{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/gm81j97w2s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Garrow, David J., A History of the Civil Rights Movement"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203802 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203802"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. 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are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=7.5,9.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a panel at noon in the Pioneer Room","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=9.06,11.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the second floor of the Union Here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=11.3,13.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The panel is called The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=13.97,16.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's with the Celeste Wiggins, Caesar Smith","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=16.08,19.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Mary Sawyer and that will be at 12 noon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=19.24,21.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's a lecture tomorrow evening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=21.81,23.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again at eight in this room,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=23.66,25.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's entitled Civil Rights, a Conservative Perspective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=25.57,28.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's by Linda Chavez","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=28.69,30.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's eight o'clock in this room here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=30.37,32.808"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's tomorrow's event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=32.808,33.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before getting tonight's introductions underway","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=33.86,36.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to recite a brief verse from my favorite poet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=36.17,39.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Langston Hughes which is entitled \"History\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=39.18,41.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it sums up why I feel this this week","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=41.62,44.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and weeks such as this are so 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sorrow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=48.409,52.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that must not be true of tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=52.47,55.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With that in mind, I'd like to thank all those responsible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=56.28,58.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for helping us put this week together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=58.64,60.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd especially like to thank all the members","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=60.67,62.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the committee who have been great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=62.27,63.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's been a pleasure to work with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=63.85,65.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to thank the Government of Student Body","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=65.7,67.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for providing funding along with Iowa's Humanities Board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=67.55,71.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to thank Pat Miller over here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=71.07,72.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Joyce Newton in the office.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=72.55,74.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've been great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=74.89,75.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now onto the topic at hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=80.92,82.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I shuffle through my papers here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=82.77,84.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Garrow is a professor of political 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impressive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=88.93,91.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if not overwhelming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=91.21,92.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A brief summary of these include the 1987 Pulitzer Prize,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=92.48,96.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Seventh Annual Robert F. Kennedy A Book Award","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=96.36,99.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the 1987 Harvey Cantor Memorial Award","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=99.33,102.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Outstanding Work in Oral History.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=103.05,105.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These were all for his excellent novel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=105.08,107.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Martin Luther King, Junior","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=107.93,109.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entitled \"Bearing The Cross.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=109.24,111.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is currently the senior 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series,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=115.687,117.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will conclude in 1990.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=117.56,119.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Please join me in welcoming David 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individually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=141.97,145.669"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Dr. King's evolution, because as many of you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=145.669,150.669"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's really where my main focus has 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people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=157.37,160.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by that, I mean really anybody my age or younger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=160.08,163.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I'm of a point in time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=163.64,168.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I don't really have any contemporary memories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=168.1,171.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the early or mid 1960s myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=171.8,174.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think for any of us who were 35, 36 or younger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=175.92,180.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very important to appreciate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=181.84,185.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that what we see nowadays as television film clips","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=186.45,191.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the 1960s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=193.42,194.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope that at least some of you here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=194.84,197.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have seen part if not all of the first six shows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=197.47,201.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from \"Eyes on the Prize'","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=201.35,203.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which first aired two years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=203.41,205.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's important to remember that what we see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=206.05,209.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the march on Washington in 1963,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=209.03,212.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Dr. King's, I Have a Dream speech,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=212.44,215.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even the police dogs and fire hoses in Birmingham","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=215.49,220.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or cattle prods from other Alabama cities in those years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=220.07,225.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that was simply the peak,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=225.43,227.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply the climax of an effort that reached back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=227.89,232.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for many years prior to that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=232.86,236.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For a lot of us that write about American history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=238.27,242.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the history of the Black freedom struggle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=242.13,244.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the starting point that we oftentimes use,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=246.22,250.268"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think many of you ought to be familiar 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segregation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=259.67,264.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be unconstitutional.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=264.32,265.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the Brown decision in 1954 itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=267.21,272.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not come out of nowhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=272.45,274.