{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/d50ft8f58b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Fienberg, Stephen E., The Statistician Goes to Court"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203242 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Statistician Goes to Court is a March 23, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Stephen Fienberg. Stephen Fienberg discusses the use of statistics in legal cases.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203242"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["The Statistician Goes to Court. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9cn6z46t"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1982-03-23"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Fienberg, Stephen E. (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Forensic statistics","Forensic sciences--Statistical methods","Probabilities","Jury selection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["The Statistician Goes to Court is a March 23, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Stephen Fienberg. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/119/725/small/lecture.png?1626717932","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=11.24,13.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our speaker is Professor Feinberg from Carnegie Mellon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=14.5,17.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and just a little background about 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'64,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=22.11,25.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his PhD from Harvard in '68.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=25.42,27.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And his first professor job was at University of 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?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=34.57,36.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And theoretical biology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=36.89,38.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And theoretical biology 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Minnesota,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=43.07,44.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where he was a professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=44.48,45.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the department of applied statistics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=45.98,48.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then from there he's been at Carnegie Mellon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=49.27,51.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is his second 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surveys.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=61.92,64.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I tried to dig around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=65.54,68.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and find some information about him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=68.29,69.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's other than school type information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=69.69,73.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I heard that at 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hours","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=77.16,79.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and played some golf on Tuesday mornings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=79.0,81.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(light 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quarter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=92.763,94.151"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(light laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=94.151,95.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when the book or books are 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?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=139.76,141.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And although I'd been learning a little about it tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=141.67,144.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I explained to him that most normal people would 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talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=159.02,162.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of its misleading title","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=162.64,164.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for which I am a 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me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=175.57,178.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or any other statistician for high crimes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=178.63,181.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or statistical misdemeanors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=181.52,183.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nor will it focus primarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=184.37,186.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on my personal exploits in the legal arena.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=186.25,189.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather, what I want to describe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=190.14,192.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for you is the emergence during the last two decades","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=192.16,195.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the statistician as expert legal witness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=195.97,199.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the roles played by statisticians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=199.35,201.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some of the expanding areas of litigation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=201.7,204.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some fundamental statistical issues raised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=204.79,208.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by this legal involvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=208.49,209.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I actually have a somewhat weighty paper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=211.14,214.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this topic that I have been writing with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=214.12,217.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of my colleagues who was the research director","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=217.02,220.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Committee on National Statistics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=220.63,222.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the National Academy of Science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=222.88,224.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's going to give that talk somewhere else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=224.39,226.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a somewhat less than weighty presentation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=226.42,230.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least I hope so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=230.42,231.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Had I, given this talk about 10 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=232.97,236.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would have expected to find virtually no one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=236.42,239.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the audience who had ever actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=239.03,242.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presented statistical testimony or who had worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=242.1,245.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with lawyers to develop statistical arguments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=245.81,248.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in connection with cases under litigation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=248.59,250.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=251.76,252.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that circumstances have changed rather dramatically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=252.64,255.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In my own department,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=256.34,257.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know of at least five colleagues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=257.49,259.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are either actively involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=259.42,262.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in such cases or who were involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=262.16,264.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in them in the past 12 months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=264.66,266.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in my former department at Minnesota","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=266.84,269.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least half the department had had their 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ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=278.76,282.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a very early example of the statistician in court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=282.61,285.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I thought that would be a good way to begin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=285.95,289.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a celebrated case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=290.25,292.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1868 in Massachusetts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=292.6,295.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A very famous professor of mathematics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=297.426,299.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Harvard university, Benjamin Peirce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=299.87,302.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is now known for his, the publication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=303.79,307.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the earliest tests of significance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=307.34,309.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the rejection of outliers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=309.84,311.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was called upon to testify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=312.95,315.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in what is known as the Howland Will case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=315.47,319.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those of you who are taking notes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=321.06,323.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on my legal scholarship, I will give you case citations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=323.21,326.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for some of these.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=326.78,328.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Howland will case was the case of Robinson vs Mendell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=328.21,332.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this particular case, Professor Peirce was called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=334.642,338.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon to testify as to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=338.33,342.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possible forgery of signatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=342.56,345.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the will of Sylvia Howland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=345.52,349.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this was a fairly complicated problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=351.81,356.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so he called upon his son,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=357.07,359.906"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another famous Akron edition Charles Peirce,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=359.906,364.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and together, they carried out a test based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=364.34,367.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on 42 signatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=367.58,370.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were available from Sylvia Ann Howland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=370.83,373.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we have some,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=373.66,376.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are the signatures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=379.76,381.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not all 42","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=381.32,383.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e But what, what Charles Peirce did was actually go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=383.1,386.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the 42 signatures and compare them in pairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=386.82,391.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for example, he would take signature 36 and signature 37","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=392.06,396.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compare them in pairs and look at the down strokes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=396.93,399.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a little subjective, but he did this very carefully.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=399.97,402.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what he discovered 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signatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=408.0,411.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you compared in pairs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=411.28,412.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you got agreement about 20% of the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=412.87,416.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now you must understand that these are all real signatures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=416.66,420.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was information that you'd carry 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red.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=430.32,432.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there were some other signatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=432.96,435.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which were possible forgeries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=435.73,438.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These were the disputed signatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=438.45,440.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they were asked to deal with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=440.48,443.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And unfortunately back then they didn't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=443.04,446.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overhead transparency 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identical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=465.16,469.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same is true for the bottom signature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=469.51,471.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you move it up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=471.7,472.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peirce testified to this effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=475.35,477.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he contrasted that situation with the one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=477.76,480.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the 42 signatures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=480.75,482.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where his son had done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=482.18,484.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an early version of a binomial test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=484.75,487.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he 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was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=491.59,495.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by forgery, by tracing the signature over and above","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=495.6,499.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that they did know back 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see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=518.52,522.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this particular setting were quite common.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=522.89,525.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he cited the example of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=525.77,528.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a former president,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=530.19,531.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then deceased John Quincy Adams.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=531.93,535.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how his signature was always the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=535.26,538.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at that stage, the judge made a 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followed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=543.88,546.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since which allowed him to sidestep the issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=546.23,549.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the actual testimony in this case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=549.5,552.