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living","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=45.14,47.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may be described, it is definitely not boring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=47.79,51.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the signs of the 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(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=205.31,207.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not from Notre Dame,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=207.92,209.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but from New York City where he was granted an award","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=209.32,212.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one of his most recent books just yesterday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=212.61,215.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also worth noting I 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endeavors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=221.18,225.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the fact that Father Burtchaell is a delegate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=225.1,227.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Roman Catholic Presbyterian consultation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=227.48,230.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in the name of the University Lecture Series Committee,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=232.49,235.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of St Thomas Aquinas Catholic Student 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Father","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=240.24,242.196"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=242.196,245.196"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very 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these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=2648.61,2651.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as authentic grafts if you will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=2651.64,2654.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a clearing of the air,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=2654.58,2656.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a timely and indeed charismatic moment of clarity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=2656.8,2661.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are other times when the church out of 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Rome...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=2675.46,2678.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I was long past that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683#t=2681.22,2682.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was dining in 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22632/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/632/original/AV203303_How_to_Squabble_Peacefully_a.vtt?1613498235","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/632/original/AV203303_How_to_Squabble_Peacefully_a.vtt?1613498235"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22633","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203303_How_to_Squabble_Peacefully_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105683/transcript/22633/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Welcome to the first of a two-part lecture series entitled, \"Authority and Dissent.\" The series is sponsored by the Iowa State Lecture Committees Lecture Series Committee, and St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Student Center. The Chinese, I am told, have a proverb that is particularly apropos I believe for today. It reads \"May you be spared from living \"in an uninteresting time.\" I am sure that most of us here would agree that however else the time in which we are now living may be described, it is definitely not boring. And one of the signs of the times which makes our life particularly interesting shall we say, is the dissent with which we find ourselves surrounded. How do we find our way through the maze of conflicting voices? How indeed do we find our own voice? How do we integrate faith and dissent? Is there a theology of dissent? We have with us this evening a most competent guide for our journey of discernment in this regard. Father James Burtchaell is a Catholic priest of the congregation of the Holy cross. He is a member of the Theology Department, at the university of Notre Dame and is one of the most prominent Catholic theologians and scripture scholars in this country. Father Burtchaell is a native of Portland, Oregon. His academic accomplishments are many. To give him more time, I will limit my comments to a few and note that he received his bachelor's degree in theology from the Gregorian Institute in Rome and his in theology from the Catholic university of America in Washington. His studies and scripture took him to the a Colby bleak in Jerusalem where he did graduate research in biblical and archeological studies. His in scripture was earned at the Pontificia Commissio de Re Bibilica in Rome. In 1966 he received his doctorate in divinity from Cambridge university where he was elected as a cook by fellow... He has also received a number of honorary degrees. Prior to assuming his present position on the theology faculty of the university of Notre Dame. Father Burtchaell was a visiting fellow in the department of religion at Princeton university. The past decade in particular, has been a busy one for Father Burtchaell in his positions of chairman of the department of theology at Notre Dame. Then provost of the university, and later a fellow and trustee. Father Burtchaell is a renowned author, one who I enjoy reading a lot. And his reputation as a scholar who is remarkably articulate is widespread. In fact, he flew directly from not from Notre Dame, but from New York City where he was granted an award for one of his most recent books just yesterday. Also worth noting I think, especially in a community such as Ames which has such a great interest in ecumenical endeavors, is the fact that Father Burtchaell is a delegate in the Roman Catholic Presbyterian consultation. So in the name of the University Lecture Series Committee, and of St Thomas Aquinas Catholic Student Center, it is my pleasure to present to you, Father James Burtchaell, Father\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much. What I have to say to you tonight about authority and dissent is set of course, by Catholic and one whose experiences have been mostly to do with Catholic church. But I think that what I have to say, is a valid and might be of interest to Christians, of whatever loyalty. The polite and formal title I follow is authority and dissent in the church. And since I always liked subtitles, I have chosen how to squabble peacefully. It was noted in the gospels that Jesus taught as one having authority, not like the scribes. Nevertheless, it was the scribes who represented the consensus of the time endorsed by those who held religious credentials among the Jewish people. So, from the very start, Christians have acknowledged as their highest authority, a dissenter. And so it is not surprising if we harbor some relatively distinctive notions about how authority and dissent go together, and how they at times are at odds. The church believes that its highest authority is the Lord, but nobody has seen him, her. No one has heard directly from God or at least we are not disposed to believe those who say they have. And so the church must rely upon the next best authority available. And that is itself, at times, none too good but the best there is. The Christian Church believes that God's spirit breathes authority into it. This authority we believe, provides Christians with sure guidance. But that does not mean that the church is protected from error. At the time of the monarchy of Israel and Judah, it was expected that prophets were people who could deliver Oracles in God's name and on God's authority. To do that, prophets had to somehow be introduced into a state of ecstasy. We have a great deal of evidence about their contemporaries in Greece who helped Oracles prepare for their work by a drug induced hypnosis. The Oracles at Delphi for example, were drugged so that when they were asked questions it could be quite sure that their reply was meaningless. It would have been startling and disconcerting if the Oracle had given a straightforward and intelligible reply. First of all, it would have made the gods seem all too common, especially Apollo. And secondly, it would have deprived the attending clergy of a very important source of revenue since they accepted stipends for their willingness to tell people what the prophecies or Oracles meant. Now in Israel prophets entered ecstasy sometimes through dance, long sustained frenzy dancing, David's wife Michal, estranged herself from him on one occasion when he went down into the streets into a sort of Rio de Janeiro carnival atmosphere as they were bringing the art to town and took off as good as all of his clothes and began to dance with the prophets in a sort of punk rock abandoned. And she told him that he was behaving as badly as a prophet and he never lived with her again because that was an insulting and as he put it a very misunderstanding remark. But the fact is that if a person simply spoke as if they were telling