{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/fq9q23rm6t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Schneider, Stephen Henry, Climate - Human Affairs"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eClimate-Human Affairs. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on access.\u003c/p\u003e (access)","\u003cp\u003eThis item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, thank you for coming tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=7.67,9.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the engineering week 1978 keynote address.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=9.41,13.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our speaker tonight is Dr. Stephen Henry Schneider.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=13.44,17.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He currently lives in Boulder, Colorado.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=17.75,20.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1966","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=21.24,24.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Columbia University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=24.79,27.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He received his master's in 1967 from the Senior Institution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=27.05,31.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then he received his doctorate in 1971","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=31.36,34.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Columbia University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=34.17,35.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is currently the scientist and deputy head","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=37.28,40.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Climate Project for The National Center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=40.49,42.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=42.69,46.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has many publications in his active","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=46.56,48.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and numerous national organizations and advisory boards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=48.7,52.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's a current book The Genesis Strategy: Climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=52.74,56.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Global Survival is selling well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=56.6,60.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His talk tonight is on Climate Food Production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=60.81,64.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Energy in Future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=64.12,65.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Schneider.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=65.97,66.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=77.54,80.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I have to call the publisher and find out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=80.04,82.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually it's my second visit to Iowa state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=83.37,87.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except this time I had an experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=87.41,89.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with one of the distinguished Iowa citizens at noon today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=89.99,93.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I met Floppy the Puppet and I understand that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=93.22,97.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was the way that to get the best way to get engineers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=97.54,101.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come to a talk is to promote it on Floppy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=101.49,103.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's what I was told, (laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=103.89,106.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyhow, tonight we will talk about a number of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=108.1,110.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of it will have to do with engineering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=110.87,113.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm a climatologist, that's somebody who studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=113.27,115.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the climate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=115.62,116.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, obviously I will be unable to avoid talking about that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=116.75,121.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you also wanna talk to 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work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=126.36,128.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some things we've learned about the climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=128.61,130.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which relates to engineering namely, how to produce food","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=130.68,134.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's the amount of energy one needs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=134.13,137.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then finally, we'll come back to what I 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put","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=167.97,170.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the air now are more than just an argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=170.72,173.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between an environmentalist and an industrialist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=173.24,175.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but actually could affect climate as you'll see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=175.38,177.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people in this part of the world know certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=177.64,179.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how important weather and climate could be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=179.64,182.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I mostly have slides to show you to try to keep focused.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=182.25,186.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't see any notes and that's not that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=186.96,189.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I have memorized the talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=189.6,191.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or providing a complete act","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=191.29,193.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but because the slide serves them for me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=193.74,195.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hopefully it will give you something to remember other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=195.99,198.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than just seeing this talking face at the front of the room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=198.86,202.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if we can have the lights down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=202.4,203.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the projector up, we can start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=203.987,205.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I understand there's a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=207.3,208.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and answer period afterwards but if anybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=208.54,211.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has an absolutely burning informational type question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=211.9,216.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the presentation, feel free to chime in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=216.1,218.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if we have too much discussion during it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=218.98,220.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll never get to the question and answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=220.92,223.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, now one of the first things you learned about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=223.0,226.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in engineering is signal to noise problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=226.52,228.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at the moment the light noise is larger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=228.52,230.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the light signal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=230.54,231.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if we can get the lights in the front out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=231.85,234.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would help, just anybody know how to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=234.2,237.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, It looks like we need more than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=237.26,240.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well in any case, the first slide is not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=241.94,244.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, there's a very good example of cutting back noise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=247.57,250.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first slide is one that I took actually in Berkeley","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=254.72,257.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not far from the university last year when I was there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=257.5,261.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's a picture actually the carousel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=261.78,263.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you can see down toward the bottom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=263.76,265.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not that I'm here only to show you a carousel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=266.69,269.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though some of this talk will appear to some of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=269.08,271.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be a bit of a whirlwind but it's because of the sign,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=271.06,274.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw above it and it just says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=274.51,276.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you can see open Saturday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=276.29,277.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Sunday, 10:00 AM weather permitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=277.77,281.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's something that many of us take for granted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=281.12,283.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weather permitting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=283.57,284.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We live in houses and we don't particularly worry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=284.77,286.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what the temperature is outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=286.84,288.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thermostat works on it automatically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=288.37,290.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the only way we find out if it's been a cold winter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=290.47,293.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in our heating bill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=293.1,294.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in this region in particular where farming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=294.69,297.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a major industry, we know that weather 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supply,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=303.14,306.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it affects health and it affects other factors too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=306.39,310.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, in the east this year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=310.23,311.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a fair amount of snow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=311.87,313.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I remember I was back east and was being asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=313.86,316.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a number of reporters if the ice age was coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=316.87,320.