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he never actually needed to resolve,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=552.85,555.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was going on here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=555.97,557.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if you would like to know a little more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=557.56,559.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this particular case, what I would do is refer you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=559.56,562.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a detailed description of the testimony","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=562.57,567.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a detailed critique of Peirce's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=567.41,570.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actual analysis that appeared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=570.54,572.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a very recent article in the journal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=572.81,575.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the American Statistical Association by Paul Meyer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=575.17,579.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Sandy Zabell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=579.13,580.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is interesting to note that the issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=582.067,583.689"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of forgery of signatures occupies a very important place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=583.689,588.689"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the literature on expert testimony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=588.76,593.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you will, excuse the pun,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=594.26,596.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was Learned Hand who wrote this classic article back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=597.52,601.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1901, using forged signatures as his example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=601.16,605.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of where you needed expert testimony","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=605.94,607.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on both sides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=607.81,608.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That appeared in the Harvard Law review.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=609.54,611.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There actually are some references.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=611.87,614.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The references don't completely go with this talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=621.66,624.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They go with the paper that I wrote with Myron's draft","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=624.33,627.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but many of the references are in common","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=627.88,631.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've provided them for you along with some other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=631.14,633.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the handout that's currently being distributed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=633.96,636.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, over the 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number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=648.05,652.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of areas in which quantitative arguments have been used.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=652.06,657.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=658.02,658.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these areas involving statistical assessments include","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=658.93,663.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in constitutional law where we have examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=663.29,666.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of school financing, size of juries, capital punishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=666.68,671.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A very classic case involving capital punishment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=671.36,676.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurred in 1975,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=676.23,678.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where a special friend of the court brief","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=678.64,681.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was inserted before the Supreme Court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=681.64,683.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which 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punishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=691.13,693.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which purported to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=693.89,695.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it deterred one execution deterred eight lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=695.65,700.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are some of us who believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=700.53,701.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that analysis was somewhat faulty, but it still stands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=701.93,706.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as an important example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=706.959,710.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In jury discrimination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=710.5,711.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is the case of Castaneda v. Partida","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=711.96,714.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one which I'll describe a little of later on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=714.71,717.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the very famous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=717.57,718.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brown v. School board of Arkansas case back in 1954.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=718.85,723.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which involved a statistical argument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=724.66,727.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the areas of government regulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=727.92,730.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of commerce and industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=730.06,731.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a statistical work going on in antitrust cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=731.34,735.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the regulation of public utilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=735.93,738.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in cases involving protection of rights of minorities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=738.78,742.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and women, consumer protection, environmental protection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=742.903,746.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even in somewhat more 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course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=781.94,784.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in some related journal articles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=784.52,788.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was the case of People v. 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women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1193.08,1196.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when Dr. Spock was found guilty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1197.14,1200.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my then colleague Hans Isle at the university of Chicago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1200.85,1204.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said about gathering data on the sex breakdown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1204.5,1207.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all the juries in cases 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there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1219.61,1221.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was somewhat complicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1221.75,1222.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being based on mixtures of binomials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1222.94,1225.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yielding a significance level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1225.72,1228.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of one in 10 to the minus 18.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1228.37,1230.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think the nice thing about this example is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1232.31,1234.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that once you look at the data that you don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1234.54,1236.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need a fancy analysis to see the results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1236.21,1238.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll show you two versions of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1241.27,1243.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first version is simply the percentage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1244.59,1247.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of women jurors on the list","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1247.0,1251.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the various judges in this district court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1251.08,1254.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you might surmise, the judge in the Spock case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1254.01,1258.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Judge G.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1258.21,1259.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hans at this point, speculated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1262.65,1264.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he had instructed the clerk of the court to throw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1264.59,1267.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back every other female name when it arisen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1267.04,1269.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that would be quite in accord with what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1269.82,1271.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was seen here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1271.81,1273.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, as statisticians, we all know that there's variability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1273.3,1276.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you don't simply want to look at overall 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others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1340.01,1342.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but on first amendment grounds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1342.22,1344.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than statistical 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immaterial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1477.48,1481.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because he was not on the pretrial list","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1482.07,1484.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of witnesses, now, that's a very more, that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1484.35,1486.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a serious legal maneuver.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1486.95,1489.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In civil proceedings the sides share 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D","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1542.26,1545.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I had been analyzing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1545.74,1547.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it contained the figures 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Corporation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1552.01,1553.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and indeed the figures which I had analyzed in my testimony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1553.77,1557.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He then asked me to add up the numbers in the first 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looked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1580.81,1584.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the total in anything I had done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1584.35,1586.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The lawyer didn't really care about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1588.82,1592.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he immediately sat down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1592.21,1593.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very chagrin and somewhat gratified to 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immaterial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1601.84,1604.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather because I had not been on the pre-trial list","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1604.05,1608.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was actually a very subtle ruling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1608.63,1610.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he argued that I was interpreting evidence already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1610.3,1613.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the record and not presenting new evidence at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1613.49,1617.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it told me something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1617.25,1618.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the way in which statistics was being used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1618.72,1622.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also told me about something that I had to worry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1622.1,1625.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about in the future that you can't leave it up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1625.04,1627.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the lawyer is to look after you in a courtroom setting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1627.07,1629.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that story, you have to look after yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1629.63,1632.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I digress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1632.87,1633.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the 1970s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1636.02,1637.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the use of statistical arguments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1640.29,1642.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in legal settings mushroomed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1642.76,1644.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the reasons for this were many.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1645.38,1647.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First government expanded its 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not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1854.12,1858.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issued their opinions for a year following the completion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1858.14,1861.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the trial so that they could go off and study things such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1861.58,1865.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as multiple regression and adjudicate between the two sides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1865.24,1869.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll see a case of that in, in a few moments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1869.45,1873.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned 1977 is a key year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1875.54,1878.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reason for this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1878.94,1880.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there were three Supreme Court decisions in '77,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1880.55,1884.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which stand out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1884.5,1885.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the first of these cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1886.86,1888.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the case of Castaneda v. Partida, which I mentioned before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1888.51,1892.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The court ruled that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1894.19,1895.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Texas Key Man System","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1898.54,1900.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a grand jury selection was discriminatory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1900.67,1905.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the court made this finding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1905.56,1908.