial increments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2030.67,2033.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that became a puzzle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2034.82,2036.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're about two years, two and a half years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2036.56,2039.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the project by this stage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2039.29,2041.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And on a growing season basis, ungrazed vegetation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2046.74,2051.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"average about two grams per square meter per day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2051.94,2055.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during dry season.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2055.18,2056.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grazing had two effects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2057.81,2060.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First it changed the mean just about doubling it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2060.24,2063.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from about two grams per square meter per day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2063.75,2066.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to about which is a fairly prosaic level for the grass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2066.8,2070.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is up to about four grams per square meter per day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2070.35,2074.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a pretty interesting figure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2074.12,2076.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in addition to increase the variance substantially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2076.37,2079.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in some cases, the growing season 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day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2086.9,2090.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is equivalent to the sort of productivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2090.42,2092.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one might suspect or expect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2092.55,2094.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from an industrially subsidized agricultural grasslands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2094.94,2099.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, these are systems that are running","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2101.148,2102.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only on the energy of sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2102.69,2105.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that became the fundamental problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2105.24,2107.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, if we go back to grazing intensity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2107.93,2110.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at this difference between these two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2110.0,2112.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is the stimulation of productivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2112.38,2115.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in relation to grazing intensity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2115.78,2119.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's some range between 0.4 and 0.6","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2120.96,2123.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a annual basis that seems to optimize the 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dormancy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2548.07,2551.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These plants are much more likely to die.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2551.23,2553.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I'm not gonna, this gets a little more 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sublime,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2564.05,2569.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if not the ridiculous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2569.7,2571.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's been suggested by various people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2572.44,2575.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that components in saliva could stimulate plant growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2575.22,2580.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a good friend of mine, Mel Dire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2581.52,2584.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suggested an important component of the responses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2584.31,2589.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of plants to defoliation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2590.07,2592.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't believe it for a minute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2592.23,2594.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2595.75,2598.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I decided to do an experiment with a component","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2598.29,2601.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of saliva, thymine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2601.63,2603.534"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course you know that plants make thymine in the roots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2603.534,2606.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tends to translocate it to the 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can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2612.55,2615.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, fire is an important component","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2615.77,2618.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ungulate saliva.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2618.81,2620.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I added thymine at parts per billion concentrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2620.06,2625.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2.2 ml, in other words, growth factor concentrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2626.343,2631.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were added to plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2632.31,2634.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact trial, it was a two to fifth involving nitrogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2634.22,2638.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phosphorus thymine in the clipping in space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2638.56,2641.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna show you just one result of this experiment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2641.0,2644.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is an experiment with the short grass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2646.92,2649.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this shows no clipped and clipped 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on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2667.04,2671.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was increased to 49%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2671.2,2674.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A reasonable conclusion from this 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factor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2713.54,2718.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is first isolated from submaximal plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2718.63,2722.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or grass plants code.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2722.05,2724.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Mel Dyer who laughed heartily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2726.15,2731.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I got the thymine 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seeding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2739.37,2744.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elongation test for growth factor activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2745.83,2750.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I thought that was a splendid idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2751.31,2753.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cost that in experiment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2754.4,2756.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how much biological materials costs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2757.318,2760.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this must be one of the most expensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2760.51,2763.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"materials available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2763.32,2764.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It costs about $1.2 million gram for this stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2764.96,2768.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I estimated my budget for about five...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173#t=2769.81,2774.03"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25276/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/276/original/AV203830_Ecology_and_Management_of_Tropical_Savanna_Grasslands_a.vtt?1620124065","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/276/original/AV203830_Ecology_and_Management_of_Tropical_Savanna_Grasslands_a.vtt?1620124065"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25277","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203830_Ecology_and_Management_of_Tropical_Savanna_Grasslands_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112173/transcript/25277/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I'd like to welcome everyone to what we have figured as the eighth annual BOGS lecture. And before I introduce tonight's speaker, I'd like to thank our co-sponsors of animal ecology, animal science, agronomy departments, the biology program, botany department, environmental studies program, plant pathology and zoology. I think we have a record of co-sponsors this time. Of course, I have graduate college and the committee on lectures helping us out with this. Our speaker tonight is Dr. Samuel McNaughton. He got his BS at Northwest Missouri State College. Earned his PhD in botany at University of Texas with Calvin McMillan. Post-doctoral work at Stanford University with Peter Raven. And has been with the botany faculty or the biology faculty at Syracuse since 1966. He has worked extensively with ecology of TIFA until 1973, and has been working with grazing ecology in the Serengeti ecosystem since then. He's published extensively on all his work, including very many journal articles and a textbook of plant ecology. His topic tonight, is ecology and management of tropical savanna grasslands. I'd also like to make a commercial for the botany department lecture, at agronomy lecture hall 2050, tomorrow afternoon at four o'clock rather than a regular time of 4:10. And we're gonna try to start right at four o'clock tomorrow. So I'd like to introduce Dr. McDonnell.