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in view of their major snowstorms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=320.27,321.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, in the next slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=321.74,323.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I took in New York in February of this past year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=323.52,326.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can see they had a fair degree of snow there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=329.25,332.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, is it so unusual to get 220 inch snow storms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=332.02,335.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the winter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=335.61,336.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does it mean the ice age is coming?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=336.47,339.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I remember discussing this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=339.07,341.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, I think it was with a television news reporter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=341.65,344.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he said, \"but we've never had traffic jams like this.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=344.29,346.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I asked him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=346.69,347.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"well, imagine a nice beautiful spring day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=347.66,351.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were no accidents on the highways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=351.69,353.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sun is shining, no one is complaining,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=353.88,356.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the roads free?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=357.26,358.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, they're completely jammed up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=358.7,360.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the best of times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=360.29,361.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now you get a snowstorm but takes away two out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=361.47,363.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of three lanes and you have none an ice age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=363.84,366.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you have the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=366.97,367.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with what's called carrying capacity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=367.96,369.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've exceeded the ability of the system to absorb","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=369.33,372.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that kind of snowstorm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=372.85,373.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have any what we would call","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=373.98,375.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an engineering sense resilience in the system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=375.6,378.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a way it's the same thing in New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=378.12,380.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't a 40 inch snow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=381.394,383.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's just what the snowplow plowed up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=383.53,385.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because when it went down the street,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=385.36,386.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it filled up along the sides and the cars got buried.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=386.76,389.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, so the cars got buried that wasn't so serious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=389.76,392.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next picture shows you something a little more serious,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=392.19,394.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it took a month and a half before the 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street","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=398.32,400.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to pile up snow on top of the product cost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=400.84,403.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the ones that weren't product could go down the 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picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=409.38,412.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could show you pictures of Buffalo and other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=412.35,414.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the real point is a simple one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=414.52,417.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not just the weather that affects us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=417.07,419.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although the weather certainly affects us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=419.83,422.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's also true that how we're prepared to deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=422.26,425.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the extremes of the weather is gonna tell us as much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=425.84,428.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how severely will be impacted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=428.62,431.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as how severe weather extreme will be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=431.23,433.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have a drought and you've got good irrigation water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=433.55,436.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly you're not going to be hurt as badly as if you don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=436.81,439.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or if you have high winds and you don't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=439.71,442.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every acre ploughed, you'll lose less soil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=442.31,444.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you do so again, every time we talk later on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=444.67,449.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about engineering to protect ourselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=449.56,452.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to recognize that when nature gives us extremes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=452.55,455.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how it hits us depends upon how we're prepared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=455.98,459.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, that one can never resist a book plug.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=459.18,461.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Genesis Strategy needs simply that building hedges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=461.62,465.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into your system, being prepared to absorb extremes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=465.97,469.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not a brilliant new idea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=469.41,472.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's I think an old one from Joseph in Egypt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=472.54,476.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who in the book of Genesis, of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=476.0,477.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warn the Pharaoh of the seven lean years to follow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=477.54,480.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the seven fat ones and his strategy then was a food reserve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=480.35,483.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and while that's a fair amount about what I talk about today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=483.79,486.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with modern technology and modern engineering devices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=486.88,489.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not just food that we're talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=489.2,491.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also water and energy reserves and trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=491.02,493.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a lot of factors basically it raises the question again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=493.97,498.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's the appropriate amount of technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=498.0,500.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and management that we need to deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=500.19,502.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with environmental variability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=502.08,503.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well in New York, that particular snowstorm,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=503.94,506.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the most appropriate technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=506.33,508.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is on the next slide, I remember this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=508.29,510.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were getting around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=511.82,513.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the least amount of trouble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=513.07,514.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even though these were children playing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=516.03,518.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recall being in New Vienna this past winter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=518.74,523.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and literally people drag their 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climate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=528.89,530.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So now appropriateness again, depends upon where you are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=530.43,533.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what kind of extreme you're trying deal 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age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=541.32,543.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I first thought it might be appropriate just to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=543.02,545.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of you what a ice age really look like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=545.3,548.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There on this picture, this shows the maximum extent of ice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=548.25,553.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the northern hemisphere during the recent glacial ages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=553.06,557.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now a glacial age means that there's a lot of ice on earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=557.14,560.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've come to refer to an ice age not as the absence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=560.74,565.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or presence of ice but an ice age is when the ice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=565.19,568.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in extreme value even in between the ice ages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=568.29,572.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what we call interglacials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=572.08,574.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or climatic optimum periods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=574.21,577.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's still ice, it still sits on the Greenland continent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=577.67,581.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on the Antarctic continent, we don't see it here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=581.36,584.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's always sea ice that means the ocean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=584.92,587.