{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/bc3st7fd1x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Buchanan, James M., Women's Week"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203690 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Women's Week is an October 6, 1987 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring James Buchanan. James Buchanan expresses concern about the expanding welfare state.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9ns0m33c"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1987-10-06"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Buchanan, James M. (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Welfare state","Economic policy","Public welfare","Welfare economics","Work ethic"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Women's Week is an October 6, 1987 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring James Buchanan. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/601/small/lecture.png?1613489451","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - AV203690_Womens_Week_a.mp3"]},"duration":2780.016,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/601/small/lecture.png?1613489451","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/601/original/AV203690_Womens_Week_a.mp3?1613489451","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2780.016,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203690_Womens_Week_a.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Today's lecture is co-sponsored","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=5.803,7.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the University Lectures Committee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=7.55,9.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's funded by the Government of Student Body","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=9.95,12.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the I.W. Arthur Memorial Seminar Fund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=12.9,17.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today's speaker is James Buchanan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=18.32,22.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's Director General of the Public Choice 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1986","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=29.82,34.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for his work in Public Choice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=34.67,38.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a number of Seminal pieces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=38.66,41.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the area of public choice and public finance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=41.75,44.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Without further ado let me introduce Professor Jim Buchanan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=45.77,50.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience claps)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=50.922,53.672"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=61.01,61.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me give you a little time to get the room expanded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=61.843,65.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=67.353,69.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I appreciate the turnout here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=69.33,74.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I appreciate this opportunity to come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=74.08,78.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Ames, and to Iowa state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=78.59,82.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to participate in this Arthur Memorial Lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=82.59,87.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we were figuring out today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=88.3,89.528"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it had been about ten years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=89.528,92.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I last visited this campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=92.37,95.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suggested that I'd like to talked to you this evening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=96.94,99.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what I call a Political Economy of the Welfare State.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=99.51,103.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me commence with some basic definitions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=104.15,106.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, I wanna make a clear distinction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=108.9,111.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between a Socialist State and a Transfer State.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=111.35,115.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if I had a blackboard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=116.14,117.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd put those two things down on the board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=117.14,119.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the first, the socialist state, the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=120.58,124.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the state through its various arms and agencies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=124.05,127.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operates to provide goods and services directly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=127.97,131.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether these be public goods and services","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=132.29,134.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the technical meaning of this term,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=134.93,137.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whether they be private or partitionable goods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=138.12,140.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the standard sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=140.96,142.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say the socialist state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=144.93,146.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I define it here for purposes of this argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=146.9,149.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a direct producer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=150.75,152.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It fits in the card with the Marxist notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=154.47,157.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of controlling the means of production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=157.19,160.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By contrast and at least as an ideal type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=162.45,164.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here I'm sort of setting up categories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=164.95,167.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The transfer state does not directly 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community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=193.55,195.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what I wanna call the welfare state here tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=197.59,201.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the political economy of the welfare state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=201.06,203.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I wanna call the welfare state is one version","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=203.25,207.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or one form of the transfer state to sub category","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=207.77,211.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to be distinguished from another possible form","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=212.88,215.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the transfer state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=215.61,217.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I wanna call the churning state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=218.37,220.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I take that term directly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=221.57,223.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Anthony De Jasay's book \"The State,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=223.02,226.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a book that was published in 1985.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=226.493,228.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've been surprised,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=229.83,231.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've given this lecture in one or two places,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=231.06,233.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in this country and elsewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=233.59,236.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've been surprised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=236.21,237.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that most people don't know what churning is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=237.27,239.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in an hour you at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=239.64,241.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should know what churning is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=241.15,243.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but churning of course means","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=243.58,245.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you take the milk and you make the butter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=245.08,247.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back in my day you had to churn it this way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=247.43,249.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'course nowadays you don't do that anymore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=249.64,251.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at least you should know what churning involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=251.49,254.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, I wanna separate the welfare state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=255.29,258.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the churning state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=258.25,259.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two separate forms of the welfare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=259.42,263.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this transfer state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=263.15,265.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The churning state simply takes tax payments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=265.37,268.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from some groups of persons in the economy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=268.86,271.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gives cash payments to other groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=271.87,274.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the direction of the transfer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=274.96,278.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depends strictly on the relative political power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=278.33,281.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the coalitions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=281.26,283.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they interact through the political decision process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=283.04,286.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There need to be no connection at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=287.3,289.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm talking about the churning state now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=289.16,291.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there need to be no connection at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=291.89,293.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the net pattern of the transfers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=293.59,295.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that take place here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=295.423,297.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and any agreed on norms for advancing the welfare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=297.75,301.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or well-being of members of the community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=301.04,303.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say, there need to be in particular,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=304.59,307.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no shift in the final distribution of income","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=307.34,310.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to all those groups which are least favorite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=312.342,314.592"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed quite the opposite may happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=315.91,318.