\r\n\r\n- Thank you Ned. It's a pleasure to be here, and it's a particular pleasure to be invited by the student organization and AVID. Whoops, here we go. Me and microphones. This is a problem. Yeah, we're plugged in, we're ready to go. It's a pleasure to be here at the invitation of the graduate students, have the opportunity to talk to them about their research. And tonight I'm going to talk about some of the problems that are involved in managing African game parks, and particularly by my own research and what I think. Although it's academic research or the applications of that research to management problems. Those problems, some of them, have nothing to do with research, like trying to maintain roads and having enough money to maintain the infrastructure. Others are more serious, like trying to control poaching, which might suggest nothing whatsoever to do with, but which we all know the solutions for and that nobody has the money to accomplish that. But all am going to try to do is to talk to you, about what I've been doing, in terms of research for the last 15 years. I've been working in the Serengeti for 15 years. And so I'm going to try to summarize that research in the context of what research can contribute to understanding how natural ecosystems operate and the fundamental substitution to analyze this. Here's what proper management policies, must be based on some sound scientific knowledge. So with that introduction, let's start with the first slide and get underway. I just like to start getting a picture. I took this one, reminds me of... I had nothing else to do, recognize Saudi Arabia here, I hope? Sudden focus looks a little out of it to me. Let me see if I can buzz it a little bit. Wow, well done. And here's Africa, a huge land mass, and of course, sub-Saharan Africa contains Earth's most diverse and until recent times as well, still most abundant populations of large gang mammals. Here's the horn of Somalia, Lake Victoria is here, and there we're going to talk about what lies just East of Lake Victoria. This was an area that was first discovered by Caucasians in 1899 when a German Explorer crossed from the coast to the Southern part of like Victoria. It was established as a game reserve in the 1920s, and it became generally accessible around 1950 when various crossings of the rivers were established and roads were put into the area. So it's a relatively recently accessible area. It was made famous in this country in the 1920s, by a couple of wildlife photographers from Kansas. They were probably the most famous wildlife movie makers at that time. Martin Joseph Johnson were the first person to drive an automobile into the area in the 1920s. You might know that the Americans would be the first to introduce air pollution into the Serengeti ecosystem. Now we're going backwards here, but now we're underway. Let's zoom it back out again. They regionalized just South of the equator, from one to three degrees South. So there's no temperature seasonality to speak of at all. It an elevation of a nominal mean elevation 1500 meters. It slopes up slightly from Lake Victoria to the west, to fairly substantiate crater highlands, which is a volcanic area to the south east of the park. And daytime highs would be, well, let's talk fahrenheit, would be in the 80s and night time lows would usually be in the sort of mid to upper 50s. and it's that way every day, day after day, year around. There is, however pronounced seasonality, that's associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which is a pressure system, that's associated to the equatorial latitudes. And this one is south of the park and then moves back north of the park creating a wet and dry season. The wet season is roughly our winter and the dry season is roughly our summer. This is particularly advantageous to me because, it gives me an excuse to get out of Syracuse in the winter time to go to the Serengeti. That season is sort of November to May, peaking just about now in April, and then the dry season is June through October and the driest month is June, statistically that is when the rain stop. They stop with a bang and it gets dry everywhere. In addition to that, Lake Victoria has its own rainfall pattern. There's this huge exposed water surface out here, which creates its own rainfalls in part, and the high altitude set of the crater highlands also create rain shadow effect. The two principle areas that I've worked in are Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and Maasai Mara game reserve in Kenya. Although for the last 10 years, I've worked only in Serengeti National Park, because they facilitate the research quite well, and there've been various political problems involving the two countries. This is the south eastern Serengeti, during the peak of the wet season. And this gives you a very good feeling for what the area is like. These animals are wild beasts. These animals are Thomson's gazelle. And vegetation is a short grass land, but we call it grazing lawn. That grazing lawn is maintained by the animals. You can see their hooves in some of these pictures. All those white dots are wildebeest, and if you can imagine standing on your land road and looking all directions, seeing the same scene and driving to the next hill, and to the next hill looking over this for mile after mile got some feeling for the number of gay men, who must be present in this area. It's a huge herd, this is the largest herd of free range ungulates in the world. And this area of short grasslands is maintained through the activities of these animals. This is on volcanic soils that are derived from the crater highlands are highly fertile, which I'll talk a bit about tomorrow afternoon. And this is a specific landscape region that we refer to as the south western plains. It's typical rolling plains like this, and the animals concentrate there during the wet season. This is also their calving ground. The wildebeest sacred grounds and their calves about 80% of them are all dropped in about 10 day period. So it's like a huge obstetric toward their inner sense with all these wildebeest gas appearing. In addition to that, most of them are dropped between about one and four o'clock in the afternoon. So it's a spectacular event when the calving season is going on. This is another typical habitat that these animals occupy. What you've just seen is the wet season habitat. This would be a more characteristic dry season habitat. It's what we think of more often I think. It's an African landscape, savanna landscape of these sort of open grasslands with the over story of vegetation. You can see the grass is fairly brown and dry, and you can see also that it's the taller grass. These animals are into grass now. So that barely high rather than half high. The wildebeest are the animals that dominate the system. They're the most abundant animals of the system. They range up the system and define the system. They move on on the annual cycle that's related to the rainfall and seasonal gradient across the ecosystem. The grasslands are quite varied. This shows data based on ordination, which is a technique of ordering the vegetation based on the species composition. It shows two ordination axes. There's a short grass continuum of short grasses, that occurred mainly in the south and eastern parts of the Serengeti National Park. There's the mid to tall grass continuum, and these are arranged from one to 17 sort of arbitrarily, about how did the area or the height of the vegetation with an outlier in these flood plain grasslands which reach a height of roughly two to two and a half meters during the wet season. Basically ungrazed during that season, but then can be heavily grazed at peak of the dry season during which they represent an important food reservoir. The first ordination axis is most closely related to grazing tendency. And could you just screw that up just to acknowledge maybe... Yeah, nevermind. This shows a position on ordination axis one plotted against a mean annual grazing intensity. You will see this axis is primarily reflecting grazing intensity. Grazing intensity is one thing you're going to hear quite a bit about tonight and quantified in various ways, so I should explain what this index represents. This is an index that ranges from zero to one, and it's the difference. It's one minus the standing crop of vegetation in grazed plots over the standing crop of vegetation in ungrazed plots. Where ungrazed plots are fenced plots. So if the vegetation is grazed totally, this index would be one. And if not grazed at all, it would be close to zero. On an angle basis, grazing intensity ranges from about 0.7 and some of the short grasslands are down to relatively low than some of these tall grasslands. These grasslands also are geographically arranged. That is, the short grasslands occur mainly in the south east and tall grasslands up in the north western part of the system. If we take all our sites over all seasons and look at the same index, there are a few areas where grazing intensity over the short term can be extremely heavy with basically all of the standing crop consumed. But many of the plots would be ungrazed for significant periods. So fundamentally the grazing systems are of two types in this ecosystem. There's, what's a sustained yield system, which occurs mainly during the wet season. These are grasslands that the grazers concentrate on when the rains start. They stay on those stands as long as the rains continue so that over the grid the annual cycle, the grazing intensity is extremely high. They're also rotational grazing systems. These are systems that are rested for longer periods of time. That isn't that grazing intensity of zero quite plus two because the large of the herbivores are absent. But then during the dry season, these stands can be grazed extremely heavy. There's a pronounced rainfall gradient across the system, and this shows rainfall in centimeters per year. And that rain... This was the first thing that attracted me to the system, was these rainfall gradient, because there's a rainfall gradient. It ranges from about the higher plains of Wyoming to Colorado. The very forest border in Ohio or Illinois, that is from about 40 centimeters per year to about well over 170 centimeters per year, up to above 1200. And this is created by the effect of Lake Victoria and the rain shadows graded by the highlands to the south east. The animals move in relation to this rain fall gradient. And when I say the animals, I'm particularly talking about the wildebeest. I warned Ned that my voice tends to fade in the evening, so you're just to have to put up with me and taking drinks of water from time to time to keep going. In the