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that ruling standing by 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NAACP","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=285.59,288.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that reached back 25, 28 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=289.77,293.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what is I think most 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Brown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=303.17,306.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what the Supreme Court started doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=306.86,309.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that Black leadership in the United 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boycott","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=395.1,400.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 1955, 1956, started with the arrest of Mrs. Rosa Parks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=401.85,406.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the importance, both political and 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himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2562.35,2567.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's one of the tremendous ironies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2567.6,2571.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all the FBI wiretap transcripts that have survived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2571.29,2575.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and been released thanks to the Freedom of Information Act","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2577.645,2581.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one can see the tough 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private,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2590.85,2594.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in his conversations with Andy Young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2594.83,2597.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Byard Rustin and other people during those years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2597.23,2601.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And I think this is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2602.61,2605.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me pause even if this is a little bit of a 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Vietnam","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2742.83,2747.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was seen as Richard Nixon's war in the early seventies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2748.44,2753.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Earlier on however, when 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1967,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2761.88,2766.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speaking out against American involvement in the war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2768.27,2772.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an incredibly fringe 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1967,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2781.56,2786.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was denounced not only by mainstream Democrats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2789.419,2794.419"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were otherwise liberals on questions of race.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=2795.2,2800.1"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25208","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137/transcript/25209/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Just a couple of preliminary remarks. Tomorrow's events are, there's a panel at noon in the Pioneer Room that's the second floor of the Union Here. The panel is called The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement, and it's with the Celeste Wiggins, Caesar Smith and Mary Sawyer and that will be at 12 noon. And there's a lecture tomorrow evening again at eight in this room, it's entitled Civil Rights, a Conservative Perspective. And that's by Linda Chavez that's eight o'clock in this room here that's tomorrow's event. Before getting tonight's introductions underway I'd like to recite a brief verse from my favorite poet Langston Hughes which is entitled \"History\" and it sums up why I feel this this week and weeks such as this are so important. It's called \"History\" it's the past has been a mint of blood and sorrow that must not be true of tomorrow. With that in mind, I'd like to thank all those responsible for helping us put this week together. I'd especially like to thank all the members of the committee who have been great. It's been a pleasure to work with them. I'd like to thank the Government of Student Body for providing funding along with Iowa's Humanities Board. I'd like to thank Pat Miller over here, and Joyce Newton in the office. They've been great Now onto the topic at hand, as I shuffle through my papers here. David Garrow is a professor of political science at the City College of New York. His list of accomplishments is impressive if not overwhelming. A brief summary of these include the 1987 Pulitzer Prize, the Seventh Annual Robert F. Kennedy A Book Award and the 1987 Harvey Cantor Memorial Award for Outstanding Work in Oral History. These were all for his excellent novel on Martin Luther King, Junior entitled \"Bearing The Cross.\" He is currently the senior advisor for the award winning 14 part GBS \"Eyes on the Prize\" series, which will conclude in 1990. Please join me in welcoming David Garrow.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. What I've been asked to speak on tonight is the history of the civil rights movement. And I'll do that and I'll also talk some about Dr. King individually and Dr. King's evolution, because as many of you know, that's really where my main focus has been the last six or seven years, but I think particularly for younger people, and by that, I mean really anybody my age or younger, because I'm of a point in time where I don't really have any contemporary memories from the early or mid 1960s myself. But I think for any of us who were 35, 36 or younger, it's very important to appreciate that what we see nowadays as television film clips from the 1960s, and I hope that at least some of you here have seen part if not all of the first six shows from \"Eyes on the Prize' which first aired two years ago. But it's important to remember that what we see from the march on Washington in 1963, with Dr. King's, I Have a Dream speech, or even the police dogs and fire hoses in Birmingham or cattle prods from other Alabama cities in those years, that that was simply the peak, simply the climax of an effort that reached back for many years prior to that time. For a lot of us that write about American history and the history of the Black freedom struggle, the starting point that we oftentimes use, which I think many of you ought to be familiar with is the 1954 Brown V Board of Education of Topeka Decision that for the first time ruled school segregation to be unconstitutional. Now the Brown decision in 1954 itself did not come out of nowhere. And that ruling standing by itself was the product of a litigation strategy, mainly on the part of the NAACP that reached back 25, 28 years. And what is I think most important in a longer term big picture sense for people nowadays to keep in mind about Brown and what the Supreme Court started doing is that Black leadership in the United States throughout the 1930s, 1940s, most of the 1950s was operating from the presumption that basic racial change was first going to come from the courts and that in order to pursue a civil rights agenda, it was going to be lawyers in the courtroom that would be the initial cutting edge. Now the extent of that belief, that lawyers and courts were going to advance civil rights, totally irrespective of what other people might do that was not simply in a widely shared assumption prior to 1954, but it was a strategic perspective that was tremendously strengthened by the victory and the success that the 1954 Brown decision represented. 18 months after Brown is when the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955, 1956, started with the arrest of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Now the importance, both political and symbolic of the Montgomery boycott lay not simply in the story of this community of 25, 30,000 Black people in Montgomery, staying off the municipal buses for 13 months in a row until the buses were desegregated, but the real meaning of what that community did in Montgomery in that year, lay in the fact that it represented a different tradition, different approach to civil rights activism than the court oriented lawyer led strategy that had almost universally prevailed up until that time. Prior to Montgomery, the one major, national Black figure who had a different vision of how Black America could pursue racial justice was a man named A. Phillip Randolph. And I hope maybe third or a half of people here might recognize that name. Mr. Randolph had helped form the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the Pullman Porters Union, and during World War II during the Roosevelt administration had been the instigator of a threatened march on Washington in 1941, which had for the first time spurred Franklin Roosevelt to proceed with some desegregation of the federal government's own workforce and the workforce of federal contractors. Randolph and the circle of aids and followers around Randolph saw in Montgomery, saw in what spontaneously started happening after Mrs. Parks' arrest, the possibility of true mass activism in the South that common, ordinary grassroots people in town after city, after town, could themselves go out and do something that people did not have to sit back and wait for court decisions to happen. Now that is the political context into which Dr. King and the local leadership in Montgomery steps. Dr. King himself and if you ever have occasion to see some of the very early photographs with Dr. King from that time, I hope you will very quickly get a sense of this. Dr. King at that time was barely 26 years old. He was very young. Dr. King was only 39 at the time he was killed. And Dr. King's leadership of the Montgomery boycott was something that he in no way had sought out or even volunteered himself for. He had been in town literally about 14 months at that time had a new church, had a new child. But it was his colleagues the older somewhat more senior members of the Black civic leadership in Montgomery that very explicitly drafted King as their spokesperson. Now, part of the desire in picking Dr. King lay in people's recognition, even then of what an excellent speaker he was. Part of the motivation as well, lay in avoiding some longtime factional rivalries within Black Montgomery. But the most important reason for picking Dr. King was that the people in the Black community of Montgomery who had really been planning for and working towards a bus protest long before Mrs. Parks' arrest dating back really two, two and a half