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the basis of statistical evidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1908.13,1911.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I actually have the full footnote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1911.03,1915.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"17 from that report for you to look at here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1915.48,1919.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And although we don't want to read it in detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1919.95,1922.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's interesting to note that the footnote goes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1922.39,1925.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through a very, very elaborate argument,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1925.3,1929.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which many of you will recognize as being an argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1929.34,1932.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the normal approximation to the binomial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1932.44,1935.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you compute the variance of a binomial proportion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1935.68,1939.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've underlined some of the key things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1939.73,1942.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in this particular instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1942.42,1945.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you're better at reading numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1945.57,1947.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than you are at all the words up there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1947.28,1949.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll see that there was a sample size of 870.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1949.39,1953.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That the observe proportion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1953.81,1956.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Mexican Americans was a point no,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1956.03,1960.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the observed proportion was three 39 over eight 70.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1960.11,1964.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The observed number being three 39.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1965.72,1968.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The percentage of Mexican Americans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1968.22,1970.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the population at issue was almost 80%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1970.37,1974.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So P equals 0.791.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1974.47,1978.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we all know how to calculate the standard deviation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1978.11,1980.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You take the product of P times one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1980.91,1982.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minus P times the sample size take the square root of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1982.94,1986.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Went on and used this argument in a couple of other ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1994.745,1998.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and concluded that this difference was important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=1998.32,2002.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was one that it could not ignore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2002.58,2004.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and found that there was in fact discrimination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2004.85,2008.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second case that I want to describe to you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2010.38,2014.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the case of Teamsters v. United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2014.82,2018.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also 1977, also Supreme court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2018.37,2021.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there, the statistical evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2022.51,2025.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is more like the Spock case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2025.23,2027.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were 6,000 and some odd employees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2029.5,2033.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the company in question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2033.67,2035.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and only 314 of them were Black,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2035.57,2038.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"257 Spanish surname.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2038.79,2042.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So combined Black and Spanish surname","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2042.2,2045.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were about 10% of the drivers involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2045.803,2049.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand, when you look at the line drivers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2050.54,2052.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those doing the runs between cities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2052.82,2054.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the pay is substantially higher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2054.82,2056.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you find only eight blacks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2057.96,2059.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and five Spanish speaking 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level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2264.48,2266.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you wonder where he got this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2266.61,2268.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a careful review of the calculations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2268.03,2269.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the footnote makes it clear that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2269.94,2271.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his clerk did a one-tail test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2271.81,2274.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas the majority of the court did a two-tailed test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2274.69,2278.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as a result, a subtle argument was missed by the court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2278.24,2282.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the data were used to overturn the decision.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2282.57,2286.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, none of these three 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witnesses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2292.28,2295.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is in part the, the thrust of my talk today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2295.33,2298.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what they have clearly paved the way for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2300.11,2302.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is battalions of statisticians entering the courtroom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2302.48,2306.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arm with a vast array of technical statistical weapons, such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2306.18,2309.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as multiple regression, logistic regression, Tobit analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2309.97,2313.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the like, and the question that we have to ask is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2313.877,2317.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether or not this increased sophistication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2317.93,2320.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of statistical testimony has been met","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2320.5,2323.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an increasing sophistication on the part of the judges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2323.19,2327.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here I must admit we have mixed results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2327.2,2329.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One outstanding example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2331.73,2333.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of where a judge has done well is the case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2333.34,2336.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Vuyanich v. Republic National Bank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2336.86,2340.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought I would take some time to describe this one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2340.45,2342.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in detail to you because of its interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2342.71,2346.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the Vuyanich case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2348.87,2350.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was it issue was liability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2352.43,2354.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a title seven race and sex discrimination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2356.38,2359.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liability action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2360.96,2362.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The plaintiff was a black female who worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2362.55,2365.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the bank for all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2365.47,2366.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of three months in 1969 in the money order department.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2366.41,2370.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she was ultimately fired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2370.84,2374.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She filed her","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2374.36,2375.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complaint with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2378.47,2380.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office of equal employment, EEOC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2380.61,2385.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2386.42,2389.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1969, it processed it in 1971, issued an opinion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2390.46,2395.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This went on and on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2395.79,2397.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is very typical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2397.06,2397.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You notice that the decision says 1980 on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2397.99,2401.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The case was about to go to trial in 1974","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2401.22,2405.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but her case was then joined with three others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2405.56,2408.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The judge died, they began all over again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2408.04,2411.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the case was finally argued in 1978.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2411.55,2414.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It continued through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2414.88,2416.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because of all of the evidence involved into 1979","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2416.08,2420.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the judge took a year to learn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2420.55,2423.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about multiple regression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2423.67,2424.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to deal with the issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2424.99,2427.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After all 10 years delay another year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2427.38,2431.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't matter very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2431.18,2432.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The opinion is one that I would encourage people to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2434.36,2436.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually go and study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2436.98,2438.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's 127 pages long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2438.72,2440.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's almost like a textbook.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2440.9,2443.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2443.04,2444.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the judge really addresses many of the statistical aspects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2444.3,2448.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ways of statistical thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2448.69,2450.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that occurred in this case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2451.95,2453.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he contrasts statistical 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in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2459.33,2461.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on all of this after this lecture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2461.42,2463.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The case was notable for other 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Watergate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2576.65,2579.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's, it's the thing that describes what happens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2579.07,2581.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the individual 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discusses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2641.81,2644.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether the coefficients are larger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2644.33,2645.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small, he discusses the role of proxy variables","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2645.94,2649.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2649.88,2650.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, he decided that it was so important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2654.62,2658.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The regression was so important for the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2658.39,2660.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then he actually gives a textbook treatment of it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2660.69,2663.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his own textbook treatment in 10 pages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2663.07,2665.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the middle of the report.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2665.71,2667.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He summarizes what he calls the mathematics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2667.27,2669.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of regression analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2669.79,2671.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's actually quite a good discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2671.32,2673.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with arguments about multicollinearity and the need to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2673.5,2677.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out for strange residual behavior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2677.97,2682.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just the kinds of things we like to think are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2682.38,2685.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our methodology courses in statistics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2685.02,2688.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally he said, well, you know, when you listen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2689.35,2692.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the two sides, you still don't get enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2692.1,2694.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And sometimes there's a temptation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2694.48,2696.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you've learned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2696.44,2697.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about all these methods to do some analysis of your own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2697.273,2700.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he argues both ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2700.63,2703.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as judges are prone to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2703.45,2705.