wet season, the nomadic herds concentrate in the driest part of the system down in the south east. These are the short grass lions, they concentrate down here. These are the calving ground. They move out to the west toward Lake Victoria and seasonal transitions. And then at the peak of the dry season, they end up in the west part of the system up in the north and west, whether feeding principally on these tall grass grasslands. So they're move short grasslands through the mid grasslands, ultimately ending up in tall grasslands at the peak of the dry season. Sort of light period of dry season, which would be sort of August to September. So if you're interested in going to the Serengeti and seeing the animals, you want to go to different places at different times. If you wanna see the animals during what's our summer, you go to Kenya where they're concentrated crossing over to the Serengeti National Park instead of down and the south east. Now, this is related to pattern of rainfall in the system. And this shows annual rainfall average across the series of sites, which represents short grass sites, mid grass sites and taller sites. And in the short grass sites, which you generally have a rainfall of below 600 millimeters annually. Less than a quarter of the rainfall in January and in many cases, less than 10% falls in the dry season. So they have a very distinct dry season. As you go up the rainfall gradient, the wet and dry season are much less distinct until you get up to the higher rainfall areas in the north west. Basically, there isn't a brief talk about a wet or dry season, fundamentally there isn't one. 40% Of the rainfall falls in the dry season, about 60% in the wet season. This consequence of that, there's a growing season gradient across this ecosystem. That's comparable to the growing season gradient that sort of going from North Dakota to Texas in terms of temperature. And this growing season down here, is about 70 or 80 days. Comparable to a frost-free period in the northern great Plains. But as you go up this gradient, you're up to growing season of 300 to 340 days, that is, it's almost like being in the tropics. And the point of this is that although the there's no temperature seasonality, and there's no frost or anything like that. There's a pronounced growing season gradient across this system and the animals that are most abundant. That is, the nomadic or migratory herbivores, move in relationship to that. They concentrate down here during the wet season and as the dry season progresses, they move right up this gradient to the tall grasslands up in north west. Tomorrow I'm going to talk about, some of the nutritional patterns that are related to that rainfall gradient which may provide more insight into why it's adaptive to do that. Now, let's talk about the animals in a little more detail. This is the animal, which is the fundamental animal that gives this ecosystem it's character. It's the most abundant herd of free ranging ungulates in the world, and its wildebeest or white bearded gnu, for obvious reasons. There are 1.4 million of these wildebeest in the system. At the time that the animals first started to be counted by aerial surveys in the 1950s, there were about a quarter of a million of them. These animals are subject to an exotic disease called viral disease, called cattle plague or rinderpest. They don't act as carriers. They either die or they develop antibodies to the disease and they typically die shortly after wean. In 1964, this area was declared a rinderpest free zone. All the cattle outside the park were inoculated with rinderpest vaccine. And this population began to increase. And it increased from about 300,000 up to about 1.4 Million where it's been stable for about the last six or eight years. This animal moves over the entire area. It represents about 65 to 70% of the total large mammal biomass in the system. Another animal that moves over a comparable area, is the plain zebra, the chile-eyed. There are only 250,000 of these. But they move over an area that's comparable to the wildebeest. They're also nomadic. They move with each other in some sort of very complicated fashion. Whenever you see wildebeest, you'll always see a few zebra and you see a lot of zebra, you'll always see a few wildebeest scattered within this. They're not sensitive to rinderpest. There an equid. Their numbers basically remained the same at about 250 or 300,000 individuals since censuses began. And another important animal is the Thomson's gazelle. These are much smaller animals standing about this tall of the shoulder. There are two different types of these in terms of their behavior. The numbers are about 650,000 now, in the system, all that's widely debated. The first census said there was 650,000 plus or minus confidence interval of 600,000. There's quite a bit of debate about the actual numbers. The current thinking is however, these animals have been declining. Over about the last decade, until they're now down to perhaps 250 or 300,000. Reasons for this are not obvious in fact that they're totally unknown. Some people feel that maybe due to competition with the wildebeest, other people feel that there are diseases that are playing about their populations, nobody really knows. And I'm very uncertain about what the actual numbers of these animals are. There's a migratory herd, which is bulk the animals that moves onto and off of the open plains in the south east, during the wet season and dry season. But they're also resident herds. These are animals that occupy a home range. They're scattered throughout the system. Wherever you find a little patch of open grassland in the savannas, there always be some Thomson's gazelle. The other major herbivore is the African buffalo. These are big animals, known to wreak havoc on land rovers, as well as human beings. They're the most dangerous animal in the park, They've killed more people than all other animals combined. Nothing more dangerous thing in the park is automobile accidents. These animals do not occur on the open Serengeti plains, in the south east, they occur only in the savanna regions. They're non-migratory. They occupy home rangers. They occur as resident herds of cows and calves with associated breeding bulls. There are also lots of old scared, battered, presumably successful with now retired bachelor bulls scattered throughout the park. There are about 60,000 of these. These animals have been subject to heavy poaching over the last three or four years. And there are certain areas at the park, they've been knocked at pretty completely by poaching snare lines, which is devastating to the region. One likes to think that the poachers paid a price dead and maimed and injured that's probably not the case. Now one final sort of comment, on the general ecology of the system. I first got to the Serengeti in 1973 and was back for a search 1974. And the problem that everybody was talking about at that time, was the elephant problem. This was regarded as a serious problem in the management of African game parks. The elephant problem, wasn't an elephant problem. It was what elephants did. And what elephants did was that kill the trees. It's not even elephants were present in Serengeti in the late 19th century from the Arab ivory trade, because they were taking tusks out of these area. And from the time the game reserve and national park was established in the 1920s. Elephants were unknown in this era until 1952, when it first appeared. They appeared because of a crowded inn to the park from the areas surrounding the park where human habitation, we see increase. By the time I arrived, there were 3000 elephants in the park. That is, from zero in 1952 to 3000 in 1974. Consequence of that as you can imagine, each one of these tree carcasses standing upright. The canopy. You can imagine that this was a much more closed woodland before elephants arrived. In fact, there are good arrow photography, I dedicated to that case. After the elephants arrived, the woodlands were opened up. They were opened up to the savanna. So the elephant problem when I arrived, was elephants killing trees, we've got to do something about that. That all changed in 1979, and that's when the elephant train hit this park. And since that time, 85% of the elephant population has been eliminated. There are now 300 elephants left in the park and there's no test that's longer than that foot long. This is a management problem by Richard searches very once said. And it's going to change the entire character of the park over the next couple of generations. Now back to research and some of the patterns in the grasslands and what they reveal about the way the system functions. Some of the things I was interested in was the relationship between rainfall and primary productivity. 15 years later, it seems like a relatively straight forward question. But at that time, no single study had looked at primary productivity, over a range of rainfall as extensive as this using exactly the same methods done by exactly the same people. This shows a above ground net primary productivity in grams and squared meter period. You'll notice this symbol is a CPN. That means controlling productivity. I mean, it's net productivity and fences that are protected from the animals so the animals were having no impact. And this would be the productivity, these grasslands In the absence of the animals. Nothing really very interesting about this. Productivity increases from about 100 grams per square meter per year, up to about 600 grams per square meter per year to essentially the same as the relationships that other people have established through colony studies literature. But what was interesting to us at the time or when we first developed these days and what were more and more interested in now is certain locations and high rainfall areas that had quite love on that productivity. So there's the thing that became more interesting to us as time went by. It was not trendline outliers from trendline, either through the high outliers or low outliers. And my talk tomorrow afternoon will deal a little bit with what might be responsible for this. Now, in addition to this, we had a series of moveable exclosures that were designed to estimate net productivity in the presence of the animals. Of course, this is impossible to do. So we approximated this with the system of movable exclosures that we would move over short time periods in the presence of the animals that is intervening for short time periods and measuring the positive biomass increments of those exclosures to gain insight into how the animals were influencing net primary productivity of the grasslands. Now further, these exclosures were not moved on any set interval. That is, we didn't say we're gonna move exclosures every 60 days or 30 days. We moved the in some of the so-called temporary exclosures, might set there for several months, if there was no animal impact in the area. But then when the animals came into the area and grazed the vegetation down, they might be moved to two week intervals. And in some cases, as short as a week to 10 day intervals. Looking at the impact of the animals on the grasslands, now, I must confess that when I started this project, my general view was it would rain so much, the grass would grow so much and the animals would eat so much. And from this, you can estimate carrying capacity of the system. When I first met with chief park warden, he's now director of Tanzania National Parks. He said to me, \"I think the most important thing \"that you could do for us is to estimate current capacity \"of this system for these large animals.