years were all Black women who were on the public payrolls as teachers at the local state college and in the segregated Montgomery public schools, and these Black women who had an organization called the Women's Political Council, which had been leaning on the white city government of Montgomery for some time, they could not step forward as the real initiators of this movement, which they were because if they did so they would very quickly be fired. And so the public leadership, not only Dr. King, but Ralph Abernathy and the others who ended up coming to the fore as the boycott went forward in the early months of 1956, we're all people and in point of fact men, who were economically insulated from white retaliation because their jobs and salaries came from within Black Montgomery. Now, when one looks at Dr. King and the Montgomery boycott in a local way, rather than in that litigation versus mass action, national perspective that Randolph and others brought to it, I think the most important thing for people to appreciate about King, both at that early time and later as well is what a fundamentally humble and self-effacing individual he was. That he did not really in any way enjoy being a public figure. He did not like or welcome all of the celebrity and awards and honors that came to him in later years. And particularly in the early months of the Montgomery protest, he was very uncomfortable and very indecisive about being the public spokesperson. And where he found the courage and I would emphasize courage because his position as spokesman in those early months brought down upon him, a very intense daily flow of threats and intimidation and other harassment. Where he found the courage to stay in this public role was in his religious faith and spiritual strength. Perhaps on Monday, I'm not sure I didn't ask people enough questions earlier this evening, perhaps on Monday, Eric Lincoln talked a little bit about Dr. King with regard to the Black church. But everyone ought to be quite clear and very explicitly clear that Dr. King was first and foremost, a minister and a pastor and someone whose real philosophical and intellectual roots came out of the Bible. And I think a number of us who have written about Dr. King in particular in recent years are very fearful when we see sort of introductory level textbook comments about Dr. King, that would lead you to believe that he was first and foremost, a product of Gandhi, Thoreau famous philosophers, whom he happened to read in graduate school. Because that fundamentally misstates where King was coming from. If you look at King's earliest speeches during the bus boycott and though it's harder to do, if one has the opportunity to look at his sermons as well, which are really the most personal of all of King's orations and writings. I think one is very inescapably struck by the extent to which King is speaking from the teachings of the Bible. In those early weeks in Montgomery, he is not calling it nonviolence. He's not speaking about Gandhi or Thoreau. He's talking about how Jesus teaches you, not to hate anyone. That you must force yourself to love your enemies. And it is that religious background and heritage, and it's a religious heritage, not only of the Black church, but also of progressive Protestant preachers like Harry Emerson Fosdick whose sermons King read and studied as a young man. It's that religious heritage, that King is first and foremost, a product of, and which gives him both the preaching materials for his leadership and which also gives him the inner strength to stick with this public role that his colleagues ask him to take. In that year of the Montgomery boycott, and particularly in the early months of it, King has an optimism about white officials about the white South that in retrospect is almost strikingly naive because King, Abernathy, Joanne Robinson, who was the principal leader of the Women's Political Council in the Black community, went in to the early days of the bus boycott thinking that white Montgomery would compromise very quickly. Indeed because of the fact that the Black community for the first two months was not even asking for full integration of bus seating, but only for the elimination of Black riders having to get up for white people who needed seats, which is what had led to Mrs. Parks' arrest they believed that this ought to be settled fairly quickly, fairly easily. And it comes as a very painful surprise to King and his colleagues that white Montgomery has no interest in compromising at all. That experience and that sort of growing realization during the course of the boycott year produces in King more and more of an emphasis upon political involvement and the belief that only through electoral participation, voter registration will Black communities in the South be able to control, be able to influence local white governments. And though it runs a little bit of a risk of oversimplifying things too much, the connecting thread that we can trace through all of King's emphases and actions from 1957, up through 1965 centers on his belief that getting Black Southerners into the electoral system from which they'd been excluded since the 1880s was the fundamental step that had to happen. Now, the tension that emerges in the wake of the Montgomery boycott between this new example of mass activism, mass involvement that Montgomery represents on the one hand and the NAACP's courtroom focus on the other is really resolved very quickly, very immediately though it wasn't fully recognized at the time by the onset of the student sit-in movement in 1960. And I think if one has the chance to really either look at the \"Eyes on the Prize\" shows or to read really any of the historiography on the civil rights movement one of the things that I hope very starkly strikes you is the extent to which the movement in the South was a student movement. In scholarly terms we're still perhaps five, 10 years away from people doing the sort of sociological work of going back and taking a rest records and seeing who actually went to jail in Birmingham or an Albany Georgia. But what that sort of very pains taking work eventually will show, is the extent to which the average age of participants in the movement in town, after town, after town was 21, 22, 23. The other thing I propose part of what I said about Montgomery, that, that sort of grass roots look at who took part is going to show, is going to be the disproportionate presence of women in the movement. And so it's always with some hesitation that I at least see the visual images of the sixties that people get nowadays because I think many, if not most of those visual talking heads from the sixties give you a purely male, purely middle class Dr. King in his suit and tie sense of who made up the Southern movement that ministerial spokesman become the predominant television image that people carry away rather than an image of a John Lewis, whom I hope many of you had a chance to meet on Sunday, John Lewis and other 21 year olds of 1960 and 1961. The onset of the student mass involvement in 1960 really kicks off what is the real power period of the Southern struggle? A period that really lasts up through the Selma demonstrations in 1965 and while Dr. King and the other older quote unquote adult activists of the Southern movement, realize just how important this student initiative is, King and his other older colleagues find themselves expecting tremendous help and assistance from John Kennedy as the new president in 1961. And as a result, much as with the sort of naive optimism that had been manifest in Montgomery, find themselves expecting too much from the presidency, too much from the justice department and the federal executive branch. And perhaps John touched on this a little on Sunday, but I think it is, maybe the most important lesson about 1960s politics that younger people today ought to appreciate is that the actual role of the Kennedy administration vis-a-vis Dr. King and the civil rights movement in the South was not at all a supportive or encouraging one, even though so much of the Kennedy oriented literature would lead you to think that J.F.K. and R.F.K. basically set up, sponsored, funded, et cetera, most, if not all of the Southern movement. What one actually sees when you go back and look at the record is that the Kennedy presidential campaign of 1960 makes very nice promises, promises that Dr. King and others accept and believe, but those promises of support for civil rights and sponsorship of new civil rights legislation, simply don't come to pass in 1961, 1962 and the early parts of 1963. And the comments that Dr. King is making about the Kennedy brothers over the course of that two and a half years get increasingly harsh and critical as time passes. The only instances where the Kennedy administration takes any action in support of the Southern movement come in the immediate wake of physical crises, almost quasi-military crises that have resulted from the movement's own initiatives, particularly with the 1965, 1961 Freedom Rides and the 1962 admission of James Meredith as the first Black student at the University of Mississippi. In every other particular, the Kennedy administration approach to civil rights and to Dr. King was if things could be kept quietly on the back burner and off the front pages and off the television evening news, all the better. Only when King, Fred Shuttlesworth and a number of other long-time Southern activists make the decision in the spring of 63 to force a series of demonstrations in Birmingham and Birmingham is quite purposefully chosen because of what a bad, tough aggressively segregationist city it was, only when the movement decides to force the issue of mass protests in a tough town, is the Kennedy administration inescapable put in a position of having to deal with civil rights and the elimination of segregation in the South as a front-burner national issue. I think it's very important that those local activists in the South, both in communities like Birmingham and Albany and the students who were in the early sixties created what we all speak of as SNCC, S-N-C-C Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, that they be very clearly credited with being the initiators and the sponsors of that change and that the Kennedy's purely reactive role be underlined and emphasized very carefully. That attitude of the Kennedys is also a very central contextual piece of why the FBI and J. Edgar Hoover behaved in the way that they did both towards King individually and towards the wider Southern movement as well. What Hoover and the Bureau were doing was not some small, conspiratorial tightly held secret. It was quite fully known by both of the Kennedy brothers later on by Lyndon Johnson and by all of the top leadership and various aids and assistants throughout the White House and the justice department and the Bureau's behavior and style of approach existed only because of the very ambivalent, very ambiguous feelings that each of those presidents had about King and about Black activism in the South. One of the things that King came to realize increasingly at the time of Birmingham and the period leading up through Selma in 1965, was that whether it was the bus boycott in Montgomery or the local protest campaign that had existed in Albany, Georgia in 61, 62 or Birmingham or Selma, or some other local centers of mass demonstrations, like