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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=8.398,11.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with him when the wind was blowing about 45 miles an hour","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=11.17,14.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Goose Lake up in Jul.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=14.77,16.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we got to the lake, untied the canoe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=17.77,21.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wind took the canoe at least 40 yards 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edge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=25.79,28.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he looked down across the lake and he said, \"Well, Paul","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=28.17,31.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think we ought to 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down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=70.45,73.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My legs were cramped while we pulled that canoe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=73.4,77.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we couldn't paddle it and keep forward 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down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=100.55,103.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Paul Errington was a special kind of person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=104.28,106.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is also my privilege and 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Errington passed along a priceless heritage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=155.44,158.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of conservation wisdom and insight to those of us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=158.81,161.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have the opportunity to read what he wrote,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=161.46,163.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who benefit from his skills and who must continue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=163.84,166.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to question and enlarge upon his findings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=166.52,169.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So on the occasion of the 25th, Paul L. 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fire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=197.24,200.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a tool, and who has both private","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=200.17,202.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and public work 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fire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=207.22,210.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are at work within the present occupants of the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=210.08,213.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Director Larry Landers, will present a lecture this evening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=213.22,216.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entitled, \"Fire in North American Wildlands;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=216.24,220.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Need for Decision,\" director Larry Landers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=220.2,223.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=223.267,226.434"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It is a great pleasure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=243.047,244.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for me to deliver this quarter century lecture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=244.01,246.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in honor of Dr. Paul Errington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=246.21,247.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I began my formal study as a wildlifer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=249.22,251.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was also about 25 years ago, by the way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=251.45,254.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my very first biology class centered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=254.56,256.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around Errington's work on population dynamics of wildlife.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=256.27,259.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in many ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=261.89,262.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my personal career has been strongly influenced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=262.81,265.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the foundation he laid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=265.33,267.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So before giving my talk tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=267.54,269.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to relate to you a short story about him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=269.05,271.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When he was a student in the 1920s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=272.78,275.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the profession of wildlife biology was just beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=275.22,277.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were very few university wildlife 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Ammunition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=284.69,289.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manufacturers' Institute developed a research program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=289.21,292.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they asked two people to locate the best young 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influence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=609.83,611.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think to understand today's fire issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=611.48,614.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's necessary to go back before Indian times even.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=614.53,619.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And consider sections of the country that were dominated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=619.08,624.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by some form of fire dependent vegetation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=624.53,627.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for this, I will begin in the Southeast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=627.64,630.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About two thirds of the coastal plain of the Southeast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=631.702,633.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were dominated by pines over grassland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=633.65,636.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular slide here shows longleaf 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largest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=649.69,653.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"single species dominated forest type in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=653.91,657.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And today there's less than 5% of that 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whatnot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=664.3,668.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are fire dependent in this forest type.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=668.24,670.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we documented over 150 species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=672.0,674.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of non-game wildlife that are similarly dependent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=674.24,677.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In addition to longleaf pine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=679.62,681.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are many other pine types including shortleaf,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=681.13,684.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slash pine and others that burned slightly less frequently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=685.23,688.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We believe every five to 10 years or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=688.27,690.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were also several intense fire habitat 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community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=696.76,699.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which burned naturally every few decades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=699.45,702.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you can see, it burnt 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resprouting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=742.85,744.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by having serotinous cones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=744.89,747.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which means they stay closed until fire hits 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Canada.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=953.86,955.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And have a couple of examples here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=955.28,957.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is one from Cayler Prairie here in 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prairies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=972.704,976.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the land where we are right now, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=976.08,978.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where this building is sitting probably burned at 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intensities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1026.84,1028.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you have various mixed conifers, including lodgepole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1031.76,1035.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At lower elevations lodgepole pine burned about every 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today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1271.33,1273.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involves wilderness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1273.98,1275.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here again, we're talking about degree of intervention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1278.2,1282.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or management as compared to the let-alone concept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1282.47,1287.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I will use Yellowstone Park as an example 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Benefit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1295.76,1299.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Enjoyment of the People.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1299.01,1301.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see this sign, everywhere you go in national 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preserve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1307.88,1311.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1311.35,1312.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's been so since its establishment in 1872.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1313.54,1317.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's important when we talk about fire to reflect back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1317.76,1322.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the original park and what happened to it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1322.27,1325.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from its inception to the day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1325.18,1327.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in judging this business of fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1327.2,1329.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immediately what our forefathers did was evict the Indians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1331.01,1335.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and killed all of the major predators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1336.9,1338.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including the pumas or mountain lions and the wolves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1338.8,1342.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduce the plains bison in large numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1342.71,1345.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and began to suppress fires.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1346.62,1348.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this fire suppression policy reigned for 100 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turnover.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1356.06,1358.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather than having no fires, we switched to having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1359.35,1363.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free ranging fires.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1363.97,1365.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If one started by lightening, it was a natural fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1365.38,1367.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was to go at its own pace, wherever it was to end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1367.92,1372.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last summer was the first time since the policy changed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1375.95,1379.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we've had dry enough windy conditions to have a truly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1379.07,1383.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"catastrophic fire of great extent in Yellowstone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1383.91,1387.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, as all of you know about 1.4 million acres","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1387.33,1391.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burned through in and around the park itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1391.37,1396.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this photograph, you can see the very dark red","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1396.23,1399.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the place where killing fires occurred,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1399.32,1402.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all vegetation knocked down as you see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1402.03,1404.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To see the pink color shows an intermediate fire intensity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1406.007,1411.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the way to the green and the real pure green is places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1411.52,1415.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that received no fire at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1415.88,1417.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see that there was when you start","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1417.95,1419.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at 1.4 million acres burned in Yellowstone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1419.83,1423.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have to remember that you're really talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1423.08,1425.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one third or so of that actual area burning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1425.06,1429.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any way form or fashion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1429.81,1432.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, a major question that has to be answered in fire policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1434.16,1439.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is, has the diversity that was there before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1439.46,1442.