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether or not it's appropriate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2705.9,2707.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the court to engage in such analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2707.51,2710.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what are the limits that should be restricting the court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2710.25,2713.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in such circumstances?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2713.53,2715.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a another case that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2715.89,2717.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point out here, Judge Pointer from Alabama","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2717.91,2720.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who went much further than Judge Higginbottom in this case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2720.68,2724.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judge pointer saw evidence presented by both sides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2724.56,2727.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he decided that their analysis were both faulty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2727.93,2730.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so he did his own regression analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2730.67,2732.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and decided which side was really correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=2732.94,2735.623"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30817/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/817/original/AV203242_The_Statistician_Goes_to_Court_a.vtt?1626717934","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/817/original/AV203242_The_Statistician_Goes_to_Court_a.vtt?1626717934"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30818","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203242_The_Statistician_Goes_to_Court_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725/transcript/30818/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I'd like to introduce our speaker for this annual Mule Sigma roll lecture. Our speaker is Professor Feinberg from Carnegie Mellon and just a little background about him. He's a Canadian. He got his BS in Toronto in '64, his PhD from Harvard in '68. And his first professor job was at University of Chicago. He was in the statistics and math biology ?\r\n\r\n- And theoretical biology\r\n\r\n- And theoretical biology department. And from University of Chicago, he went to University of Minnesota, where he was a professor in the department of applied statistics. And then from there he's been at Carnegie Mellon. This is his second year and he's in the statistics and social science department. He's done quite a bit of work as you probably read. And our little publicities that went out with the FBI on the national crime surveys. And I tried to dig around and find some information about him. That's other than school type information. And I heard that at Minnesota he used to play some hockey and that he kept doctor's hours and played some golf on Tuesday mornings. And also that he has a reputation for really giving their students their money's worth. When they take a course from him I hear he starts the course at the beginning of the quarter, teaches through break, through finals week, and into the next quarter. And when the book or books are finished that he's teaching from, he decides to quit. So why don't we welcome our speaker Dr. Feinberg\r\n\r\n- You'll be happy to know. There are no books for tonight's lecture. It's a great honor to be here to give this music moreau lecture. First, because I have a great many friends here at Iowa state. And so it would be an honor to be here alone for that. But I think giving the music moreau lecture is also a special honor. My brother who's on the faculty here asked me, What was music moreau ? And although I'd been learning a little about it tonight I explained to him that most normal people would understand. I'm not sure that he got that one, but that's okay. I suspect that some of you came here to hear this talk because of its misleading title for which I am a responsible. A Statistician Goes to Court. And therefore I should begin with a confession that this presentation isn't going to be about the legal prosecution of me or any other statistician for high crimes or statistical misdemeanors. Nor will it focus primarily on my personal exploits in the legal arena. Rather, what I want to describe for you is the emergence during the last two decades of the statistician as expert legal witness and the roles played by statisticians in some of the expanding areas of litigation and some fundamental statistical issues raised by this legal involvement. I actually have a somewhat weighty paper on this topic that I have been writing with. One of my colleagues who was the research director at the Committee on National Statistics the National Academy of Science. And he's going to give that talk somewhere else. This is a somewhat less than weighty presentation, at least I hope so. Had I, given this talk about 10 years ago I would have expected to find virtually no one in the audience who had ever actually presented statistical testimony or who had worked with lawyers to develop statistical arguments in connection with cases under litigation. And I believe that circumstances have changed rather dramatically. In my own department, I know of at least five colleagues, who are either actively involved in such cases or who were involved in them in the past 12 months. And in my former department at Minnesota at least half the department had had their hands in at one time or another in such activities. Actually, we can look back over a hundred years ago to a very early example of the statistician in court. And I thought that would be a good way to begin. In a celebrated case in 1868 in Massachusetts. A very famous professor of mathematics at Harvard university, Benjamin Peirce who is now known for his, the publication. And one of the earliest tests of significance for the rejection of outliers. Was called upon to testify in what is known as the Howland Will case. For those of you who are taking notes on my legal scholarship, I will give you case citations for some of these. The Howland will case was the case of Robinson vs Mendell. In this particular case, Professor Peirce was called upon to testify as to the possible forgery of signatures on the will of Sylvia Howland. Now, this was a fairly complicated problem. And so he called upon his son, another famous Akron edition Charles Peirce, and together, they carried out a test based on 42 signatures that were available from Sylvia Ann Howland. And we have some, There are the signatures. That's not all 42\r\n\r\n- But what, what Charles Peirce did was actually go through the 42 signatures and compare them in pairs. So for example, he would take signature 36 and signature 37 compare them in pairs and look at the down strokes. That's a little subjective, but he did this very carefully. And what he discovered was, that in these 42 signatures if you looked at the down strokes for signatures when you compared in pairs that you got agreement about 20% of the time. Now you must understand that these are all real signatures. And that was information that you'd carry forward to the signature on the will. And on the will, there were three signatures involved. There was the signature that I've got in the middle and marked in red. And then there were some other signatures which were possible forgeries. These were the disputed signatures that they were asked to deal with. And unfortunately back then they didn't have overhead transparency machines. And so they can't do what I'm about to do, which is to pick up signatures from here and overlay them. And what you discover when you overlay them is something like that. That the signatures are virtually identical. And that in fact, the down strokes are exactly identical. The same is true for the bottom signature, when you move it up. Peirce testified to this effect he contrasted that situation with the one for the 42 signatures, where his son had done an early version of a binomial test. And he concluded that the only way that one could get the kind of match that you get in this very dramatic way was by forgery, by tracing the signature over and above and that they did know back then. Well, the other side put on another expert. This time an engraver. There weren't enough statisticians, to go back around back in 1868. And the engraver came on the stand and testified to the effect that, signatures identical signatures of the sort that we see in this particular setting were quite common. And he cited the example of, a former president, then deceased John Quincy Adams. And how his signature was always the same. And at that stage, the judge made a ruling in this case on a very narrow point of law a precedent that many judges have followed since which allowed him to sidestep the issue of the actual testimony in this case. And he never actually needed to resolve, what was going on here. Now, if you would like to know a little more about this particular case, what I would do is refer you to a detailed description of the testimony a detailed critique of Peirce's, actual analysis that appeared in a very recent article in the journal of the American Statistical Association by Paul Meyer. And Sandy Zabell It is interesting to note that the issue of forgery of signatures occupies a very important place in the literature on expert testimony. If you will, excuse the pun, it was Learned Hand who wrote this classic article back in 1901, using forged signatures as his example of where you needed expert testimony on both sides. That appeared in the Harvard Law review. There actually are some references. The references don't completely go with this talk. They go with the paper that I wrote with Myron's draft but many of the references are in common and I've provided them for you along with some other things in the handout that's currently being distributed. Well, over the years most common law disputes have relied strictly on qualitative proof, but there are a number of areas in which quantitative arguments have been used. And some of these areas involving statistical assessments include in constitutional law where we have examples of school financing, size of juries, capital punishment. A very classic case involving capital punishment occurred in 1975, where a special friend of the court brief was inserted before the Supreme Court which included a very fancy simultaneous equations analysis of data on capital punishment. Which purported to show that it deterred one execution deterred eight lives. There are some of us who believe that that analysis was somewhat faulty, but it still stands as an important example. In jury discrimination, there is the case of Castaneda v. Partida one which I'll describe a little of later on and the very famous Brown v. School board of Arkansas case back in 1954. Which involved a statistical argument. In the areas of government regulation of commerce and industry. We have a statistical work going on in antitrust cases, in the regulation of public utilities, in cases involving protection of rights of minorities and women, consumer protection, environmental protection. And even in somewhat more traditional subject areas of civil litigation. We have examples, product liability and contract and tort law in paternity suits. Although there, the evidence is interesting. The evidence in paternity suits can be used to disprove, but not to prove a paternity and in trademark name infringement. And then finally in criminal law we have examples of witness identification. Perhaps the most infamous such example is one that some of you will have seen in an introductory statistics course, or in some related journal articles. This was the case of People v. Collins. And the court description of this case is very interesting. So I thought I would read it for you. And then we'll go through the details of the argument used by the prosecutor. The details of the case in question are as follows, on June 18th of 1964 at about 11:30 AM. Mrs. Juanita Brooks who had been shopping was walking home along an alley in the San Pedro area of the city of Los Angeles. She was pulling behind her a wicker basket carryall, containing groceries and had her purse on top of the packages. She was using a cane, all very important information. As she stooped down to pick up an empty carton she was suddenly pushed to the ground by a person whom she neither saw or heard approach. She was stunned by the fall and felt some pain but managed to look up and saw a young woman running from the scene. According to Mrs. Brooks, the latter appeared to weigh about 145 pounds was wearing something dark, had hair between a dark blonde and a light blonde, but lighter than the color of the defendant, Janet Collins hair as it appeared at the trial. Immediately after the incident, Mrs. Brooks discovered that her purse containing between $35 and $40 was missing. At about the same time as the robbery, John Bass, who lived on a street at the end of the alley was in front of his house, watering his lawn. His attention was attracted by a lot of crying and screaming coming from the alley. And as he looked in that direction, he saw a woman run out of the alley and enter a yellow automobile parked across the street from him. He was unable to give the make of the car. The car started off immediately and pulled wide around another parked vehicle so that in the narrow street to pass within six feet of Bass. He then saw that it was being driven by a male negro wearing a mustache and a beard. At the trial Bass identified the defendant as the driver of the yellow automobile. However, an attempt was made to impeach his identification by his admission, that at the preliminary hearing he testified to an uncertain identification at the police lineup, shortly after the attack on Mrs. Brooks, when the defendant was in fact beardless. In his testimony, Bass, described the woman who ran from the alley as Caucasian, slightly over five feet of ordinary build with her hair in a dark blonde ponytail, wearing dark clothing. He further testified that her ponytail was just like the one which Janet had in a police photograph taken on June 22nd, 1964. That's four days after the incident. Well, there was a lot of additional evidence and indeed some of it was conflicting conflicting evidence in particular about the beard and the mustache and at the trial following testimony by a college mathematics instructor. I'm pleased to say that this was not a statistician testifying in this case, the prosecutor introduced a table in which he hypothesized the following probabilities of occurrence of the reported characteristics of the two people involved. The first of these was, a partly yellow automobile to which he attributed a probability of one in 10. The second was a man with a mustache, one in four. Third was the girl with the ponytail, also one in 10. Fourth was a girl with blonde hair, one in three. Fifth was a Negro man with a beard also one in 10. There's a little monotony in these probabilities and somewhat inaccurate assessment. And finally, an interracial couple in a car, one in a thousand, at which point, the prosecutor multiplied the individual probabilities and arrived at a figure one in 12 million, which represented, according to him, the probability that any couple possessed the distinctive characteristics of the defendants. This was very convincing to the judge who, bought the argument lock stock and barrel. I'll leave it to the audience here. All of whom I think have figured out what's going on to note some of the problems with this evaluation and indeed how you might begin to worry about assessing the dependence of the events involved rather than multiplying probabilities together. Although the judge found the defendants guilty the California Supreme court using further probabilistic arguments, several of which were just as fallacious as the ones used in the case itself. The Supreme Court overturned, the conviction of the defendants because of this particular calculation. And in their decision they did however, have the wisdom to make a reference to the well-known status statistical test by my former colleague texts, Bernie Lindgren It's at this point that I wish I had a bayesian beard like my friend, Dennis Lindley who uses this example in his lectures to stroke that would help me conjure up probabilities to substitute into a simple formula for this problem. The Collin's case conveniently brings us to the late sixties. But we jumped over a lot of time in case you hadn't noticed. But the time we jumped over was really a time where there weren't a lot of cases going on. In the 1960s however, we see as you search the literature, the beginning of the use of statistical arguments in a somewhat crude way in jury discrimination cases, and the statistical evidence from several of these cases is described in the book by Michael Finkelstein, which is included in the references. One case, which is not discussed there is the trial of Dr. Spock and others in 1968 for the violation of the military service laws. Now, some people here may not know who Dr Spock is, but those of my generation were probably raised by their mothers and fathers, according to Dr. Spock's advice. And when his case came to trial, it was noted by one of the newspaper reporters that the jury contained no women, No women. But that the veneer from which the jury had been selected, that is the list from which the jury had been selected, should have consisted of consisted of a hundred individuals, nine of whom were women. Now that was also pretty shocking given that the lists from which the veneers were drawn supposedly contained at least 30% women. And when Dr. Spock was found guilty, my then colleague Hans Isle at the university of Chicago said about gathering data on the sex breakdown of all the juries in cases tried in that particular district court over two year period. I helped him analyze these data, which he used in a friend of the court brief and the analysis that we did there was somewhat complicated being based on mixtures of binomials and yielding a significance level of one in 10 to the minus 18. But I think the nice thing about this example is that once you look at the data that you don't need a fancy analysis to see the results. I'll show you two versions of it. The first version is simply the percentage of women jurors on the list of the various judges in this district court. And as you might surmise, the judge in the Spock case was Judge G. Hans at this point, speculated that he had instructed the clerk of the court to throw back every other female name when it arisen because that would be quite in accord with what was seen here. Now, as statisticians, we all know that there's variability and you don't simply want to look at overall proportions. And so what we've done is put together a histogram which shows the results for Judge G on the bottom and all the other judges pool together on the top. There are two interesting features here. One is that the particular trial in question is this one down here in orange, and it is somewhat extreme even for Judge G, but that the only trial that he presided over involving a jury in this