St. Augustine, Florida, that when the movement really established a presence in some Southern town or city, the first members of the local white population to have any interest in supporting racial reform and the elimination of segregation, we're not local white ministers nor white elected officials, but white downtown business owners that in city, after city, after city, it was people with a vested long-term, economic, self-interest in the city's future in the sort of downtown business future. That those were the people who first could see the light that racial equality had some advantage for them rather than an ongoing battle and in Birmingham and Selma and other places, battle was very much the appropriate word, battle to maintain total segregation. What one thus sees in terms of Dr. King's own evolution in his feelings about particularly the white South, but also as the years pass white America more generally is that he increasingly realizes that it is self-interest calculation rather than abstract ethical, religious feelings about what is just that is actually moving white Americans towards fundamental change. Now much as with King's reaction to the officials in Montgomery, much as with his disappointment, with the rhetorical promises of the Kennedys, this is a somewhat disappointing, somewhat painful long-term process that he undergoes because he starts out in the late 1950s with a sort of Gunnar Myrdal I know some of you will follow me on that illusion with this sort of Myrdal like faith, that simply by preaching about the contradiction between American behavior and American ideals, that that will somehow quite directly, quite quickly, produce distinct change and reform. But the overall record, the overall experience from 1956, up through 1965, teaches King, that it is not those sort of ethical appeals that are moving white America, but something much, if you will, King himself, if you think about this in really internal, emotional terms, starts out in the fifties with a belief that at some future point in time, he'll be able to go back to simply being a minister and a preacher, perhaps doing a little theology school teaching on the side. And it's only very slowly, very grudgingly that he comes to the realization that this public leadership role is something that he is always going to be trapped in. That there won't be any life after the daily hour by hour, plane flight after plane flight pace, that that leadership role forced upon him. And I think it's instructive if briefly think about this, that what King's life was like in that entire period between 1956 and 1968 was a presidential campaign. I sort of feel I can do this more briefly in Iowa than I can in some other places, presidential campaign intensity of schedule that over more than a decade this is a man who was day after day, week after week giving more than a speech a day, and averaging pretty close to one plane flight every other day. And it's not unusual for King at different times to give nine, 10 or 11 different talks in one day. From the early sixties on, there is always a sort of undercurrent theme with Dr. King that he liked to somehow be able to be free of this pace and those demands but the sense of mission, the sense of responsibility and in spiritual terms, the very conscious explicit sense of calling that he had from 1956 on, really denies him the ability to step aside or even to go on vacation. Up until 1967 King basically does not take a vacation for a considerable number of years. As this sense of both being caught in a role and of having fundamentally inescapable responsibilities grows and extends further and further what one sees in Dr. King is an increasingly self-sacrificial attitude towards his own life. At a quite conscious level he goes through that entire period of Birmingham and the march on Washington and the Selma demonstrations in 1965 with a very relaxed, but nonetheless day to day awareness that sooner or later probably the former, he's going to be killed. And that's an expectation that exists in his mind, going all the way back to those first two or three months in Montgomery. That sort of relaxed, and I think realistic expectation allows Dr. King, particularly in the wake of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 to adopt a very explicitly prophetic attitude about his own role and responsibilities.\r\n\r\n- That whatever the Kennedy's or LBJ are doing, whatever the FBI is trying to do to him, whatever other people in the movement such as Roy Wilkins from the NAACP are saying about him behind his back that his obligation is to speak the truth as he understands it, irrespective of what the self-interest consequences political or otherwise will be for him and King's real courage and King's fundamental integrity as a leader come from this basically prophetic, basically sacrificial attitude that he has about himself. And it's one of the tremendous ironies of all the FBI wiretap transcripts that have survived and been released thanks to the Freedom of Information Act that one can see the tough mindedness and the at times pretty intense self-criticism that King directed at himself in private, in his conversations with Andy Young and Byard Rustin and other people during those years.\r\n\r\n- And I think this is, let me pause even if this is a little bit of a tangent, I think it is tremendously important to appreciate what a different concept of leadership King believed in, from 99% of what we see in the society nowadays and in recent years, King very explicitly rejected any notion that leadership was holding your finger to the wind and figuring out what was the emerging consensus or the popular way to go. King's notion was, that even if his chosen position was starkly unpopular, even if his chosen approach was going to bring all sorts of criticism from Roy Wilkins on the one hand or Stokely Carmichael on the other, that he would go his route in the hope of persuading and convincing other people, even if not in the immediate short run, that that was the correct position and correct approach, his ability to do what was unpopular is nowhere more visible and I think more importantly memorable than in his willingness to take on the Vietnam War issue several years prior to when opposition to the Vietnam War was a popular or respectable position, even within the quote unquote liberal wing of the Democratic party. And I think many people today, even people somewhat older than myself, tend to read back into the mid 1960s the level of respectability that opposition to the war had gained by the time when Vietnam was seen as Richard Nixon's war in the early seventies. Earlier on however, when Vietnam was Lyndon Johnson's major enterprise and obsession, 1965, 1966, 1967, speaking out against American involvement in the war was an incredibly fringe position. And when King started taking on the war issue, first in 65 and then very directly and forcefully in 1967, he was denounced not only by mainstream Democrats who were otherwise liberals on questions of race.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112137#t=0.0,2805.2898"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Young of the National Urban League.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=5.45,7.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you go back and look at the public opinion poll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=9.25,13.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gallup figures from the spring of 1967,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=13.44,17.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even within black America King's opposition to the war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=18.41,23.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was seen as an undesirable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=24.16,27.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dangerous stance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=27.53,30.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even among the sort of New York Times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=32.64,37.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington Post, Time magazine, Life magazine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=37.25,42.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainstream media, the attitude was very explicit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=42.43,47.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that someone like King should stick to civil rights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=47.89,52.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stick to quote unquote, \"Black issues\" period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=52.69,57.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not try to speak out on some wider agenda","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=57.24,62.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as Vietnam","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=62.03,64.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or such as economic injustice and poverty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=64.08,69.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which became King's second major emphasis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=69.84,74.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the years after 1965.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=75.32,78.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similar to the fears that I mentioned twice earlier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=83.89,88.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also have the sinking feeling 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Prize\".\n(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=838.37,840.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, the state we're in right now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=840.87,843.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the next eight 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King","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=883.34,886.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Birmingham or Selma that's easy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=886.79,889.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that was page one news,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=889.27,893.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if you're looking for footage of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=893.0,896.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early stages of the Black Panthers in Oakland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=896.28,900.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even if you're looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=900.09,901.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for footage of Malcolm in '64, '65,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=901.46,905.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is much, much harder to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=905.5,908.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that was not a sort of major element","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=908.33,912.