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that covers the north 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icebergs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=593.38,596.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which fall off the Greenland continent made famous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=596.59,599.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since the Titanic, but they're there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=599.76,602.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the winter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=602.45,603.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the northern hemisphere they cover about 5%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=603.67,606.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the surface on the earth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=606.4,608.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a fairly extensive coverage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=608.17,609.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the summer, they melt back to about 2 or 3%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=609.62,614.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as a result of that ice, we've got it floats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=614.65,618.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and comes and goes and then the land ice sits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=618.33,621.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if the ice that's floating on that ocean melts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=621.82,626.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it isn't gonna raise the sea level any more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=626.69,629.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than if an ice cube in your martini,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=629.01,631.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you like that analogy melts it doesn't go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=631.6,633.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make it pour over the side,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=633.68,635.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply because that ice cube or that floating ice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=635.89,639.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is already displaced it's white water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=639.93,641.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and already caused the sea level to rise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=641.83,644.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if there's ice on the continent, as you can 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water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=650.05,653.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not floating on the water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=653.34,655.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not floating on the ocean rather,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=655.793,657.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're sitting on the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=657.38,658.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So therefore the volume of water involved in the ice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=658.96,662.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the continents is not displacing it's weight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=662.96,665.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the oceans so if it melts, it raises the sea level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=665.86,669.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and conversely, if it builds up as in an ice age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=669.09,672.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you can see the glaciers come all the way down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=672.94,675.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right around to Wisconsin and almost where Iowa is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=675.91,679.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the opposite happens and sea levels are very 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ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=687.04,691.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had its maximum and it disappeared more or less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=691.04,693.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 10,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=693.21,695.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The sea level was tens of meters lower than it is today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=695.06,699.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there was a time when the sea 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melted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=711.32,712.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it could raise the sea level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=712.85,714.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All I think the number is something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=714.05,715.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like 60 or 70 meters nearly 200 feet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=715.59,718.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that would certainly have 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possibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=726.03,728.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which direction we're going in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=728.23,729.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let's go onto the next 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climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=740.2,743.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's something you say when you're not quite sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=743.24,745.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what you've got, you say generalized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=745.5,748.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what we have here are some estimates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=748.39,750.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what the temperature was like on a bunch of 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occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=787.1,789.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like about 8,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=789.29,791.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you go to the panel that's next over to the left,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=791.89,795.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll see, 30,000 years and there's this warm period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=795.4,799.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 5 to 10,000 years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=799.01,801.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we call that the climatic optimum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=801.03,803.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, in fact, people believe that civilization 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Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=809.94,812.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we know that at that time it was wetter only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=812.76,814.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the in the desert regions when it was 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climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=906.87,909.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you'll see why later, some people are better off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=909.21,912.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some people are worse 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ice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=918.83,921.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but small warmings and small coolings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=921.25,923.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not clear who wins and who 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them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1041.09,1043.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sunspots and done other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1043.31,1045.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you do that, you sometimes have some 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bloom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1055.6,1057.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they were the dates that the emperor went to see them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1057.46,1060.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if that correlates with sunspots, perhaps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1060.34,1063.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have a problem, we don't have measurements directly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1063.75,1067.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to use proxy records and we do need to know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1067.26,1069.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the climate used to be like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1069.92,1071.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to guess, not only what it might be in the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1071.63,1074.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to figure out what humans might be doing to it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1074.97,1078.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's the bottom line of what we're getting to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1078.32,1081.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is our engineering beginning to affect the climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1081.51,1083.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if it is, can we engineer our way out of it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1083.677,1085.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's as I said earlier is the question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1085.89,1087.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're be aiming at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1087.75,1088.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have a hint about how the patterns have evolved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1088.81,1092.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and now we have to try to be more specific.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1092.54,1095.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To be more specific, we go to the last panel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1095.87,1098.047"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's the one in the upper left","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1098.047,1100.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's it's the air temperature measured","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1100.24,1101.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the last hundred years in the thermometers of the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1101.96,1105.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least in this case, the northern hemisphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1105.73,1108.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you'll see a warming trend from about 1880 to about 1950","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1108.57,1113.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then a cooling trend for about the middle of the 1960s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1113.36,1116.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's been happening in the last 20 or so years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1116.66,1120.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least 10 years is not as clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1120.7,1122.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, I was thinking I might ask you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1123.86,1125.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how many people here think that right now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1126.94,1130.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the global climate is warming?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1130.6,1132.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No hands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1133.78,1134.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How many think it's cooling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1135.92,1137.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Always works that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1138.97,1140.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that about three-fourths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1140.93,1142.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the people think that it's a cooling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1142.54,1144.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's essentially roughly proportional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1144.35,1147.