\" And I said, \"Fine, David, I'll get back to you \"next year with the number.\" Well, that was 15 years ago and the number's not there yet, but what I think we're getting closer and I hope you'll agree as we conclude and see. So we measured controlled net productivity. This is exactly the same data that you've just seen. And this is actual net productivity, which is productivity in these temporary exclosures. This is the quality. And as you can see, most of the points live above the equality line once again, the short grasslands, mid grasslands, tall grasslands. And some of them lies substation about the equality line. So these large ungulates through the grazing activity. In fact, they're stimulating the above ground productivity of these grasslands in some cases by substantial increments. So that became a puzzle. Now we're about two years, two and a half years into the project by this stage. And on a growing season basis, ungrazed vegetation average about two grams per square meter per day, during dry season. Grazing had two effects. First it changed the mean just about doubling it from about two grams per square meter per day, up to about which is a fairly prosaic level for the grass is up to about four grams per square meter per day, which is a pretty interesting figure. But in addition to increase the variance substantially. And in some cases, the growing season productivity of these grasslands were above six and up to 10 or 11 grams per square meter per day, which is equivalent to the sort of productivity one might suspect or expect from an industrially subsidized agricultural grasslands. I mean, these are systems that are running only on the energy of sun. So that became the fundamental problem.\r\n\r\n- Now, if we go back to grazing intensity, and look at this difference between these two, that is the stimulation of productivity in relation to grazing intensity, there's some range between 0.4 and 0.6 on a annual basis that seems to optimize the level of net primary productivity. Now, one thing that's obvious is that grazers cannot turn a desert into an Oasis. That is they can't go out in a fundamentally unproductive environment and turn that environment into a more productive one. So this is not uncoupled from an independent visible environment. And this bottom panel shows the sum of moisture potential in mega pascals or this is very dry soil, this is quite moist soil. So this just stimulation over short time period is expressed as grams per square meter per day. Think it indicates stimulation tends to be higher in moist soils than it is on dry soils, so in a couple of minutes, I'll show you some lab results that tend to contradict this. It provided an alternative type of view of this. And in fact, the grazer's behavior of course, is cued so that they can concentrate in here that is they're tending to operate in systems where the solar moisture potential is sufficient to provide this stimulatory response. Now, one of the things that I don't want to leave with you, however, is that this is necessarily a direct effect. I saw a moisture potential on plant growth. There are many other things that are operating here, such as soil processes and mineralization and a so on maybe involved in creating this Kirk. And in fact, this shows an experiment that was done by a colleague of mine that were concurrent with my earliest studies. Like Theodore Manikwa who's a faculty member at the University of Dar es Salaam. He fenced a variety of plots out on short grasslands in the Southeast and he had a series of control plots and others to which he had done. Early in the growing season, when that would be a big burst mineralization in the Savannah soils, there was no effect of drought. It was only later in the wet season as the biomass plant material accumulated that and minerals and nutrients and be tied up in that biomass, that dung had any effect and ultimately resulting in peak biomasses offense plots. I know we're a good 60% above the Savannah plots. So the Manikwa's experiments suggested to us that nutrient cycling is one of the important factors that operates in this heating system. At this stage, we're going to go to the lab for a brief period. This project involves three basic types of science, involves field science, the sort that you've just seen, involves laboratory experiments and the type you're going to see. And then also involves extensive computer simulation models that are designed to couple these and to gain insight into things it's possible to control in either the field. or in the laboratory. It shows a typical drought experiment with controlled plants that are well watered. Some clipped, some unclipped and a series of plants has been taken into dormancy through drought some clipped and some unclipped. We typically do the sort of multi-factorial experiment, trying to gain insight now into three principle factors, water as a regulator of plant productivity, defoliation as a regulator of productivity and nutrients supply as a regulator productivity. One of the things we discovered early on is that the response of these plants, the defoliation, this now represents the amount clipped off. In other words, what we call yield to grazers was associated with two principal growth responses of the grass. One was towering, that is the number of active meristems, so what's referred to as towering in grasses based on different nitrogen supplies, low hydrogen supplies high nitrogen supply. And so that the amount where their ability to sustain clipping is heavily dependent upon this towering response. And then towering response is heavily dependent upon nutritional status, in this case, nitrogen supply. Second factor, you can't see this, that this is lethal elimination rate in centimeters per day. It was also important once again with high nitrogen plants, having much greater leaf elongation rates and much federated to compensate for battery and field circles, which represent low nitrogen plants. So one of the things that immediately popped out of the laboratory work is the ability of plants to respond to defoliation by compensatory mechanisms was heavily dependent upon the nutrient status. Plants with poor nutritional status were incapable of responding in the compensatory fashion, whereas that is under higher nutrient status were perfectly okay. This shows a similar response. This previously was short grass. This is mid grass, just show me the high nitrogen, low nitrogen, basically the same response. That is tillery and leaf elongation was important to compound the ability of these plants to respond to defoliation the way it tends to compensate for the negative of that. this is strongly nutrient dependent. So the lab work and point more and more toward nutrients is an important factor. Although sort of moisture can also be important. This shows a drab experiment, which you saw in the plants from just a few minutes ago. This shows the drying out of the soil as the plants go into a drought cycle and water is withheld and the unclipped plants deplete the moisture much more rapidly than clipped by plants which you might expect because transpiration surface is quite lower. The consequences that this is many of the unclipped plants they dry out the soil so rapidly that they're incapable of going into dormancy. That is that the dry cycle actually kills them, whereas the clipped plants have a much more gradual period drawing at the soil so they're able to store reserves in the leaf basis and roots. These plants are much more likely to go into dormancy. These plants are much more likely to die. Well, I'm not gonna, this gets a little more technical. And I'd like to now we're going to go from the sort of scientific to the sublime, if not the ridiculous. It's been suggested by various people that components in saliva could stimulate plant growth and a good friend of mine, Mel Dire suggested an important component of the responses of plants to defoliation. I didn't believe it for a minute, if at all. But I decided to do an experiment with a component of saliva, thymine. Of course you know that plants make thymine in the roots and tends to translocate it to the tops. You also know that ungulates don't make thymine, although the room in microbes can. And in fact, fire is an important component of ungulate saliva. So I added thymine at parts per billion concentrations 2.2 ml, in other words, growth factor concentrations were added to plants. And in fact trial, it was a two to fifth involving nitrogen phosphorus thymine in the clipping in space. I'm gonna show you just one result of this experiment. And this is an experiment with the short grass and this shows no clipped and clipped plants minus thymine plus thymine. On the clipped plants, there was no effect of thymine, zero. But on the plants, thymine, at least presumably well supply to plants, plenty of nutrients and so on, was increased to 49%. A reasonable conclusion from this experiment is that the smart ungulate should go around and slobber on the plants and then come back at some future time to feed them. Obviously, this is not what's going on in nature, but much to my surprise is salivary components had a tremendous compensatory effect on plants. Now, in addition to things like prosaic, things like thymine, angulate saliva is a source of a variety of growth factors that have proved important in tissue coach, including epidermal growth factor, which is first isolated from submaximal plants or grass plants code. And Mel Dyer who laughed heartily when I got the thymine results suggested that we do epidermal growth factors instead, which he had shown was active in the sorghum seeding elongation test for growth factor activity. So I thought that was a splendid idea. The cost that in experiment, I don't know how much biological materials costs, but this must be one of the most expensive materials available. It costs about $1.2 million gram for this stuff. 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mainframe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=26.45,29.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, the thing it allows us to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=29.52,32.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it allows us to do simulation experiments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=32.31,35.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to guide experiments in both the laboratory and the field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=35.37,39.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in addition to 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cliff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=243.07,244.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing that this indicates is the need assistant dynamics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=244.93,248.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are likely to be a very non-linear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=248.21,251.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is not really too important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=251.33,256.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The principle point that I want to make is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=256.84,258.