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The pattern of transfers in churning state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=318.54,320.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is exclusively determined by the struggle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=322.04,324.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the competing interests through the political process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=324.39,328.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever that may be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=328.03,330.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there need be no connection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=330.28,332.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with vertical redistribution of income or wealth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=332.08,334.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George Stigler has referred to the churning state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=336.49,339.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as operating in accordance with what he calls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=339.21,341.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"director's law of income redistribution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=341.33,344.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gordon Tullock has referenced the same phenomenon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=344.8,348.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is in which your transfer activity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=348.66,351.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really has very little connection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=351.17,352.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with redistribution of income","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=352.87,355.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's simply whoever has the political power operating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=355.32,358.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to transfer funds to their own groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=358.73,361.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the welfare state is to be 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meaningful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=517.58,520.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"defined welfare state rubric.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=520.67,522.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now it should be clear from this comparative 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state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=577.83,581.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least in the abstract and independently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=581.27,584.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of prior considerations of 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transfers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=590.41,592.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I might ask, how is this justification derived?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=594.03,597.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the contractarian 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participate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=626.73,628.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when no person is able fully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=629.63,632.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to identify his or her own role or 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ignorance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=639.32,643.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the veil of uncertainty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=643.47,645.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the individual contractor is forced to 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institution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=654.19,656.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will affect his own personal position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=656.78,659.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This device has been made widely 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poverty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=739.06,742.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against losing ability to earn income productively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=742.87,746.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against medical disasters and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=746.51,749.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It should be noted however,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=750.08,751.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that any such justification 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contract","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=757.69,761.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not allow for precise descriptions of these institutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=761.32,765.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's in this respect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=765.87,766.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I differ sharply with John Rawls,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=766.94,769.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who attempted in my view to be much too precise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=769.82,773.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in defining just what principles might emerge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=773.03,775.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from his idealized contract.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=775.61,777.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other side of my point here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=779.07,781.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there is no such 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associate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=838.45,839.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the contrasting churning state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=839.95,842.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It should be evident from this 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practice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=849.55,854.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and furthermore, that any constitutional authorization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=854.38,858.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the institutions of the welfare state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=858.81,861.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will tend at the same time to open the doors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=861.4,864.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of political manipulation later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=864.13,866.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But first I wanted to discuss problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=867.73,869.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of implementation of the welfare state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=869.74,872.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unsettled by any shift toward the churning state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=872.09,874.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me indicate some of the difficulties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=876.54,878.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about telling you an autobiographical story,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=878.56,880.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by former colleague, Geoffrey Brennan and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=883.21,885.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published a book called \"The Power to Tax\" in 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=885.48,888.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that exercise, in that book we asked the simple 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uncertainty?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=896.5,900.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How much taxing authority would that individual grant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=900.0,902.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the government at the constitutional 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transfers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=926.17,928.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our plan at that time was to follow up that book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=929.83,932.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a companion volume, a sequel volume,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=932.73,936.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're going to call the power to transfer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=936.07,938.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which we hope to derive 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here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=945.233,948.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Needless to say that second book has not been written.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=949.41,952.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has proved to be extraordinarily 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transfers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=966.85,969.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will not very quickly degenerate into a churning state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=969.46,973.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say the philosophical argument here is 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justification.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1196.91,1200.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say the welfare state in practice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1201.28,1204.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will always be larger and more inclusive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1204.52,1207.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the welfare state in principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1207.19,1209.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And from this conclusion it 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authorization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1310.06,1314.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Welfare States exist along with churning States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1314.41,1317.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the institutions of these two States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1318.91,1321.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are descriptive of most, if not all modern nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1321.11,1323.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are some other consequences of these institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1325.75,1328.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they are observed to be operative?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1328.58,1330.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact that they are overextended beyond all limits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1331.77,1334.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of legitimacy may be acknowledged,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1334.52,1337.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what are their consequences do they 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constituents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1366.67,1368.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But of course, these more familiar incentives will exist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1370.19,1373.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and will have predictable consequences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1373.86,1375.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These consequences are of several varieties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1377.29,1379.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me first discuss a consequence that is related to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1381.27,1384.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but different from that which produces the overextension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1384.2,1387.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've already 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constituents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1397.12,1399.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this overextension is aided and abetted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1401.0,1403.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the activity of aspiring politicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1403.93,1406.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of aspiring leaders of groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1406.68,1410.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of potential recipients of the transfer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1410.7,1413.