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the size of the headlines each condition gets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1147.17,1150.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The real answer is that we don't know which it's doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1150.49,1153.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the reason we don't know which it's doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1153.502,1155.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last 5 to 10 years is literally billions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1155.11,1159.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and billions of bits of information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1159.94,1162.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"measurements from thermometers all over the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1162.76,1165.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from satellites, from airplanes and ships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1165.08,1168.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it takes something like 5 to 10 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1168.92,1171.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before all that information is assembled,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1171.68,1173.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put on computer tape, averaged out to tell us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1173.92,1176.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it's warming or cooling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1176.16,1177.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The best we can do is take a look at a few hundred records,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1177.6,1181.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isolated around the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1181.68,1183.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them in the oceans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1183.78,1185.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two and three thermometers representing a whole ocean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1185.33,1188.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's a very dangerous way to guess trends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1188.69,1193.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when we do that, it suggests by the way that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1193.47,1196.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that cooling trend bottomed out around 1968 to 1972","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1196.22,1200.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depending on what part of the northern hemisphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1200.85,1202.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are in and it started back up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1202.54,1204.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we really can't be too sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1204.67,1206.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can't be too sure for the reason I 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panel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1218.49,1220.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was about a degree and a half cooling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1220.7,1222.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this period known as the little ice age in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1222.61,1225.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that even if it's still cooling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1225.58,1227.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're still not a very severe event relative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1227.56,1230.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to what we've had in the last few hundred years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1230.41,1233.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in any case, very typical the sorts of 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background,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1240.24,1243.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the signal to noise problem was communications engineers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1243.23,1246.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that we'll have to judge what humans are doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1246.09,1249.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One more point, notice that the graph is plotted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1249.29,1253.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the upper left as a Delta T and most of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1253.96,1257.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are in engineering or related to it know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1257.47,1259.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Delta means a change, so it's a change in temperature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1259.153,1263.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there is something like six-tenths of a degree warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1263.6,1266.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the last, well from the mid 1950 say to 1880","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1266.75,1271.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and first of all, that doesn't seem like very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1272.36,1274.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll see you in a minute that that can be important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1274.79,1277.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but first, why have they plotted to the Delta T,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1277.18,1279.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why didn't they plot it as temperature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1279.45,1281.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the absolute temperature in the hemisphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1281.91,1284.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a funny reason for that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1284.09,1285.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not usually widely known.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1285.63,1287.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure you've probably seen that picture before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1287.29,1290.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though you haven't noticed it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1290.64,1291.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's been in a lot of newspaper and magazine 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hemisphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1297.71,1299.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the temperature of the thermometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1299.47,1300.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Northern 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1305.28,1307.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'd find out that it comes out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1307.34,1308.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 9 and 10 degrees Celsius and I should be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1308.67,1313.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to convert that to Fahrenheit 50 something like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1313.48,1318.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mean temperature of the planet on the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1318.99,1321.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not 9 to 10 but about 15 degrees Celsius,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1321.74,1324.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"57 degrees F.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1324.67,1326.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's the difference?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1327.8,1328.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The difference is that most of the thermometers exist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1328.633,1330.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all attitudes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1330.7,1331.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the technologically advanced countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1331.81,1334.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the northern hemisphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1334.3,1335.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that vast areas of Pacific Ocean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1335.84,1338.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the tropics are uncovered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1338.58,1340.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So therefore it's not really a 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are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1351.04,1354.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the reason for giving you all this detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1354.35,1356.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to point out just how difficult it is to tell you even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1356.34,1359.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the now cast is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1359.46,1361.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is what the global climate is like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1361.22,1363.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when we try to predict the future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1364.4,1365.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have an even greater degree of uncertainty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1365.84,1368.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fortunately, in the last 10 years we've had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1368.55,1371.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two very major technological inventions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1371.45,1376.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least they were invented long before that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1376.14,1378.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but which have come into the fore in the last 10 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1378.98,1381.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"namely computers and satellites both of which give us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1381.9,1385.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a better than birds eye view of the planet and the energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1385.21,1389.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that comes in and out and a way to measure its temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1389.46,1392.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also we have the computers to store the data, Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1392.31,1396.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I've mentioned a little,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1400.11,1401.266"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I say it's just as an interesting thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1401.266,1402.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a very pre-computer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1402.6,1404.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's one way we also reconstruct the climate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1404.48,1406.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we look at history and art, and here's a cover print","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1406.093,1410.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called Frozen Tennis from 1684 During the Little Ice Age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1410.12,1413.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the tennis was frozen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1413.5,1414.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're about 10 times more frequently data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1414.7,1416.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than it had been in the previous two decades","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1416.34,1418.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in fact, than it has been in the next few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1418.46,1421.241"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem is you can't really compare it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1421.241,1422.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the next few decades, it's not just a temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1422.9,1425.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tells you whether the tennis freezes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1425.73,1427.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the stream flow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1427.65,1429.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and since there are lots of dams upstream,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1429.04,1431.