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want you to remember this graph.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=258.477,261.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because this is net primary 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vegetation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=266.75,270.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We ought to make the food supply of the homeless better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=270.77,275.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But food supply is both the amount of food","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=275.97,278.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the quality of food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=278.58,280.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we're gonna see on the next panel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=280.44,282.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the yield of grazed digestible nitrogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=282.73,287.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the onions from these simulation 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see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=332.02,334.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A much more convoluted, complex surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=334.18,338.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing that this suggests is that the 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complicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=345.22,347.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a simple extrapolation from the plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=347.28,350.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the animals it 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day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=400.88,403.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by about three days it's quenched.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=403.53,405.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, we just find that the amount of 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15%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=413.71,415.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many cases would be close to zero.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=415.58,418.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is a system that's highly conservative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=418.3,421.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the nitrogen that's present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=421.69,423.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, just briefly the thing I want to 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landscape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=433.01,434.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're going to tomorrow in the seminar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=434.46,437.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to take a landscape approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=437.73,439.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Start breaking the system down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=439.48,441.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looking at some of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=441.73,443.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may be important in different regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=443.81,447.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in conclusion, the thing I'd like to 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numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=454.45,457.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to believe if you couldn't attach a number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=457.3,459.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to something it probably wasn't important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=459.56,462.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I now know that that's not the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=462.1,463.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What really matters is not whether I collect any numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=463.92,467.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in fact whether I ever go there again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=467.7,470.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's important to me is that there is a place like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=470.12,474.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether I ever see it again or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=474.96,477.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thanks very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=478.512,480.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=480.072,483.239"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm sure Dr. would now like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=491.377,492.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to entertain a few questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=492.91,495.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You spoke about the numbers as well as about--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=498.62,502.232"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=502.232,505.565"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Wildebeest have been there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=519.229,521.085"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wildebeest are generally familiar because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=521.085,524.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=524.487,527.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you don't get numbers very often from fossil revenue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=529.065,532.446"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=532.446,535.779"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and rendered as for Caucasians to study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=537.515,542.515"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So none of us has ever seen any absence of wildebeest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=543.07,547.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing we do know is the integrity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=547.817,550.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the spots is tremendous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=550.537,551.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e So the grasslands, as you described,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=554.047,555.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are pretty well stabilized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=555.53,556.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e From archeological studies we known from the boundaries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=559.447,563.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the grasslands and the savannas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=563.67,567.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been constant for two to three thousand years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=568.31,571.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they were quite stable cultures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=571.48,573.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on parches and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=573.93,577.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for at least the last three thousand years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=577.304,581.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sort of relationship the savannas and grasslands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=581.14,584.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The nice thing is that a lot of archeology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=586.487,589.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that goes on (speaker away from mic).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=589.943,591.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you get this in pre productivity from grazing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=597.51,599.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that, I think whole plant productivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=599.84,603.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is knowing what happened below ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=603.644,606.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, have me back in five weeks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=606.35,608.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'll answer that question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=609.75,611.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the first time I think through micro rising fungi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=611.342,615.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many micro video, we're gonna get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=615.53,618.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an answer to that question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=618.767,620.818"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can tell you we're doing lots,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=620.818,623.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several hundred soil corrosion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=623.65,626.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you take an explosion with soil corrosion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=626.57,629.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside and outside you don't find any difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=629.36,631.825"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=631.825,634.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you take a heavily grazed grassland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=634.167,637.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and another one because it's topographically compatible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=637.5,639.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you compare it to another one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=641.46,643.474"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one that's like it, next one's (speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=643.474,646.351"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once again, they're finding evidence that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=646.351,650.018"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"substantial reproductivity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=650.018,652.268"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buy you know, I wanna nail that question down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=653.423,656.