two-year period, subsequent to the Spock trial was the one after the newspaper publicity about the lack of women. And that was the one with the 24% up at this end. And one needs not have a statistical test to decide that Judge G is just somewhat different than the rest of the judges in this case. Quite consistent with the Howland Will case that I described for you a few moments ago, the judge chose to overturn the conviction of Dr. Spock and the others, but on first amendment grounds, rather than statistical grounds of the sort that I've shown you here Well While at Chicago, I actually did get to testify in a case. And although it isn't a classic case in any sense there is a moral to this particular story. So I thought I would relate it to you. The case I testified in was that of 20th century Fox film Corporation v. the Woods Amusement Corporation. And it was a very unsettling experience one which almost cut short my legal career. The case involved the failure of woods to execute its contract to 20th century Fox to show the 20th century film In Lake Flint. And I was asked to testify by the defendant's lawyer in connection with an analysis of the gross receipts of, In Like Flint and an early related masterpiece, Our Man Flint with the same actors in the same company. The data involved were data for nine cities. And in four of these. In Like Flint was shown late as it was in Chicago because in the Chicago case, Woods chose to keep on another movie that was doing well. In case you don't remember, In like Flint, it was a real dog. And although Our Man Flint was a big success it's followup picture did not do well. And in all of the nine cities, in fact gross receipts dropped rather dramatically. And I was asked to prepare a summary analysis of this. And I did based on the use of the Kruskal Wallis test. And I carefully rehearsed all of my statistical arguments. And I came up with a very convincing story. The day for my testimony came. And I recall sitting in this courtroom with all of the fancy oak paneling and feeling somewhat overwhelmed by the majesty of the proceedings. And then finally I was called forth to testify. And the lead attorney for the plaintiffs immediately jumped up. And in the best of Perry Mason tradition said I object to this witness as irrelevant immaterial. And because he was not on the pretrial list of witnesses, now, that's a very more, that's that's a serious legal maneuver. In civil proceedings the sides share information. And in particular you have to tell the other side who your expert will be. You can't spring an expert from the back of the courtroom, the way Perry Mason is always prone to do in television programs. And so there was some question in the judge's mind about whether or not my testimony was really new evidence and therefore he could really allow this. But he decided to hear the testimony before ruling on the objection. There was no jury going on in this trial. And therefore I proceeded to present my testimony and what I thought was very admirable fashion. And the time came for the cross examination and the plaintiff's lawyer stood up and began to posture a little and he walked over to the table and he picked up exhibit C. Now exhibit C was very much like exhibit D which I had been analyzing. And it contained the figures introduced by the defendant's lawyer the Woods Amusement Corporation and indeed the figures which I had analyzed in my testimony. He then asked me to add up the numbers in the first column, which I did. And I discovered to my dismay that the total was not correct. I had this sinking feeling because I realized that it didn't matter at all because as you all know, in the Kruskal Wallis test you don't look at the numbers themselves. You look at the rinks and I had never actually looked at the total in anything I had done. The lawyer didn't really care about that. And he immediately sat down. I was very chagrin and somewhat gratified to know that the judge upheld his objection not because I was irrelevant and immaterial but rather because I had not been on the pre-trial list it was actually a very subtle ruling because he argued that I was interpreting evidence already in the record and not presenting new evidence at all. So it told me something about the way in which statistics was being used but also told me about something that I had to worry about in the future that you can't leave it up to the lawyer is to look after you in a courtroom setting of that story, you have to look after yourself. But I digress. During the 1970s, the use of statistical arguments in legal settings mushroomed, and the reasons for this were many. First government expanded its regulation. And this expanded regulation brought before the courts and regulatory agencies, factual issues that invited the use of quantitative arguments. Second, by the late seventies the federal anti-discrimination legislation of the 1960s and early seventies, especially the civil rights act of '64. And it's title seven was producing a very large volume of litigation. And much of that litigation was statistically based. In 1978 alone, nearly 6,000 discrimination cases were filed in federal district courts. And easy and relative access to computers had also encouraged the use of computer-based statistical techniques in legal settings. And finally, more and more young lawyers began to feel at ease with statistical arguments because of graduate and undergraduate training in statistics as distinct from their legal training. And indeed many of these had actually taken courses in statistical methods in their law schools. In fact, an added reason to all of this is that the financial stakes involved were quite high and when stakes of that sort occur, lawyer's looking at all directions for expert advice. In the handout, you'll see a rough indication of the frequency of use of various statistical arguments in federal courts. And this is a fairly recent table. It was prepared two weeks ago in connection with this other work that I was referring to. And it comes about mainly as a result of a keyword analysis of published opinions. The interesting thing is, in some of these numbers I'll quote are not in this table. Some of them are in the table. Between 1960 and September '79 where we had done an earlier search, the term statistic or statistical appeared in about 3000 cases. It's about 4% of all of the reported district court opinions. And in about half of those cases on appeal the same kinds of terms appeared again, so that they were central. It was statistics was the central issue in what was going on in those cases. If you look at the references in table one you'll notice some more complex statistical terms. And most of these are quite recent of the 46 references to regression analysis. Only three of them appeared prior to 1972 and 20 of them have appeared in the last three years. And almost all of them have appeared subsequent to 1977. For a moment in a moment, I'll talk about 1977 because it's sort of a watershed year in the use of statistical testimony. Judge Weinstein of the Southern District court of New York has argued in some correspondence that numbers like this. Don't give you an accurate reflection of the burden felt by the courts. As a result of this increased use of statistics. He argues that cases involving statistical argument take many times more court hours and reflection by judges than do typical non-statistical cases. Indeed, there are examples of cases where judges have not issued their opinions for a year following the completion of the trial so that they could go off and study things such as multiple regression and adjudicate between the two sides. And we'll see a case of that in, in a few moments. I mentioned 1977 is a key year. And the reason for this is that there were three Supreme Court decisions in '77, which stand out In the first of these cases, the case of Castaneda v. Partida, which I mentioned before. The court ruled that, the Texas Key Man System for a grand jury selection was discriminatory and the court made this finding on the basis of statistical evidence. I actually have the full footnote 17 from that report for you to look at here. And although we don't want to read it in detail it's interesting to note that the footnote goes through a very, very elaborate argument, which many of you will recognize as being an argument about the normal approximation to the binomial, how you compute the variance of a binomial proportion, I've underlined some of the key things. And in this particular instance, if you're better at reading numbers than you are at all the words up there you'll see that there was a sample size of 870. That the observe proportion of Mexican Americans was a point no, the observed proportion was three 39 over eight 70. The observed number being three 39. The percentage of Mexican Americans in the population at issue was almost 80%. So P equals 0.791. And we all know how to calculate the standard deviation. You take the product of P times one minus P times the sample size take the square root of that. Went on and used this argument in a couple of other ways and concluded that this difference was important and was one that it could not ignore and found that there was in fact discrimination. The second case that I want to describe to you, is the case of Teamsters v. United States also 1977, also Supreme court. And there, the statistical evidence is more like the Spock case. There were 6,000 and some odd employees of the company in question and only 314 of them were Black, 257 Spanish surname. So combined Black and Spanish surname they were about 10% of the drivers involved. On the other hand, when you look at the line drivers those doing the runs between cities where the pay is substantially higher you find only eight blacks and five Spanish speaking drivers making up a total of less than 1%. And the court noted in this case that they didn't need to do any fancy tests and that our cases make it unmistakably clear that statistical analysis have served and will continue. And this is a statistical analysis. According to the court, in this case we'll continue to serve an important role in cases in which the existence of discrimination is a disputed fact. We have repeatedly approved the use of statistical proof whereas reach proportions comparable to those in this case to establish a prime aphasia case of racial discrimination in jury selection cases. And then they made a reference back to Castaneda, statistics are equally competent improving employment discrimination. And so here we see a carry over from one form of discrimination to another in the use of statistical arguments. The court continued, we caution only that statistics are not irrefutable. They come in infinite variety and like any other kind of evidence, they may be rebutted. In short, their usefulness depends on all of the surrounding facts and circumstances. Something that is very important and will come up again before the evening is over, The final of the trio of opinions from 1977, was the case of Hazelwood School District v U.S. And in this case, the majority of the court went back to the Castaneda decision and adopted the Castaneda criteria which I didn't draw your attention to in that quote. The court noted in Castaneda that two or three standard deviations were sufficient to establish significance in the minds of most social scientists. And I was glad that they tarred somebody else with that brush because it's not always clear to me that two or three is the right standard for anything, any, right. They annunciated in this particular case, that if they wanted to determine where a statistical disparity existed between higher rates and two different availability figures for black public school teachers and the suburban St Louis School District that two or three standard deviations should be sufficient. And then they went on to note that because of this, a difference, which they found that was less than two standard deviations for one possible comparison that one of the sides did not make. The case should not proceed further. And they remanded the case to the district court for retrying and for an examination of this statistical evidence. Hidden away in a dissenting vote was a very interesting piece of statistics argued by one of the justices in dissent, Justice Stevens. And in his dissenting opinion, he questioned the use of this two or three standard deviation criteria and argued in a footnote, attributing the calculation to his clerk that the 5.7% availability figure was still significant at the 5% level. And you wonder where he got this and a careful review of the calculations and the footnote makes it clear that his clerk did a one-tail test. Whereas the majority of the court did a two-tailed test. And as a result, a subtle argument was missed by the court. And the data were used to overturn the decision. Now, none of these three decisions directly involve discussions of evidence presented by statistical expert witnesses which is in part the, the thrust of my talk today but what they have clearly paved the way for is battalions of statisticians entering the courtroom arm with a vast array of technical statistical weapons, such as multiple regression, logistic regression, Tobit analysis and the like, and the question that we have to ask is whether or not this increased sophistication of statistical testimony has been met with an increasing sophistication on the part of the judges. And here I must admit we have mixed results. One outstanding example of where a judge has done well is the case of Vuyanich v. Republic National Bank. I thought I would take some time to describe this one in detail to you because of its interest. In the Vuyanich case, what was it issue was liability in a title seven race and sex discrimination liability action. The plaintiff was a black female who worked for the bank for all of three months in 1969 in the money order department. And she was ultimately fired. She filed her complaint with the office of equal employment, EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In 1969, it processed it in 1971, issued an opinion. This went on and on. This is very typical. You notice that the decision says 1980 on it. The case was about to go to trial in 1974 but her case was then joined with three others. The judge died, they began all over again. And the case was finally argued in 1978. It continued through. And because of all of the evidence involved into 1979 and then the judge took a year to learn about multiple regression in order to deal with the issues. After all 10 years delay another year doesn't matter very much. The opinion is one that I would encourage people to actually go and study. It's 127 pages long. It's almost like a textbook. And in it the judge really addresses many of the statistical aspects. The ways of statistical thinking that occurred in this case, and he contrasts statistical thinking with legal thinking an issue that is very important for those of you who are going to plan to cash in on all of this after this lecture\r\n\r\n- The case was notable for other reasons. There were eight statistical experts called to testify in this case, four for each side. And they carefully divided up the issues. And one of them would do regression on one set of problems. Another one would do a very elaborate cohort analysis not like the one I'll describe in my lecture in political science tomorrow but quite different kind. Very, very elaborate statistical analysis lots of rebuttal testimony, re analysis, arguing back and forth about the merits of specification in the light. And I thought I'd review for you some of the kinds of issues that are raised in the opinion and reflect what went on in that case. The first of these relates to data quality The data involved in this case were mainly bank records although there was a survey used of former bank employees and for some of the variables as many as 50% of the values were missing. And the defendants claim that that invalidated those variables as ones that should be permissible for use. And the judge argued that while it was true that that diminished the value of those. He was very prepared to see just what impact they had and that it was an empirical issue. And it was up for the two sides to just to resolve empirically rather than through ex cathedra arguments. He argued very cogently, about the role of statistical versus anecdotal evidence. Now, anecdotal may sound somewhat capricious, but in fact anecdotal evidence is like the smoking gun in Watergate. It's, it's the thing that describes what happens to the individual plaintiffs in these cases and represents the mechanism by which they experienced discrimination. And the idea is that that anecdotal evidence is to be thought of as carrying over to the class that these plaintiffs are representing. And it's because the plaintiffs are representing a class of people. And the only way you can think about that class is through statistical arguments that we have this elaborate display of statistical evidence. And the judge argues that the anecdotal evidence lend support to the idea that any discrimination found in the statistical analysis is due to discriminatory behavior rather than by chance. And he talks about it as being a backdrop to the statistical evidence. About 80 pages of the report actually involve the evidence from both sides. And you get to see multiple regression output in all its glory with significance levels, one, two and three stars on the coefficients. And the judge discusses these and discusses whether the coefficients are larger small, he discusses the role of proxy variables In the light. In fact, he decided that it was so important. The regression was so important for the case. Then he actually gives a textbook treatment of it his own textbook treatment in 10 pages in the middle of the report. He summarizes what he calls the mathematics of regression analysis. And it's actually quite a good discussion with arguments about multicollinearity and the need to look out for strange residual behavior. Just the kinds of things we like to think are in our methodology courses in statistics. And finally he said, well, you know, when you listen to the two sides, you still don't get enough. And sometimes there's a temptation. Once you've learned about all these methods to do some analysis of your own. And he argues both ways as judges are prone to do about whether or not it's appropriate for the court to engage in such analysis. And what are the limits that should be restricting the court in such circumstances? There is a another case that I point out here, Judge Pointer from Alabama who went much further than Judge Higginbottom in this case. Judge pointer saw evidence presented by both sides. And he decided that their analysis were both faulty. And so he did his own regression analysis and decided which side was really correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119725#t=0.0,2744.808"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And finally, the judge speaks at length","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=10.64,14.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the qualifications of the experts themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=14.38,19.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've been very careful not to tell you who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=19.04,20.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the experts are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=20.92,22.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. X is well known in the statistical community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=22.34,25.