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that changes the stream flow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1431.53,1432.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and since they were power plants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1432.83,1434.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dumping heat thermal pollution into the waters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1434.1,1436.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can't use a comparison but it certainly does tell us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1436.55,1440.001"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the little ice age was a cold period relative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1440.001,1442.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to what it was before that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1442.07,1443.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are other indicators too as we'll see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1444.32,1446.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, this is a very interesting slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1449.8,1452.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there'll be two of them and we'll hold the second one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1452.55,1454.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a minute until we can point out some features","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1454.93,1457.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1457.01,1457.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a photograph taken in 1966","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1457.99,1460.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the French town of Argentière.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1460.81,1462.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Argentière Glacier up at the top,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1462.82,1465.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can see the glacier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1465.456,1466.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh about two church steeples worth above it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1466.67,1470.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's a measure of the climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1470.69,1474.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and It's interesting to note that about a hundred years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1474.96,1478.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The global or this hemispheric temperature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1478.93,1481.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"despite all of the problems I told you in estimating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1481.98,1484.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was something like one degree Celsius cooler.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1484.84,1488.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A seemingly small number but it's interesting to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1488.14,1491.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that seemingly small numbers for long-term climates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1491.76,1494.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can have very important political consequences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1494.96,1497.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in a marginal area like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1497.51,1500.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you look at that church steeple, look at the glacier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1500.05,1502.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll show you another photograph","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1502.97,1504.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but an etching made a hundred years earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1504.57,1506.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the same scene when the temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1506.82,1509.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was maybe a degree cooler on the hemispheric basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1509.26,1512.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can see that next.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1512.48,1513.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See how the ice here just comes right down to the plane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1515.69,1518.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the town and in fact, it probably put the town there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1518.28,1522.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I always notice I never can help noticing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1522.39,1525.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whenever I see this picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1525.53,1527.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the town also looks the same today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1527.21,1530.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it did a hundred years ago and as if 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church,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1535.33,1537.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we should knock it down and put in a target.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1537.73,1540.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, certainly I'm not trying to say 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Chicago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1551.26,1554.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and curing the problems with revenue sharing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1554.62,1556.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes as you've heard thousands of 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today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1561.47,1565.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the point that really comes through is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1565.917,1569.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in areas especially in marginal area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1569.71,1571.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a marginal area means that a small change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1571.97,1574.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the average conditions leads to a large response.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1574.75,1578.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're in a dry area, small increase in drying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1578.04,1581.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can eliminate the ability to grow a crop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1581.62,1583.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you live in an area which has a marginal growing season","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1583.81,1586.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like small shortening can eliminate the ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1586.27,1589.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to grow that crop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1589.74,1590.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, if you could live in a mountain town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1590.91,1592.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at the northern end,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1592.34,1593.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a small change in temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1593.25,1594.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can mean a growth in a glacier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1594.65,1596.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll find that when the climate changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1596.35,1598.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said some people are better off than some are worse off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1598.11,1600.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the people who change most are the 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edge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1605.23,1606.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, at the southern end of the corn belt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1606.97,1610.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be the ones who'd be hurt most by a warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1610.47,1613.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the rain belt would move northward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1613.47,1615.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or people at the northern end would be hurt most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1615.52,1617.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by cooling because of slight shortening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1617.61,1619.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the growing season would make their climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1619.49,1621.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not seem slightly different, but radically different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1621.52,1624.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the activities they were trying to pursue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1624.23,1626.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that message really is the main one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1626.6,1628.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that comes from this graph.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1628.063,1629.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let's go and take a look now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1631.91,1634.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at some questions about food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1634.4,1636.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, that will be part of it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1636.68,1638.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is a graph, which I took","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1638.14,1641.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Lloyd Thompson right here in Iowa state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1641.41,1644.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I took it from him about four to five years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1644.51,1649.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you see it says solar cycle and drought in Nebraska","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1649.29,1653.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you see about every other solar cycle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1653.74,1656.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's been a drought and since it was 1973,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1656.07,1658.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I took this graph, there was a question mark,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1658.51,1661.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there were some dots that sunspots have gone back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1661.66,1666.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to not only for that line but back up again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1666.12,1670.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there was some severe although fairly short periods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1670.03,1674.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of drought in this region and there was some 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divide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1679.35,1682.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1682.46,1683.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody knows why, nobody really understands the connection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1683.58,1687.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between sunspots and drought and there's even question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1687.79,1691.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to whether it's an accident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1691.29,1692.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of my favorite studies that's been done here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1692.9,1696.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was published in 1937 and a book called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1696.08,1699.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Sunspots and It's Effects\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1699.417,1700.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a man named Harlan True Stetson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1700.95,1703.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the next slide shows you the quality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1703.78,1705.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of the work that's been done in sunspots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1705.58,1708.