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we made it a park, has that diversity been reduced?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1442.68,1446.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think it has.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1447.06,1448.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before the fire or before the policy of the park began","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1451.1,1456.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or before we even had a park there, scientists 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century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1464.74,1468.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the grassy areas burned even more frequently than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1468.31,1472.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least that's what the best data we have shows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1472.09,1474.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More importantly, we had an increased average age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1474.97,1479.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a lodgepole pine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1481.41,1482.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember 100 years without fire meant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1483.7,1486.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that very little new lodgepole pine was being produced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1486.49,1490.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That which was very young at the beginning of the park","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1490.81,1494.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joined the ranks of the old already flammable trees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1495.57,1499.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so larger areas became flammable, almost continuous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1499.72,1504.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fuels built above ground during this 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bison,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1533.09,1536.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deer, moose and beaver.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1536.71,1539.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like the beaver's heading towards extinction right 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animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1547.15,1550.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now some of the National Park Service administrators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1551.85,1555.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe that we should leave these animals alone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1555.03,1558.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they will continue to build up as they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1558.17,1560.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at some point the natural mortality will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1561.65,1565.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately equal the birth rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1565.86,1568.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is something that only time will 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range","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1580.03,1582.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Yellowstone did not receive fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1582.37,1584.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were all extinguished before they got there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1584.71,1586.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's where most of the grazers live.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1586.72,1590.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grizzly bear foods were destroyed by the fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1590.57,1593.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the dumps that bears utilized say just a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1594.73,1599.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of decades ago have all been closed down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1599.22,1601.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there was a great reduction of food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1601.67,1603.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're moving grizzlies, hungry grizzlies with 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park","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1616.17,1619.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to feed wildlife.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1619.4,1620.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's been a backlash from this thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1622.01,1624.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is reversing the plans to reintroduce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1627.23,1630.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mountain lion and the wolf","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1630.84,1633.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the park and in significant numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1633.55,1636.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are also several 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politicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1641.12,1645.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at every level are plotting to overturn the fire policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1645.85,1649.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you probably know, they have done that so far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1649.4,1652.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right now, we have returned back to the no fire policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1652.24,1656.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all of our parks in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1656.84,1658.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(paper rustling)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1660.315,1662.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in defense of the National Park Service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1662.39,1664.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not a total critic of theirs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1664.66,1667.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I like to point out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1668.75,1669.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that letting lightening fires expand was the only way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1669.64,1672.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a central burning to have occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1672.91,1675.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because the agency would not allow itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1675.89,1679.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take responsibility for setting prescribed fires","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1679.93,1683.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under any circumstances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1683.55,1685.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this way was the best way given that set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1685.93,1690.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of circumstances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1690.47,1691.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But now I'd like to add some personal notes of my own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1694.13,1697.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I believe would perpetuate diversity in Yellowstone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1697.83,1701.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all I think we should separate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1703.01,1705.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recreational facilities from the wilderness areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1705.16,1709.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just common sense not to build recreational facilities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1709.71,1713.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the middle of a fire type forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1713.93,1716.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowing that the catastrophic fires can occur there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1716.24,1719.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Endangers people and it wastes money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1719.15,1721.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Number two, I think we need to create buffer zones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1722.24,1726.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like this guy is doing here and these places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1726.3,1730.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be burned annually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1730.09,1731.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To burn the fuel reduction fires wide enough to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1731.69,1735.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help control fires if they do occur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1735.12,1737.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also to help diversify the park.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1737.68,1740.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There needs to be a system of replacement fires.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1741.74,1744.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most fires occurring in the boundaries of Yellowstone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1744.96,1747.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and just outside the boundaries are extinguished every year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1747.97,1751.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most people don't realize that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1751.47,1752.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if they're lightening-started fires.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1752.95,1756.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's probably using good judgment to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1756.09,1759.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's too dangerous now to let this one go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1759.21,1760.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so let's put it out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1760.75,1762.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that fire needs to be replaced down the road.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1762.0,1764.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we're gonna maintain the natural fire frequency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1764.21,1767.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the park that they intend to accomplish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1767.85,1771.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also need to favor the important plants that support some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1775.32,1780.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the endangered species, such as whitebark pine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1780.8,1784.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the grizzly bears, willows and aspens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1784.6,1787.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the other grazers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1787.66,1788.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that we ought to actually favor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1788.88,1791.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain habitat types in the park.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1791.11,1794.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this would require various burn intensities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1794.21,1796.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just all intense fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1796.48,1798.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now here's an example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1803.05,1805.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can choose burning times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1805.23,1806.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to where you can make small fires occur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1806.95,1809.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Yellowstone or anywhere else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1809.95,1811.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you have to have the right conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1811.19,1813.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These little places that burned out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1813.49,1815.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will seed into young lodgepole pine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1815.2,1818.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the next time an intense fire will come through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1818.43,1821.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it might destroy the trees around those patches","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1821.44,1823.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the young trees inside will have a much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1823.97,1826.295"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greater probability of survival","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1826.295,1828.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're not very flammable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1828.05,1829.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally, I think we need to take it on ourselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1833.47,1836.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to maintain healthy numbers of large mammals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1836.25,1840.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the only way I know how to do this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1840.05,1841.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through habitat analysis and population control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1841.61,1845.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one way to a measuring stick that I would suggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1845.5,1849.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to resurrect the exclosures that were once throughout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1852.553,1855.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the park, such as one you see here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1855.13,1857.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inside there is moose browse or lack of moose browse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1858.7,1863.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and outside is the impact of moose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1863.05,1866.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is in Maine, but I think the same sort of thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1866.05,1868.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should apply to Yellowstone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1868.42,1870.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in general, what I've just told goes counter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1873.64,1876.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the popular idea of wilderness, the let-alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1876.84,1880.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I contend that it's necessary and it's much better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1880.61,1884.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than spreading tons of chemicals and being invaded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1884.38,1888.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by 10,000 firefighters and bulldozers and whatnot,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1888.39,1892.