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the judge argues that Dr. X","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=25.88,29.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite properly asks why the dummy coefficient mode was used.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=29.16,32.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The issue here is whether or not you do separate regressions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=32.89,37.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for males and females, or whether or not you do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=37.13,39.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a combined regression without interaction terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=39.49,43.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a fairly subtle issue for a judge to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=43.92,46.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussing an opinion of this sort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=46.24,48.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. White has testified.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=48.79,50.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says that she has a very strong guess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=50.7,53.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that running separate regressions for males","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=53.67,55.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and females would not affect the results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=55.63,57.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No evidence to the contrary of this empirical judgment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=58.8,62.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by an expert was presented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=62.31,63.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judge notes that Dr. Y is not a statistician,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=65.37,69.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather an expert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=69.16,70.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in labor economics who was familiar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=70.18,72.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the relevant empirical work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=72.72,75.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he concludes Dr. X is an impressive expert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=75.51,78.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on statistical issues, but not as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=78.5,81.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to labor economics issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=81.02,83.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he accepted the evidence from Dr. Y","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=83.02,86.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"despite the fact that it was really quite faulty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=86.69,89.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And his concluding words in finding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=95.08,97.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the plaintiffs on several, but not all of the issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=97.74,101.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What he went through is in the case where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=101.2,103.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the plaintiffs didn't handle proxy variables properly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=103.43,107.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he threw out the statistical evidence in those cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=107.21,109.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he went through piece","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=109.84,110.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by piece and adjudicated the analysis, but he concludes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=110.84,114.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by noting that the esoterics of econometrics and statistics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=114.98,118.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which both parties have required this court to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=118.83,120.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"judge have a centripetal dynamic of their own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=120.9,123.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the precision like mesh of numbers tends to make fits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=123.98,127.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of social problems where intuitively I feel none exists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=127.01,131.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remain wary of the siren call of the numerical display","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=131.17,135.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hope here that the resistance was adequate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=135.07,137.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That the ultimate findings are the product of judgment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=137.93,141.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not calculation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=141.61,142.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very instructive opinion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=144.39,145.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would encourage you to go look at it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=145.98,148.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the good example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=149.47,151.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I promised you one of both sorts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=151.64,154.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because most situations involve judges who are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=154.15,157.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really struggling to keep a float","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=157.96,160.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sea of statistical testimony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=160.2,163.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to read you an exchange that comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=163.35,166.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a case involving Judge McMillan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=166.003,169.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Stasny versus Southern Bell telephone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=169.95,172.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the 1978 case, not all that long ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=172.76,175.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that this one may be much more the norm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=175.85,178.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a short exchange question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=180.63,183.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Question comes from the lawyer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=183.75,185.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The answer comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=185.09,186.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the statistical witness who sitting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=186.21,188.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you have to envision the lawyer standing here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=188.29,191.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the female statistical witness sitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=191.21,195.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the box beside the, the judge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=195.02,197.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Keith, these various weights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=198.63,202.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is another regression analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=202.0,203.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in case you don't identify it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=203.81,205.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are they weights that you determine are weights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=205.85,207.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the computer determines. Answer they're weights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=207.71,212.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are determined by the computer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=212.1,213.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because the regression equation is obtained","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=213.61,215.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the program that's used, very informative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=215.69,218.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Court, how does this theory cope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=220.24,222.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the absolutely arbitrary decisions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=222.88,225.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that an employer might make to pay one person $5","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=225.09,228.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and another $10 an hour for doing the same work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=228.61,232.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Answer, we look at the wages for all employees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=232.14,235.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these wages are converted to the natural laws","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=235.66,238.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=238.57,239.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Court, what do you mean by natural laws?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=239.67,242.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not any natural laws about wages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=247.0,249.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Answer, What happens is that you take a wage court?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=250.6,254.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been hearing law all afternoon, natural law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=254.84,258.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought we were getting back to resolve?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=258.29,260.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Given this particular exchange.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=261.95,263.859"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not surprising to find the Judge McMillan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=263.859,266.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"swept away the regression analysis of both sides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=266.78,270.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the following statement, regression analysis begins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=270.03,273.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the assumption that certain independent variables","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=273.73,276.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, determine the outcomes of decisions to raise, pay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=276.21,279.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and promote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=279.81,280.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Such assumptions are intellectually questionable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=280.99,284.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not grounded in any solid evidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=284.02,286.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Much of the statistical testimony, especially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=288.46,291.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these equal employment opportunity cases, either skirts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=291.07,295.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in effect ignores some rather complex statistical issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=295.02,298.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I did promise you a little weight in 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questionable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=303.93,305.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you get to call","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=305.97,307.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon to testify or work in any of these cases, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=307.04,310.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think these are some questions that you should ask yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=310.06,313.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is the justification for doing a regression analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=313.2,317.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and associated tests of significance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=317.18,319.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the context of complete data for the company","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=319.61,322.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=322.27,323.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're dealing with a population now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=323.56,325.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not with a sample.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=325.35,326.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the question of where regression fits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=326.89,329.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into that is something that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=329.56,331.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least somebody should raise questions about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=331.7,334.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second and that if the analysis can be, can be justified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=334.47,338.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how should you interpret the coefficients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=338.96,341.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Especially for those dummy variables","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=342.1,344.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the zero one variables that are associated with sex","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=344.25,348.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or minority status, the way they have been interpreted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=348.02,352.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by many is that's the amount of discrimination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=352.5,356.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's very hazardous in a lot of settings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=356.46,359.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a larger issue that's suggested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=360.87,363.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by some of the things that I've just mentioned, which is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=363.24,366.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether or not a statistician should present new 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problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=374.41,377.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old methods may not be appropriate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=377.42,379.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you have to develop new methods to suit the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=379.31,383.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question then becomes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=383.37,384.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should you present those new methods and innovative analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=384.46,387.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as part of your testimony, or should you turn and rely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=387.78,391.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on less appropriate, but relatively standard techniques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=391.61,394.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which the court is most like more likely to understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=394.97,398.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by now standard means things like regression analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=398.47,401.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then it means that maybe you can't use log","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=401.93,404.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"linear models and Logitech analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=404.7,407.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that would be a big shame.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=407.25,408.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I think these are not easy questions to answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=412.87,415.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed, in any particular case, I, it's not clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=415.49,418.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they have answers at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=418.92,420.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As the hour is growing late","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=421.3,423.