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in mainstream white media consciousness at those times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=912.7,917.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we run into a real 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potentially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=924.03,928.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being not trapped but at least pushed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=928.26,933.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushed towards emphasizing those 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of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=948.16,952.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after this last week or 10 days up in Boston","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=952.73,956.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrestling with these first four shows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=956.33,958.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is how do we visualize Malcolm's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=958.823,962.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tremendous effect posthumous effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=962.41,966.078"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Malcolm's influence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=966.078,968.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Malcolm's real influence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=968.74,969.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comes after his assassination in '65.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=969.91,972.781"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And doing that visually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=972.781,975.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other than simply having some succession of people saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=976.35,979.272"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Malcolm was very meaningful to me is very hard to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=979.272,983.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a way that's gonna sort of stick","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=983.77,985.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a television audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=985.58,987.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=990.29,991.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=991.403,993.986"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure, I said to some of the people earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=995.2,997.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in the eight or nine years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=997.59,999.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've been active in all this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=999.69,1002.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've gotten sort of more media phone calls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1002.46,1006.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on \"Mississippi Burning\" than on anything ever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1006.16,1008.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, if you track back, I go back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1008.71,1011.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean my memory goes back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1011.25,1012.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to about 1975, 1976 on this stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1012.32,1015.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And during the Carter administration, things southern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1017.04,1020.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things civil rightsy got a lot more attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1020.51,1024.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than they have at any point since 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1024.06,1026.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But \"Mississippi Burning\" by any quantitative measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1028.43,1031.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has gotten more attention than every King Holiday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1031.91,1036.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the last three, four years put together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1037.202,1041.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now having said that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1041.49,1043.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me walk out on the limb here a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1043.09,1045.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I've been doing repeatedly the last month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1045.92,1049.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And fundamentally say that I think the movie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1049.11,1052.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a good and helpful thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1052.78,1054.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I say that realizing that about upwards of 85%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1054.93,1058.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my colleagues have been saying very much the opposite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1058.83,1062.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1062.29,1063.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's gonna stick with people most powerfully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1063.23,1065.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you see that movie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1066.82,1068.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who bring no background","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1068.22,1070.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or reading of civil rights history to it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1070.17,1073.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the physical sense of terror","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1073.55,1077.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is visually conveyed by that movie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1077.08,1079.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that's gonna come as news","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1081.13,1083.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to anybody under the age of 35.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1083.46,1085.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I think the vast majority of the criticism of the movie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1087.69,1092.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been A, it doesn't have black characters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1092.12,1095.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in essence that it is not the story of SNCC Bob Moses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1096.62,1101.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or grassroots black organizing in the deep south.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1103.12,1108.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, that's all true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1108.09,1109.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I hope that at some 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story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1115.52,1117.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of \"Eyes on the Prize\" perspective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1118.934,1122.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presented by Hollywood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1122.12,1124.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think it's somewhat unfair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1124.1,1127.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people to criticize Alan Parker and company","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1127.78,1131.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for having per chance made this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1132.47,1136.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than having made the story of SNCC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1136.05,1138.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a police detective movie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1138.89,1141.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't at all view this as an attempt to 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movie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1150.17,1154.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that happens to be set in a civil rights context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1154.01,1157.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so on the whole,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1160.92,1162.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't see it as particularly doing any harm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1162.63,1165.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second point, let me try to do this pretty succinctly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1167.07,1170.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the second point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1170.23,1171.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think has been raised about the movie a good 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FBI","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1179.56,1182.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with being important good guys,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1182.05,1184.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now in a big picture sense that's a quite correct","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1185.45,1189.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite valid criticism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1189.52,1191.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, it's a little bit harder to make that case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1191.73,1194.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with regard to the \"Chaney-Schwerner-Goodman killings\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1194.4,1197.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the Bureau in its own little flat-footed way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1197.4,1201.