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the total disruption of the park that we just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1892.5,1895.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw last summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1895.14,1896.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure that this fellow right here would agree with me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1896.93,1899.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a firefighter that just wandered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1901.22,1902.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in off the range from Yellowstone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1902.98,1904.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that face tells it all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1905.8,1907.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now with this background then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1914.33,1917.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to stick out my neck a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1917.91,1920.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and discuss some possible global implications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1920.1,1922.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is what are the large scale questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1922.77,1926.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and complexities in regard to fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1926.19,1928.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just wanna raise some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1929.98,1931.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, why should society be concerned at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1933.1,1935.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about blockage of fire?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1935.99,1937.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We all know that man has always conquered the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1937.75,1940.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's how he moved forward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1940.71,1942.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those of us who value wild systems will point out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1944.04,1947.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and give examples that extinction of wild species,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1947.29,1952.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very much a shame that whilst species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1952.24,1955.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have psychological importance to man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1955.11,1957.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some wild animals exert biological controls on some pests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1958.59,1962.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as rodents and insect problem species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1962.51,1967.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that most of our medicines and foods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1967.23,1969.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are derived from wild things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1969.44,1971.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we really shouldn't destroy something before we test it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1971.48,1975.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least those very basic components should be considered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1975.03,1979.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there may be even more far reaching importance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1979.12,1981.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of lightening and fire systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1981.68,1983.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know, for example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1986.06,1987.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that trees are the major receptors of lightning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1987.66,1990.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the greater the lightning activity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1992.31,1995.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the greater the cloud activity and therefore the greater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1995.53,1999.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rain activity is locally in a lot of situations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=1999.12,2003.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my question is, our frequent destruction of forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2003.18,2007.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reduced lightening regimes is contributing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2007.94,2010.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to present droughts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2010.01,2011.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another thing to consider,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2014.97,2016.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so what happens when we do not burn a habitat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2021.57,2024.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is designed to burn?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2024.65,2026.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One thing that happens very quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2026.62,2029.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that organic matter builds up in the soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2029.19,2031.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That means that acidity will increase in the soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2032.92,2036.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This has been measured all over the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2036.28,2038.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fire exclusion makes the soil more acid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2038.34,2042.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then what happens when water from the clouds moves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2042.89,2046.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through acid conditions, the water also becomes more acid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2046.45,2051.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my question is, through fire exclusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2052.19,2055.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are we adding to the acid environment problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2055.36,2059.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another sort of far out question I've got for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2062.87,2065.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We learned over the ages that billowing smoke,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2067.36,2071.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it comes up from fires and enters the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2071.9,2075.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually decreases air temperature over Yellowstone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2075.71,2078.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, for weeks at a time over large areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2078.96,2083.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The average temperature dropped from nearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2083.28,2084.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a 100 degrees to 55 degrees and stayed there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2084.94,2089.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a tremendous reduction in heat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2089.12,2091.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you do have this screening effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2091.88,2094.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I'm wondering if it will influence the drought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2094.92,2099.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or have some bearing on the drought, because unusual warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2100.22,2103.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of surface water in Eastern Pacific oceans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2103.65,2107.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's called El Nino.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2107.53,2109.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Has been found to be very closely linked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2111.09,2114.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the degree of wildland fire activity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2114.51,2117.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Southeastern United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2117.29,2119.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we know that El Nino events are increasing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2119.73,2123.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in occurrence over time, but we don't know why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2123.02,2126.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my question involves the fact that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2126.08,2128.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last 50 years or so fire activity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2128.77,2132.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Southeastern United States has decreased 95%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2132.01,2136.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the decreasing, as one's decreasing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2136.87,2139.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other ones increasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2139.08,2141.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So is the reduce smoke screening effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2141.09,2145.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increasing ocean temperatures?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2145.46,2148.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or how about atmospheric heat and drought frequency?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2148.38,2151.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or perhaps even the global warming trend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2153.24,2155.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my primary message","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2162.037,2163.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that fire is forged into virtually every vegetation type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2164.51,2168.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tend to each step of man's progression.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2168.36,2170.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American landscapes are dominated by fire type ecosystems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2171.42,2176.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and stopping the process of combustion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2176.21,2178.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leads to unnecessary death of countless life forms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2179.822,2183.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It may also be contributing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2183.75,2185.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to many of our major environmental problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2185.32,2189.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I urge that we work to promote fire usage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2189.0,2193.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the production of land-based natural resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2193.35,2197.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we encourage land stewards to maintain natural values","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2197.39,2201.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the lands that are held for the public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2201.1,2203.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Much changes upon our collective input","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2204.67,2207.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into wildland fire issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2207.14,2209.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I hope the 1990s will see the American public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2210.26,2212.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"striving to return this life-giving process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2212.98,2215.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to its wildlands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2215.93,2217.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2218.982,2220.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2220.143,2223.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You need to take in some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2230.841,2232.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I certainly will.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2232.424,2233.285"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If anyone has any questions I'd be glad to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2233.285,2235.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give them my best shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2235.307,2236.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2241.32,2242.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2242.356,2244.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it feasible to carry out a prescribed burning program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2253.06,2255.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Yellowstone given its large size?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2255.7,2257.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2257.75,2259.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The larger it is the easier it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2259.05,2261.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have more space to work in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2261.46,2264.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially now when you consider that so much has burned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2264.44,2268.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and absolutely will not burn again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2268.64,2271.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have these natural firebreaks everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2271.25,2274.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you take that and add other firebreaks to that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2274.99,2277.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you probably could do an awful lot of diversification","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2277.91,2281.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the park without ever putting a plow in the ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2281.01,2285.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see Yellowstone is large enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2285.127,2288.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to let lightning fires go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2288.04,2289.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of our preserves are not that large.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2289.64,2292.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they're already doing prescribed burns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2292.77,2295.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in half a million acre preserve,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2295.36,2297.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three quarter of a million acre preserves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2297.01,2299.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's feasible and in my opinion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2300.37,2304.