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is the correlation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1708.25,1711.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you could just focus the top","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1711.05,1712.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the sunspot number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1712.22,1713.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Dow Jones Stock Market Average.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1714.96,1719.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the sunspot number and the wine vintages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1720.47,1724.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently it says 29 was a very good year for wine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1724.34,1727.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, this has not been a good enough year for book sales","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1727.84,1730.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for me to be able to afford any 29 automobiles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1730.64,1735.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, are these accidents or are they related?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1735.14,1737.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, how does one know, in fact in the next slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1737.5,1740.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my favorite one is right there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1740.27,1743.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the one on the right hand side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1743.47,1746.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the correlation between the sunspot numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1746.19,1750.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the bunny rabbit population in Central England.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1750.15,1752.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1753.838,1755.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know what people say about bunnies one I could say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1755.1,1756.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about some of this but the fact is we don't really know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1756.66,1761.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the extent to which this is nonsense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1761.01,1762.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunate, it's given the field of bad name","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1762.98,1765.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the real problem is if you try to call it something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1765.54,1769.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that changes especially something on the sun","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1769.41,1771.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll see in a few minutes that the sun","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1771.74,1773.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is what drives our climate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1773.43,1774.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We try to correlate that to something on earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1774.95,1777.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're bound to find some correlations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1777.2,1780.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I take a coin out of pocket","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1780.0,1781.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I flip it a hundred times, sometime in that a hundred,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1781.9,1785.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've got a fair chance of getting a five or eight heads","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1785.14,1788.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a row as we had five 22 droughts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1788.36,1791.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the question is, is that a loaded coin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1791.12,1793.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or are we just lucky?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1793.01,1794.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, the question is, have we had these droughts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1794.32,1797.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or are we lucky?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1797.59,1798.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think by lucky, I mean is just an accident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1798.72,1802.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it a statistical quirk?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1802.7,1804.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the answer is still remains unknown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1804.97,1806.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although I think the evidence is fairly strong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1806.71,1809.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that there's a connection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1809.27,1811.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we still have no idea why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1811.13,1812.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And again, if you're getting the impression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1813.87,1816.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a lot of uncertainty, I want you to have that impression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1816.45,1819.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's against that background that would begin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1819.35,1821.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see that humans are now getting into the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1821.29,1823.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first little bit more about food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1823.93,1825.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh yeah and part of growing food is having water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1827.91,1830.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I went up hiking last year in September","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1830.98,1833.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the nearby mountains, about 30 minutes drive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1833.68,1837.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from where I live in Boulder and hiked up to like Isabel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1837.58,1842.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my fishing rod planning to have trout for dinner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1842.04,1845.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what I found and as many of you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1845.24,1849.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've had had two years of severe drought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1849.15,1850.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rocky mountains and if we had had a third one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1850.79,1854.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have been virtually out of water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1854.02,1856.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in Denver, in many other areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1856.32,1858.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and already agricultural use of water was severely cut back,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1858.82,1862.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fortunately, we had a good snow pack last year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1862.92,1866.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we've had a very dry hot summer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1866.0,1868.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's the reservoirs are back down again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1868.32,1870.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we have to hope for another good year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1870.57,1872.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that brings up questions of food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1872.99,1876.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, here's some graphs which are old,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1876.82,1878.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're deliberately old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1878.73,1880.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These show changing pattern of world grain trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1880.07,1882.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and probably engineering is economics too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1883.99,1887.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and part of economics is trade and I show them up to 1973","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1887.0,1890.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and later on, I'm gonna show you the more recent results","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1890.93,1894.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's a story involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1894.6,1895.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The last time I was here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1895.93,1897.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, I think I used this very slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1897.11,1899.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was arguing for what I then call a Genesis Strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1899.62,1902.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the last three or four years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1902.94,1904.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several things have happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1904.3,1905.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let's trace the history of this argument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1905.33,1908.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, Dean Thompson was right in the middle of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1908.09,1911.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having had many many communications,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1911.51,1913.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a whole chapter in here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1913.41,1915.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the then secretary of agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1915.08,1916.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Earl Butz and others urging that one consider the dangers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1916.76,1921.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of bad weather years on changing the yields","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1922.17,1927.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of especially corn and wheat and soy beans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=1927.99,1931.94"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28939/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/939/original/AV168029_Climate__Human_Affairs_a.vtt?1622849960","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/939/original/AV168029_Climate__Human_Affairs_a.vtt?1622849960"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28940","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168029_Climate__Human_Affairs_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760/transcript/28940/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Okay, thank you for coming tonight for the engineering week 1978 keynote address. Our speaker tonight is Dr. Stephen Henry Schneider. He currently lives in Boulder, Colorado. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1966 from Columbia University. He received his master's in 1967 from the Senior Institution and then he received his doctorate in 1971 from Columbia University. He is currently the scientist and deputy head of the Climate Project for The National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. He has many publications in his active and numerous national organizations and advisory boards. He's a current book The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival is selling well. His talk tonight is on Climate Food Production and Energy in Future. Dr. Schneider.