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who now have an incentive to increase their efforts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1414.16,1417.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get their clients somehow under the transfer umbrella.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1417.72,1421.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To get new and additional groups included","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1421.76,1424.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under expanding eligibility requirements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1424.3,1427.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In modern public choice theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1428.14,1429.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this activity takes the form that is called rent seeking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1429.69,1432.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the observation the transfer payments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1434.33,1436.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are being made by the state, necessarily sets up 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sector,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1456.75,1458.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can surely predict that rent seekers or profit seekers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1459.2,1462.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will invest resources in an 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wasteful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1535.99,1538.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is no net contribution to valued product.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1538.9,1541.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which these resources could have made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1543.29,1545.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the absence of such rent seeking effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1545.02,1547.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I've previously noted the line between the 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transfers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1562.5,1565.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since rents or profits are perceived to originate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1566.56,1569.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the governmental sector, that is from the 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those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1575.57,1578.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may or may not have been constitutionally authorized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1578.96,1581.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or may or may not have had some 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pressures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1595.87,1597.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the steel or automobile industries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1597.61,1600.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the welfare state 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bureaucracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1604.51,1606.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To summarize my argument to this point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1608.84,1611.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've suggested here two important 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expended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1679.96,1683.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and will in the process generate an excess burden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1683.02,1685.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is a welfare loss that is not 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earned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1715.72,1718.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many what modern welfare state programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1719.56,1722.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in this country and elsewhere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1722.41,1724.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and body highly perverse incentive structures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1724.95,1727.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on their seat side of the transfers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1727.5,1729.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Recipients are actively discouraged from earning income.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1730.31,1733.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a somewhat more elementary sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1735.28,1737.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simple economic theory tells us that demand for anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1737.6,1741.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will increase as its price falls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1741.4,1743.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From this elementary lesson in economics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1744.72,1747.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can predict that it's the 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norms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1828.67,1831.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for which they were initially established.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=1831.68,1834.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On this there is near universal 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discussing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2096.04,2098.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a new program for catastrophic illness protection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2098.26,2101.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we've been an equilibrium of sorts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2102.31,2104.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with few, relatively few new initiatives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2104.03,2107.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but with little or no cutting back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2107.22,2108.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on programs already in existence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2108.71,2110.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I frankly think that the upsurge of demands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2111.82,2114.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for new programs if and when the political leadership","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2114.48,2117.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the country changes will be dramatic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2117.23,2119.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But over the longer term,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2121.09,2122.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do fear the implications of the welfare state mentality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2122.31,2126.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is been developing among our citizenry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2126.35,2128.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only in this country, but in many other modern States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2128.9,2131.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I fear what seems to be a loss","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2133.09,2134.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of an old fashioned work ethic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2134.65,2136.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've doing some more work on this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2136.63,2139.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The old fashioned work ethic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2139.31,2140.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which does still seem to motivate the Japanese,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2140.75,2143.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Koreans and the Taiwanese,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2143.8,2145.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not the citizenry of our own country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2146.48,2148.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or South America or Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2148.65,2150.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I say, I've recently been working on this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2152.18,2154.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've come to the view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2154.23,2155.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the work ethic is properly named.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2155.28,2158.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There must be an ethic of effort,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2158.06,2161.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there is economic content in this ethic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2161.93,2164.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that economists have not at all been able to articulate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2164.21,2167.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in there sometimes too fancy theories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2167.36,2169.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this ethic must be restored","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2170.73,2172.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at the very least maintained and strengthened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2172.66,2175.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we are to maintain prosperity peace and civil order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2175.97,2179.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The demise of this work ethic is partially due","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2180.84,2184.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the overextension and continuation of the welfare state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2184.486,2187.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We cannot and perhaps should not dismantle this state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2189.25,2191.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any total sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2191.97,2193.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can at least try to trim its edges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2194.24,2197.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can stop the bleeding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2197.36,2198.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and above all we can work at restoring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2199.71,2201.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that sense of basic values that seems productive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2201.73,2205.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that deems productive effort in the marketplace to be good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2205.17,2208.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And scorns the receipt of governmental handouts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2209.41,2211.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as socially unworthy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2211.87,2213.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The challenge here is not really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2214.5,2215.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the economist among us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2215.95,2218.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the economic consequences here are well-recognized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2218.07,2221.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the political economy that makes reform so difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2222.91,2226.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and overextension so easy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2226.16,2227.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is also coming to be a part of the conventional wisdom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2228.72,2231.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the social sciences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2231.62,2233.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suggest instead that the challenge lies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2234.33,2236.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with those who must propagate and instill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2236.83,2239.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and transmit the civic religion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2239.57,2243.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of traditional classical liberalism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2243.12,2245.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the self-reliant individual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2246.04,2248.