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so I'll see and how does that make you feel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=656.19,660.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Is there any record of the role of indigenous people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=662.31,665.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to maybe managing or effecting the ecosystem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=665.42,668.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, if I spend any, and you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=670.08,672.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's where we start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=672.17,673.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've set lots of fires, probably killed lots of animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=676.869,680.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, the current thing is that the humans study that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=685.68,689.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we're out scavenging, the super predators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=689.033,693.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like hyenas, and lions, and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=693.433,697.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, certainly they've have date back on the systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=699.138,703.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since, you know, it's in the system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=703.15,705.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since they've been humans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=705.61,707.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Northwest is a seasonal (speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=712.38,717.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll tell ya tomorrow. (laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=719.22,721.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It couldn't withstand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=725.5,726.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, it's low fertility here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=726.333,728.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=728.573,730.478"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you foresee any future columns involving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=730.478,732.545"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agriculture around Serengeti?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=732.545,735.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, agriculture around the Serengeti,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=735.0,737.128"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's what's happening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=737.128,738.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what's, you know, forget the pudge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=738.89,741.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, the elephant are gone, the rhino are gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=741.2,744.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can control the meat pudge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=744.57,746.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's going to happen is land use conflict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=746.46,748.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's a growing problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=749.955,751.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot of cropping up in the Northwest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=751.98,756.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this wetting, even though it's a low fertility area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=757.1,759.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's where the farms are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=759.61,761.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are water rights problems with those people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=761.32,763.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They shoot at Rangers, Rangers shoot at them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=763.82,766.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was over there in 70's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=767.22,768.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or when I was over there in '86","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=768.67,771.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they hit a ranger post at midnight, they killed two Rangers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=771.61,775.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one Rangers wife, wounded others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=775.77,777.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One Ranger was shot with a poisoned arrow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=778.8,780.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then when he tried to get help was beaten up severely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=780.57,784.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is all land use conflict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=784.07,786.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the growing problem, and it's going to get more serious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=786.113,791.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So yes, there is a problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=792.42,795.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the East they're pastoral people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=795.107,797.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not farmers, they're cattle herders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=797.58,800.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Increasing conflict, increasing tendency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=800.03,802.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to invade the park in the dry state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=802.38,806.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Get in, get in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=806.26,807.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's going to be serious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=809.19,811.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Quick question, wondering how do you receive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=816.652,819.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some area all over grazing areas and also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=819.47,823.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do you risk studying the relationship","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=823.4,826.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between grazing areas and (speaker away from mic).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=826.47,830.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There certainly is over grazing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=838.4,840.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by any range management standards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=840.19,841.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're one of the most important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=843.5,846.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high fertility grassland times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=846.72,849.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but is also one of the most resistant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=850.42,852.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to grazing is heavily infested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=852.21,854.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by so-called overgrazing indicators,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=854.72,857.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soil and ac and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=857.13,861.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a principle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=861.16,863.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a consequence of dung beetle activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=863.06,866.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You got a million and half animals out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=866.183,868.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots of dung hitting the ground,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=868.77,870.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots of dung beetles burying that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=870.59,872.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's tremendous amount of disturbance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=872.84,875.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every one of those disturbance places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=875.07,876.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"becomes a locus of invasion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=876.74,878.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what was the nicest grassland when I got there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=878.9,883.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would've said to somebody that loves 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judging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=890.89,893.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think so, I don't like it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=893.21,895.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd rather that that wasn't 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are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=921.95,924.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're migratory to a certain extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=924.65,926.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not over the same scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=926.59,928.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what limits the predators is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=928.3,930.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the resident gain in their home range.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=930.55,933.