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, it's always a pleasure to find out your book is selling well. Now I have to call the publisher and find out, actually it's my second visit to Iowa state except this time I had an experience with one of the distinguished Iowa citizens at noon today, I met Floppy the Puppet and I understand that that was the way that to get the best way to get engineers to come to a talk is to promote it on Floppy, that's what I was told, Anyhow, tonight we will talk about a number of things and some of it will have to do with engineering. I'm a climatologist, that's somebody who studies the climate. So, obviously I will be unable to avoid talking about that but you also wanna talk to you about some things we've learned about the climate from engineering type work and some things we've learned about the climate which relates to engineering namely, how to produce food and it's the amount of energy one needs and then finally, we'll come back to what I think is the most interesting and important question. Sometimes the byproducts of engineering are not always good and illusion being the obvious example and we'll ask the question later at the end, as the quality of life that we've improved through our engineering continue to improve to all levels of engineering or are there some stages when the byproducts of what we do raise questions about that very quality of life and how that ties back to climate. You'll see it cause some of the pollutants that we put in the air now are more than just an argument between an environmentalist and an industrialist but actually could affect climate as you'll see, and people in this part of the world know certainly how important weather and climate could be. And I mostly have slides to show you to try to keep focused. You don't see any notes and that's not that because I have memorized the talk or providing a complete act but because the slide serves them for me and hopefully it will give you something to remember other than just seeing this talking face at the front of the room. So if we can have the lights down and the projector up, we can start. I understand there's a question and answer period afterwards but if anybody has an absolutely burning informational type question during the presentation, feel free to chime in but if we have too much discussion during it and we'll never get to the question and answer. Okay, now one of the first things you learned about in engineering is signal to noise problem and at the moment the light noise is larger than the light signal. So if we can get the lights in the front out that would help, just anybody know how to do that. Okay, It looks like we need more than that. Well in any case, the first slide is not, Oh, there's a very good example of cutting back noise. The first slide is one that I took actually in Berkeley not far from the university last year when I was there and it's a picture actually the carousel as you can see down toward the bottom and it's not that I'm here only to show you a carousel, even though some of this talk will appear to some of you to be a bit of a whirlwind but it's because of the sign, I saw above it and it just says, as you can see open Saturday and Sunday, 10:00 AM weather permitting and that's something that many of us take for granted, weather permitting. We live in houses and we don't particularly worry about what the temperature is outside. The thermostat works on it automatically and the only way we find out if it's been a cold winter is in our heating bill. But in this region in particular where farming is a major industry, we know that weather permitting is a very serious and important consequence and it's not just farming but also affects water supply, it affects health and it affects other factors too. For example, in the east this year, there was a fair amount of snow and I remember I was back east and was being asked by a number of reporters if the ice age was coming in view of their major snowstorms, in fact, in the next slide which I took in New York in February of this past year, you can see they had a fair degree of snow there. Now, is it so unusual to get 220 inch snow storms in the winter? Does it mean the ice age is coming? And I remember discussing this. In fact, I think it was with a television news reporter and he said, \"but we've never had traffic jams like this.\" and I asked him, I said, \"well, imagine a nice beautiful spring day, there were no accidents on the highways, the sun is shining, no one is complaining, are the roads free?\" I mean, they're completely jammed up under the best of times. Now you get a snowstorm but takes away two out of three lanes and you have none an ice age but you have the problem with what's called carrying capacity, you've exceeded the ability of the system to absorb that kind of snowstorm. We don't have any what we would call an engineering sense resilience in the system and in a way it's the same thing in New York. It wasn't a 40 inch snow, that's just what the snowplow plowed up because when it went down the street, it filled up along the sides and the cars got buried. Well, so the cars got buried that wasn't so serious. The next picture shows you something a little more serious, it took a month and a half before the garbage could get collected because all the snowplows about plowing up, driving down the street in order to pile up snow on top of the product cost. So the ones that weren't product could go down the street and the question though is really a very significant one that comes out from this kind Of a picture. I could show you pictures of Buffalo and other things but the real point is a simple one, It's not just the weather that affects us although the weather certainly affects us but it's also true that how we're prepared to deal with the extremes of the weather is gonna tell us as much about how severely will be impacted as how severe weather extreme will be. If you have a drought and you've got good irrigation water, clearly you're not going to be hurt as badly as if you don't or if you have high winds and you don't have every acre ploughed, you'll lose less soil and if you do so again, every time we talk later on about engineering to protect ourselves, you have to recognize that when nature gives us extremes, how it hits us depends upon how we're prepared. In fact, that one can never resist a book plug. The Genesis Strategy needs simply that building hedges into your system, being prepared to absorb extremes and it's not a brilliant new idea, it's I think an old one from Joseph in Egypt who in the book of Genesis, of course, warn the Pharaoh of the seven lean years to follow the seven fat ones and his strategy then was a food reserve and while that's a fair amount about what I talk about today with modern technology and modern engineering devices, it's not just food that we're talking about but also water and energy reserves and trade and a lot of factors basically it raises the question again, what's the appropriate amount of technology and management that we need to deal with environmental variability. Well in New York, that particular snowstorm, I think the most appropriate technology is on the next slide, I remember this and they were getting around with the least amount of trouble and even though these were children playing, I recall being in New Vienna this past winter and literally people drag their groceries behind them on sleds that wasn't very appropriate technology for that kind of climate. So now appropriateness again, depends upon where you are and what kind of extreme you're trying deal with. Okay, if we can move on with the slides, we'll get back. I mentioned the word ice age, so I first thought it might be appropriate just to show some of you what a ice age really look like. There on this picture, this shows the maximum extent of ice in the northern hemisphere during the recent glacial ages. Now a glacial age means that there's a lot of ice on earth. We've come to refer to an ice age not as the absence or presence of ice but an ice age is when the ice is in extreme value even in between the ice ages and that's what we call interglacials or climatic optimum periods. There's still ice, it still sits on the Greenland continent and on the Antarctic continent, we don't see it here. There's always sea ice that means the ocean that covers the north pole and much of it down into the North Atlantic is covered with sea ice and frequently with icebergs which fall off the Greenland continent made famous since the Titanic, but they're there and in the winter, in the northern hemisphere they cover about 5% of the surface on the earth, that's a fairly extensive coverage. In the summer, they melt back to about 2 or 3% and as a result of that ice, we've got it floats and comes and goes and then the land ice sits. Now, if the ice that's floating on that ocean melts, it isn't gonna raise the sea level any more than if an ice cube in your martini, if you like that analogy melts it doesn't go to make it pour over the side, simply because that ice cube or that floating ice is already displaced it's white water and already caused the sea level to rise. But if there's ice on the continent, as you can see where it says continental ice sheets, those big blocks of ice contain water, they're not floating on the water, they're not floating on the ocean rather, they're sitting on the land. So therefore the volume of water involved in the ice on the continents is not displacing it's weight in the oceans so if it melts, it raises the sea level and conversely, if it builds up as in an ice age where you can see the glaciers come all the way down, right around to Wisconsin and almost where Iowa is then the opposite happens and sea levels are very low. So in an ice age and the last one, most severe one, recent one that is, occurred about 17, 18,000 years ago. It had its maximum and it disappeared more or less about 10,000 years ago. The sea level was tens of meters lower than it is today and there was a time when the sea level was maybe five meters higher than it was today when the maximum amount of melting took place. if all the water that's stored on the South polar ice cap and on the Greenland ice cap melted, it could raise the sea level. All I think the number is something like 60 or 70 meters nearly 200 feet and that would certainly have implications of interest to people living on coasts. We'll talk later about whether that's a possibility in which direction we're going in and let's go onto the next slide. Now you can see Pictures of temperatures. These are called generalized trends in global climate and that's something you say when you're not quite sure of what you've got, you say generalized and what we have here are some estimates of what the temperature was like on a bunch of scales. Let's start with a lower, let's see right-hand side. Lower right hand side shows the last hundred thousand years, okay? Each one of those little divisions is 25,000 years. About 125,000 years ago you see those a very warm period and then there's lots of oscillations warmings and coolings on a slow and gradual slide toward what we call an ice age then the height of the ice age that means it's coldest around 20,000 years ago and then a quick recovery, in fact, the dramatic recovery is you can see where the warmest time occurred. something like about 8,000 years ago. If you go to the panel that's next over to the left, you'll see, 30,000 years and there's this warm period about 5 to 10,000 years ago, we call that the climatic optimum. Well, in fact, people believe that civilization began to take form during that time particularly in the Middle East and Africa and we know that at that time it was wetter only in the in the desert regions when it was warmer and probably dryer right here. And it's a rather interesting archeological fact that 5 to 10,000 years ago during this warm period, the earth was maybe as you can see from the graph, just one maybe two degrees Celsius warmer than it is today and that caused considerably longer growing seasons in the very high latitudes, it caused wetter conditions in the very high latitude, that means something like Central Canada or Northern Russia? It caused wetter desert regions, the Sahara was clearly not the desert it is today. The reliability of rainfall and the Indian monsoon regions where the seasonal rains there are so important to they their lives and their food production was better but ironically, while it was better on either side of us, the central part of the US then was very dry. In fact, what the archeologists called the Prairie Peninsula extended out into the eastern regions of the corn belt into Ohio. So if you're trying to decide if you like warming or cooling better, if you wanna use the analogy of 5 to 10,000 years ago from our point of view, food growing would be more difficult in the warming simply because it seems for our particular area that it was drier and warmer. If you lived in India, you'd probably be better off or in Northern Canada, you'd be better off and that's a message that will come through every time we talk about climate and you'll see why later, some people are better off, some people are worse off. Clearly if the glaciers blew to the extent that they did in that extreme, I can't imagine us being better off having half of the continent covered with ice but small warmings and small coolings, it's not clear who wins and who loses. It's only clear that things redistribute. Let us to look at the last thousand years, this panel on the upper right. We can see a warm period from around the year 900 A.D to about 1,400 A.D. That's a period which was called the Medieval Optimum in the terms of the geographers and in Eastern Europe, that record exists and by the way, some of you may be wondering, how do we know what was going on in Eastern Europe from 900 to 1400, let alone how do we know there were interglacial and glacial periods coming and going every few tens of thousand years when nobody was there, as far as we know this and less one Donican was right telling us what the temperature was, measuring it and writing it down. Well, we know sort of, that's why they say generalized. We know by going back and looking at the kinds of plants that grew there, the pollen that you take out of the sediment of a Lake or out of a soil tells you whether the plants were warm loving your cold loving. We know by doing things as strange as dropping big cores, big metal pistons into the oceans, which then take up a long tube of mud and then looking in the mud and then counting it very tedious procedure under a microscope, very microscopic little plants and animals. And there are literally hundreds of species and some of them like warm and some of them like cold, you can figure out if the water surface was warm and cold and there are other things that people do. People look at the dates at which a cherry blossoms and peach blossoms bloom and the Japanese is a good example. If