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remains jealous of his own liberty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2248.89,2251.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and confident in his own ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2251.13,2253.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to secure his own welfare, under the legal umbrella","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2253.43,2256.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a constitutionally constrained state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2256.54,2258.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2258.75,2260.294"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience claps)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2260.294,2263.044"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are there any questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2275.392,2277.865"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2277.865,2280.032"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very good question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2311.4,2312.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me, let them that out a bit and I'll try to respond.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2312.63,2315.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, I'll repeat the question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2315.4,2317.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then I'll try to respond to it as best I can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2317.07,2321.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the outset of my discussion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2322.67,2324.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made a distinction between the churning state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2324.52,2327.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the welfare state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2327.597,2329.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I defined the welfare state as being the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2329.31,2331.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that effectuated cash transfers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2331.66,2336.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from taxpayers generally to those groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2336.9,2340.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were qualified for transfers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2340.4,2345.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the basis of some redistribution objectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2345.37,2348.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basic vertical redistribution objectives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2348.21,2351.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is rich to poor type of welfare state program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2351.23,2356.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The churning state distinguished from that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2358.69,2360.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was simply transfers away from taxpayer generally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2360.68,2364.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to those groups who happen to have enough political clout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2364.09,2366.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to secure handouts at the hand of the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2368.0,2372.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2372.78,2373.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In my examples of groups under the churning state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2375.56,2380.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did in fact include students, university students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2380.51,2385.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2385.12,2387.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think an appropriate and a good question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2388.95,2390.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it proper to include university students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2390.96,2394.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or should they be included maybe under the transfer state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2394.98,2398.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or can there be other legitimate justifications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2398.36,2400.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for transfers to students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2400.92,2404.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what more generally speaking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2408.39,2410.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what role do I envisage for public funding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2410.21,2414.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of college and university education?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2414.04,2417.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that was proper placement of the question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2417.28,2420.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I say, that is a good question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2422.1,2423.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm mixed in my answer, necessarily mixed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2423.88,2428.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, if you define as I do the welfare state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2428.71,2432.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be the furtherance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2432.15,2434.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of basically redistribution objectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2434.68,2437.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vertical redistribution somehow in the net,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2437.3,2440.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are squeezing the distribution down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2440.49,2444.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by giving the transfers to those at the lower end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2444.64,2447.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the net and cutting down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2447.13,2449.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those at the higher end in the net,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2449.83,2451.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then clearly transfers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2451.97,2453.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to university students does not qualify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2453.78,2456.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because if anything transfers to university students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2456.06,2458.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increase the net inequalities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2458.7,2461.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is contrary to the redistribution objectives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2461.98,2466.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the transfer state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2466.28,2468.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because university students after all present value","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2468.573,2472.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their discounted income stream,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2472.19,2473.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're among a high income group in the economy generally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2473.96,2477.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So by subsidizing them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2477.6,2479.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are in effect subsidizing high income people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2479.91,2482.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the expense of the general taxpayer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2482.99,2485.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of present value","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2485.61,2487.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their potential earnings street","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2487.13,2489.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that's generally recognized by Congress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2489.21,2492.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's not a redistribution program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2492.35,2494.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the subsidy of university students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2494.76,2497.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is not the same thing as saying however,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2497.78,2500.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there may not be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2500.94,2502.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a legitimate, non distributional reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2502.43,2507.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the government financing university education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2508.01,2513.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a public good, not as a transfer activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2513.7,2518.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And perhaps I would agree that I may have misspoken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2518.22,2521.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I put them in, I lump them into that category","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2521.02,2524.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because elsewhere I am in print","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2524.33,2526.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as having argued that it does seem to me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2527.03,2530.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the important thrust of a kind of a justice motivation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2530.8,2535.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to be that we do at least provide some semblance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2538.0,2541.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of equality of opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2541.34,2543.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one aspect of equality of opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2543.53,2546.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is of course, careers open to talents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2546.69,2549.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with education provided as far as people can really benefit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2549.58,2554.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from that education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2555.27,2556.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, let me backtrack a little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2556.38,2560.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and remove university students a bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2560.75,2565.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from what I call the churning state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2565.62,2568.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's say we can to some extent justify that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2568.52,2572.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside of this transfer state altogether,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2573.41,2575.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as kind of a part of a provision","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2576.9,2579.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of public goods and services","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2579.4,2580.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that do further or should further if properly handled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2580.9,2583.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equality of opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2584.8,2586.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've always been sort of on the pro side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2588.08,2590.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of having the funding state or public funding of education,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2591.306,2596.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as opposed to many of my right wing friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2598.59,2601.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't especially approve loan programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2602.15,2605.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd rather have outright subsidy programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2605.14,2608.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And perhaps I was a little bit carried away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2608.31,2611.