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the big migratory predators hit their territory's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=933.69,937.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's fat city, you know, that's great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=937.41,941.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you know, that's when the lion females all have cubs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=941.29,945.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on and so forth, but that's not 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populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=948.66,950.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have increased substantially over the last couple of years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=950.76,954.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How do species compositional changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=956.775,960.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaker away from mic), or do they?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=960.775,965.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, they're chill out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=965.06,967.335"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The park would be completely gone at those angles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=967.335,971.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You put up the fence, you can watch it change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=971.797,975.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=975.48,976.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most common grass throughout the area, Themeda triandra,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=979.712,984.712"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most widespread grass in Africa, probably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=985.332,988.865"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Put up a fence and a fire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=988.865,990.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zip, just disappears, three years it collapses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=992.166,995.389"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No seed the second year, third year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=995.389,998.806"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it requires even grazing or burning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=998.806,1002.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of the ones that are in areas that have never grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1003.395,1006.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the grazing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1006.5,1007.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you put up a fence the same thing happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1007.81,1010.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It collapse (speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1010.51,1014.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because over half the animals completely different sources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1014.0,1016.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We have just one more question, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1018.42,1020.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Somebody in the back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1020.6,1021.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What's the difference between a wildebeest and buffalo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1021.493,1024.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as grazing animals?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1025.721,1027.534"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And a buffalo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1027.534,1028.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e A buffalo, or bison?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1030.114,1031.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Bison, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1031.26,1033.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e All right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1033.089,1034.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, I've never met anybody who wasn't interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1035.28,1037.805"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wildebeest that wasn't interested in bison, never.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1037.805,1042.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you know, when you look at wildebeest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1042.4,1044.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going in sort of across the hill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1044.1,1046.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, silhouetted, most ideally sort of sun down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1046.9,1051.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're sittin' there in your tents, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1051.91,1054.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they got the same shape, they're quite even size, of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1056.51,1059.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and quite a bit, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1059.26,1061.092"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they slope down and sort of neck out of proportions, so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1061.092,1065.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I enjoy animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1066.6,1068.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I set and look at maps when I was over there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1069.96,1072.585"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'd think I wonder if there's any bison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1072.585,1074.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I've got students ask me also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1075.354,1077.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but of course this year (speaker away from mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1077.757,1081.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we'll get an answer, it's just.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1081.87,1084.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'd like to thank Dr. and again--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1084.493,1087.488"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1087.488,1090.488"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to invite everyone to stay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1095.46,1096.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and enjoy some refreshments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1096.94,1098.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a little more opportunity to talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1098.277,1100.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also to come to tomorrow's seminar in the auditorium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1100.84,1105.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at four o'clock rather than 4:10.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1106.13,1109.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure we'll have our normal audience there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1109.33,1112.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at 4:10 anyway but we will be starting at 4:00.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1112.17,1114.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1114.623,1116.129"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have a good time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1116.129,1117.546"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Entirely educational, for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1121.14,1123.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, thanks for all the water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1123.49,1124.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see this, you know you kept me going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=1124.63,1126.68"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25278/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/278/original/AV203830_Ecology_and_Management_of_Tropical_Savanna_Grasslands_b.vtt?1620124070","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/278/original/AV203830_Ecology_and_Management_of_Tropical_Savanna_Grasslands_b.vtt?1620124070"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25279","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203830_Ecology_and_Management_of_Tropical_Savanna_Grasslands_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174/transcript/25279/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The current structure of the model it has a plant component. It has an animal component and it has a soil component. And this is a model that consists of some few hundred lines of portraying code. It takes about six minutes to run on the Syracuse University mainframe. But, the thing it allows us to do is it allows us to do simulation experiments to guide experiments in both the laboratory and the field. And in addition to that it allows us to do quote, experiments, unquote that cannot be done otherwise. And I'm going to show you both of these. This shows how these simulation models can aid in the planning of experiments. This shows above ground yield in relation to grazing frequency in days on this axis and the grazing height in centimeters on this axis. For three different growth forms tall grass, mid-grass, short grass. Now if we were sitting in the laboratory or in our offices designing an experiment to look at the interaction between these two, you might say, okay we'll clip it fairly short and we'll clip it in a couple of different frequencies. And we have some sort of a symmetrical design of some sort, most of us. But the thing that these sort of panels indicate is that by doing that we might learn nothing at all. For example, let's say we decide to clip a mid-high grasslands at four centimeters every 20 days. And 15 centimeters every 20 days. And the same height every 60 days and a short height also for 60 days. You'd think we had a tremendous span of treatments. But in fact they lay in exactly the same response space so we learned nothing whatsoever from doing that experiment. In fact, these responses are very asymmetrical. Much of the dynamics lays in this range over here that is in short clipping intervals. Very little of it lies out here. And some of them like the tall grass have very, very steep contours here. So we use these then to design further laboratory experiments and manipulate fences and fields to try to cope with these complex response