you their convictions on a subject it would be very difficult for them to be accepted as a prophet. Those whom Israel and Judah later came to honor as its great prophets. Those whose Oracles we have access to through scripture indeed were generally not accepted by their contemporaries as prophets because they spoke lucidly, and therefore people said, well, that's just Amos's ideas. We have no way of knowing that that is the voice of the Lord. Why did they say this? It was very difficult for people to identify the full authority of God with anything so recognizably human. And this yen for the de-humanized utterance continues among Christians today. What we seek ironically is not something better than human but often something a little inferior. If we believe that God through his spirit affords the church sure guidance then we need not look for that as something which is so free from error that we may relax in the notion that it will resolve our larger questions for us. It has repeatedly been believed in the Christian churches, that the Bible being God's word and held as high authority must therefore be error-free. And many people took it to be a single-minded collection of Oracles free from all sharp human features or characteristics. But those who read it, and those who must study it carefully do not take it as such, but see that it is a residue. It is a library selected retrospectively to incorporate the best remaining expressions of a slightly more than a millennium of religious growth. What we have there is a residual body of evidence whereby we can track the trajectory of faith from its early origins in the time of Moses to a crest of intensity when Jesus was preaching to his followers and going through to the end of the age, when those followers were still trying to digest what it was he had exposed to them. This collection contains within it, many disagreements some books of the Bible were written with the explicit purpose of counteracting other books of the book Bible. For example, the books of Ezra and Nehemiah were intended to legitimate a rigid reform after the return of some of the aristocracy from exile in Babylon. And the central tenant of that reform was that Jewish men were obliged to divorce their foreign wives and return them to their countries and their families. And if necessary with the real estate and other dowries that they had brought with them. The policy of the Jews after that terrible upheaval was that they could not retain any sort of integrity if they were so cosmopolitan as to involve themselves in the culture of other people. And that began a very separatists period for the Jews. On the other hand, whoever it was who wrote the books of Ruth and Jonah, wrote in order to point out how it was often people from other tribal backgrounds who came into the Jewish people as converts who were the best examples of faith. And also that if they really believed that there was only one God, and that all then other nations, simply were worshiping fictions, then they could no longer regard members of other nations as enemies. They had to be the children of the God whom they alone knew about. And therefore it was their obligation to share a knowledge and love of that God with them. So their attitude towards foreigners could not be hostile. It had to be in interested benevolent missionary rather than a separate test program. These books put forward a program of openness and incorporation. Now, as time has progressed, both of those views and the advocacy that the views had, have been a value to Jews and to Christians. Nevertheless, those books were written in a hot opposition to one another, and they are only one example of contrary forces struggling against one another in scripture. Yet scripture remains in authority, not in that it offers a contemporary view of God at our life in him access to which will provide us with a faith for our times. The Bible is by definition obsolete. Many of the issues which believers today face were never suspected or imagined by those who wrote the biblical books. So if we believe that the church today is a source of continuing authority and guidance for us, we can hardly expect that it will be free of some of the obvious human characteristics and free the ambiguities and the unpreparedness to face certain issues that we find in scripture. Another point about the authority of the church though the church's authority is served by certain designated persons who hold special responsibility in the church. The authority is of the church and for the church. It's widely known that in the short council known as the first council of the Vatican, Vatican one in 1870, one of the few principle enunciations of that council asserted the infallibility of the Bishop of Rome. That's about as much as most of us know about it, the actual statement, which of course was very carefully debated and formulated says that when the Bishop of Rome speaks to the entire church in his role as Supreme shepherd of all believers, on a matter of faith or morals, as revealed, then he enjoys that authority which God has given to the church. The council did not have either the yen or the time or probably the ability to take up the far more interesting question about what infallibility God wished the church to have. So, whatever it is we might wish to say about the Bishop of Rome. The council told us very little except that on certain occasions, he could be a spokesman for the church. In the second Vatican council, the bishops taking the good example of the Pope 100 years earlier, elbow their way up a little more closely to the center of authority and put out some documents which asserted that according to the ancient belief, they acting as a worldwide college of shepherds also could be and always had been thought to be a possible spokesman for the church. Once again, whenever a claim is made that someone can speak with authority in the church, it is an authority which does not belong so much to that person as to the church. Now, some people preside in the church, the church is a very ambiguous term, the church can be any worshiping community. The church can be that collection of worshiping communities that forms an integral society in any locality. And the church can be the worldwide communion of Christian believers. And indeed on that level, the church can refer either to various denominational communions or to the larger family of all those who hold themselves to follow Jesus. Every one of those churches, whether it's the church of St Thomas Aquinas, or the church of Dubuque or the Catholic church or the temple of the fire baptized or any church you wanna name, every one of those churches requires some presidency. And so from the beginning, indeed before the beginning because this was a structure and accustom which the earliest Christian communities simply had already from the Hellenistic Jewish synagogue organization which they made their own. Every church is presided over somehow generally by a body of elders. Chief of home is the presider of the local church. Whether that person be an elder himself or a Bishop. The task of the president is to lead that community towards consensus. Now it is true that we begin with consensus. That is the church is a body of believers who begin at least when we arrive on the threshold, with a formed faith. The previous immediate previous president of the university of Notre Dame, a man who died but a couple of years ago was called Father John Cavanaugh. When he had around the time of the first world war been an undergraduate at Notre Dame, he helped to pay his way through by acting as secretary for the then president whose name was Father John Cavanaugh. As far as I'm unaware this did not give rise to any suspicions of impropriety. Young John graduated and made his way in the business world for a number of years until he finally decided to join the congregation of Holy cross and returned to go into the novitiate. Naturally enough he visited old John who took him in his carriage across the fields to the novitiate. And as he was letting this very bright and quick-witted young man out of the carriage to begin his religious life and priestly training, he said to him, only one thing he said, \"John do remember that you are joining a community. \"You are not founding one.