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the only way we can either do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2304.15,2308.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or put this burden on the next generation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2308.05,2310.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same thing is gonna happen, history will repeat itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2311.75,2315.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't think we ought to let that happen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2315.13,2317.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I don't think we ought to lose species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2318.52,2321.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by sitting around and holding on to a weird policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2321.3,2325.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that doesn't work for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2325.15,2327.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See I'm pretty dogmatic myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2327.1,2330.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have very strong views about a lot of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2330.4,2332.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when I see that something doesn't work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2332.85,2334.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I try to change my mind a little bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2334.42,2336.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think it's up to us to change our government's mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2336.23,2338.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this particular policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2338.3,2340.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we can't have a no fire policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2340.31,2342.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the worst thing they could do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2342.07,2343.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's where we are right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2343.27,2344.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2348.303,2349.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2349.344,2351.761"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the prospects for the federal fire policy changing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2353.65,2357.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've been told that between now and August","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2357.34,2360.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there will be a new fire policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2360.75,2363.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Presently the president United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2363.64,2365.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just put the whole thing on hold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2365.53,2368.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until he hears from scientists, from the public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2368.2,2372.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are public hearings across the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2372.34,2374.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in various places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2374.61,2375.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe some of you have been involved in them here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2375.63,2378.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's important enough issue the way I feel about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2379.19,2382.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's our park, it's our land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2382.59,2385.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we deserve input into the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2385.33,2387.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the more you know about fire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2388.44,2389.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more you realize how important it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2389.367,2391.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I think the more you see how we've got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2391.16,2394.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be involved with this particular thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2394.29,2396.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a popular view that destruction of rainforest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2400.592,2403.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Amazon basin, may have attributed to changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2403.9,2407.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the atmosphere and therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2407.617,2409.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speeding up the greenhouse effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2409.46,2412.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you somewhat counter to that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2412.11,2414.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That the suppression of fire is actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2414.51,2417.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2418.42,2420.632"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It is my view, okay, what I've said does,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2420.632,2423.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know, appear counter to the common theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2423.34,2425.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the greenhouse effect and the slash and burning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2425.96,2429.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the rainforest, but it's not counter at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2429.87,2434.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we have done is taking natural fire systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2436.11,2440.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Yellowstone, and we stopped firing them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2440.1,2443.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we put them out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2443.03,2444.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've taken rainforests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2444.64,2446.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is obviously not geared to be a fire system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2446.74,2450.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neither the soils nor the vegetation are geared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2450.22,2452.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're burning them up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2452.7,2454.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have spacely reversed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2454.847,2455.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the smoke screening effect, the heating effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2455.68,2460.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, and we've just screwed up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2462.69,2465.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2465.78,2467.022"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the long and short of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2467.022,2468.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are great moves afoot in all those countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2469.527,2472.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with rainforest to reverse that, even so far","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2472.43,2475.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of paying off those people who've made ECAT a living,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2475.72,2479.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that slash and burn technique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2479.47,2481.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which only lasts them a year or two or three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2481.47,2484.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's a subsistence type of living.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2484.49,2486.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's much cheaper on us rather pay those people off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2486.35,2489.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and help them out in some other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2489.41,2491.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Teach them some other thing to do and the way it's going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2491.22,2494.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.\nYou mentioned about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2496.18,2497.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically right now our policy, is a no fire policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2497.93,2502.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So is there a policy, you said that there is gonna be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2502.0,2506.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a change in policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2506.682,2508.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that the right analogy in policy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2508.154,2510.522"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2510.522,2513.048"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Presently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2513.048,2514.048"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the president of the United States has promised that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2517.43,2520.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in August something new and wonderful will happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2520.3,2523.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2524.346,2525.466"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's all I can tell you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2525.466,2527.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Presently, we have returned back to the dark ages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2527.39,2531.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same place, you see this is not a new thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2531.77,2534.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're experiencing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2534.36,2535.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of us or most of us are just too young to remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2535.51,2539.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at the turn of the century, the reason we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2539.61,2542.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a no burn policy all across the United States, is because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2542.38,2546.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of terrific wildfires out in the Western United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2546.16,2549.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It scared us to death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2549.67,2551.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if we put a stop to it and here we're not learning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2551.25,2554.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the lesson that's well written for us all ready.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2556.075,2559.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're reacting the same way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2559.02,2560.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Florida, in 1985, we had many, many thousands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2560.82,2564.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of acres burned up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2564.72,2565.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even boats burned up down in wet places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2565.87,2568.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And rather than seeing what to do was to take fire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2569.74,2573.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so this is proof that we need to prescribe burn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2573.21,2575.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reduce this fuel load that accumulates over time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2575.56,2578.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight fire with fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2578.74,2580.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did we do in Florida?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2580.47,2581.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went out and bought more bombers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2581.81,2583.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we could spread more water next time a fire got out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2583.23,2586.586"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We work against ourselves but we will overcome somehow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2586.586,2591.586"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any other questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2596.06,2597.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What is the role of the fire in the Everglades?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2598.652,2601.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The role of fire in the Everglades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2601.26,2603.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everglades is a semi-peat based system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2603.48,2607.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And like all other peat systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2607.21,2609.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they stay saturated most of the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2609.47,2612.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the fire interval is fairly long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2612.02,2614.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salt grass is a major component there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2614.85,2617.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other similar vegetation, tall or fibrous vegetation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2617.32,2621.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that encapsulates various chemical compounds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2621.08,2624.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the structure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2624.47,2626.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That when it does dry out enough and winds get in there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2626.1,2628.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fire gets started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2628.38,2629.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It burns fiercely with flames up to 50 feet tall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2629.61,2633.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's exactly what's happening right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2633.31,2635.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The national park there, has been very timid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2636.79,2640.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about reintroducing fire because of Miami.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2640.05,2643.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were afraid that it would smoke down Miami","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2643.49,2646.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and nature has proved that they were right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2646.17,2649.005"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2649.005,2651.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I doubt if they'll, maybe they will wait another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2651.2,2655.