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the rhetoric when I included students subsidies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2611.64,2616.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that strict churning state aspects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2616.682,2619.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of their elements of that in it, as we all acknowledged.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2619.85,2622.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And again that will be overextended too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2622.27,2624.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2626.514,2628.681"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2630.417,2631.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Does is mean there is no need of going back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2631.25,2635.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question has to do with the self perpetuation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2635.11,2638.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the institutions the welfare state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2638.58,2640.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did suggest that once these institutions are started,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2640.09,2643.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get a built in constituency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2645.4,2647.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get built in expectations about receipts of transfers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2647.32,2651.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the state, to some extent these expectations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2651.47,2656.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"build in legitimacy aspects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2656.97,2660.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get bureaucracies that are received their rents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2660.18,2664.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from providing these transfers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2664.14,2666.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get all sorts of supporting constituents and groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2666.15,2669.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It becomes very difficult to things around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2669.54,2672.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to some extent they are self perpetuating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2673.49,2675.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once you commence them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2675.79,2676.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the more important to be careful about commencing them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2676.84,2680.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we know the history is as new programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2680.51,2684.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if they start off very small,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2684.07,2685.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to get into larger and larger programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2685.92,2689.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they become politically sacrosanct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2689.0,2691.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can't touch them, the so-called entitlements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2691.13,2693.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem with the budget deficit now for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2693.38,2696.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is basically a problem of the failure of the politicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2696.55,2699.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be willing to face up to the entitlement program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2699.17,2702.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, in a sense there is a set of perpetuating aspect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2702.6,2706.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to them, it's very difficult to dismantle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2706.32,2708.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the welfare state once it's commands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2708.6,2710.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Regarding that we have all the presidential candidates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2711.61,2714.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"running around what do you suggested politicians in Congress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2714.499,2717.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the president do to make realistic suggestions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2717.456,2720.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to reform the favorite system and make up.(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2720.67,2725.206"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, it's easy to say, we need to do it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2725.206,2727.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but how can you in Iowa suggest that to the folks run","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2727.3,2732.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the state right now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2732.47,2734.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question has to do with what I would suggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2734.98,2737.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the candidates running around Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2737.11,2738.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to any other potential politician now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2738.9,2743.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to how they might actually take steps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2743.11,2745.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do something about a problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2745.17,2747.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which in a sense everyone recognizes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2747.77,2750.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a question of a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2750.29,2751.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everybody recognizes to be serious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2751.81,2754.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No one feels that politically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2754.33,2755.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he can attack the problem, head on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2755.9,2760.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I wouldn't propose nor would I expect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2760.51,2762.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these particular politicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2762.81,2765.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from either party no matter whom they are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2765.47,2768.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would in fact go against their own,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2768.23,2771.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, constituency interest or potential loading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=2771.96,2775.193"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22513/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/513/original/AV203690_Womens_Week_a.vtt?1613489453","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/513/original/AV203690_Womens_Week_a.vtt?1613489453"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22514","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203690_Womens_Week_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601/transcript/22514/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Today's lecture is co-sponsored by the University Lectures Committee and it's funded by the Government of Student Body and the I.W. Arthur Memorial Seminar Fund. Today's speaker is James Buchanan who's Director General of the Public Choice Center at George Mason University. He received the Nobel Prize in economics in 1986 for his work in Public Choice and a number of Seminal pieces in the area of public choice and public finance. Without further ado let me introduce Professor Jim Buchanan.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much, let me give you a little time to get the room expanded. I appreciate the turnout here, and I appreciate this opportunity to come back to Ames, and to Iowa state, and to participate in this Arthur Memorial Lecture. I think we were figuring out today that it had been about ten years since I last visited this campus. I suggested that I'd like to talked to you this evening on what I call a Political Economy of the Welfare State. And let me commence with some basic definitions. First of all, I wanna make a clear distinction between a Socialist State and a Transfer State. And if I had a blackboard I'd put those two things down on the board. In the first, the socialist state, the government or the state through its various arms and agencies, operates to provide goods and services directly, whether these be public goods and services in the technical meaning of this term, or whether they be private or partitionable goods in the standard sense. That is to say the socialist state, as I define it here for purposes of this argument is a direct producer. It fits in the card with the Marxist notion of controlling the means of production. By contrast and at least as an ideal type and here I'm sort of setting up categories. The transfer state does not directly provide or produce goods and services, nor does it even finance goods and services. What the transfer state does is simply take tax funds away from some groups of its citizens in the form of cash and pay it out to other groups in the form of transfer payments, both groups being in the political community. Now what I wanna call the welfare state here tonight and the political economy of the welfare state. What I wanna call the welfare state is one version or one form of the transfer state to sub category is to be distinguished from another possible form of the transfer state, which I wanna call the churning state. I take that term directly from Anthony De Jasay's book \"The State,\" a book that was published in 1985. And I've been surprised, that I've given this lecture in one or two places, both in this country and elsewhere and I've been surprised that most people don't know what churning is. I think in an hour you at least should know what churning is, but churning of course means you take the milk and you make the butter, back in my day you had to churn it this way 'course nowadays you don't do that anymore, but at least you should know what churning involved. Anyway, I wanna separate the welfare state from the churning state. There are two separate forms of the welfare of this transfer state. The churning state simply takes tax payments from some groups of persons in the economy gives cash payments to other groups, but the direction of the transfer depends strictly on the relative political power of the coalitions, as they interact through the political decision process. There need to be no connection at all and I'm talking about the churning state now, there need to be no connection at all between the net pattern of the transfers that take place here and any agreed on norms for advancing the welfare or well-being of members of the community. That is to say, there need to be in particular, no shift in the final distribution of income to all those groups which are least favorite. Indeed quite the opposite may happen. The pattern of transfers in churning state is exclusively determined by the struggle among the competing interests through the political process, whatever that may be. And there need be no connection with vertical redistribution of income or wealth. George Stigler has referred to the churning state as operating in accordance with what he calls director's law of income redistribution. Gordon Tullock has referenced the same phenomenon that is in which your transfer activity really has very little connection with redistribution of income it's simply whoever has the political power operating to transfer funds to their own groups. Now the welfare state is to be contrasted with this churning state notion. The welfare state is to be contrasted with the churning state precisely in the sense that the welfare state does operate to further or to promote well-defined social norms of welfare. Norms that are meaningful objectives at least for many members of the political community. In the welfare state, the transfer that take place are supposed to embody a systematic pattern or set of patterns. That is to say tax payments are taken away or exacted from some persons or group in the community and cash transfers are then made to other persons and groups. And these transfers are redistribution in a broadly defined sense of that term. That is to say, there is some quasi-legitimate purpose involved other than the mirror interplay of special interest seeking political favors in the form of cash payments. And of course the major programs of the welfare state are familiar to all of us. These program involve taxation of the general public through either direct or indirect taxation with the revenues utilized to make payments to the elderly in the form of social security or retirement