\" And this is the situation of all of us in the church. There is a consensus there but it is not a consensus that can ever stand still. It is a nervous trembling consensus. It is always subject to reconsideration. It is always melting a bit at the edges. So to preside over the church is not only to have chief responsibility for a work of preservation holding on to the deposit of faith, but it is the possibly more difficult task of drawing, teasing, goading, urging the community to frame a faith about matters or from a perspective on matters that had not previously been there. The task of the president also is to keep the church at one with its own tradition, within its own self and with other churches. Now there are other people who address the church or the churches with no credential or office, but the insight of their own faith. At times since they speak generally with a very free mind, they sound as if they are Mavericks, highly independent, isolated from the community, often opposed to the community, Marlborough persons. Their work, if well done can be reminiscent of that of the prophets. Who spoke with such a reckless freedom that they very quickly and almost universally were seen by the religious authorities of the time principally the Kings as their enemies and adversaries. Prophets, the church is very slow to accredit. Slower even than it is to accredit saints, because it takes less time to see whether a man or a woman was truly Holy than it does to find out whether their teaching will bear a long test of time. The classical prophets are available for our reading because for many centuries, the communities of Israel listened over and over to their Oracles and came to believe much more than their contemporaries did. That it was they whom God had given the better vision to. And we believe that he continues to do that to some people. Not everybody who shoots off their mouth, and imagines themselves to be heirs of Elijah and Elisha is going to be viewed with that much reverence by their fellow believers. Still the church has need of people to speak dissent. So the church's authority, is often served and preserved differently by these different people who have different missions. The people whose task it is to preside over consensus and the people whose mission it is to speak dissent. The Christian Church is a dining society. At Jesus time, Jews found themselves worshiping together in the temple where all sacrifice by law had to take place in the synagogues where since the time of the Babylonian exile, they had gathered for prayer and scripture and preaching and in their homes where by ancient tradition, certain prayer rituals the one we know the best being the Passover Seder meal were celebrated. As Christians, that is as followers of Jesus, continued stubbornly to believe that he was the anointed one who came to restore the kingdom and felt not only free but compelled to share that view with their fellows. And so found their welcome wearing increasingly thin in both the temple and in the synagogue, as they found themselves increasingly alienated from their fellows. They came to cherish most particularly the occasions of worship when they and they alone were present. And those by definition were the times of worship in the homes. And so in particular, it was the suppers where they knew they were on all fours with everyone in the room that they saw themselves most as a community. And that is why the breaking of the bread as it was first called or the Thanksgiving or Eucharist as it came to be called, was the principle worship activity of the church. And so naturally enough it was the characteristic act. To be admitted to the church was to be admitted to the dining table. To be excluded from the church was to be told you were no longer welcome to sup with the others. This was a different dining society, in that it also had a very vibrant table conversation. If any of you have had opportunity to visit the Holy land, you have seen in some or if you indeed have gone to certain places in New York City, you may have seen a Yeshiva at work or Yeshiva is a rabbinical school for young Jewish men. And the style of learning there is not anything that most American educators would at least apart from Dr. Spock. And Dr. Dewey would like to encourage in their classrooms. The young man sit or stand at their reading lecterns and read a loud, the Tom Munich commentaries and share with with one another all simultaneously their views of those. And so the level of shouting in the room is such as to perplex any at least any American who would stick their nose in and wonder how anybody could learn anything in this crazy exchange, but that's just their way. The church, at least well, more than symbolically, is a dining society where there is the most turbulent discussion because people do not simply come to dine and to glow together that they are brothers and sisters in Christ, but to listen very carefully to the ancient sayings of wisdom in their tradition and then to discourse between themselves about what it is they must then do about that. So the church is not a group which is so fixated on the faith of its ancestors that they are in a passive mode. The church is destined to be a truculent and at times combative community. That's why I like referring to this age of the church as that of the church truculent, we discourse about God as we know God through Jesus and through other saintly fellow believers and saintly non-believers. We also discourse over how we should respond in love, to his love. Now our sense of authority in this society, in the church. Must be affected by a special commitment we have to unity. We are obliged to hold together. If the church is a communion where people feel constrained to meet over and over again at the same table, then the arguments that we have must be protected from degenerating into quarrels and the differences that we have must be differences that we agree to submit ourselves to. We simply know that at any given time there will be serious matters on which we cannot reach accord. And, but we are committed before we get into them to the prospect. And we are committed to remaining together while they are thrashed out. That is not the case with all societies that enjoy internal debate. Many societies can do and should break apart. Unlike many organizations where it is precisely a uniformity of fact which holds the group together. We are not obliged to have uniformity, nor must we assume that we are going to be able to reach it in such measure as would satisfy you or me on any given day. We, what we are committed to is a unity that is to not letting go of one another as we strive towards a better consensus. CISM, splitting apart into like-minded smaller groups has penalties to impose on all parties. Those associated with university campuses know that one of the major difficulties between roommates is the nocturnal ventilation of dorm rooms. A student will go to bed. I can't say at 11 o'clock, but more probably at one o'clock and leave the window appropriately a jar to get some air in. The student's roommate will return and retire at two o'clock and as is appropriate close the window. At three, the first student will wake up feeling suffocated and will restore the window at four, there will be a rather loud slam. And at eight, the next morning, they will both be at the office of student residence looking for other alternatives. This is the first foretaste of marriage. If they do not immediately fall apart after this first night, they will nevertheless probably encounter some long and difficult days trying to persuade one another of the appropriate way to sleep. If they fail, and if it is a matter of some very great importance to each of them. Then this matter will grow in intensity. Now, of course, well, let us... I can't lay this down or stipulate it, but let us assume that there is objectively no single standard on nocturnal ventilation. So we cannot say that one is entirely right and one is entirely wrong. Maybe there would be an anchorage or in Ecuador, but here at about the 45th parallel imagine there are many possibilities. Nevertheless, by the time the thing has really festered for all parties concerned, the issue of the window has grown like a cancer and is crowding aside all sorts of important parts of life. Now I pick a frivolous example only frivolous because you and I are not suffering from it. It is not frivolous to the students I have known, who have been enraged over it. But there are other issues even issues on which there is a clear right and a clear wrong and a clear somebody who stands on each side. It doesn't matter if you're on the right side. If the thing it becomes so aggravated, then even if your view is right the emphasis on the subject has grown so disproportionate that the thing is wrong. It assumes and in proper size in your whole view of a scheme of things. So whenever the church falls apart, whether there is a right or a wrong, or whether there are simply people so pigheaded as to be poorly formulating their view of the subject. Everybody is punished. We are committed in advance to retaining unity knowing that we shall have to forfeit a considerable amount of uniformity. So the strange church pursues its own course in search of better consensus. This is something always to strive for since it is always incomplete. And it is always being reformed, not just reformulated, reformed. If that is to happen, then it requires dissent. Dissent is often the initiative required to improve upon consensus. But when that happens, almost inevitably a strain arises between the corporate officers of the church and those who breathe new ideas a loud. Those people who are officers of the church, preside over the churches, hold on wisdom and search for wisdom. They serve in one respect, in a function you could compare to that of speaker of parliament. The speaker of the house of commons has a responsibility significantly different from that of the prime minister, who as the chief spokesman for the majoritarian government speaks always in a very partisan manner. The speaker may never be partisan. He or she was elected into the house as a member of a party, but once lifted to the seat of the speaker has to restrain those partisan views because their office requires them to sit above it in a way the person who presides over the churche is similarly restrained. Person sits in the chair of the church and has to draw out other people the consensus to formulate it. All of you must have had some responsibilities and some of you considerable responsibilities as the chairman of something. Whenever it is your responsibility to preside over any kind of group activity, it is your job, not often a very easy one to help the group to shape its own aims and to take people who may be wildly different and oblige them somehow to come to some kind of agreement, not a false agreement