surfaces. The other thing it allows us to do is things that can't be done. And this shows a response surface where we're now fiddling with the client. First, we're dealing with rainfall the parches. We're making it very dry. We've cut rainfall by 50% below the mean or we inflate it 30% above the mean. And we also manipulate the temperature and light. Remembering that these are tropical high altitude grasslands. Dropping light down to about 10% below ambient and driving temperature. Sorry, about 65% below ambient while its temperatures dropped about 10 degrees below ambient. Now this shows primary productivity. And this is total above and below ground. And it shows the response surface. And the thing that's interesting about this response surface is that there's are certain conditions of these presumably deteriorated climatic conditions in which productivity actually increases. But there's a very steep thin transition, when productivity drops very marginally essentially things get better for a while then you drop off a cliff. The thing that this indicates is the need assistant dynamics are likely to be a very non-linear. Now, this is not really too important. The principle point that I want to make is I want you to remember this graph. Because this is net primary productivity. Net productivity of the grasslands. The general view is we increase productivity to vegetation. We ought to make the food supply of the homeless better. But food supply is both the amount of food and the quality of food. What we're gonna see on the next panel is the yield of grazed digestible nitrogen to the onions from these simulation models. Now, the thing that this indicates is that we have quite different response surfaces here. That is optimizing plant productivity is not going to optimize the flow of protein to the animal populations that need assistance. In addition, the relatively simple response surface of primary productivity becomes much more complicated if we take the animals into account. This is a much more convoluted. There's a deep valley here that you can't even see. A much more convoluted, complex surface. The thing that this suggests is that the dynamics relating to the animals to the plants are going to be much more complicated than a simple extrapolation from the plants to the animals it suggests. So this is another thing that simulation modeling does for us. Now, at this stage we returned to the field and we began looking at some of these processes that have identified as being important, such as nutrient supply. One of the things we're particularly interested in is a potential loss of nitrogen from the system due to the volatilization of ammonia from urine. So we did a series of experiments looking at that. Some people in agricultural systems have suggested that on average maybe 35 to 40% of the nitrogen in urine may be volatilized. In our system that's not the case. This shows a typical curve after urea is added to the soil. There's a peak early within the first day. It drops off at night. There's a much smaller peak in the second day. And by about three days it's quenched. In fact, we just find that the amount of nitrogen that would be lost from urine, volatilization from urine, it would be less than 15%. In many cases would be close to zero. So this is a system that's highly conservative of the nitrogen that's present. Now, just briefly the thing I want to mention is what we're going to talk about a bit tomorrow and it's about different landscape. We're going to tomorrow in the seminar, we're going to take a landscape approach. Start breaking the system down and looking at some of the things that may be important in different regions. But in conclusion, the thing I'd like to say is that you know, in spite of all the signs all the numbers, I love numbers. I used to believe if you couldn't attach a number to something it probably wasn't important. I now know that that's not the case. What really matters is not whether I collect any numbers or in fact whether I ever go there again. What's important to me is that there is a place like this. Whether I ever see it again or not. Thanks very much.\r\n\r\n- I'm sure Dr. would now like to entertain a few questions.\r\n\r\n- You spoke about the numbers as well as about--\r\n\r\n- Wildebeest have been there, wildebeest are generally familiar because But you don't get numbers very often from fossil revenue and rendered as for Caucasians to study. So none of us has ever seen any absence of wildebeest. The thing we do know is the integrity of the spots is tremendous.\r\n\r\n- So the grasslands, as you described, are pretty well stabilized.\r\n\r\n- From archeological studies we known from the boundaries between the grasslands and the savannas have been constant for two to three thousand years as they were quite stable cultures, based on parches and things like that. So for at least the last three thousand years, the sort of relationship the savannas and grasslands. The nice thing is that a lot of archeology that goes on .\r\n\r\n- Can you get this in pre productivity from grazing, is that, I think whole plant productivity is knowing what happened below ground.\r\n\r\n- Well, have me back in five weeks and I'll answer that question. For the first time I think through micro rising fungi many micro video, we're gonna get an answer to that question. I can tell you we're doing lots, several hundred soil corrosion, and if you take an explosion with soil corrosion inside and outside you don't find any difference and if you take a heavily grazed grassland and another one because it's topographically compatible you compare it to another one, one that's like it, next one's once again, they're finding evidence that substantial reproductivity. Buy you know, I wanna nail that question down and so I'll see and how does that make you feel?\r\n\r\n- Is there any record of the role of indigenous people to maybe managing or effecting the ecosystem?\r\n\r\n- Well, if I spend any, and you know, that's where we start. They've set lots of fires, probably killed lots of animals. You know, the current thing is that the humans study that when we're out scavenging, the super predators like hyenas, and lions, and things like that. But, certainly they've have date back on the systems since, you know, it's in the system since they've been humans.\r\n\r\n- Northwest is a seasonal\r\n\r\n- I'll tell ya tomorrow. It couldn't withstand. I mean, it's low fertility here.\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Do you foresee any future columns involving agriculture around Serengeti?\r\n\r\n- Well, agriculture around the Serengeti, that's what's happening. That's what's, you know, forget the pudge. You know, the elephant are gone, the rhino are gone. They can control the meat pudge. What's going to happen is land use conflict. And it's a growing problem. There's a lot of cropping up in the Northwest and this wetting, even though it's a low fertility area that's where the farms are. There are water rights problems with those people. They shoot at Rangers, Rangers shoot at them. When I was over there in 70's or when I was over there in '86 they hit a ranger post at midnight, they killed two Rangers one Rangers wife, wounded others. One Ranger was shot with a poisoned arrow and then when he tried to get help was beaten up severely. This is all land use conflict. It's the growing problem, and it's going to get more serious So yes, there is a problem. In the East they're pastoral people, they're not farmers, they're cattle herders. Increasing conflict, increasing tendency to invade the park in the dry state. Get in, get in there. It's going to be serious.\r\n\r\n- Quick question, wondering how do you receive some area all over grazing areas and also, how do you risk studying the relationship between grazing areas and .\r\n\r\n- There certainly is over grazing by any range management standards. They're one of the most important high fertility grassland times but is also one of the most resistant to grazing is heavily infested by so-called overgrazing indicators, soil and ac and things like that. This is a principle, this is a consequence of dung beetle activity. You got a million and half animals out there, lots of dung hitting the ground, lots of dung beetles burying that there's tremendous amount of disturbance. Every one of those disturbance places becomes a locus of invasion. And what was the nicest grassland when I got there you would've said to somebody that loves grasslands beautiful open grasslands, now infested with soylent. Now, is this good or bad, that's the value judging. I don't think so, I don't like it. I'd rather that that wasn't there but it's a natural feedback in the system and it operates to, you know, former predators. Certainly the predators have an impact. But the predators impact is principally on the resident species, not migratory species because the predators are, they're migratory to a certain extent, they're not over the same scale. So what limits the predators is the resident gain in their home range. When the big migratory predators hit their territory's it's fat city, you know, that's great. And you know, that's when the lion females all have cubs and so on and so forth, but that's not what I wanted to say about populations, nevertheless, their populations have increased substantially over the last couple of years.\r\n\r\n- How do species compositional changes , or do they?\r\n\r\n- Yeah, they're chill out. The park would be completely gone at those angles. You put up the fence, you can watch it change. I mean, the most common grass throughout the area, Themeda triandra, most widespread grass in Africa, probably. Put up a fence and a fire, zip, just disappears, three years it collapses. No seed the second year, third year, it requires even grazing or burning. A lot of the ones that are in areas that have never grown because of the grazing, if you put up a fence the same thing happens. It collapse because over half the animals completely different sources.\r\n\r\n- We have just one more question, please.\r\n\r\n- Somebody in the back?\r\n\r\n- What's the difference between a wildebeest and buffalo as grazing animals?\r\n\r\n- And a buffalo?\r\n\r\n- A buffalo, or bison?\r\n\r\n- Bison, yeah.\r\n\r\n- All right.\r\n\r\n- You know, I've never met anybody who wasn't interested in wildebeest that wasn't interested in bison, never. And you know, when you look at wildebeest, going in sort of across the hill you know, silhouetted, most ideally sort of sun down you're sittin' there in your tents, you know, they got the same shape, they're quite even size, of course, and quite a bit, you know, they slope down and sort of neck out of proportions, so. I enjoy animals, and I set and look at maps when I was over there and I'd think I wonder if there's any bison. But I've got students ask me also, but of course this year So, we'll get an answer, it's just.\r\n\r\n- I'd like to thank Dr. and again-- I'd like to invite everyone to stay and enjoy some refreshments, and a little more opportunity to talk. And also to come to tomorrow's seminar in the auditorium at four o'clock rather than 4:10. I'm sure we'll have our normal audience there at 4:10 anyway but we will be starting at 4:00. Have a good time.\r\n\r\n- Entirely educational, for me.\r\n\r\n- Well, thanks for all the water. You see this, you know you kept me going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40517/file/112174#t=0.0,1132.30367"}]}]}]}