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"25 years again before using fire in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2655.43,2658.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But a lot of endangered species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2658.75,2660.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even snails, and things that eat snails, and rare plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2660.57,2664.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all in that system are fire dependent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2664.397,2667.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not only increased by it, but they're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2667.43,2671.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their seeds are actually triggered by fire very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2671.11,2673.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like some of the pines out West are triggered by fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2673.97,2678.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's an important process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2678.04,2679.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It also takes down some of that peat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2679.54,2682.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it gets it closer to mineral soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2682.49,2684.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as long as fire's kept out, that peat will increase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2685.5,2689.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's just like storing oily rags","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2689.59,2691.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a basement of your house.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2691.78,2693.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sooner or later you're gonna suffer for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2693.44,2696.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's what's happening right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2696.26,2697.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We expect at least 150,000 acres to burn around Miami.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2697.31,2700.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So maybe this will get some results on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2701.424,2704.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've got an attempt done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2704.83,2706.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for prescribed burning and down there in the marsh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2706.14,2709.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2709.42,2710.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What are some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2710.253,2711.526"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2711.526,2713.844"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could be used to determine the fire policy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2713.844,2716.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where will that information come from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2716.84,2719.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Where will the information come, that will be input","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2719.64,2723.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the fire policy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2723.23,2725.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The scientific information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2725.22,2727.068"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2727.068,2727.901"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The scientific, there are six meetings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2727.901,2730.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the next two months across the country about this subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2730.43,2735.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a scientific angle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2735.38,2737.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tall Timbers Research Station and The Nature Conservancy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2737.18,2739.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are getting together and putting up one of those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2739.5,2741.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you want additional information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2741.75,2744.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle of next month, we will have this conference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2745.37,2747.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it will have proceedings coming out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2747.62,2749.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's more resource there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2749.75,2751.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I can get you names of the others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2751.63,2755.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2755.64,2756.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are several committees, blue ribbon committees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2757.64,2760.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The National Park Service who would like to continue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2760.28,2763.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what they're doing, the same policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2763.88,2765.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got their own blue ribbon committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2765.77,2768.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was comprised of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2768.67,2769.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who will tell that same story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2769.91,2771.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then some of the senators got together and came up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2771.46,2774.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with theirs from people who hate fire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2774.55,2776.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to begin with they would like to see no fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2776.34,2778.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's another blue ribbon committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2778.05,2779.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can also get those committee reports.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2779.92,2782.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Politicians just confuse me, I'd rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2782.78,2785.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stick to the facts and a lot of things, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2785.57,2788.201"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=2788.201,2790.451"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25280/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/280/original/AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_a.vtt?1620124075","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/280/original/AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_a.vtt?1620124075"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25281","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175/transcript/25281/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And I can remember a day that I was asked to go out with him when the wind was blowing about 45 miles an hour to Goose Lake up in Jul. And we got to the lake, untied the canoe the wind took the canoe at least 40 yards away. And we went to rescue the canoe and hauled it down to the lake's edge. And he looked down across the lake and he said, \"Well, Paul I don't think we ought to go.\" And I agreed with him. About that time though, some of his friends at the hunting club at Goose Lake got into a duck boat. One of those kinds that keep the waves away because it's enclosed over the top. Crawled in that duck boat, put the oars out and rowed over to where we were. And he looked at me again and he said, \"If they can do it, we can do it.\" So we went out on that lake for two and a half hours. We had to stay in the lee of the island. The waves were at least two and a half feet tall. We were in aluminum canoe of 17 feet. My bottom was frozen to the bottom of the canoe. And each time I raised it above the bottom, he hit me with the oar, paddle to tell me to keep it down. My legs were cramped while we pulled that canoe because we couldn't paddle it and keep forward progress. The next day after I had recovered enough to go into the office he came into the office and said, \"How are you doing?\" And I said, \"I'm not doing very well.\" I had aches in every intercostal muscles between my ribs and anything that I had worked with, he says, \"I'm doing fine.\" And I said, I could appreciate that. And certainly call on me to go with you again anytime you'd like to, but let the wind drop down. But Paul Errington was a special kind of person. And it is also my privilege and pleasure to do the teaching that he did after he passed along during my early time at Iowa State University. And took the course that he taught plus a couple of others. I did not take Paul Errington's place because you could not do that. But I certainly did take this salary position as far as a teacher in the department. And that was a privilege on my part. Well, what I would like to do is let you know that Dr. Errington love and understanding of nature as shown in four popular books that he has written, \"Of Men and Marshes\", \"The Reds Gods Call\", \"Of Predation and Life\" and the new book that has come out as a collection of his essays, \"A Question of Values\". Paul L. Errington passed along a priceless heritage of conservation wisdom and insight to those of us who have the opportunity to read what he wrote, who benefit from his skills and who must continue to question and enlarge upon his findings. So on the occasion of the 25th, Paul L. Errington Memorial Lecture, we again recognize and pay tribute for his special qualities as a person and as a scientist. And this evening, and I won't read the total amount of information here about director Larry Landers who's going to talk to us this evening. But I will pick up on the last paragraph. And we have selected a person for our 25th Paul L. Errington Memorial Lecture who has an extensive involvement with forest and wildlife management, with the use of fire as a tool, and who has both private and public work experience. He has a holistic view of the biological processes, as well as the political processes related to fire that are at work within the present occupants of the land. Director Larry Landers, will present a lecture this evening entitled, \"Fire in North American Wildlands; A Need for Decision,\" director Larry Landers.\r\n\r\n- It is a great pleasure for me to deliver this quarter century lecture in honor of Dr. Paul Errington. When I began my formal study as a wildlifer which was also about 25 years ago, by the way, my very first biology class centered around Errington's work on population dynamics of wildlife. And in many ways my personal career has been strongly influenced by the foundation he laid. So before giving my talk tonight I'd like to relate to you a short story about him. When he was a student in the 1920s the profession of wildlife biology was just beginning. There were very few university wildlife programs and practically no funds for graduate students. Then in 1929, the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute developed a research program and they asked two people to locate the best young minds in the country to receive fellowships. Now, the selection was left up to Aldo Leopold who many consider the father of wildlife management or at least the one who developed the framework for wildlife biology. And Herbert Stoddard, who was the first in the country to base a game restoration program on detailed research. Stoddard by the way is also the founder of Tall Timbers Research Station. Now these two pioneering wildlifers, I learned very recently by looking through some old correspondence between Leopold and Stoddard, they enlisted Paul Errington as number one on their list, after they had scoured the country for the greatest young minds and volunteers. And in my opinion, Leopold and Stoddard's endorsement was proof that Errington was a young man of the highest caliber and his prominent role in his profession certainly bears this out. So tonight I hope to give you a talk deserving of the title Paul Errington Memorial Lecture. May I have the lights please? Among the most abundant features of our planet are the ingredients of natural fire which include lightening, organic matter and oxygen. Now, fire has been a driving force and development of most types of vegetation in the wild. And it is been central to the progression of man at every step. So my talk tonight, I hope to pick your interest in fires importance, and managing natural resources maintaining wild land integrity, and contributing to the stability of our environment. Now we know that fire has been used for many purposes since the beginning of civilization and even before. Some of the early uses that we understand is that fire was used to expose starchy plant material on the ground for food, to pick up burned over bird eggs for example, that's another use. And fire was used to deal with pests such as poisonous snakes and biting insects. We also know that it was used to rob honeybees. Another use attributable to early man was to increase production of edible berries and other fruits. At some point an interesting thing occurred. Early people used fire to drive game for hunting purposes but at some point they learned to produce greenery on the ground that would actually attract herbivores. And we think that that is probably the first step in livestock domestication. And of course of great importance is agriculture. Slash and burn techniques have been utilized for many thousands of years. And in fact today one quarter of our dry land surface of the earth is involved in slash and burn agriculture. Not only was fire utilized in cultivation but the major crop foods that we use today were all derived from fire dependent plants, there's an example. This is a perennial grass that lives now only in the mountains of Mexico called Tierseny, it's in the same genus as corn. We tracked the progression of corn from a two row to a four, to a six, to an eight row corn that we have today. And I just drew a selection process. People selected this particular plant as one of our major foods. Now, many of the same uses of fire continued on up to about the turn of the century. And in spite many are used today, but about 1900 a major shift occurred in emphasis in many parts of this country, from the agricultural grazing economy to wood commodities, this brought great changes to us. In a matter of 20 or 30 years, up to 95% of some forest types that were fire dependent were destroyed by logging. And today you still in the subject matter of fire ecology we generally have two opposing views. One is a continuation of the production oriented idea of using fire under the safest conditions, very carefully to produce something valuable to man versus fire as a process in wildland integrity, this is very important. Before man's influence, I think to understand today's fire issues it's necessary to go back before Indian times even. And consider sections of the country that were dominated by some form of fire dependent vegetation. And for this, I will begin in the Southeast. About two thirds of the coastal plain of the Southeast were dominated by pines over grassland. This particular slide here shows longleaf pine. And we believe that fires occurred every two to four years during the growing season. It's important to note that longleaf pine once covered 78 million acres which was the largest single species dominated forest type in the United States. And today there's less than 5% of that left. It's long been recognized that game animals such as wild turkeys, black quail, doves and whatnot are fire dependent in this forest type. And we documented over 150 species of non-game wildlife that are similarly dependent. In addition to longleaf pine, there are many other pine types including shortleaf, slash pine and others that burned slightly less frequently. We believe every five to 10 years or so. There were also several intense fire habitat types in the Southeast. Here's a slide of sand pine scrub community which burned naturally every few decades. And as you can see, it burnt fiercely. And some of the inhabitants of that type this is a Florida scrub jay, an endangered species. This particular habitat type has more rare, threatened endangered species than any other type in North America. Another example is the pond pan shrub community sometimes called picosos or Carolina bays. This is after a lightening set fire prior to this photograph and the vegetation was about six feet tall underneath just pure vine