but one they can sincerely live with. As the president of a worshiping community, the local church or the church Catholic, Thomas Aquinas Dubuque the World. The president has the task of leading the people towards consensus and therefore has an ego stake in it. Since the time of Ignatius of Antioch, a middle Eastern great church leader in the early, very early second century. There has been the strong teaching in the church that the Bishop is the center of unity in the church. If you want to know, if you are at peace in the church, ask yourself if you are at peace with the local Bishop. But that does not mean that you have to be on a terms of agreement with that Bishop about everything. The Bishop has the ministry of serving church unity in the local church just as the Bishop of Rome has had the obligation since the sea of Rome was made the seat of presidency in the world church to be the person to be in communion with. That doesn't mean that that person can dictate the terms of the communion in a solo and arbitrary fashion. But it means that if you and I are somehow to form a unity then there must be some person with whom we have commonly to be on terms of peace. Now, occasionally it will be, or at least it will seem to be the duty of such an officer to impose a uniform teaching. At times, there is a severe flare up a crisis. Two opposing parties rise up with unusual new energy and concern and oppose one another's views. They sharpen their expression considerably to the point where it appears that they are in contradiction with one another. How can the unified community entertain two so cleanly contradictory views? At that point, a presiding officer may at times be the spokesman for a party line. At other times, some people may be espousing of view which appears to be so flatly contradictory to the ancient tradition that the person in authority feels he or she must denounce it simply because it is unfaithful to their Christian past. Those are only a few of the reasons. But from time to time a person in office census himself or herself obliged to lay down an Orthodox line of belief or of discipline and expect that people will conform to it. Now, the thing about these utterances is that sometimes they take, and sometimes they don't. The church accepts some of these as authentic grafts if you will, as a clearing of the air, as a timely and indeed charismatic moment of clarity. And there are other times when the church out of courtesy simply forgets that it ever said. When I was a student in Rome... No, I was long past that. 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And Pope John, John the XXIII,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=5.44,8.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much beloved exciting hero in his time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=10.07,15.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put out an encyclical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=15.35,18.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which he gave an unusual cachet of authority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=18.52,22.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by going down to St. Peter's Basilica","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=22.54,24.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and signing it in public,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=24.45,25.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which never was done before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=25.92,27.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This document was called \"Vader Room Sapienza,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=29.13,32.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Wisdom of the Ancients.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=33.397,35.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And its unique purpose was 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book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1134.31,1138.324"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1138.324,1139.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sister will be pleased to tell you about or sell 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synods,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1589.41,1591.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are held every few years in Rome,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1591.38,1593.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when certain very heated issues wanted to be 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agenda","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1601.03,1605.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they did not want them discussed publicly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1605.06,1607.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two weeks ago, I asked an American Bishop,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1609.792,1613.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"if a secret ballot were held today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1613.127,1615.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the ordination of women or of married persons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1615.46,1619.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do you think your fellow bishops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1619.62,1622.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this country would vote?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1622.02,1623.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"well, on which one?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1623.48,1624.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"both.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1624.49,1626.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, he said, \"on married men","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1626.19,1630.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two thirds would vote for it, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1630.09,1632.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On women, maybe half\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1632.56,1634.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe he's incorrect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1636.7,1638.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's just one Bishop's conjecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1638.98,1641.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But let's say that he's not a wild man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1641.74,1644.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that he is not far from right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1644.5,1648.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If this is so, what is the state of the 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church","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1655.68,1660.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not have the nerve to speak up their view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1661.24,1664.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If one spoke out it would sound like a 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matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1678.62,1679.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are intimidated from giving it voice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1679.97,1683.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what I say about them, I say about you and about 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1692.73,1696.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know what a passive aggressive is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1696.25,1699.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A passive aggressive is somebody who 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cohesion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1735.19,1739.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but as a sincere belief laid before the church","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1739.43,1742.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the benefit of all, no 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been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1898.87,1901.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some modest measure, well reformed in our time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1901.93,1906.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you for listening to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1907.04,1908.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1908.82,1912.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much, Father Birchal for your very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1927.21,1929.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keen insight and outlook on the challenges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1929.39,1932.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of preserving unity while acknowledging differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1932.21,1935.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our very interesting and very truculent society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1935.84,1939.