you look at the dates of a bloom of the cherry blossoms of the emperor's cherry blossoms in Tokyo, you can find that the more severe winters they usually bloom a little later. That record extends back in Kyoto for centuries. In fact, some people have even looked at the bloom dates and tried to correlate them to sunspots and done other things. When you do that, you sometimes have some trouble because when I checked into it, I found out that the date records that go back in the emperor's cherry blossoms are not necessarily the dates the cherry blossoms bloom but they were the dates that the emperor went to see them. Now, if that correlates with sunspots, perhaps. So we have a problem, we don't have measurements directly, We have to use proxy records and we do need to know what the climate used to be like in order to guess, not only what it might be in the future but to figure out what humans might be doing to it and that's the bottom line of what we're getting to. Is our engineering beginning to affect the climate and if it is, can we engineer our way out of it and that's as I said earlier is the question we're be aiming at. So we have a hint about how the patterns have evolved and now we have to try to be more specific. To be more specific, we go to the last panel and that's the one in the upper left and that's it's the air temperature measured over the last hundred years in the thermometers of the world at least in this case, the northern hemisphere and you'll see a warming trend from about 1880 to about 1950 and then a cooling trend for about the middle of the 1960s. What's been happening in the last 20 or so years at least 10 years is not as clear. In fact, I was thinking I might ask you, how many people here think that right now the global climate is warming? No hands. How many think it's cooling? Always works that way. I think that about three-fourths of the people think that it's a cooling. I think that's essentially roughly proportional to the size of the headlines each condition gets. The real answer is that we don't know which it's doing and the reason we don't know which it's doing in the last 5 to 10 years is literally billions and billions of bits of information, measurements from thermometers all over the world from satellites, from airplanes and ships and it takes something like 5 to 10 years before all that information is assembled, put on computer tape, averaged out to tell us if it's warming or cooling. The best we can do is take a look at a few hundred records, isolated around the earth. Some of them in the oceans, two and three thermometers representing a whole ocean and that's a very dangerous way to guess trends and when we do that, it suggests by the way that, that cooling trend bottomed out around 1968 to 1972 depending on what part of the northern hemisphere you are in and it started back up, but we really can't be too sure and we can't be too sure for the reason I said. But also notice the magnitude of that cooling is about two or three tenths of a degree and from 1400 to about 1800s, you can see in the upper right panel, there was about a degree and a half cooling, this period known as the little ice age in Europe. So that even if it's still cooling, we're still not a very severe event relative to what we've had in the last few hundred years and in any case, very typical the sorts of fluctuations in climate, you always get. Later on it's against this fluctuating background, the signal to noise problem was communications engineers know that we'll have to judge what humans are doing. One more point, notice that the graph is plotted on the upper left as a Delta T and most of you are in engineering or related to it know that Delta means a change, so it's a change in temperature. So there is something like six-tenths of a degree warming over the last, well from the mid 1950 say to 1880 and first of all, that doesn't seem like very much and we'll see you in a minute that that can be important but first, why have they plotted to the Delta T, why didn't they plot it as temperature, the absolute temperature in the hemisphere. It's a funny reason for that and it's not usually widely known. I'm sure you've probably seen that picture before even though you haven't noticed it, it's been in a lot of newspaper and magazine articles because it really isn't the temperature of the northern hemisphere. It's the temperature of the thermometers in the Northern hemisphere and if you plot it up those numbers, the way it's graphed by originally by Marie Mitchell who did it, you'd find out that it comes out between 9 and 10 degrees Celsius and I should be able to convert that to Fahrenheit 50 something like that, the mean temperature of the planet on the other hand, it's not 9 to 10 but about 15 degrees Celsius, 57 degrees F. What's the difference? The difference is that most of the thermometers exist in all attitudes. In the technologically advanced countries in the northern hemisphere and that vast areas of Pacific Ocean and the tropics are uncovered. So therefore it's not really a measure of the absolute temperature. However, the trends are probably fairly close to accurate because it's unlikely that the trends in climate would accidentally fall in between where thermometers are but the reason for giving you all this detail is to point out just how difficult it is to tell you even what the now cast is, that is what the global climate is like. And when we try to predict the future, we have an even greater degree of uncertainty. Fortunately, in the last 10 years we've had two very major technological inventions or at least they were invented long before that but which have come into the fore in the last 10 years, namely computers and satellites both of which give us a better than birds eye view of the planet and the energy that comes in and out and a way to measure its temperature and also we have the computers to store the data, Okay. Well, I've mentioned a little, I say it's just as an interesting thing, this is a very pre-computer. It's one way we also reconstruct the climate. When we look at history and art, and here's a cover print called Frozen Tennis from 1684 During the Little Ice Age when the tennis was frozen, we're about 10 times more frequently data than it had been in the previous two decades and in fact, than it has been in the next few. The problem is you can't really compare it because the next few decades, it's not just a temperature that tells you whether the tennis freezes but the stream flow and since there are lots of dams upstream, that changes the stream flow and since they were power plants, dumping heat thermal pollution into the waters, we can't use a comparison but it certainly does tell us that the little ice age was a cold period relative to what it was before that. And there are other indicators too as we'll see, Okay, this is a very interesting slide, there'll be two of them and we'll hold the second one for a minute until we can point out some features on this one. This is a photograph taken in 1966 in the French town of Argentière. The Argentière Glacier up at the top, you can see the glacier, Oh about two church steeples worth above it and it's a measure of the climate and It's interesting to note that about a hundred years ago The global or this hemispheric temperature, despite all of the problems I told you in estimating, it was something like one degree Celsius cooler. A seemingly small number but it's interesting to see that seemingly small numbers for long-term climates can have very important political consequences especially in a marginal area like this. And if you look at that church steeple, look at the glacier, I'll show you another photograph but an etching made a hundred years earlier of the same scene when the temperature was maybe a degree cooler on the hemispheric basis and we can see that next. See how the ice here just comes right down to the plane of the town and in fact, it probably put the town there. I always notice I never can help noticing whenever I see this picture, that the town also looks the same today as it did a hundred years ago and as if somehow they forgot about modernity. I wonder if say the building right in front of the church, we should knock it down and put in a target. Well, certainly I'm not trying to say that if we cooled one degree that ice would once again be marching back down Wisconsin coming down into Chicago and curing the problems with revenue sharing. It takes as you've heard thousands of years before an ice age builds up, an ice age is maybe five degrees Celsius colder than today but the point that really comes through is that, in areas especially in marginal area and a marginal area means that a small change in the average conditions leads to a large response. If you're in a dry area, small increase in drying can eliminate the ability to grow a crop. If you live in an area which has a marginal growing season like small shortening can eliminate the ability to grow that crop. Well, if you could live in a mountain town or at the northern end, a small change in temperature can mean a growth in a glacier and we'll find that when the climate changes, I said some people are better off than some are worse off but the people who change most are the people who were at the margins, the people who were at the extreme edge, for example, at the southern end of the corn belt would be the ones who'd be hurt most by a warming as the rain belt would move northward or people at the northern end would be hurt most by cooling because of slight shortening in the growing season would make their climate not seem slightly different, but radically different from the activities they were trying to pursue and that message really is the main one that comes from this graph. Well, let's go and take a look now at some questions about food. I said, that will be part of it and this is a graph, which I took from Lloyd Thompson right here in Iowa state and I took it from him about four to five years ago because you see it says solar cycle and drought in Nebraska and you see about every other solar cycle, there's been a drought and since it was 1973, when I took this graph, there was a question mark, and there were some dots that sunspots have gone back to not only for that line but back up again and there was some severe although fairly short periods of drought in this region and there was some longer and more severe drought to the west, especially the west of the continental divide in this period. Nobody knows why, nobody really understands the connection between sunspots and drought and there's even question as to whether it's an accident. One of my favorite studies that's been done here was published in 1937 and a book called \"Sunspots and It's Effects\" by a man named Harlan True Stetson and the next slide shows you the quality of some of the work that's been done in sunspots and this is the correlation and if you could just focus the top between the sunspot number and the Dow Jones Stock Market Average. And then the sunspot number and the wine vintages apparently it says 29 was a very good year for wine. However, this has not been a good enough year for book sales for me to be able to afford any 29 automobiles. Now, are these accidents or are they related? I mean, how does one know, in fact in the next slide my favorite one is right there, that's the one on the right hand side which is the correlation between the sunspot numbers and the bunny rabbit population in Central England. You know what people say about bunnies one I could say about some of this but the fact is we don't really know the extent to which this is nonsense. Unfortunate, it's given the field of bad name and the real problem is if you try to call it something that changes especially something on the sun and we'll see in a few minutes that the sun is what drives our climate. We try to correlate that to something on earth. You're bound to find some correlations, if I take a coin out of pocket and I flip it a hundred times, sometime in that a hundred, I've got a fair chance of getting a five or eight heads in a row as we had five 22 droughts. Now, the question is, is that a loaded coin? Or are we just lucky? Again, the question is, have we had these droughts or are we lucky? And I think by lucky, I mean is just an accident. Is it a statistical quirk? And the answer is still remains unknown although I think the evidence is fairly strong that that there's a connection but we still have no idea why. And again, if you're getting the impression of a lot of uncertainty, I want you to have that impression because it's against that background that would begin to see that humans are now getting into the system. The first little bit more about food. Oh yeah and part of growing food is having water and I went up hiking last year in September to the nearby mountains, about 30 minutes drive from where I live in Boulder and hiked up to like Isabel with my fishing rod planning to have trout for dinner and that's what I found and as many of you know, we've had had two years of severe drought in the rocky mountains and if we had had a third one would have been virtually out of water and in Denver, in many other areas and already agricultural use of water was severely cut back, fortunately, we had a good snow pack last year but we've had a very dry hot summer and it's the reservoirs are back down again and we have to hope for another good year and that brings up questions of food. Now, here's some graphs which are old, they're deliberately old. These show changing pattern of world grain trade and probably engineering is economics too and part of economics is trade and I show them up to 1973 and later on, I'm gonna show you the more recent results because there's a story involved. The last time I was here, in fact, I think I used this very slide and was arguing for what I then call a Genesis Strategy and in the last three or four years, several things have happened and let's trace the history of this argument. In fact, Dean Thompson was right in the middle of it, having had many many communications, I have a whole chapter in here with the then secretary of agriculture, Earl Butz and others urging that one consider the dangers of bad weather years on changing the yields of especially corn and wheat and soy beans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43667/file/116760#t=0.0,1937.64"}]}]}]}