pensions, to the poor in forms of means tested grants, to children in the form of family allowances, to the disabled, to the handicapped, to other groups that qualify in particular features of their existence. Now these groups may be politically organized, and there usually are, along with a bureaucratic agencies that are built up to support continuation and expansion of these transfer payments. But these groups are to be distinguished from the recipient groups in the churning state whose very existence depends strictly on the potential of qualifying for transfers. The churning state makes transfers to farmers or agricultural interests, to protect its producers of import substitutes, to college and university students, to academic faculties, to consumers of municipal transport services, to airline passengers, to government workers, to various and sundry other groups that cannot qualify for inclusion under any meaningful defined welfare state rubric. Now it should be clear from this comparative listing, that in almost any modern state or modern government, the welfare state and the churning state are all intermingled one with another. And that the tendency is for the any pure welfare state to move in the direction of the churning state. But it remains nonetheless useful to make the distinction between these two forms of the more inclusive transfer state. The difference between these two forms lies in the existence of a quasi-legitimate basis for the welfare state, that is for that set of fiscal transfers, taxes and cash payments that describe its operation. By quasi-legitimacy, what I mean is that it is possible to advance a justificatory argument in support of the institutions of the welfare state, at least in the abstract and independently of prior considerations of implementation. That is prospects for practical operation of any set of transfers. Now I might ask, how is this justification derived? I think that the contractarian Model is the appropriate one here and I've along associated myself with what I call a constitutionalist contractarian position, which I talked about a little earlier today. That is to say an institution is legitimized or justified at least conceptually. If we can think of that institution as having been approved in principle on a general agreement in a hypothetical contract in which all persons participate, but when no person is able fully to identify his or her own role or position under the operation of the institution so approved. This contractarian device is that the veil of ignorance or the veil of uncertainty in which the individual contractor is forced to choose as if he or she does not know who he or she will be and hence how the workings of an institution will affect his own personal position. This device has been made widely familiar to all social philosophers by John Rawls who used the veil of ignorance and deriving principles of justice in his 1971 book, \"A Theory of Justice.\" The device was introduced much earlier under the term, the veil of uncertainty by Gordon Tullock and me when we wrote our book, \"The Calculus of Consent\" in 1962, the point here is that with some such construction, we can justify basic constitutional authorization for a set of institutions that will implement transfers, designed to further the redistribution of norms that we associate with the term transfer welfare state, as I've defined it here. As presented in the calculus of consent the book I wrote with Tullock, the individual if he or she is uncertain as to where his or her personal economic position will be, this individual may well agree to set up an institution that will provide insurance against the worst case setting. There may well be general agreement on a set of safety net type transfers that will ensure against falling into the depths of poverty, against losing ability to earn income productively, against medical disasters and so forth. It should be noted however, that any such justification argument must leave the precise details open-ended so to speak. This procedural requirements of hypothetical contract do not allow for precise descriptions of these institutions. And it's in this respect that I differ sharply with John Rawls, who attempted in my view to be much too precise in defining just what principles might emerge from his idealized contract. The other side of my point here, is that there is no such justification that can possibly be mounted for the transfer that take place under the churning state. It is simply not possible to derive even a hypothetical agreement at some ultimate constitutional level on institutions that would implement transfer to particular consumers or producers of designated product or product groups in the economy, that would specifically inhibit freedom of economic exchange in order to further the purely distributional interest of designated groups, who just happened to hold differentially higher political power in the decision structure. Well, so much for the philosophical justification of some of the institutions that we might associate with the term welfare state, and with the absence of any comparable philosophical justification, for the institutions of fiscal transfer that we might associate with the contrasting churning state. It should be evident from this discussion that the dividing line between these two rather pure forms is difficult to maintain and even to discern in practice and furthermore, that any constitutional authorization of the institutions of the welfare state will tend at the same time to open the doors of political manipulation later. But first I wanted to discuss problems of implementation of the welfare state, unsettled by any shift toward the churning state. Let me indicate some of the difficulties about telling you an autobiographical story, by former colleague, Geoffrey Brennan and I published a book called \"The Power to Tax\" in 1980. In that exercise, in that book we asked the simple question, how much taxing authority would an individual behind an appropriate veil of ignorance or uncertainty? How much taxing authority would that individual grant to the government at the constitutional state? We derived so to speak the structure of a tax constitution. But as we stated explicitly, that whole exercise was specifically restricted to a government that was to provide or finance goods and service, public good as normally described. And without any authorization to make straightforward fiscal transfers. Our plan at that time was to follow up that book with a companion volume, a sequel volume, that we're going to call the power to transfer and which we hope to derive principles for constitutional agreement on those institutions as a welfare state that I've discussed here. Needless to say that second book has not been written. It has proved to be extraordinarily hard to develop any acceptable analytical framework. The reason lies in deriving and utilizing any model of how ordinary politics works in the making of fiscal transfers, that will not very quickly degenerate into a churning state. That is to say the philosophical argument here is easy. The political argument is almost impossible, or to put the point somewhat differently. If we include problems of political implementation into the argument, it may be impossible to mount a satisfactory justification of the institutions of the welfare state. Let me give you a hint of what is an issue here through a very simple example. Suppose that behind some veil of ignorance about who we are to be, that is just where we need to be individually located in an income distribution, pretax, pre transfer, suppose that we all agree that those persons who happened to end up in the lower decile of the income distribution. Those persons in the lower decile may well be supported by cash transfers to be paid by taxes levered on those who happened to be in the upper 90% of the distribution. Those, we agree on this at the constitutional state, well and good. Or if you prefer we could state the settings slightly differently. We could say that persons who earn no income, or let's say less than one fifth of the median income, these persons we may say should be supported from tax money is levered on others in the community. Suppose that one of these two schemes is constitutionally authorized, and that we empower the government to tax all of us for the purpose of making such a transfers, but what government have any incentive to carry out any such constitutional mandate? Those persons who were in the lowest decile of the income distribution in any period will not have much political clout. No government, no political coalition will find it advantageous to favor that group differentially. Political support must be more broadly based. Government will however have a very strong incentive to use the authorization to transfer so as to gain political support. The incentive then will be to widen or to broaden the range of those who might be eligible for cash payments. And to reduce those who are within the scope of taxation for funding the transfer. The government no matter how and by whom organized, will have an incentive to expand the eligibility to receive the payments from the lowest decile to say the lowest three or four deciles, or in the limit to the lowest 50% of the citizens. There's a natural proclivity on the part of political leaders to want to expand the range of eligibility for the receipt of transfer, no matter how the program is initially authorized. The same pressures exist for the texting side of the ledger. There will be a natural tendency for political leaders to reduce the size of the group that is to be subjected to net tax payments. There will emerge some sort of political equilibrium here, but it may bear a little or no relationship to the sort of welfare state that might have initially been authorized at some basic constitutional level. We can I think reach a conclusion about the consequences of the welfare state that is irrefutable, either in theory or in practice. This conclusion is that as it will be an operation, any institution that is philosophically justified at an ultimate constitutional level will be overextended beyond any limits of constitutional justification. That is to say the welfare state in practice will always be larger and more inclusive than the welfare state in principle. And from this conclusion it follows, that the overextension in practice may well be, although not necessarily, but may well be such as to destroy the justification in the first place. Now this result cannot be generalized. But it does suggest that any examination of the justification of an institution of the welfare state must recon on the cost of this possible overextension. This cost will emerge as a necessary part of the political structure, almost independently of how the political decision process is organized, regardless of how close this process might approach that of idealized majoritarian democracy, whatever that might be. This conclusion about overextension as a necessary consequence of the welfare state suggest that reform movements aim simply at bringing welfare programs within plausibly defined grounds of national constitutional intent and justification. These programs may be doomed to failure from the outset. The overextension is a natural outgrowth of the institutions of fiscal transfers operating within a political structure that is responsive to constituency pressures. And of course that includes almost all political structures. Basic conclusion also suggests that the critical step, lies in the initial constitutional authorization for the implementation of the welfare state transfers. But of course, most modern States are well beyond any initial constitutional authorization. Welfare States exist along with churning States, and the institutions of these two States are descriptive of most, if not all modern nations. What are some other consequences of these institutions as they are observed to be operative? The fact that they are overextended beyond all limits of legitimacy may be acknowledged, but what are their consequences do they have, do these overextended institutions have? Note first of all, that the overextension that I've discussed will take place independently of any incentive effects of the institutions of welfare transfer. Even if there are no economic consequences of the familiar sort, we should get the overextension as a result of the proclivity of the political decision makers to respond positively to the desires of their constituents. But of course, these more familiar incentives will exist and will have predictable consequences. These consequences are of several varieties. Let me first discuss a consequence that is related to, but different from that which produces the overextension that I've already discussed. This overextension as I've presented it, stems from the natural proclivities of politicians in office to try to respond to the demands of their constituents. But this overextension is aided and abetted by the activity of aspiring politicians and of aspiring leaders of groups, of potential recipients of the transfer, who now have an incentive to increase their efforts, to get their clients somehow under the transfer umbrella. To get new and additional groups included under expanding eligibility requirements. In modern public choice theory this activity takes the form that is called rent seeking. and the observation the transfer payments are being made by the state, necessarily sets up incentives for those who seek to secure these pains, these rents, and to invest time and scarce resources in the activities that will secure these rents. If the source of rents or profits is observed to lie within the political sector, as opposed to the market sector, we can surely predict that rent seekers or profit seekers will invest resources in an effort to secure these public rents and profits. What the modern rent seeking theory emphasizes is however, that when the attraction is governmental or state transfers, much of the rent seeking activity may amount in the net to pure resource wasted, time and effort spent for example, in trying to convince politicians to expand this or that transfer program may in the net be socially wasteful since there will be competing attempts to secure what must ultimately be scarce resources. in this country we have observed, and all you need to do is to live in the Washington area to observe this. We have observed during the last three decades, more and more a lobbying groups have organized