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm wondering now, if you would entertain questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1939.88,1942.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the group while we prepare some coffee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1942.57,1945.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Questions, anybody?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1953.48,1954.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1956.743,1959.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were some of the prophets treated well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1969.12,1970.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others not so 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well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1973.11,1974.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later had all their works burned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1975.33,1977.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those who were treated poorly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1977.58,1980.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often became the heroes that we venerate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1980.09,1982.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Amos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1982.74,1986.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joel, those people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1986.61,1989.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's all very well for us to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1989.26,1990.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at that time it was hard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1990.77,1993.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them sounded very weird.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1993.03,1995.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them invited their contemporaries to think of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=1996.33,2001.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in so new, a way that people simply did not easily arrive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2002.13,2006.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at seeing that as in continuity with the tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2006.03,2008.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2013.788,2016.205"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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egos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2039.03,2042.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthily dis involved when those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2042.96,2045.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conspiring and untrustworthy people in the media","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2046.81,2050.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are trying to make news out of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2050.7,2053.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By staging cockfights among them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2053.56,2057.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2058.52,2060.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I find a lot of, well, let's appreciate the 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intelligible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2075.33,2080.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the crazy stuff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2081.7,2084.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people are saying in the church.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2084.67,2088.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And naturally it will be of more interest to the curiosity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2088.13,2093.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their public if there is conflict involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2093.66,2097.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it is in some respects in the professional interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2097.36,2100.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the news media people to highlight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2100.76,2105.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dissent or conflict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2107.13,2109.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I find a lot of people, very irresponsible in handing over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2109.3,2113.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to media people, a casual statement of what they believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2113.8,2118.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some people who would work very hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2119.86,2121.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a dinner party to expound what they have to say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2121.68,2124.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then what would shoot off the most thoughtless things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2124.27,2127.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to somebody who's going to put it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2127.1,2128.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on all the front pages the next day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2128.5,2131.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So a lot of it is really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2131.53,2133.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the professional irresponsibility of people in the church.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2133.843,2138.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2140.05,2141.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a big temptation to be big, hot shot news","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2143.39,2148.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some people need to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2148.29,2151.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get burned a few times before they learn 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(indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2173.55,2175.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Another very timely question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2182.4,2184.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I read the second 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communities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2637.543,2641.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other Christian churches, indeed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2641.54,2643.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2646.75,2648.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new rash of publications from a press called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2650.08,2653.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what, chick, chick press.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2653.93,2656.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how it spelled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2656.61,2658.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All sorts of stuff about how I kicked the traces and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2658.66,2662.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all that bad stuff that those Catholics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2666.29,2668.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are doing behind the scenes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2668.49,2670.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's quite active on campuses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2670.47,2673.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of money in it, I guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2673.64,2675.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a critique against us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2676.61,2679.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which strikes me as offering very little stimulus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2679.64,2683.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or challenge to our discipleship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=2683.0,2686.583"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22634/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/634/original/AV203303_How_to_Squabble_Peacefully_b.vtt?1613498240","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/634/original/AV203303_How_to_Squabble_Peacefully_b.vtt?1613498240"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22635","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203303_How_to_Squabble_Peacefully_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684/transcript/22635/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And Pope John, John the XXIII, much beloved exciting hero in his time, put out an encyclical which he gave an unusual cachet of authority by going down to St. Peter's Basilica and signing it in public, which never was done before. This document was called \"Vader Room Sapienza,\" \"The Wisdom of the Ancients.