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than regale you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=423.22,424.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with further stories of statistical infelicities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=424.48,427.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mindless regression analysis involving an excess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=427.84,430.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a hundred and twenty-five predictors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=430.82,432.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there is one such case, or give you advice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=432.807,437.215"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on how to prepare your own testimony","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=437.215,439.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the case that you're currently working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=439.47,441.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on as a statistical expert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=441.08,443.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me end with one last story regarding my own testimony","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=443.6,447.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a case about four and a half years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=447.82,450.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involving allegedly faulty merchandise supplied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=451.26,454.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by one company to the next.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=454.6,456.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The merchandise consisted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=457.21,458.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of approximately 4,000 artificial fur collars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=458.61,462.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they were packed into 70 cartons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=462.84,465.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And back in 1974","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=465.85,467.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the defective merchandise was first suspected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=467.68,470.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the plaintiffs hired a statistician to draw a random sample","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=470.71,474.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 112 colleagues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=474.52,475.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now why 112, I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=475.95,477.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then they sent these 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90%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=499.55,502.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's a pretty easy thing to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=502.59,504.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, although I was asked to do that test, I was 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one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=554.68,557.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can certainly demonstrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=557.47,559.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the information that you have is consistent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=559.04,562.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a sample that would have been drawn at random.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=562.69,566.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I did this in various 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Feinberg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=593.5,595.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Holland and directed the Judge to chapter nine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=595.26,598.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The defendant's lawyer finally stood up at the 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=613.59,617.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the department of statistics at Harvard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=617.47,619.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not from the business 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professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=623.6,625.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you were to take an artificial for collar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=626.88,629.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and scrunch it all up and stuff it into a plastic 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there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=647.52,648.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I looked at the Judge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=648.84,650.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Judge looked at me and I looked at the 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back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=653.82,655.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He couldn't see what was going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=655.66,657.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was absolutely speechless","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=657.15,658.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hadn't been prepared for this one at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=658.82,661.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then finally, one of the lawyers stood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=661.43,663.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up and objected to this line of questioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=663.52,665.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I was qualified as an expert statistical 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concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=680.22,682.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my statistical testimony had absolutely nothing to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=682.08,684.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the realities of the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=684.97,686.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he had no further questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=686.75,688.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fortunately, for all of us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=690.24,692.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statistical testimony has much to do with the realities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=692.42,696.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of enough cases to keep many of us here tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=696.45,700.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"busy as expert witnesses for years to come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=700.04,702.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=702.83,703.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You touched on a theme, which I assume is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=722.545,724.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an interesting one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=724.18,725.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=728.096,730.346"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and pervasive one pervasive one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=732.76,736.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The matter of whether statistical expertise can live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=736.09,741.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and survive on its own, but you're always vulnerable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=741.01,745.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this accusation that your statistics may be great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=745.83,749.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you don't know anything about what's really going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=749.51,753.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can we, do we need them to win as a team","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=753.22,758.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the handmaidens of science or whatever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=758.057,761.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the right word is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=761.313,762.146"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can we really ever take the full brunt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=762.146,764.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the responsibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=764.65,766.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly on the basis of the statistics for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=766.27,771.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's it's, it's very, very tricky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=774.06,776.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the things that I've discovered I've been involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=776.13,779.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in several cases, most of which I haven't bored you with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=779.36,782.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=784.0,784.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those cases are ones which have never gone to court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=784.833,788.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the wonderful things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=790.08,791.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the legal system is that it involves both parties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=791.59,795.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in very prolonged negotiations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=795.57,798.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's a reason for 10 year lags","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=798.36,800.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because most of them get settled in that 10 year period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=800.13,802.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've learned that what you have to do is work very carefully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=804.16,807.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with lawyers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=807.01,808.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've discovered that my job in a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=808.28,810.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of cases is to teach the lawyers about statistics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=810.65,813.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To teach them often about the limitations of statistics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=814.96,818.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to go in and convince them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=818.03,820.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it will solve all their problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=820.01,822.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think if you go in with the notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=822.31,824.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it will solve all the problems in a case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=824.05,826.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're in for a big disappointment and for a big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=826.52,829.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big shock down the line.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=829.56,831.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you begin with that kind of attitude, it's much 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consultant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=838.37,840.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as opposed to a professor, a salary to lecture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=840.92,843.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to hundreds of students in a classroom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=843.85,845.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then it progressed to slowly, you begin to see evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=847.33,850.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the other side and it becomes abundantly 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done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1021.58,1023.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the lawyers in the case, because they decided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1023.62,1026.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that was worth their attention looking at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1026.2,1027.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1027.567,1028.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of anecdotal evidence that we found there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1028.5,1031.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that, that there's more involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1032.39,1034.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that, that if you're going to take this kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1034.35,1036.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of thing seriously and go beyond testifying, in one case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1036.68,1041.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's like anything else, you have to learn something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1042.59,1045.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the law in the same way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1045.05,1046.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to learn something about agriculture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1046.75,1049.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something about psychology or sociology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1049.05,1051.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or crime or whatever it is you're working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1051.36,1052.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on and I pulled up my paper with Myron Straf that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1052.635,1057.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I promised not to use tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1058.03,1060.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I thought I would read you a quote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1060.04,1062.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe this is (indiscernible) in, we were noting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1062.61,1066.751"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the paper that there's an interplay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1066.751,1069.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the law and statistics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1069.96,1072.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if statistics is evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1072.79,1074.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this process is to contribute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1074.53,1076.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the resolution of conflict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1076.17,1078.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It must do so by serving the process effectively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1078.26,1081.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To this end, statisticians must be more accepting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1081.95,1084.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their science being used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1084.68,1086.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ways that serve the legal process well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1086.0,1088.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Statistician should not necessarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1089.87,1091.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expect to impose the rigor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1091.87,1093.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their discipline for scientific relevance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1093.36,1096.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completeness and accuracy in generality on the courts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1096.12,1099.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they may need to become more tolerant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1099.84,1101.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the following aspects of the legal process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1101.83,1104.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The selection of evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1104.94,1106.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to legal standards of relevance, the expression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1106.12,1110.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ideas in somewhat vague and imprecise terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1110.26,1114.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reformulation of statistical concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1114.07,1116.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into words that can take on new and different meanings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1116.58,1120.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The inference of conclusions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1121.37,1122.