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did a very good job at breaking that case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1201.36,1205.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breaking it by paying money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1205.2,1206.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not by threatening to slice off people's body parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1206.65,1210.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with razorblades","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1210.15,1211.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for those of you that might already have seen the movie,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1211.17,1214.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw it on the marquee as some point earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1214.05,1217.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this afternoon as we came into town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1217.62,1220.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, the Hackman and the Defoe characters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1221.51,1225.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you haven't seen this movie when you do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1225.81,1228.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they were presented in the movie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1231.05,1233.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a justice department lawyers in formal terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1233.14,1238.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than as FBI employees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1238.12,1241.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be pretty much accurate on the money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1241.79,1245.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neither of these characters would have lasted three days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1245.13,1249.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in J Edgar Hoover's FBI","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1249.49,1251.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so it's more than stretching history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1251.13,1254.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to present them as in any way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1254.66,1258.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"representative FBI people of the period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1258.53,1261.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1262.42,1263.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I very much sort of wanna put aside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1265.92,1268.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of my sort of historical stickler instincts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1268.85,1273.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and really argue that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1273.04,1275.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the more people that see this the better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1275.64,1278.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think the sense of Mississippi in '64","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1279.99,1284.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it conveys is quite accurate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1285.14,1288.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I shouldn't use her name","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1290.806,1292.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but people that were in Mississippi movement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1292.44,1295.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who have said that to me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1295.93,1298.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're not people I would at all argue it with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1298.53,1303.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think it's all to the 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Roosevelt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1585.848,1589.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Hoover had a exceptionally well-developed sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1590.4,1595.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how to manipulate presence in that regard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1596.55,1601.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Is it true that the FBI had any involvement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1603.6,1605.492"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in assassination of (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1605.492,1607.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No and what I would...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1607.38,1610.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I say this as someone 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it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1651.02,1652.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the question of who had encouraged Ray to do this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1652.18,1656.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did Ray think he would be rewarded 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1702.64,1705.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based around what's called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1706.55,1707.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the National States' Rights Party.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1707.68,1709.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A man who still, if anybody remembers Forsyth County","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1710.69,1714.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from two years ago the little match outside Atlanta","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1714.34,1719.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man who turned up there and who served,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1719.17,1722.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know, I guess three or four years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1722.22,1723.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one church bombing man named J. B. Stoner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1723.51,1727.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't seen Stoner turned up in the press the last year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1727.26,1730.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's one of the great,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1730.449,1732.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe the great unwritten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1732.137,1734.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of modern political police detective 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Atlanta,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1762.42,1764.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, different state patrol forces Alabama","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1764.93,1769.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were really divided 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cops\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1774.51,1778.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of who really wanted to investigate the bombings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1778.33,1781.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and who didn't really want to investigate the bombings, Jane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1781.48,1784.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e At the start of your talk tonight you mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1788.439,1790.622"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the involvement of women in the (murmurs) boycott","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1790.622,1794.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that they have been planning that for a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1794.343,1797.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1797.449,1800.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a congress woman who is also (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1800.393,1802.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I read your 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(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1818.39,1822.378"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think there are two or three parts to that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1822.378,1824.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within SCLC, Southern Christian Leadership 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sexist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1847.01,1850.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't believe women should have any leadership role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=1850.37,1853.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there were just no bones about 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believes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2207.48,2211.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2211.77,2213.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black church biblical Christian heritage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2213.65,2218.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's what one sees,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2218.7,2220.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one also sees this in sort of Christian socialism terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2222.35,2225.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later on with King in an economic context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2225.68,2229.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so there's a coming together if you will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2230.05,2233.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of both King's own development in that direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2233.08,2238.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the students who come out of the Nashville movement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2239.29,2243.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, thank you all very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2246.66,2249.