\" And its unique purpose was to impose the view that all seminaries had to be taught exclusively in Latin. Now in most seminaries of the world, this had to be read in translation. Since there there was no student there who can understand Latin. Just as in the days, immediately after 1948 very heated debates were conducted in the Indian parliament about the proposal to impose Hindi as the national official and only official language. And the debate had gone on for some time with a great deal of fervor and acrimony until one of the deputies did take the occasion to point out that the entire debate was being carried on in English since it was the only language that all of the different regions in India share. I recall that the solemnity of this statement of the Pope raised a great deal of concern and a number of seminaries began to rumble around and to figure what they would do to make at least some gesture of loyal accord. But basically the thing was a total flop. The Pope was very serious, or at least the people, he was persuaded by the people who talked him into it that this was just the right thing to do. It was done with at least as much solemnity as he and his successor Paul used when they put out Mater et Magistra and Populorum and Progressio to very serious documents on social justice, which have resounded throughout the church ever since they were published. There is a book which most of you and it's just as well that most of you know nothing about. It is a book which has gone through, I think more than 40 editions in the last hundred years and it is simply known by the name of the first editor a man called \"Heinrich Denzinger.\" This book is in Greek and Latin and it is a collection of excerpts from documents by Popes and by ecumenical councils and by regional councils which Denzinger and his now more than a dozen succeeding editors have picked out as peak moments when the church, when the authorities, the highest authorities in the church set down these enunciations, which created the pattern of growth of develop, of doctrine and discipline. This serves as a reliable record for the development of doctrine in the church. I had often thought how much more interesting it would be to construct an anti Denzinger, all the things that the ecumenical councils, the regional synods and the Popes had uttered with equal solemnity which had fallen to earth and broken into a million pieces. And that nobody remembers, it would I know make much more interesting reading. The view of the author was that tradition is a series and a continuing series of authoritative utterances. But this is a view which suffers from selective amnesia because it forgets that there were all sorts of others that at the time seemed more influential and were, but they didn't take somehow. What this tells us is that the church is like an organism that accepts or rejects statements from the highest authority. Now, no one has ever challenged the view that an ecumenical council is the highest authority in the church. Ecumenical councils have put out statements that would make your hair stand on end and they simply didn't take. Now, in retrospect, they were seeing not to have spoken with enduring authority, but who at the time could have known. The church at any time sits in judgment on the church proceeding. Today, I was reminded in the New York times is the anniversary of the bull whereby Pius, the fifth ex-communicated Elizabeth and exempted all her subjects as Catholics from political allegiance to her and the greater part of the persecution, which then afflicted Catholics in great Britain for the next hundreds of years came not from the quarrels all over the true faith, or even who was the true head of the church in England. But from the decision of the Pope that he held a political superiority over the crown of England. This is a view that virtually no one today would allow, a power that no one today would acknowledge in the Bishop of Rome. At that time, almost no one would have doubted it. That's one of many examples that the church has its own authority that makes it impossible for a person or persons in any office whatsoever to impose their view of things with the guarantee that it will be authoritative. You do your best. Now naturally there is going to be a strain between the people in high office, need be no higher than campus chaplain and those who dissent. Not because the former group have guarantees of being right which the latter group are deprived of. The reason, I mean, either one may be right and either one may be wrong. But still they have different roles in the church which almost set them up on a collision course. The task of the person who presides is to bring the church into closer communion, to be better beholden to the ancients and to be more heedful of what other churches throughout the world see that we find it harder to see. This person has a stake in what is received, what is conventional, what is customary. What we have grown used to, what we have grown up with, what has shaped us, what is in our bones. This person has an instinctive reticence to consider that all or not all, but that something we all hold dear and traditional may be at fault. Now despite that, it is possible for the president to dissent. It is possible to have the chief at odds with everyone else. Athanasius, the Bishop of Alexandria held a position which made him preside over the entire church of Northwest, NorthEast Africa. Egypt, Sudan, at that time, highly Christian area. Alexandria yielded to no see, but Rome it's importance as an ancient Christian center claiming to be the equal of Antioch and the equal of Jerusalem even though the faith had been at Jerusalem first. Athanasius himself was at odds with almost everyone over the issue of the teaching of a man called Arius. About whether Jesus was son of the father in a way that none of us could claim to be. In that case, he was a stubborn intransigent and utterly persuaded man who dug in his heels and simply dissented when everyone else with political support from the Imperial headquarters went in the other direction. And in the end, it was this man who proved to have spoken with most authority but only later on was that scene. Then there was the time in, I think the early 1950s when an Archbishop in New Orleans called Rummel, who at the time was virtually blind, he was quite elderly. Took note of the growing civil rights stirrings in the country and decided that in his diocese which comprised most of Southern Louisiana, they would begin to integrate the schools. There was very quick reaction against this from the Cajun and other ethnic Catholic groups who did not want to welcome blacks into their schools and indeed it would have, and indeed, most of the parish priests in the archdiocese simply would not read his letter from the pulpit. I recall that my order is responsible for a parish down there. And the priests at the time told me that they were one of the few parishes in the diocese where the man's letters were read. He was the dissenter and he raged at them all. Archbishop Lefebvre who is better known perhaps to you at this time is a dissenter even though he is an Archbishop. And there are many people who like to make the case but I do not believe the issue at this time is clear enough to see it with complete clarity. That Pope Paul the VI was a dissenter when he published his encyclical Humanae Vitae. Many people have pointed out that by their own admission most Catholic married people in most countries where opinion polls can reliably be administered, will say that they have, with increasingly settled mind and conscience made use of contraception. And forms of contraception, which that encyclical finds to be unacceptable. But I would go further, I see a further dissent there. And this one, I think puts Paul on the side of the angels. It was he who in his own, perhaps not perfect way, saw that the world in our time does not welcome children. Unfortunately, he was distracted from that terribly central issue by a detailed attitude he had about contraception. But the real issue was that people considered children a burden. And there he was accusing his fellow Catholics of having fallen in with a perverse in pagan view which had gained social acceptability. It could ironically happen that this encyclical which caused him more grief probably than anything he did during his years, as Bishop of Rome could turn out to be one of his most prophetic moments. At times, however, it's not clear who's dissenting, who's speaking with authority, probably no one in this room knows that during the 20th century in a relatively short period of time about a quarter of a million Catholics in this country left the Catholic church because the bishops of the Latin right in this country prevailed upon Rome to prevent the clergy of the Byzantine Catholic church in this country from exercising their right to marry. A quarter of a million like that because, the Latin role was felt to be exposed to criticism if right down the street there were people who were just as Catholic as we for whom it had always been the tradition that their priests and deacons could be married. There was a case where a tragic schism, befell the church precisely because of people who were in authority, who were acting in a strange way at odds with the legitimate view in the church universal. Now, normally despite the fact that certain shepherds in the church can be dissenters, normally they are company men. Normally after having invested so much of themselves and getting people to come do anything as a group they have a stake in it. And do not welcome somebody coming along and saying, \"well, that's all very well but it really is a very narrow view of things.