and set up headquarters inside the beltway in the Washington area. These establishment hire lawyers, consultants, and many others for the sole purpose of influencing politicians to expand program benefits for their own constituent groups. So that's the efforts or investments are clearly productive for the successful group that happens to get the government handouts, but these efforts are socially wasteful, there is no net contribution to valued product. Which these resources could have made in the absence of such rent seeking effort. As I've previously noted the line between the programs of the welfare state and the churning state, this line becomes very difficult to draw in any case and this is particularly the case with those efforts to influence the direction and the size of the transfers, since rents or profits are perceived to originate from the governmental sector, that is from the state. There is likely to be investment made in attempts to secure potential rents over and beyond those that may or may not have been constitutionally authorized or may or may not have had some semblance of constitutional philosophical legitimacy. Sitting politicians for example, U.S congressmen are not likely to make much of a distinction between the protection as pressures from the steel or automobile industries and the welfare state pressures from the elderly, the disabled, the ill along with supporting industries and bureaucracy. To summarize my argument to this point I've suggested here two important consequences of the welfare state. First, the overextension of the transfers and supporting taxes. Beyond any philosophically justified lends and second, the potential wastage of value economic resources in efforts to secure and extend these transfers. I've not to this point discussed the more familiar economic incentives that arise from the welfare state program of transfers and taxes into direct scenes. These familiar excess burden effects would be the first it would come to mind to most economists. The program of welfare transfer must themselves affect both those who are subjected to the taxes required to finance the payments, and those who received the payments. And I'm not going to here go into the simple analytics of excess burden analysis which you get in your public finance courses. Any tax that is levered on the recede of income at the margin of adjustment between earning and not earning income will reduce the amount of effort expended and will in the process generate an excess burden. That is a welfare loss that is not recouped by those who secure the recedes. The welfare loss is of course dependent on the magnitude of the level of the marginal tax rate. The effects on the side of the potential transfer recipients or the adverse of those on the side of the tax payments. Those who receive cash transfers have less incentive to work and earn income and particularly so if the eligibility for transfers is reduced as income is earned. Many what modern welfare state programs, both in this country and elsewhere, and body highly perverse incentive structures on their seat side of the transfers. Recipients are actively discouraged from earning income. In a somewhat more elementary sense, simple economic theory tells us that demand for anything will increase as its price falls. From this elementary lesson in economics, we can predict that it's the price of obtaining income falls we can expect more and more demanders of such income to arise. It is a little surprise then to learn that as we in the United States have sought to make more and more funds available for cash transfers, the potential demanders of such transfers have increased and increased dramatically, over the period of the modern welfare state. And particularly over the period, since the so-called great society, the 1960s, which was established under the guidance of President Lyndon Johnson. In the widely heralded book published in 1985 called \"Losing Ground,\" Charles Murray was successful in documenting the increase in the demands on the welfare state, that the very existence of this state had created. There's much discussion as you know about how the separate programs or the modern welfare state have created an are creating a permanent subclass of welfare recipients, who do not know what work is and who are now multi-generational in their welfare recipient role. All of the consequences of the welfare state reduce the productive potential of a national economy. While at the same time the programs of the welfare state fall short of achieving any of the objective norms for which they were initially established. On this there is near universal agreement amongst modern economists, who have looked at these programs in almost all countries. But having said this and having advanced this diagnosis, it becomes then much more difficult to point toward any effective reform. It's not at all easy to dismantle the modern welfare state, even when the overextension is beyond all legitimate range are fully acknowledged. There are several barriers to effective reform here. First of all, persons do have established expectations about potential continual eligibility for transfers. These expectations cannot be thwarted without political repercussions that modern politicians simply cannot exhilarate. As an example and as you know, in the United States of the late 1980s, the entitlements under the old age or social security system cannot even so much as be discussed politically. And this despite general acknowledgement of budgetary stringency, this welfare program is politically sacrosanct beyond the boundaries of political discourse. And it is now considered political suicide if a politician breaks that rule. Even modest attempts at reform are quickly countered. In 1981 for example, there was a modest attempt to raise the age for early retirement, a fully rational adjustment given the change in longevity, but this was quickly shut off to the political cost of those who propose the change in the first place. Even the Congress itself recognized the abuses under the disability part of the system, and made an effort to tighten up the eligibility requirements for disability. This was met with such a sounding rejection by political recipients that Congress reversed its own policy a mere two years after its initiation. And let me tell you an unbelievable story. I get a lot of mails since I got this Nobel prize from a lot of people. I've got a stack of mail from kooks and cranks and had to quit answering telephone calls and everything else, but I got some interesting mails. And I got one from a man who had been a medical doctor who had been a counselor, my consultant for the disability part of the social security system in Richmond, Virginia, and his job was to give the medical approval for petitions, for disability on the basis of blindness. Well, he had the bright idea one day to go over to the department of motor vehicles and check how many of these are all applications for disability payments for blindness that had come in approved by a medical doctor, and he had to check them all. He had the bright idea to go down to the department of motor vehicles down the street and see how many of those people who had been declared eligible to be blind and to get disability were still driving with motor vehicle permits. He went down and he found it was a tremendous number. They were still had driver's license. He raised this with federal bureaucracy, and they refused to consider this. This was not considered a death. The federal bureaucracy literally would refuse to even cross check for blindness disability against drivers license permit. Tells you a little bit of what goes on in the world. So we faced tremendous difficulty in getting these things modified. In the United States, we did perhaps surprisingly succeed in eliminating the double indexing program benefits under the retirement system, social security in 1982, what had happened in the 1970s, we had made it just a stupid mistake in drafting legislation. And we drafted legislation sets so it was a double index, so that as inflation proceeded, all recipients, social security, not only got corrected for the price level increase, but got double correction, and so as inflation goes, they were really gaining ground in a big hurry. We did succeed in eliminating that double index. And also there has been a moratorium on new programs of the welfare state for at least a decade. But even now this aspect is changing and we are now of course discussing, a new program for catastrophic illness protection. But we've been an equilibrium of sorts with few, relatively few new initiatives, but with little or no cutting back on programs already in existence. And I frankly think that the upsurge of demands for new programs if and when the political leadership of the country changes will be dramatic. But over the longer term, I do fear the implications of the welfare state mentality that is been developing among our citizenry, not only in this country, but in many other modern States. I fear what seems to be a loss of an old fashioned work ethic, and I've doing some more work on this. The old fashioned work ethic, which does still seem to motivate the Japanese, the Koreans and the Taiwanese, but not the citizenry of our own country or South America or Europe. As I say, I've recently been working on this and I've come to the view that the work ethic is properly named. There must be an ethic of effort, and there is economic content in this ethic that economists have not at all been able to articulate in there sometimes too fancy theories. I think this ethic must be restored or at the very least maintained and strengthened. If we are to maintain prosperity peace and civil order. The demise of this work ethic is partially due to the overextension and continuation of the welfare state. We cannot and perhaps should not dismantle this state in any total sense, but we can at least try to trim its edges. We can stop the bleeding, and above all we can work at restoring that sense of basic values that seems productive, that deems productive effort in the marketplace to be good. And scorns the receipt of governmental handouts as socially unworthy. The challenge here is not really with the economist among us. I think the economic consequences here are well-recognized. And the political economy that makes reform so difficult and overextension so easy is also coming to be a part of the conventional wisdom in the social sciences. I suggest instead that the challenge lies with those who must propagate and instill and transmit the civic religion of traditional classical liberalism in which the self-reliant individual remains jealous of his own liberty and confident in his own ability to secure his own welfare, under the legal umbrella of a constitutionally constrained state, thank you very much. Are there any questions? That's a very good question, let me, let them that out a bit and I'll try to respond. First of all, I'll repeat the question and then I'll try to respond to it as best I can. At the outset of my discussion, I made a distinction between the churning state and the welfare state, and I defined the welfare state as being the state that effectuated cash transfers from taxpayers generally to those groups that were qualified for transfers on the basis of some redistribution objectives, basic vertical redistribution objectives that is rich to poor type of welfare state program. The churning state distinguished from that was simply transfers away from taxpayer generally to those groups who happen to have enough political clout to secure handouts at the hand of the government through the state. In my examples of groups under the churning state, I did in fact include students, university students. The question was, I think an appropriate and a good question, is it proper to include university students or should they be included maybe under the transfer state or can there be other legitimate justifications for transfers to students, and what more generally speaking, what role do I envisage for public funding of college and university education? I think that was proper placement of the question, as I say, that is a good question and I'm mixed in my answer, necessarily mixed. First of all, if you define as I do the welfare state to be the furtherance of basically redistribution objectives, vertical redistribution somehow in the net, you are squeezing the distribution down by giving the transfers to those at the lower end of the net and cutting down those at the higher end in the net, then clearly transfers to university students does not qualify because if anything transfers to university students increase the net inequalities. It is contrary to the redistribution objectives of the transfer state, because university students after all present value of their discounted income stream, they're among a high income group in the economy generally. So by subsidizing them, we are in effect subsidizing high income people at the expense of the general taxpayer, in terms of present value of their potential earnings street and I think that's generally recognized by Congress. So it's not a redistribution program, the subsidy of university students. That is not the same thing as saying however, that there may not be in a legitimate, non distributional reasons for the government financing university education as a public good, not as a transfer activity. And perhaps I would agree that I may have misspoken when I put them in, I lump them into that category because elsewhere I am in print as having argued that it does seem to me that the important thrust of a kind of a justice motivation has to be that we do at least provide some semblance of equality of opportunity. And one aspect of equality of opportunity is of course, careers open to talents with education provided as far as people can really benefit from that education. So, let me backtrack a little and remove university students a bit from what I call the churning state. Let's say we can to some extent justify that outside of this transfer state altogether, as kind of a part of a provision of public goods and services that do further or should further if properly handled equality of opportunity. I've always been sort of on the pro side of having the funding state or public funding of education, as opposed to many of my right wing friends. I don't especially approve loan programs, I'd rather have outright subsidy programs. And perhaps I was a little bit carried away by the rhetoric when I included students subsidies in that strict churning state aspects, all of their elements of that in it, as we all acknowledged. And again that will be overextended too. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Does is mean there is no need of going back?\r\n\r\n- The question has to do with the self perpetuation of the institutions the welfare state. I did suggest that once these institutions are started, you get a built in constituency, you get built in expectations about receipts of transfers through the state, to some extent these expectations build in legitimacy aspects. You get bureaucracies that are received their rents from providing these transfers. You get all sorts of supporting constituents and groups. It becomes very difficult to things around to some extent they are self perpetuating once you commence them. All the more important to be careful about commencing them. As we know the history is as new programs even if they start off very small, tend to get into larger and larger programs and then they become politically sacrosanct. We can't touch them, the so-called entitlements. The problem with the budget deficit now for example, is basically a problem of the failure of the politicians to be willing to face up to the entitlement program. And so, in a sense there is a set of perpetuating aspect to them, it's very difficult to dismantle the welfare state once it's commands.\r\n\r\n- Regarding that we have all the presidential candidates running around what do you suggested politicians in Congress and the president do to make realistic suggestions to reform the favorite system and make up. you know, it's easy to say, we need to do it, but how can you in Iowa suggest that to the folks run around the state right now?\r\n\r\n- The question has to do with what I would suggest to the candidates running around Iowa, or to any other potential politician now, as to how they might actually take steps to do something about a problem, which in a sense everyone recognizes. It's a question of a problem that everybody recognizes to be serious. No one feels that politically he can attack the problem, head on and I wouldn't propose nor would I expect that these particular politicians from either party no matter whom they are, would in fact go against their own, you know, constituency interest or potential loading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105601#t=0.0,2780.016"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203690_Womens_Week_b.mp3"]},"duration":202.368,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/602/small/lecture.png?1613489457","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/602/original/AV203690_Womens_Week_b.mp3?1613489457","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":202.368,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203690_Womens_Week_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You're at least making some progress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=5.72,9.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there has been progress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=9.67,11.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's easy to be very pessimistic here and I don't wanna be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=11.01,14.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pessimistic because I think if we look at the level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=14.74,19.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the dialogue, I do think ideas matter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=19.24,21.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think ideas have consequences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=21.43,23.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think if we look at the dialogue or discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=23.91,27.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has proceeded, say now or that can proceed now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=27.94,32.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compare that with the dialogue and discussion that took","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=33.32,35.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place 20 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=35.87,37.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think there's any...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=37.12,38.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no comparison because people are now realistically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=38.51,41.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning to face up to the problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=41.73,46.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And maybe we need to go through a phase of that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=46.11,48.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before we expect to go out front and get somebody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=48.06,50.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to really go on hold, ride hard, and move forward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=50.92,55.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the dialogue has shifted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=55.38,57.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The romance about the government solving all these problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=57.57,60.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just pouring more money, more transfers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=60.65,63.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The atmosphere of discussion in the '80s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=63.66,67.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to the '60s is just dramatically different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=67.14,71.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean I can remember, most of you can't but...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=71.47,75.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I'm not at all negative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=76.04,80.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want this message to be one of negation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=80.3,82.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there is hope in other words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=82.58,84.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Take one more question.\nYeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=85.71,87.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What's opinion about the taxation (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=88.89,91.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm not at all an expert on on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=97.783,100.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that gets you into the details of the question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=100.39,105.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Has London repeat the question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=106.33,107.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is do about the taxation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=107.27,110.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of employment benefits?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=110.71,113.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, would that be an appropriate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=116.18,118.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"item to be included in the tax base?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=121.14,124.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, if you take a rather purist view of how you define","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=124.47,128.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tax base, as sort of a normative old fashioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=128.98,132.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normative view of how you define income.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=132.67,134.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, that's income that's valued by people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=134.47,136.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it should be included within a tax base.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=136.85,139.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never worry too much about that because I think the courts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=139.61,143.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to be included in the tax base.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=143.07,146.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's going to be part of a political struggle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=146.02,149.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what I look at more is the rules by which we decide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=149.03,152.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what is to be included in tax base rather than trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=152.62,155.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to say what or what is not included in tax base.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=155.31,159.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And again, I think it's those types of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=160.63,163.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very much like some of these program benefits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=163.48,166.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or transfer benefits on the other side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=166.86,168.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very, very difficult to imagine a situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=168.66,172.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you would get constituency responsive politicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=172.16,177.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving to include though just like owner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=177.88,181.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imputed rents on owner homes, for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=181.1,184.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really income but we would be unrealistic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=184.44,187.122"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to expect sort of including that kind of stuff in tax base.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=187.122,190.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thanks, thanks again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=192.01,193.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=193.607,196.44"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22515/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/515/original/AV203690_Womens_Week_b.vtt?1613489458","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/515/original/AV203690_Womens_Week_b.vtt?1613489458"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22516","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203690_Womens_Week_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602/transcript/22516/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- You're at least making some progress. I think there has been progress. It's easy to be very pessimistic here and I don't wanna be pessimistic because I think if we look at the level of the dialogue, I do think ideas matter, I think ideas have consequences. And I think if we look at the dialogue or discussion that has proceeded, say now or that can proceed now, compare that with the dialogue and discussion that took place 20 years ago. I don't think there's any... There's no comparison because people are now realistically beginning to face up to the problems. And maybe we need to go through a phase of that before we expect to go out front and get somebody to really go on hold, ride hard, and move forward. But the dialogue has shifted. The romance about the government solving all these problems just pouring more money, more transfers. The atmosphere of discussion in the '80s compared to the '60s is just dramatically different. I mean I can remember, most of you can't but... So, I'm not at all negative. I don't want this message to be one of negation. I think there is hope in other words.\r\n\r\n- Take one more question.\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- What's opinion about the taxation .\r\n\r\n- I'm not at all an expert on on that. I think that gets you into the details of the question. Has London repeat the question? The question is do about the taxation of employment benefits? First of all, would that be an appropriate item to be included in the tax base? Well, if you take a rather purist view of how you define the tax base, as sort of a normative old fashioned normative view of how you define income. Of course, that's income that's valued by people, it should be included within a tax base. I never worry too much about that because I think the courts going to be included in the tax base. It's going to be part of a political struggle and what I look at more is the rules by which we decide on what is to be included in tax base rather than trying to say what or what is not included in tax base. And again, I think it's those types of things are very much like some of these program benefits or transfer benefits on the other side. It's very, very difficult to imagine a situation where you would get constituency responsive politicians moving to include though just like owner, imputed rents on owner homes, for example. It's really income but we would be unrealistic to expect sort of including that kind of stuff in tax base.\r\n\r\n- Thanks, thanks again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36549/file/105602#t=0.0,202.368"}]}]}]}