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=2249.053,2252.053"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25210/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/210/original/AV203802_A_History_fo_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_b.vtt?1620122899","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/210/original/AV203802_A_History_fo_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_b.vtt?1620122899"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25211","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203802_A_History_fo_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138/transcript/25211/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Young of the National Urban League. And if you go back and look at the public opinion poll Gallup figures from the spring of 1967, even within black America King's opposition to the war was seen as an undesirable, dangerous stance. And even among the sort of New York Times, Washington Post, Time magazine, Life magazine, mainstream media, the attitude was very explicit that someone like King should stick to civil rights, stick to quote unquote, \"Black issues\" period and not try to speak out on some wider agenda such as Vietnam or such as economic injustice and poverty which became King's second major emphasis in the years after 1965. Similar to the fears that I mentioned twice earlier, I also have the sinking feeling oftentimes particularly at the time of the King birthday every January that the image you are given of King on an annual basis is simply from the, \"I Have a Dream\" speech that the image we are now handed of King is totally one of an opponent of segregation and formal racial discrimination that almost never nowadays do you see footage of King speaking out on Vietnam and on American foreign policy behavior more generally, nor do you see footage of King from those final two or three years of his life speaking out about economic injustice and poverty within the United States. That post 1965, post Selma, post Voting Rights Act. Dr. King is not only a fundamentally more radical and challenging figure than the King you see from the earlier years, but it's also a King whose message is far more immediately and practically relevant even now 20 years later than are the much more narrow much more if you will dated emphases that King had in the period up through 1963. What King finds himself facing in those final 2 1/2 years of his life is a political situation, these would be white America, where he is forced to admit to himself that there is simply very little white interest in addressing economic questions and very little white willingness to acknowledge that the economic circumstances of black life both in the rural south and in the big cities that the economic circumstances into which black America had been placed over the years were far more weighty obstacles to people's real world life chances than formal segregation or legal discrimination. And the difficulty strategically that Dr. King wrestles with again and again and again, in that period from 1965 to 1968 is whether there is any way to build a majority political coalition in this country that could support and advance that type of economic reform economic reform that King in that last year or so of his life repeatedly spoke of as a radical redistribution of economic wealth and power, King's words, not mine. The strength and the depth of change that King was envisioning in that final year and a half of his life, was something that very bluntly he never came up with a strategic answer for how to pursue, and his estimation at the time of his death as to where white America was at was fundamentally very, very pessimistic. And there is really no other single dimension on which one sees a greater change over 12, 13 years time in Dr. King's history than the change one sees in his presuppositions his assumptions about white America. The optimism, the sort of expectant naivete of the 50s and even the early 1960s has really all but vanished. And he is grasping and reaching for some sense of how to create substantial white support for economic justice, not only for black America but for American society more broadly. What I think and this is the point on which I wanna end and leave you with something to think about even though I'm someone who is as an academic sort of fundamentally uncomfortable with hypotheticals of most any story. Where I think doctor Dr. King would have turned would have come had he lived past April of 1968, is that that strategic search for some way of pursuing an economic justice agenda would have brought him back to that southern lesson that I mentioned a few minutes earlier about what was it that first led white southerners however, grudgingly to support racial reform and the elimination of segregation that it was longer term perceptions of economic self-interest what was for best Birmingham, what was best for Atlanta's long-term reputation that it would be that sort of white economics self-interest that he and the activist community would have to appeal to and appeal to in a purely pragmatic way. If we nowadays look at the economic track record of the past 20, 21 years since Dr. King's death with regard to what has happened in black America that overall economic evolution is a fundamentally negative and disappointing story. Because with the exception of a modestly sized and in recessionary times somewhat insecure black middle class, the overall economic experience of black America the past 20 years has been one of relative decline, decline relative to white income, decline relative to white employment and decline most particularly with regard to the growth the ongoing growth of what we all now speak of as the urban underclass. And I think not only from sort of King's perspective is the underclass the issue not just in economic justice terms but the issue in a fundamental all-inclusive societal context that we ought to be talking about and focusing upon in 1989. But that we're King able to look at what has happened these last 20 years that what he would be speaking out about more than anything else would be that need to it dress the underclass issue and to address it not by abstract ethical Gunnar Myrdal type of persuasive appeals, but to argue very bluntly that it's in the long-term economic self-interest of white America and particularly white business big city based Corporate America to deal with this underclass growth and underclass separation from economic involvement economic opportunity in the mainstream of society. And to argue to well off white America that the underclass issue ought to be addressed not simply because it's the best thing to do the ethically correct thing to do but because it's also any your self-interest to tackle that as an issue. And so if one looks, I think both at that economic question and that the whole sort of style and attitude that King brought to his own role and his own teachings and his own emphases especially in those years after 1965, I think there is a very real, very immediate legacy that the history of the movement from the 60s and particularly the history of Dr. King's role in the movement in the 60s leaves for us today. Thank you very much. And I'll be happy I think I was told up until the bottom of the half hour to answer any questions or say a little bit about any thoughts that any of you might have on this or on anything that I didn't directly touch on.\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- I'm curios\r\n\r\n- For \"Eyes on the Prize\".\r\n\r\n- Yeah, the state we're in right now on the next eight shows which will pick up in 1965 with Malcolm and go forward into the 70s is we've put together the rough versions of the first four of the next day. But far and away the hardest part of it which us academics don't have to get our hands dirty with it all is getting the networks and the networks are very difficult and very expensive on this, getting the networks to call through what they have collected to try to assemble it. Now, when you're looking for footage on say Dr. King or Birmingham or Selma that's easy because that was page one news, but if you're looking for footage of the early stages of the Black Panthers in Oakland or even if you're looking for footage of Malcolm in '64, '65, that is much, much harder to get because that was not a sort of major element in mainstream white media consciousness at those times. And so we run into a real problem and I hope this doesn't sound too obscure, we run into a real problem of potentially being not trapped but at least pushed, pushed towards emphasizing those things for which contemporaneous footage exists and sliding those things for which contemporaneous footage doesn't particularly exist. And the example of which I'm most conscious of after this last week or 10 days up in Boston wrestling with these first four shows is how do we visualize Malcolm's the tremendous effect posthumous effect of Malcolm's influence and Malcolm's real influence comes after his assassination in '65. And doing that visually other than simply having some succession of people saying Malcolm was very meaningful to me is very hard to do in a way that's gonna sort of stick with a television audience. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Sure, I said to some of the people earlier that in the eight or nine years that I've been active in all this I've gotten sort of more media phone calls on \"Mississippi Burning\" than on anything ever. I mean, if you track back, I go back I mean my memory goes back to about 1975, 1976 on this stuff. And during the Carter administration, things southern things civil rightsy got a lot more attention than they have at any point since 1980. But \"Mississippi Burning\" by any quantitative measure has gotten more attention than every King Holiday the last three, four years put together. Now having said that let me walk out on the limb here a little bit as I've been doing repeatedly the last month. And fundamentally say that I think the movie is a good and helpful thing. And I say that realizing that about upwards of 85% of my colleagues have been saying very much the opposite. I think that the thing that's gonna stick with people most powerfully when you see that movie people who bring no background or reading of civil rights history to it, is the physical sense of terror that is visually conveyed by that movie. And I think that's gonna come as news to anybody under the age of 35. Now I think the vast majority of the criticism of the movie has been A, it doesn't have black characters and in essence that it is not the story of SNCC Bob Moses, or grassroots black organizing in the deep south. Now, that's all true. And I hope that at some point we get a second major commercial SNCC and the Bob Moses story sort of \"Eyes on the Prize\" perspective presented by Hollywood. But I think it's somewhat unfair of people to criticize Alan Parker and company for having per chance made this rather than having made the story of SNCC. This is a police detective movie and I don't at all view this as an attempt to tell the history of the civil rights movement I think it's one more detective police buddy movie that happens to be set in a civil rights context. And so on the whole, I don't see it as particularly doing any harm. The second point, let me try to do this pretty succinctly the second point which I think has been raised about the movie a good amount is that it unfairly credits the FBI with being important good guys, now in a big picture sense that's a quite correct quite valid criticism. However, it's a little bit harder to make that case with regard to the \"Chaney-Schwerner-Goodman killings\" because the Bureau in its own little flat-footed way did a very good job at breaking that case, breaking it by paying money not by threatening to slice off people's body parts with razorblades for those of you that might already have seen the movie, I saw it on the marquee as some point earlier this afternoon as we came into town. But, the Hackman and the Defoe characters if you haven't seen this movie when you do if they were presented in the movie as a justice department lawyers in formal terms rather than as FBI employees that would be pretty much accurate on the money. Neither of these characters would have lasted three days in J Edgar Hoover's FBI and so it's more than stretching history to present them as in any way representative FBI people of the period. But, I very much sort of wanna put aside all of my sort of historical stickler instincts and really argue that I think the more people that see this the better because I think the sense of Mississippi in '64 that it conveys is quite accurate. And I shouldn't use her name but people that were in Mississippi movement people who have said that to me and they're not people I would at all argue it with. And I think it's all to the good that sense and that feeling of terror that people bring away from it. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- comments made about John Kennedy and FBI, is it based on recent documentary on one reason Hoover could get away with this is because the candidate's behavior, John Kennedy .\r\n\r\n- Yeah, am very... I think that's the wrong emphasis to put on it not because Hoover didn't have that sort of stuff on JFK and not because JFK and RFK didn't know that Hoover had that stuff on JFK, it's very explicit. And the record is very clear that Hoover goes to the White House and says \"Gee, we have all these phone records \"of this Judith Campbell who calls you and you call her.\" So, Kennedy's not in any state of ignorance about what the Bureau knows about is running around the White House pool and the lawn and et cetera, et cetera. And the real scandal, I know this is a tangent, the real scandal in the Campbell thing has nothing to do with sexual involvement cross-sectional sexual involvement it has everything to do with it your knowing you as president are knowingly involved with someone who is also involved with one or more major mafia chieftains, mafia chieftains apart from their involvement in the whole traffic Conte, Castro, Cuba world. Why the Kennedy's were willing to tolerate Hoover's attitude towards the movement and particularly Hoover's targeting of King is that the Kennedy's quite fully accepted both Hoover's belief that the FBI had no protective responsibility for voter registration people or movement activists across the south. And B, that the Kennedy's also agreed quite explicitly with Hoover that communist influence whether upon King or upon other people in the movement was a real life, real world danger. Bobby Kennedy prior to '65 has a worldview that is not fundamentally different from that of the Bureau. And this goes back to RFKs whole history on the McClellan Committee and his brief time with Senator McCarthy, et cetera. The RFK of '67, '68, whom King had tremendous respect and hope for, the RFK of that later period is a quite different figure than the RFK as attorney general because both of the brothers and Burke Marshall and John people who are still alive who worked very closely for both of them will acknowledge this quite freely, frankly. Nowadays both of the brothers and all the people around them shared the fear of the subversive influence around King in SNCC that Hoover in the Bureau kept feeding them. And even when the sort of sexually oriented surveillance of King gets rolling that's known full well by both of the Kennedy brothers and is known in the, all of its full detail by LBJ. And their reluctance to yank Hoover's rope is not based in any large part on some fear of blackmail but is based on both the political as well as the potentially sort of just gossipy enjoyment of the sort of stuff that Hoover followed to them. And the Kennedy's and LBJ were not unique in this regard Hoover had been funneling that sort of stuff on a whole raft of people to the White House going back to early Franklin Roosevelt, and Hoover had a exceptionally well-developed sense of how to manipulate presence in that regard.\r\n\r\n- Is it true that the FBI had any involvement in assassination of\r\n\r\n- No and what I would... I say this as someone who is sort of cynically to the fact that 85% of the world believes that all assassinations is the result of conspiracies. I think the physical evidence that James Earl Ray was the gunmen who shot King is just inescapable and what the House Assassinations Committee inquiry that Walter Fauntroy headed up 10 years ago concluded is in my judgment right on the mark. Ray did it the question of who had encouraged Ray to do this did Ray think he would be rewarded financially or otherwise down the road is simply too cold a trail in terms of who passed away who was, what was unanswerable to really ever be clearly solved. And I say that with regard to King's death and with regard to Ray at the same time that I believe or know full well that a lot of the violence against the movement in the south in terms of various church bombings along with some synagogue bombings in Atlanta were carried out by a very finite well-defined conspiratorial group of people based around what's called the National States' Rights Party. A man who still, if anybody remembers Forsyth County from two years ago the little match outside Atlanta man who turned up there and who served, I don't know, I guess three or four years for one church bombing man named J. B. Stoner. I haven't seen Stoner turned up in the press the last year. But that's one of the great, maybe the great unwritten sort of modern political police detective story is the whole story of Stoner and the people around Stoner and what the sort of honest world of southern cops knew about Stoner but couldn't prove during those years. And it's a fascinating story about how different city police departments, Atlanta, Birmingham, different state patrol forces Alabama were really divided between active Klan sympathizers and quote unquote \"honest cops\" in terms of who really wanted to investigate the bombings and who didn't really want to investigate the bombings, Jane\r\n\r\n- At the start of your talk tonight you mentioned the involvement of women in the boycott and that they have been planning that for a long time. And a congress woman who is also . As I read your book and I became aware in the leadership planning I realized they're major role of women in there and I'd be interested to know your thoughts on why they should not have\r\n\r\n- I think there are two or three parts to that within SCLC, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Dr. King's group, you had an almost purely ministerial male leadership cohort which in both King's case and even more so in the case of some of his colleagues and assistants like Ralph Abernathy and Wyatt Walker was very openly, explicitly sexist. They didn't believe women should have any leadership role and there were just no bones about that. Septima Clark, who was one of the sort of almost I don't know, kind of grandmotherly if that doesn't sound dismissive women in the movement could speak very powerfully about the way in which Abernathy and Walker and those people would say, \"Oh, Mrs. Clark doesn't need to be in this meeting.\" And the other example which I'll use as a bridge to the sort of second part of this picture, Ella Baker who was also a person of longstanding involvement who for a time was executive director of SCLC and who after being basically pushed out of any substantive role in SCLC by King Abernathy and Walker becomes a sort of a major advisory figure to the students in SNCC. And Ms. Baker is a crucial figure maybe the preeminent sort of formative figure for the students in SNCC. But it's an informal as opposed to a sort of organizational spokesperson position in a formal bureaucracy sort of role. And I think, one thing that I said less about than I might have, is the extent to which I think we unreflectively misdefined leadership for ourselves. We assume that leadership is the holding of a formal organizational post having some title and position. And when one looks at the southern movement the actual leadership in terms of who was exerting the most influence on people who were active tends to be people like Mrs. Robinson and Montgomery, Amelia Boynton, an admittedly not well-known name in Selma, Fannie Lou Hamer, and I hope more people will recognize from Mississippi and Bob Moses and other people from SNCC who thought of themselves as stimulators rather than as order issuers. And it's when you look at the sort of cohort of people around SNCC that you see a much more sizeable egalitarian representation of women. Diane Nash, whom if any of you have seen show three of \"Eyes on the Prize\" you may remember who's a very sort of superb speaker and a really sort of memorable presence. Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson who died fairly early on '66, '67, who was very active in SNCC. And so, there were some permutations exceptions to that probably one more and then I should...\r\n\r\n- we're gonna have a reception too.\r\n\r\n- Okay, Let me, sure.\r\n\r\n- spoke about how he use to remember the night before demonstration sitting down And I was wondering your relationship what you were saying about King coming to that later I think some of the students\r\n\r\n- The students who came out of Nashville which is where John came out of, Diane Nash, Jim Bevel Bernard Lafayette, and others, the students who came out of Nashville were much more schooled in the thinking of non-violence than anybody else who came into the movement. They were schooled largely by a young minister named Jim Lawson, who would later turns up in Memphis as the guy that invites Dr. King to Memphis. And Lawson's heritage, Lawson had been to India Lawson was sort of fundamentally Gandhian sort of person, Lawson's on the Nashville students is very important and the Nashville students then become to a considerable extent the sort of initial intellectual core of SNCC and they find a receptiveness on their part to King, King in the late 50s himself has been influenced very heavily by first Bayard Rustin and second almost as importantly by minister from the Fellowship of Reconciliation named Glenn Smiley. And it's really what happens with King with regard to non-violence this is true of a lot of the way King adopted ideas and used language, non-violence in the sort of Gandhian Thoreauvian type of literature is something that King adopts because it's another way of articulating principles and ideas that he already believes out of his black church biblical Christian heritage. And that's what one sees, one also sees this in sort of Christian socialism terms later on with King in an economic context. And so there's a coming together if you will on the part of both King's own development in that direction and the students who come out of the Nashville movement. Well, thank you all very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40499/file/112138#t=0.0,2264.18939"}]}]}]}