\" It is natural for an animus to disturb the harmony between the person who presides and the dissenter who says that the church is misled. Yet dissent is a service and as I would like to make out tonight, it is a loyal ministry. The church absolutely has to have it. But those who dissent, must do so in a way that serves the communion. It must not be an act of ego assertion but that is difficult just as it is very difficult for somebody who works very hard to keep everybody together as a family, to accept criticism of what has been done. So it is very hard for somebody who comes along, stands up, says something which causes everyone to stare them down not to get highly defensive and to start to blurt out things that he or she never planned to say in the first place. It is very difficult to be a loyal dissenter. The people who dissent must give an account of why they disagree and they must root it in some authentic appeal to the ancient tradition. None of us can dissent from what has been done because of the New York review of books finds fault with it. We must always appeal to a closer understanding of the thing that we all hold in common. And we cannot expect that people will quickly be able to track things in their mind's eye as easily or to the same conclusions that we have found easy. We are talking about development, outgrowth, not necessarily restatement. Some of the development involves a rejection of practices and beliefs which have been held from the beginning because upon re-investigation those practices and beliefs are now seen to be alien to the tradition. That is quite a claim. The church, restlessly acquiesced in slavery until the 19th Century. Other groups, notably the Quakers, came to a point of clear public rejection of slavery long before Catholics did. We ministered to slaves but we also ministered to slavers and let them sleep well at night. A point came where people finally, in fact, Leo the XII who was Bishop of Rome from 1877 or eight until about 19, 3. Is said to have stated officially that it was at least a probable opinion that black people had souls. And therefore we ought to be much more concerned for them. And he was a very advanced man. Nevertheless, the point came where finally people said this is crazy. You can't possibly treat a slave as your brother no matter what Paul told Fali Mon. A subject on which I commend fine book. Sister will be pleased to tell you about or sell you. The people who condemn slavery naturally had to face opponents, who said, you have to be nuts, we have approved of this since Moses. And they finally said that is the case but it is an insufficient argument. It is at odds with the mystery and the call of Jesus. And they prevailed as traditional. I have my own problems. Mostly because I'm putting it in upside down. That doesn't show you that it is or not. If the church should decide that the exclusion of women from ordained office in the church is inappropriate then it will simply start to ordain women. There was a time when the church of the Latin, right decided contrary to all previous tradition that it would no longer ordain married men. And so at the council of the Latin in the 13th century, this radical departure from ancient tradition was made on grounds that this would be more consonant with the mystery of the gospel. It took, and now it may be untaken. But, those who argue for radical change have to do so on traditional grounds. And they owe the community an explanation for their point because the community has a right to be persuaded in that the person who is descending is on exactly the same grounds as the person who is in charge. Both have to persuade the church to accept their teaching. And it must be done humbly. If the president of the church cannot impose his or her own convictions that will then the dissenter can hardly expect to do so. Both must preach as father John McKinsey once said, \"as best we can tell from the gospel, the only authority given to the disciples over the church was the authority to preach.\" And that it seems is something that any of us can do. That is the authority of the officers to preach. To urge on others their best understanding even an ecumenical council can do no more than that. It is always insufficient for a council simply to say it has seemed good to us and to the Holy spirit that thus and thus be thought and done. They then have to explain why it should be done in hopes that this will be received. Councils have often said that they spoke with an independent authority that made it totally unnecessary for the church to ratify what they said. But the fact is that so many things that councils then went on to say, dropped out of sight that they cannot have been correct on that matter. So, sympathize with those who sit in the chair and have to draw it all together and sympathize with those who stand up to dissent, they lack a lot of support. And many of them will die before they have any consolation of seeing that their views have become normative. Lastly, I want to make a point that we have a duty to dissent. At times the only thing that will lead to a reversal is that someone stands up and says aloud, how they disagree. In the late 19th century, a decision was made in Rome that Catholics in this country would be forbidden to.. Well, the Catholics everywhere would be forbidden to join the then organizing labor groups around the world because they were seen to be organized under socialist and atheistic auspices. The Archbishop of Baltimore, James Cardinal Gibbons, went to Rome and persuaded them to withdraw that view because he argued that Catholic working men in this country who were joining a group called \"The Knights of Labor\" were doing so in perfectly proper defense of their own rights and their family's needs. And that this group was not subject to those influences but that if they remained absent, they might well be. There was a case of somebody who at least in the worldwide perspective was a dissenter and he prevailed. The people in authority have a right to be told where others believe that they have misjudged. We are abandoning one another if we keep to ourselves what we think to be the mistakes in policy. On the other hand, by definition when dissent prevails, it's no longer dissent. Often a true consensus is concealed from the public eye for want of anybody with enough courage to stand up and speak it. Many of you know that at the beginning of the second Vatican council, the agenda had been drawn up by people who were not in sympathy with the views that ultimately prevail. This was purposely done in order to channel the council in a direction that a certain party wished and found wise. On the very first week of the council, indeed, on the very first day of public debate, Cardinal Lienart of France and Cardinal Frings of Germany stood up and to the consternation of everyone, rejected the prepared documents and insisted that the council immediately set them aside and begin a fresh. When they said this, a majority of the bishops in the Basilica who had never dared to peep out loud against the people of that party, who were dominant in the Roman offices, supported those two men and had they not done that, what was in fact a latent consensus would never have congealed. And that changed the course of Vatican too. And it changed the mind of Pope John the XXIII on many issues. He himself in the last five years of his life was instructed by the courageous descent of some men who came to that council. On the contrary, later on, during some of the subsequent synods, which are held every few years in Rome, when certain very heated issues wanted to be put on the agenda by bishops throughout the world, various Popes have stricken from the agenda because they did not want them discussed publicly. Two weeks ago, I asked an American Bishop, \"if a secret ballot were held today on the ordination of women or of married persons, how do you think your fellow bishops in this country would vote?\" He said, \"well, on which one?\" I said, \"both.