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not from proofs, logical consequences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1122.95,1126.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even statistical tests of significance, but rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1126.17,1129.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from impressions and assessments of reasonable experts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1129.244,1134.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally the acceptance of a statistical method","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1134.48,1137.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not so much on the basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1137.75,1139.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of an evaluation of the method itself, but more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1139.13,1142.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on an ascertainment that the method has found acceptance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1142.35,1145.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the scientific community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1145.46,1146.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a big mouthful for most statisticians to swallow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1147.81,1151.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and explains why some of them do well in courts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1151.12,1153.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some of them don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1153.35,1154.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Wait, you mentioned in your talk about the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1160.91,1163.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what do they call it, administrative court environmental","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1163.547,1166.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protective agency?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1166.38,1167.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have any sort of similar data?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1167.99,1169.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anything on those?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=1170.871,1172.371"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30819/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/819/original/AV203242_The_Statistician_Goes_to_Court_b.vtt?1626717939","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/819/original/AV203242_The_Statistician_Goes_to_Court_b.vtt?1626717939"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30820","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203242_The_Statistician_Goes_to_Court_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726/transcript/30820/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And finally, the judge speaks at length about the qualifications of the experts themselves. And I've been very careful not to tell you who the experts are. Dr. X is well known in the statistical community. And the judge argues that Dr. X quite properly asks why the dummy coefficient mode was used. The issue here is whether or not you do separate regressions for males and females, or whether or not you do a combined regression without interaction terms. That's a fairly subtle issue for a judge to be discussing an opinion of this sort. Dr. White has testified. He says that she has a very strong guess that running separate regressions for males and females would not affect the results. No evidence to the contrary of this empirical judgment by an expert was presented. Judge notes that Dr. Y is not a statistician, but rather an expert in labor economics who was familiar with the relevant empirical work. And he concludes Dr. X is an impressive expert on statistical issues, but not as to labor economics issues. And he accepted the evidence from Dr. Y despite the fact that it was really quite faulty. And his concluding words in finding for the plaintiffs on several, but not all of the issues. What he went through is in the case where the plaintiffs didn't handle proxy variables properly he threw out the statistical evidence in those cases. So he went through piece by piece and adjudicated the analysis, but he concludes by noting that the esoterics of econometrics and statistics which both parties have required this court to judge have a centripetal dynamic of their own. And the precision like mesh of numbers tends to make fits of social problems where intuitively I feel none exists. I remain wary of the siren call of the numerical display and hope here that the resistance was adequate. That the ultimate findings are the product of judgment and not calculation. It's a very instructive opinion. And I would encourage you to go look at it. That was the good example. I promised you one of both sorts because most situations involve judges who are really struggling to keep a float in the sea of statistical testimony. And I'd like to read you an exchange that comes from a case involving Judge McMillan in Stasny versus Southern Bell telephone. It's the 1978 case, not all that long ago. And I think that this one may be much more the norm. It's a short exchange question. Question comes from the lawyer. The answer comes from the statistical witness who sitting. So you have to envision the lawyer standing here and the female statistical witness sitting in the box beside the, the judge. Dr. Keith, these various weights. This is another regression analysis in case you don't identify it. Are they weights that you determine are weights that the computer determines. Answer they're weights that are determined by the computer Because the regression equation is obtained through the program that's used, very informative. Court, how does this theory cope with the absolutely arbitrary decisions that an employer might make to pay one person $5 and another $10 an hour for doing the same work? Answer, we look at the wages for all employees and these wages are converted to the natural laws and then, Court, what do you mean by natural laws? Not any natural laws about wages, Answer, What happens is that you take a wage court? I've been hearing law all afternoon, natural law. I thought we were getting back to resolve? Given this particular exchange. It's not surprising to find the Judge McMillan swept away the regression analysis of both sides with the following statement, regression analysis begins with the assumption that certain independent variables in fact, determine the outcomes of decisions to raise, pay and promote. Such assumptions are intellectually questionable and not grounded in any solid evidence. Much of the statistical testimony, especially in these equal employment opportunity cases, either skirts or in effect ignores some rather complex statistical issues. And I did promise you a little weight in here and there are a lot of things going on there that I think are quite questionable. And if you get to call upon to testify or work in any of these cases, I think these are some questions that you should ask yourself. What is the justification for doing a regression analysis and associated tests of significance in the context of complete data for the company in question? We're dealing with a population now not with a sample. And the question of where regression fits into that is something that at least somebody should raise questions about. Second and that if the analysis can be, can be justified how should you interpret the coefficients? Especially for those dummy variables the zero one variables that are associated with sex or minority status, the way they have been interpreted by many is that's the amount of discrimination. I think that's very hazardous in a lot of settings. There is a larger issue that's suggested by some of the things that I've just mentioned, which is whether or not a statistician should present new methods in such settings, because as many of you will have learned when you face a new problem old methods may not be appropriate and you have to develop new methods to suit the problem. The question then becomes should you present those new methods and innovative analysis as part of your testimony, or should you turn and rely on less appropriate, but relatively standard techniques which the court is most like more likely to understand. And by now standard means things like regression analysis but then it means that maybe you can't use log linear models and Logitech analysis. And that would be a big shame. Well, I think these are not easy questions to answer. And indeed, in any particular case, I, it's not clear that they have answers at all. As the hour is growing late rather than regale you with further stories of statistical infelicities and mindless regression analysis involving an excess of a hundred and twenty-five predictors. And there is one such case, or give you advice on how to prepare your own testimony for the case that you're currently working on as a statistical expert. Let me end with one last story regarding my own testimony in a case about four and a half years ago involving allegedly faulty merchandise supplied by one company to the next. The merchandise consisted of approximately 4,000 artificial fur collars. And they were packed into 70 cartons. And back in 1974 when the defective merchandise was first suspected the plaintiffs hired a statistician to draw a random sample of 112 colleagues. Now why 112, I don't know. And then they sent these colleagues out to another expert who analyzed them and pronounced them defective or non defective. The results of that analysis were that 90% of the collars that were selected were deemed defective. Now we all know how to make inferences from a sample of 112 where the probability of a defect is 90% and that's a pretty easy thing to do. And so, although I was asked to do that test, I was also that was the easy part. I also had to deal with a somewhat more difficult problem. The problem was that in the intervening time the statistician who had run the sample had died and he didn't he had a memorandum describing the sampling plan but unfortunately he never told me what table of random numbers he used and how the selection actually went on. And so the real issue that I had to face up to was how to actually show that the sample was indeed random and therefore give the court justification for inferring that essentially all of the merchandise was defective. Well, I prepared my customary way a report. And in the report, I did a very elaborate analysis which while as many of you know you can't prove that a sample is a random one. You can certainly demonstrate that the information that you have is consistent with a sample that would have been drawn at random. And I did this in various ways. And the direct testimony in the case went very, very well. The, the lawyer with whom I was working I briefed him this time. I didn't want to get caught with a wrong total. And so he, he carefully drew out each of the tests I did including a frequency of frequency analysis. And he asked me for a reference on that one. And I reached into my briefcase and pulled out a copy of Bishop Feinberg and Holland and directed the Judge to chapter nine. The defendant's lawyer finally stood up at the end and began his cross-examination as follows: Professor, I nodded my head. I'm sure that the Harvard business school where you received your PhD and answer my degree is from the department of statistics at Harvard not from the business school. Well at any rate, I'm sure that you have good training in mathematics, but tell me, professor if you were to take an artificial for collar and scrunch it all up and stuff it into a plastic bag and then throw that bag into a box where it stayed for three years, wouldn't you expect it to look like this. And he opened up this plastic bag and he reached in and he pulled out the scruffy looking fur collar and he stuck it into my face. And I was just sort of sitting there. And I looked at the Judge and the Judge looked at me and I looked at the lawyer who was sitting on the bench and he was looking at the fellows back. He couldn't see what was going on. I was absolutely speechless and I hadn't been prepared for this one at all. And then finally, one of the lawyers stood up and objected to this line of questioning since I was qualified as an expert statistical witness and not an expert witness on fur collars. The judge sustained this objection and the defendant's lawyer remarked that as far as he was concerned my statistical testimony had absolutely nothing to do with the realities of the case. And he had no further questions. Fortunately, for all of us statistical testimony has much to do with the realities of enough cases to keep many of us here tonight busy as expert witnesses for years to come. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- You touched on a theme, which I assume is an interesting one, and pervasive one pervasive one. The matter of whether statistical expertise can live and survive on its own, but you're always vulnerable to this accusation that your statistics may be great but you don't know anything about what's really going on. How can we, do we need them to win as a team and all the handmaidens of science or whatever the right word is? Can we really ever take the full brunt of the responsibility mostly on the basis of the statistics for\r\n\r\n- It's it's, it's very, very tricky. One of the things that I've discovered I've been involved in several cases, most of which I haven't bored you with. And indeed many of those cases are ones which have never gone to court. One of the wonderful things about the legal system is that it involves both parties in very prolonged negotiations. And there's a reason for 10 year lags because most of them get settled in that 10 year period. I've learned that what you have to do is work very carefully with lawyers. And I've discovered that my job in a lot of cases is to teach the lawyers about statistics. To teach them often about the limitations of statistics not to go in and convince them that it will solve all their problems. I think if you go in with the notion that it will solve all the problems in a case you're in for a big disappointment and for a big big shock down the line. So if you begin with that kind of attitude, it's much easier if you get a good lawyer to work with, it's a lot better especially at the rates that one gets paid as a consultant as opposed to a professor, a salary to lecture to hundreds of students in a classroom. But then it progressed to slowly, you begin to see evidence from the other side and it becomes abundantly clear that statistics is only part of the case but at the same time that's what I learned when I did consulting in other fields. This wasn't new to me when I went into to the area of statistics in the law. It's what I learned when I did agricultural field trials with people at, at Minnesota. I was, in fact it was I was reading something very interesting that that Bill Cochran said and attributed it to I guess when he was at Rothamsted in the 1930s he said he had described a situation where he had done a a very careful analysis of a field trial. And he had sent it up to Yates because he wanted to present the results to the staff. And Yates sent it all back. Cochran pointed out that although he had done an elaborate analysis not very many effects turned out to be significant and that he had really had to tease out these very careful very carefully tease out these interaction effects and Yates sent it back with one sentence written across it saying crop failed. You have to know what you're doing in analyzing an experiment. You have to know what you're doing in analyzing a survey. You have to know what you're doing in understanding what's going on in a case. If somebody's going to ask you to be a witness in the case that I worked on 3M corporation in Minnesota you better have gone to the plant. So you know, where the clerical workers work where the production workers work if that's what's at issue, even if that doesn't enter into your Chi square test or regression analysis it's very important to understand the context. It's very important to have looked at the application forms rather than simply doing an analysis of the numbers that appear there on. Let me tell you why it's important because that's where the smoking gun is the discrimination case, in the 3M case, which has since been settled. The lawyers never looked at the applications and we were given a box and I sifted through the box with a junior colleague with whom I was working. And we came across an application of a female. The issue here was production workers being assigned to two different kinds of jobs. And then there was the clerical workers and they got it even less pay. And they were all female and scrawled across the application form for a production job was cute has nice knees put her in my department. When that piece of paper went to the other side as an exhibit, they suddenly began to want to talk settlement because they suspected that we had lots more and the lawyers never found that, the statistician found it. And that was much more persuasive than the elaborate analysis that we had done for the lawyers in the case, because they decided that that was worth their attention looking at. And that's the kind of anecdotal evidence that we found there. But I think that, that there's more involved. I think that, that if you're going to take this kind of thing seriously and go beyond testifying, in one case it's like anything else, you have to learn something about the law in the same way, you have to learn something about agriculture or something about psychology or sociology or crime or whatever it is you're working on and I pulled up my paper with Myron Straf that I promised not to use tonight. And I thought I would read you a quote and maybe this is in, we were noting throughout the paper that there's an interplay between the law and statistics. And if statistics is evidence in this process is to contribute to the resolution of conflict. It must do so by serving the process effectively. To this end, statisticians must be more accepting of their science being used in ways that serve the legal process well. Statistician should not necessarily expect to impose the rigor of their discipline for scientific relevance completeness and accuracy in generality on the courts and they may need to become more tolerant in the following aspects of the legal process. The selection of evidence according to legal standards of relevance, the expression of ideas in somewhat vague and imprecise terms. The reformulation of statistical concepts into words that can take on new and different meanings. The inference of conclusions not from proofs, logical consequences or even statistical tests of significance, but rather from impressions and assessments of reasonable experts. And finally the acceptance of a statistical method not so much on the basis of an evaluation of the method itself, but more on an ascertainment that the method has found acceptance in the scientific community. That's a big mouthful for most statisticians to swallow and explains why some of them do well in courts. And some of them don't.\r\n\r\n- Wait, you mentioned in your talk about the, what do they call it, administrative court environmental protective agency? Do you have any sort of similar data? Anything on those?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46599/file/119726#t=0.0,1177.68"}]}]}]}