and shrub cover. And now you can see it's all gone, burn very intensely. You see scattered pond pines, they survive fire by resprouting and by having serotinous cones, which means they stay closed until fire hits them, and then they explode out and repopulate the area. A lot of ecologists believe that fire entered this habitat type about every 10 to 20 years or so. There are also similar types, different pine species different shrubs that reacted the same way. The New Jersey pine barons, with the pitch pine is an example that type extended all way up into Southern New England. And in the Southeast no habitat type was completely fireproof. Even swamps like the Okefenokee burned three to four times per century. Now with the total decline of fire activity in the Southeast, there's been the decline of a great number of rare, threatened and endangered species. This is a red-cockaded woodpecker living longleaf pine trees that are very old and has a certain type of heart rot. The Southern Fox squirrel, which is the largest tree squirrel in North America. The gopher tortoise, which is a burrowing turtle completely herbivorous. And then this borough has a large number of friends. At least at least 60 species of vertebrate animals mostly snakes, lizards, some amphibians leave for the tour to stand in the borough. This is a pine snake. Other examples are the diamondback rattler, the Eastern Indigo snake, coachwhip and a whole hodgepodge of other interesting species. Changing areas to the Northeastern forest. Aspens of course are fire dependent species and that occurred over one quarter of the forested area North of Mexico, but primarily in the Northeast. Now we believe that natural fire occurred in Aspen stands every few decades. And of course we know that they were, fires were important to grass, moose, a number of other plant types including cherries and birches and whatnot would seed into and repopulate burned over areas. Other example is in the Appalachian mountains they have what we call balds, which are burned out mountaintops burned very frequently. These are very important for a number of wildlife species including the golden eagle, some ravens live there and there many plants species that live on balds that live nowhere else in the world. Mixed conifers are various species especially notable is Jack pine, which is the home of the Kirtland's warbler. Another very rare bird in trouble. Jack pine is believed to have burned every few decades. The central grassland part of the United States, prairie region, is part of the largest continuous grassland in the world, stretched across Mexico, all the way to Canada. And have a couple of examples here. This is one from Cayler Prairie here in Iowa. And there's all sorts of combinations of grasses and composites and whatnot, and they all vary. There's another one from Wisconsin and most likely from the descriptions that we have of prairies the land where we are right now, for example, where this building is sitting probably burned at least two times per decade back when nature had it all. Because it was tree less and we know that just a few years after a cessation of fire, we got an influx of woody plants that were not here when the habitat types were first described. Okay, Western types ranging from high ranges and isolated mountains down to wetlands or arid basins. Now, Western forest contained brushlands of various types and grasslands, which burned frequently. Ponderosa Pine, which covered tens of millions of acres out West, believed to have burned every seven to 10 years at fairly mild intensities. Then you have various mixed conifers, including lodgepole. At lower elevations lodgepole pine burned about every 40 to 60 years and at higher elevations, perhaps more than once every 200 years or so, but all the types did burn. When you throw in the redwoods, doug fir and the other Western species, you can see that fire was irreplaceable in many, many ecosystems in the Western United States. And the wildlife populations are equally as dependent. Most wildlife species, either specialize on the trees killed by fire in the Western coniferous forest, or on the vegetation that occurs after fire at some stage. Then there's a boreal forest extended from Northern New England, all the way up to Southern Alaska across the country, in the United States consists primarily of white and black spruce that burned every 75 to a 100 years or so. Also included in the boreal forest, the jack pine, tamarac, balsam fir, Northern white cedar and several other conifers. It's important to note that the habitat mosaic idea, concept applies in the conifer forest and not just in the boreal forest but throughout the whole country. That is that, that trees of different aged groups would finger into each other. You might have very old trees next to strands of middle-aged trees next to very young trees in nature. This concept's extremely important. And it was important to all of the wildlife inhabitants of such forest. The moose, grouse and whatnot require several different stages of vegetation or ages of vegetation, to exist. And putting the pieces together is what nature did and the mosaic fashion and something that we need to think about in management down the road. Now, giving us a little background here, my next discussion will go into whether fire should be considered a tool or a natural process. Of course, it's utilized in many forms of land management today for various resources. And in many ways it's much better to utilize fire than some of the alternatives, such as chemical or mechanical control of competing vegetation, for whatever you're trying to produce. These other alternatives increase health hazards to people and wildlife. They pollute waters, increase soil erosion, and also have mounting costs that are related to society in one way or the other. Many parts of the country, there's a tug of war going on right now. The resource production people are on one end and the people who believe in complete wildness are on the other end. In our part of the world and in Florida for example, the red-cockaded woodpecker is a central item. Those who believe in wildness would like for the old longleaf pine trees to exist. So the woodpecker will exist and all of its associates, plants and animals will thrive. And those believing in strip timber production would like to replace all these old trees with younger fast-growing stock that would of course produce more money in a shorter period of time. So in many cases the only real concessions for wildness results from lawsuits levied against a federal agency to protect a federally listed species of wildlife. But there's good signs that this problem is changing. The most debated issue in fire ecology today involves wilderness. And here again, we're talking about degree of intervention or management as compared to the let-alone concept. And I will use Yellowstone Park as an example here. The little sign that you might see when you enter any of the gates of Yellowstone says, \"For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People.\" And you see this sign, everywhere you go in national parks. And it's important to keep that in mind. But Yellowstone is also the largest temperate preserve in the world. And it's been so since its establishment in 1872. So it's important when we talk about fire to reflect back on the original park and what happened to it from its inception to the day in judging this business of fire. Immediately what our forefathers did was evict the Indians and killed all of the major predators including the pumas or mountain lions and the wolves. Introduce the plains bison in large numbers and began to suppress fires. Now this fire suppression policy reigned for 100 years until the policy was changed in 1972, at which time it was a complete turnover. Rather than having no fires, we switched to having free ranging fires. If one started by lightening, it was a natural fire. It was to go at its own pace, wherever it was to end. Last summer was the first time since the policy changed, that we've had dry enough windy conditions to have a truly catastrophic fire of great extent in Yellowstone. And of course, as all of you know about 1.4 million acres burned through in and around the park itself. In this photograph, you can see the very dark red is the place where killing fires occurred, all vegetation knocked down as you see. To see the pink color shows an intermediate fire intensity, all the way to the green and the real pure green is places that received no fire at all. You see that there was when you start at 1.4 million acres burned in Yellowstone. You have to remember that you're really talking about one third or so of that actual area burning in any way form or fashion. Now, a major question that has to be answered in fire policy is, has the diversity that was there before we made it a park, has that diversity been reduced? And I think it has. Before the fire or before the policy of the park began or before we even had a park there, scientists believe that aspens, willow and brushy habitats burned at least four to five times per century and the grassy areas burned even more frequently than that. At least that's what the best data we have shows. More importantly, we had an increased average age of a lodgepole pine. Remember 100 years without fire meant that very little new lodgepole pine was being produced. That which was very young at the beginning of the park joined the ranks of the old already flammable trees. And so larger areas became flammable, almost continuous fuels built above ground during this period. Remember the mosaic idea, the old stuff will burn. The young stuff will not burn, you cannot make it burn. Okay, so just by allowing that time to pass a 100 years or so, we increase flammability in the park. Some other major changes we had, even before the fire the range quality was greatly decreased for elk, bison, deer, moose and beaver. Like the beaver's heading towards extinction right now. Just a great overuse of the plant resources that were there by the existing grazing animals. Now some of the National Park Service administrators believe that we should leave these animals alone that they will continue to build up as they are. But at some point the natural mortality will approximately equal the birth rate. And this is something that only time will tell. And some other concerns is, that people have raised about the fire, the Northern part of the range of Yellowstone did not receive fire. They were all extinguished before they got there. And that's where most of the grazers live. Grizzly bear foods were destroyed by the fire. And the dumps that bears utilized say just a couple of decades ago have all been closed down. So there was a great reduction of food. Now we're moving grizzlies, hungry grizzlies with aircraft out of the park and trying to find someplace that they will live for some period of time. Now the public outcries are for feeding wildlife for establishing exotic plants all over the park to feed wildlife. And there's been a backlash from this thing, which is reversing the plans to reintroduce the mountain lion and the wolf in the park and in significant numbers. There are also several lawsuits against the National Park Service. People are being asked to resign and in general, politicians at every level are plotting to overturn the fire policy. And as you probably know, they have done that so far. Right now, we have returned back to the no fire policy in all of our parks in the United States. Now in defense of the National Park Service I'm not a total critic of theirs. I like to point out that letting lightening fires expand was the only way for a central burning to have occurred. Because the agency would not allow itself to take responsibility for setting prescribed fires under any circumstances. So this way was the best way given that set of circumstances. But now I'd like to add some personal notes of my own that I believe would perpetuate diversity in Yellowstone. First of all I think we should separate recreational facilities from the wilderness areas. It's just common sense not to build recreational facilities in the middle of a fire type forest knowing that the catastrophic fires can occur there. Endangers people and it wastes money. Number two, I think we need to create buffer zones like this guy is doing here and these places should be burned annually. To burn the fuel reduction fires wide enough to help control fires if they do occur and also to help diversify the park. There needs to be a system of replacement fires. Most fires occurring in the boundaries of Yellowstone and just outside the boundaries are extinguished every year. Most people don't realize that even if they're lightening-started fires. So it's probably using good judgment to say it's too dangerous now to let this one go so let's put it out. But that fire needs to be replaced down the road. If we're gonna maintain the natural fire frequency in the park that they intend to accomplish. We also need to favor the important plants that support some of the endangered species, such as whitebark pine for the grizzly bears, willows and aspens for the other grazers. And I think that we ought to actually favor certain habitat types in the park. And this would require various burn intensities, not just all intense fire. Now here's an example. You can choose burning times to where you can make small fires occur. In Yellowstone or anywhere else but you have to have the right conditions. These little places that burned out will seed into young lodgepole pine. And the next time an intense fire will come through it might destroy the trees around those patches but the young trees inside will have a much greater probability of survival because they're not very flammable. And finally, I think we need to take it on ourselves to maintain healthy numbers of large mammals. And the only way I know how to do this is through habitat analysis and population control. And one way to a measuring stick that I would suggest is to resurrect the exclosures that were once throughout the park, such as one you see here. Inside there is moose browse or lack of moose browse and outside is the impact of moose. This is in Maine, but I think the same sort of thing should apply to Yellowstone. And in general, what I've just told goes counter to the popular idea of wilderness, the let-alone. But I contend that it's necessary and it's much better than spreading tons of chemicals and being invaded by 10,000 firefighters and bulldozers and whatnot, and the total disruption of the park that we just saw last summer. I'm sure that this fellow right here would agree with me. This is a firefighter that just wandered in off the range from Yellowstone. I think that face tells it all. Now with this background then, I would like to stick out my neck a little bit and discuss some possible global implications. That is what are the large scale questions and complexities in regard to fire. I just wanna raise some questions. First of all, why should society be concerned at all about blockage of fire? We all know that man has always conquered the environment and that's how he moved forward. Those of us who value wild systems will point out and give examples that extinction of wild species, is very much a shame that whilst species have psychological importance to man. Some wild animals exert biological controls on some pests such as rodents and insect problem species. And that most of our medicines and foods are derived from wild things. And we really shouldn't destroy something before we test it. At least those very basic components should be considered but there may be even more far reaching importance of lightening and fire systems. We know, for example that trees are the major receptors of lightning. Now, the greater the lightning activity, the greater the cloud activity and therefore the greater the rain activity is locally in a lot of situations. So my question is, our frequent destruction of forest and reduced lightening regimes is contributing to present droughts. Another thing to consider, so what happens when we do not burn a habitat that is designed to burn? One thing that happens very quickly is that organic matter builds up in the soil. That means that acidity will increase in the soil. This has been measured all over the world. Fire exclusion makes the soil more acid. And then what happens when water from the clouds moves through acid conditions, the water also becomes more acid. So my question is, through fire exclusion are we adding to the acid environment problem? Another sort of far out question I've got for you. We learned over the ages that billowing smoke, as it comes up from fires and enters the atmosphere, actually decreases air temperature over Yellowstone for example, for weeks at a time over large areas. The average temperature dropped from nearly a 100 degrees to 55 degrees and stayed there. That's a tremendous reduction in heat. So you do have this screening effect. Now I'm wondering if it will influence the drought or have some bearing on the drought, because unusual warming of surface water in Eastern Pacific oceans it's called El Nino. Has been found to be very closely linked to the degree of wildland fire activity in the Southeastern United States. Now we know that El Nino events are increasing in occurrence over time, but we don't know why. So my question involves the fact that in the last 50 years or so fire activity in the Southeastern United States has decreased 95%. So the decreasing, as one's decreasing the other ones increasing. So is the reduce smoke screening effect increasing ocean temperatures? Or how about atmospheric heat and drought frequency? Or perhaps even the global warming trend. And my primary message is that fire is forged into virtually every vegetation type and tend to each step of man's progression. American landscapes are dominated by fire type ecosystems and stopping the process of combustion leads to unnecessary death of countless life forms. It may also be contributing to many of our major environmental problems. So I urge that we work to promote fire usage in the production of land-based natural resources. And we encourage land stewards to maintain natural values of the lands that are held for the public. Much changes upon our collective input into wildland fire issues. And I hope the 1990s will see the American public striving to return this life-giving process back to its wildlands. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- You need to take in some questions.\r\n\r\n- I certainly will. If anyone has any questions I'd be glad to give them my best shot. Yes, sir. Is it feasible to carry out a prescribed burning program in Yellowstone given its large size? Of course it is. The larger it is the easier it is. They have more space to work in especially now when you consider that so much has burned and absolutely will not burn again you have these natural firebreaks everywhere. And if you take that and add other firebreaks to that you probably could do an awful lot of diversification of the park without ever putting a plow in the ground. And you see Yellowstone is large enough to let lightning fires go. Most of our preserves are not that large. So they're already doing prescribed burns in half a million acre preserve, three quarter of a million acre preserves. So it's feasible and in my opinion it's the only way we can either do that, or put this burden on the next generation. The same thing is gonna happen, history will repeat itself. And I don't think we ought to let that happen because I don't think we ought to lose species by sitting around and holding on to a weird policy that doesn't work for us. See I'm pretty dogmatic myself. I have very strong views about a lot of things but when I see that something doesn't work I try to change my mind a little bit. And I think it's up to us to change our government's mind on this particular policy. But we can't have a no fire policy. That's the worst thing they could do. And that's where we are right now. In the back. What are the prospects for the federal fire policy changing? We've been told that between now and August that there will be a new fire policy. Presently the president United States just put the whole thing on hold until he hears from scientists, from the public. There are public hearings across the country in various places. Maybe some of you have been involved in them here but it's important enough issue the way I feel about it it's our park, it's our land. And we deserve input into the system. And the more you know about fire, the more you realize how important it is. Then I think the more you see how we've got to be involved with this particular thing.\r\n\r\n- It's a popular view that destruction of rainforest in the Amazon basin, may have attributed to changes in the atmosphere and therefore, speeding up the greenhouse effect. Do you somewhat counter to that? That the suppression of fire is actually,\r\n\r\n- It is my view, okay, what I've said does, I know, appear counter to the common theory of the greenhouse effect and the slash and burning of the rainforest, but it's not counter at all. What we have done is taking natural fire systems like Yellowstone, and we stopped firing them, we put them out. We've taken rainforests which is obviously not geared to be a fire system. Neither the soils nor the vegetation are geared and we're burning them up. We have spacely reversed the smoke screening effect, the heating effect, and, and we've just screwed up. That's the long and short of it. And there are great moves afoot in all those countries with rainforest to reverse that, even so far of paying off those people who've made ECAT a living, with that slash and burn technique which only lasts them a year or two or three. And it's a subsistence type of living. It's much cheaper on us rather pay those people off and help them out in some other way. Teach them some other thing to do and the way it's going. Yes.\r\n\r\n- You mentioned about basically right now our policy, is a no fire policy. So is there a policy, you said that there is gonna be a change in policy. Is that the right analogy in policy?\r\n\r\n- Presently, the president of the United States has promised that in August something new and wonderful will happen. That's all I can tell you. Presently, we have returned back to the dark ages. The same place, you see this is not a new thing that we're experiencing. All of us or most of us are just too young to remember. But at the turn of the century, the reason we had a no burn policy all across the United States, is because of terrific wildfires out in the Western United States. It scared us to death. So if we put a stop to it and here we're not learning the lesson that's well written for us all ready. We're reacting the same way. In Florida, in 1985, we had many, many thousands of acres burned up. Even boats burned up down in wet places. And rather than seeing what to do was to take fire so this is proof that we need to prescribe burn and reduce this fuel load that accumulates over time, fight fire with fire. What did we do in Florida? We went out and bought more bombers so we could spread more water next time a fire got out. We work against ourselves but we will overcome somehow. Any other questions?\r\n\r\n- What is the role of the fire in the Everglades?\r\n\r\n- The role of fire in the Everglades. Everglades is a semi-peat based system. And like all other peat systems they stay saturated most of the time. So the fire interval is fairly long. Salt grass is a major component there and other similar vegetation, tall or fibrous vegetation that encapsulates various chemical compounds in the structure. That when it does dry out enough and winds get in there fire gets started. It burns fiercely with flames up to 50 feet tall. And that's exactly what's happening right now. The national park there, has been very timid about reintroducing fire because of Miami. They were afraid that it would smoke down Miami and nature has proved that they were right. So I doubt if they'll, maybe they will wait another 25 years again before using fire in there. But a lot of endangered species even snails, and things that eat snails, and rare plants and all in that system are fire dependent. They're not only increased by it, but they're their seeds are actually triggered by fire very much like some of the pines out West are triggered by fire. So it's an important process. It also takes down some of that peat and it gets it closer to mineral soil. And as long as fire's kept out, that peat will increase. And it's just like storing oily rags in a basement of your house. Sooner or later you're gonna suffer for it. And that's what's happening right now. We expect at least 150,000 acres to burn around Miami. So maybe this will get some results on that. They've got an attempt done for prescribed burning and down there in the marsh. Yes, sir.\r\n\r\n- What are some of the that could be used to determine the fire policy? Where will that information come from?\r\n\r\n- Where will the information come, that will be input into the fire policy?\r\n\r\n- The scientific information\r\n\r\n- The scientific, there are six meetings in the next two months across the country about this subject from a scientific angle. Tall Timbers Research Station and The Nature Conservancy are getting together and putting up one of those. So if you want additional information, middle of next month, we will have this conference and it will have proceedings coming out. So there's more resource there. And then I can get you names of the others that are going on. There are several committees, blue ribbon committees. The National Park Service who would like to continue on what they're doing, the same policy. They got their own blue ribbon committee. And it was comprised of people who will tell that same story. And then some of the senators got together and came up with theirs from people who hate fire, to begin with they would like to see no fire. So there's another blue ribbon committee. So you can also get those committee reports. Politicians just confuse me, I'd rather stick to the facts and a lot of things, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112175#t=0.0,2797.55755"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_b.mp3"]},"duration":548.02286,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/176/small/lecture.png?1620124078","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/176/original/AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_b.mp3?1620124078","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":548.02286,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Learn it from government or university.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=5.12,7.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's why I can get up here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=7.59,8.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and say the things that I'm saying without hesitation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=8.54,12.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's really one of ways we get called in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=12.0,13.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to solve some very complicated problems sometimes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=13.97,17.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in federal and state government and whatnot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=17.63,20.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We interact with the public as much as we can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=20.95,24.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are designed to do ecological research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=24.27,28.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from primarily the fire ecology angle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=28.17,31.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is both in resource production type of management,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=31.56,36.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also from the natural community angle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=36.72,39.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a plant ecology section,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=39.97,42.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a non-game wildlife section, and game bird section,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=42.39,45.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's our three main interests there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=45.36,49.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we're getting into a little bit of everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=49.28,50.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have public meetings every year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=50.88,53.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three large ones, and then a number of tours that we do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=53.14,56.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People come from all over the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=56.41,59.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to learn about fire ecology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=59.02,60.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ecology in general of our region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=61.691,63.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that in a nutshell, is what we do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=64.56,66.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we travel a lot too, and we do enjoy giving talks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=66.39,69.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I appreciate this opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=69.14,70.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewer:\u003c/strong\u003e (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=73.677,77.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewee:\u003c/strong\u003e I suppose what you just said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=110.7,112.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is absolutely true,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=112.57,114.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but did you have to go back to the original assumption?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=114.51,119.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can you possibly have a natural system?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=119.08,122.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have messed the system up so badly to begin with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=123.19,127.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can't expect a natural process to occur?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=127.35,130.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My main, one of my main points is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=130.18,132.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that those fires were not burning natural fuels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=132.04,135.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just because a fire starts by a bolt of lightning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=136.01,139.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made me no more naturalist, naturalness than a flood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=139.91,144.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that occurs after a manmade dam breaks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=145.03,147.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you see, if you see what get my drill out here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=147.74,150.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have synchronized fuels over 2 million acre piece","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=151.81,156.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of property by keeping fire out for 200.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=157.37,159.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we're saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=159.51,160.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why we're gonna let nature have it back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=160.343,162.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're not letting nature have a natural system back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=162.84,166.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to operate, we have stole,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=166.73,169.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have stored oily rags in the basement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=169.1,171.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we framed in the torch,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=171.49,173.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we waited for lightening bolt to hit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=173.52,175.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've done the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=175.87,177.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are destroying naturalness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=177.22,180.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the fuel isn't natural, then the fire is not natural.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=180.26,183.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the effects on vegetation, on wild animals, on soils,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=183.78,187.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on every component of Yellowstone, it's not natural.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=187.46,191.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though you use that term natural,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=191.73,193.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no difference between a bolt of lightning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=195.32,196.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a match.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=196.98,198.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All they do is start the process going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=198.38,201.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How we have done to prepare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=202.02,204.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what that fire's gonna do is gonna determine its impact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=204.53,207.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I just think I would like, honestly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=208.76,211.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wish they were biomes so large","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=211.49,214.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that fires like the Yellowstone fire was just a tiny ripple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=214.75,218.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like an ocean, but we don't have those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=218.87,222.