\" Well, he said, \"on married men two thirds would vote for it, I think. On women, maybe half\" Maybe he's incorrect, that's just one Bishop's conjecture. But let's say that he's not a wild man and that he is not far from right. If this is so, what is the state of the church? When the prevailing mind of those who are, who hold chief office throughout this country in the church do not have the nerve to speak up their view. If one spoke out it would sound like a dissent. How can you call it that way if two thirds of them were to stand up and say it. Are we well-served if they have a conviction on so serious of matter and are intimidated from giving it voice. But what I say about them, I say about you and about me. If you read enough psychological literature and the Sunday supplements, make it impossible to avoid it, you know what a passive aggressive is. A passive aggressive is somebody who just likes everything you want and would never have the nerve to say anything aloud. It's just that they drag their feet in every possible way. We all know them. Passive aggressives never speak out and never come along. Now, those who hold responsibility in the church have a right to be confronted with dissent. So that indeed it can be argued against, brought out into the open, discredited. It must be brought forward, not as some sort of personal accusation against them or as any kind of a minister community cohesion, but as a sincere belief laid before the church for the benefit of all, no blackmail, I'll take my marbles and go home if I have any. Reformers who wanted vernacular worship before the council of Trent argued strongly for it. But then because the Protestants made it part of a separate program, those people were shouted down in the council of Trent and 400 years of Catholics were deprived of the chance to worship. They did something which they sincerely believed in and called worship, but it is very difficult to understand how anyone can worship reciting things or listening to things they have no understanding of. So I end, as I began, Jesus spoke as one having authority. He was a dissenter. He created a new consensus. He was without the credentials of office. He indeed, he gave rise to a tremendous ambiguity about the meaning of authority. He had no professional training as a scribe in the schools. He had no office such as an elder among the people. There were plenty of those and they disagreed with him. He did not have authority simply because he had an imposing view. There are all sorts of zealots around who had the people all ready to bomb the post offices and take over the radio stations and get rid of the Romans. They had a big following. They had no office, but they persuaded everyone. But that is not the authority that Jesus has said to him. Jesus was different from the officers and he was different from the dissenters, his authority transcended that of both. He appealed to ancient tradition and yet he proposed an unmentionable novelties. He denounced his opponents and yet he appealed to the hearts of all. That is a curious and at times mystifying style of authority, which I think holds in it much to recommend to us in the church, provided that we care enough for one another to wish to remain in bonds of love with one another. And we understand the peculiar position of those who labor hard to preside and those who with their heart in their throat at times stand up to formulate objections. With those things in mind, I think that we will be able to pass on to our successors of faith, which has been in some modest measure, well reformed in our time. Thank you for listening to that.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much, Father Birchal for your very keen insight and outlook on the challenges of preserving unity while acknowledging differences in our very interesting and very truculent society. I'm wondering now, if you would entertain questions from the group while we prepare some coffee.\r\n\r\n- Questions, anybody? Were some of the prophets treated well and others not so well? Yes. Those who were treated well later had all their works burned. Those who were treated poorly often became the heroes that we venerate as Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Amos, Joel, those people. That's all very well for us to say but at that time it was hard. Some of them sounded very weird. Some of them invited their contemporaries to think of things in so new, a way that people simply did not easily arrive at seeing that as in continuity with the tradition. How do those in authority responsible for consensus and those who are dissenting keep their egos, healthily dis involved when those conspiring and untrustworthy people in the media are trying to make news out of them. By staging cockfights among them. That's a very good question. I find a lot of, well, let's appreciate the position of the person in broadcasting or in publishing. They are anxious to summarize and make intelligible some of the crazy stuff that people are saying in the church. And naturally it will be of more interest to the curiosity of their public if there is conflict involved. So it is in some respects in the professional interest of the news media people to highlight, dissent or conflict. I find a lot of people, very irresponsible in handing over to media people, a casual statement of what they believe. Some people who would work very hard at a dinner party to expound what they have to say. And then what would shoot off the most thoughtless things to somebody who's going to put it on all the front pages the next day. So a lot of it is really the professional irresponsibility of people in the church. On the other hand, it's a big temptation to be big, hot shot news and some people need to get burned a few times before they learn that. And some people seem to enjoy being burned and don't burn. Very good point, especially about our contemporary situation.\r\n\r\n- You mentioned something about authority in the church. briefly a little bit about .\r\n\r\n- Another very timely question. When I read the second draft of the proposed Bishop's pastoral letter on a warfare in our time, the thing that's struck me about it one of the things at least was, first of all, it purported to be addressed by the bishops to their fellow Catholics. But in fact, it wasn't. In fact, the bishops were absolutely fascinated that they were able to cause all sorts of stir in government and were really addressing themselves to Washington. That is a very different business. We are obliged to strive very hard among ourselves on grounds that we can share and understand a common vision of peace and of justice without which there is no lasting peace. When we speak as the bishops really were to the wider civil society we do not have those common understandings. We cannot appeal to the same antecedents and tradition and vision. And we indeed need not strive so much to be at one. Very often our position will be dissenters as a church. The church will be defiant against the conventional understandings of the society and must be prepared to do that. So we are in the difficult psychological position of supposing to be peaceable among ourselves and to be willing to be at odds with some matters of very great importance in the wider society. On the other hand, maybe it isn't so psychologically different. If we were better at entertaining, true and fruitful conflict among ourselves, we might be more, we might have more nerve to speak out not in a prophetic way, you can only be a prophet to the believers. But as good citizens to the best instincts that Americans might have. And indeed as Catholics to our fellow Christians. Really the widest, interested audience in what that letter is trying to say is an audience composed of Christians of other churches in this country. So there is quite a considerable difference whom one is addressing one when one gives utterance to one's Christian convictions. Yes, sir. Archbishop Romero is a wonderful example of a confused position. He was a dissenter among his fellow national bishops and possibly a spokesman of consensus of the hearts of the large number of people in the country. That is a difficult position to be in. And then speaking probably for none of them, but simply for Christ in denouncing the people who were destroying their fellow countrymen by greed and by violence. And, as I understand it from the literature he had a good understanding that he probably would not long survive doing it that way. On the other hand, there are different styles. Now dissent is in one way tragic when it leads to martyrdom 'cause from the other sense, it's just wonderful, you get more people to listen to you that way. You're not there to enjoy it. In fact, if you are to be a martyr you must not be there to enjoy it. Someone once said that, martyrdom is only tragic when the rope breaks and you survive and go around giving talks on my martyrdom, like my gallbladder. Some of the people who survived civil disobedience things and court trials over the last few decades have struck me as enjoying their martyrdom just a little more than made me comfortable. But then there are other dissenters who do not have that happen to them. There are two very well-known archbishops in Brazil. The one best known to us is Archbishop Helder Camara of Recife. Prophetic figure, always in danger of martyrdom, his own secretary was lynched. He cannot be quoted in the Brazilian press. He is much persecuted for his advocacy of the poor. He is almost unknown in Brazil partly because of the ban on knowledge of him. The Cardinal Archbishop of Sao Paolo, Cardinal Arns. Has taken a different style, is very well-known in Brazil. And I think can be said to be every bit as much as spokesman for peace and for justice as his brother in Recife. And simply because he has not bated the government as openly we must not fail to see him as a very powerful dissenter with another style. He deserves honor too. Yes. Some dissent has a program, other dissent offers critique. It is much easier to criticize than to offer another program. Both are very legitimate forms of dissent in the church or in other societies. One more, if there is one more, yes. What influence, what service is open to us from dissent directed at us from other religious communities, other Christian churches, indeed. There is a new rash of publications from a press called what, chick, chick press. I don't know how it spelled. All sorts of stuff about how I kicked the traces and all that bad stuff that those Catholics are doing behind the scenes. And it's quite active on campuses, a lot of money in it, I guess. This is a critique against us which strikes me as offering very little stimulus or challenge to our discipleship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36596/file/105684#t=0.0,2698.42286"}]}]}]}