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wish we did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=222.24,223.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewer:\u003c/strong\u003e (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=225.873,229.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewee:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know what the (murmurs)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=256.95,257.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you all hear the question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=257.92,259.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're gonna have this fire was stimulated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=259.46,261.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vegetation growth, nutrient growth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=261.33,264.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so that's got to stimulate the wildlife,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=264.22,266.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the grazer populations and I agree that it's going to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=266.63,269.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our government solution is to increase the size of the park.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=269.82,273.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have you read this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=275.01,276.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're about to buy a big circle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=276.32,278.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a strip around the park.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=278.23,279.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it's sort of like having India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=280.65,283.948"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and buying more land to stick around India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=283.948,286.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for those people, there will be better off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=286.93,290.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Presently, there are some controls on the bison,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=292.11,295.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are the biggest problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=295.69,296.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've increased six fold since 1960.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=296.68,300.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have you seen on the television, the Firing Line,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=300.11,302.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the great Firing Line,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=302.81,304.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people in the surrounding cities line up along a road","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=304.51,307.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they just go outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=307.33,308.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you've got this fully automatic weapons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=308.87,311.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's bison and are out there chewing on the grass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=311.75,314.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they don't know what's fixing will happen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=314.78,317.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they get blown 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okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=321.77,323.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I liked the sports part of the whole thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=323.37,326.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd much rather (murmurs) after skulking 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panthers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=343.49,348.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or mountain rods in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=349.82,354.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the first time we move a wolf in 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policy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=359.04,360.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that my idea would suddenly be terrible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=360.81,363.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a bad idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=363.23,364.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it kicked me out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=364.61,365.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the park services i worked for (murmurs) .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=365.45,367.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that might not happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=367.5,368.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would be real surprised if it 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park,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=373.16,375.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Greenpeace type folks are sneaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=375.04,377.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these wolves right now as we speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=377.26,380.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we might have them whether we want them or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=380.44,383.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but barring that, then I think we need a good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=383.15,385.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we need a good hunting program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=385.87,387.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd rather be a tastefully done well controlled program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=387.68,392.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the firing line program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=392.98,394.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=398.5,399.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewer:\u003c/strong\u003e (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=399.827,403.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewee:\u003c/strong\u003e What are the five policies in regards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=416.363,417.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to intentionally Managed Timberlands?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=417.72,419.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, they vary from county","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=420.71,422.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to county just about across this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=422.37,424.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of people encourage it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=424.7,426.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they understand this fire hazard business,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=426.41,429.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it does increase tree growth of the crop trees,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=429.4,432.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially the pine trees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=432.97,434.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And most of them burn about once every five years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=435.51,438.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or so during the winter when it's real cool and damp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=438.47,441.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's not quite sufficient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=441.84,444.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for some other purposes like managing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=444.77,447.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for certain wildlife species,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=447.02,448.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's better than no fire policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=448.3,450.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewer:\u003c/strong\u003e (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=451.595,455.095"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Interviewee:\u003c/strong\u003e No annual winter burning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=460.82,463.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or frequent winter burning actually reduces soil acidity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=463.64,468.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because what it does is releases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=468.35,470.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the calcium is tied up in vegetation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=470.55,472.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and puts it back in the soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=472.33,473.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you'll have a pH drop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=474.88,477.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or increased from about four five,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=477.1,480.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"4.5 to 5.6 a lot of times just from a fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=480.31,484.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's, that's very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=486.28,488.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's my last question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=494.321,495.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I enjoyed the discussion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=495.5,497.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=497.4,498.619"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=498.619,501.619"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much Larry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=509.44,510.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The club members will pass out the programs on your way out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=510.79,515.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Join us for punched cookies in the outer 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25282/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/282/original/AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_b.vtt?1620124079","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/282/original/AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_b.vtt?1620124079"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25283","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203831_Fire_in_North_American_Wildlands_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176/transcript/25283/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Learn it from government or university. And that's why I can get up here and say the things that I'm saying without hesitation. And that's really one of ways we get called in to solve some very complicated problems sometimes, both in federal and state government and whatnot. We interact with the public as much as we can. We are designed to do ecological research from primarily the fire ecology angle. This is both in resource production type of management, and also from the natural community angle. We have a plant ecology section, a non-game wildlife section, and game bird section, and that's our three main interests there, but we're getting into a little bit of everything. We have public meetings every year, three large ones, and then a number of tours that we do. People come from all over the country to learn about fire ecology and ecology in general of our region. So that in a nutshell, is what we do, we travel a lot too, and we do enjoy giving talks and I appreciate this opportunity.\r\n\r\n- [Interviewee] I suppose what you just said is absolutely true, but did you have to go back to the original assumption? How can you possibly have a natural system? If you have messed the system up so badly to begin with that you can't expect a natural process to occur? My main, one of my main points is that those fires were not burning natural fuels, just because a fire starts by a bolt of lightning, made me no more naturalist, naturalness than a flood that occurs after a manmade dam breaks. If you see, if you see what get my drill out here, we have synchronized fuels over 2 million acre piece of property by keeping fire out for 200. And then we're saying, why we're gonna let nature have it back? We're not letting nature have a natural system back to operate, we have stole, we have stored oily rags in the basement and we framed in the torch, or we waited for lightening bolt to hit. We've done the same thing. We are destroying naturalness. If the fuel isn't natural, then the fire is not natural. And the effects on vegetation, on wild animals, on soils, on every component of Yellowstone, it's not natural. Even though you use that term natural, there's no difference between a bolt of lightning and a match. All they do is start the process going. How we have done to prepare what that fire's gonna do is gonna determine its impact. And I just think I would like, honestly, I wish they were biomes so large that fires like the Yellowstone fire was just a tiny ripple, like an ocean, but we don't have those. And I wish we did.\r\n\r\n- [Interviewee] Do you know what the ? Did you all hear the question? They're gonna have this fire was stimulated, vegetation growth, nutrient growth. And so that's got to stimulate the wildlife, the grazer populations and I agree that it's going to. Our government solution is to increase the size of the park. Have you read this? We're about to buy a big circle, a strip around the park. And so it's sort of like having India and buying more land to stick around India. So for those people, there will be better off. Presently, there are some controls on the bison, which are the biggest problem. They've increased six fold since 1960. Have you seen on the television, the Firing Line, the great Firing Line, the people in the surrounding cities line up along a road and they just go outside and you've got this fully automatic weapons and there's bison and are out there chewing on the grass. And they don't know what's fixing will happen, but they get blown away. Now I don't like that. I'm a hunter, okay. And I liked the sports part of the whole thing. I'd much rather after skulking around and collecting the bison that I want him to shoot and, and doing it right then I had this firing on business. So we've got two alternatives the way I see it, we either have a good hunting program for cropping those animals and keeping them to a, or we have got to move a great number of walls and panthers or mountain rods in there. Now, the first time we move a wolf in there and he grabbed somebody's child, you can see that, that policy, that my idea would suddenly be terrible. It was a bad idea. And it kicked me out of the park services i worked for . So that might not happen. I would be real surprised if it happens. Now, there are people by the way, they are sneaking wolves in the park, Greenpeace type folks are sneaking these wolves right now as we speak. So we might have them whether we want them or not, but barring that, then I think we need a good, we need a good hunting program. And I'd rather be a tastefully done well controlled program than the firing line program. Yes.\r\n\r\n- [Interviewee] What are the five policies in regards to intentionally Managed Timberlands? Well, they vary from county to county just about across this country. A lot of people encourage it because they understand this fire hazard business, and it does increase tree growth of the crop trees, especially the pine trees. And most of them burn about once every five years or so during the winter when it's real cool and damp. And it's not quite sufficient for some other purposes like managing for certain wildlife species, but it's better than no fire policy.\r\n\r\n- [Interviewee] No annual winter burning or frequent winter burning actually reduces soil acidity because what it does is releases the calcium is tied up in vegetation and puts it back in the soil. So you'll have a pH drop. or increased from about four five, 4.5 to 5.6 a lot of times just from a fire. So that's, that's very important. I think that's my last question. And I enjoyed the discussion. Thank you. Thank you very much Larry. The club members will pass out the programs on your way out. Join us for punched cookies in the outer lobby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40518/file/112176#t=0.0,548.02286"}]}]}]}