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metamorphosed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=26.83,29.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ISU center arose phoenix like from an alfalfa field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=30.66,35.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Route 30 is no longer Lincoln 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evil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=339.59,340.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together with the increased burden of decision,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=341.9,345.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wider potential for 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innocence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=354.85,358.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the fact is that today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=360.2,361.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're at the beginning of a most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=361.51,363.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extraordinary advance in human knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=363.61,366.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the domain of the life sciences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=366.64,369.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're about to achieve within certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=369.23,373.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say the 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understanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=379.0,383.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the nature of life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=383.47,385.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the plan of evolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=385.09,386.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and thereby of ourselves to the extent that we're,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=387.67,390.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a part of all life and a product of evolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=390.92,393.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The science of biology and it's continuing analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=394.6,397.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the processes of life,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=397.79,399.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has penetrated two lives in your most secret","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=399.76,403.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the genes to DNA,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=403.12,405.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the master programs that define","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=405.13,407.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the nature of each living cell,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=407.28,409.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and each living organism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=409.34,410.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the genetic programs are carried on chromosomes and,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=412.03,416.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I could have the first slide?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=416.34,418.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not no, dear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=431.95,433.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's not the first slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=433.44,435.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=435.43,436.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, it was not the first slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=446.825,449.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I go back or 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here we are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=473.174,475.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First the genetic programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=475.057,477.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are carried on the chromosomes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=477.82,479.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is the basic human set of chromosomes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=479.35,482.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are 23 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molecule,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=498.11,502.404"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the DNA molecules are the- well, sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=502.404,504.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The chromosomes themselves have 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upheavals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=1388.07,1390.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even for deep moral and ethical dilemmas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=1390.57,1392.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as our powers 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developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=1456.08,1458.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they make chocolate 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31464/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/464/original/AV203678_Biotechnology_a.vtt?1627046111","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/464/original/AV203678_Biotechnology_a.vtt?1627046111"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31465","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203678_Biotechnology_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293/transcript/31465/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I think it's this advisor, obviously a pinnacle depends upon your point of view. Secondly, he was on the faculty here at ISU, from 1949 to 1957 for those of you who remember. While I was driving him to the university this morning, he kept emphasizing how much things have changed since the fifties, the football stadium moved and metamorphosed. The ISU center arose phoenix like from an alfalfa field. And Route 30 is no longer Lincoln Way, but a dual lane freeway south of town, Bob probably doesn't realize exactly how much Iowa has changed, for example, he still thinks that Iowa has cold snowy winters. Well, I've been here since last May and I can testify it doesn't snow here, it's warmer here in January than it was at the Miami Beach Symposium. I bet the Iowa legislature and the governor weren't jockeying to give ISU faculty a 13% raise and who would take the blame for it back in the fifties. In 1967, Dr. Sinsheimer was cited by Lyndon Johnson for what the wire services called, \"Creation of Life in a Test Tube.\" This was clearly a formidable and even godlike achievement both then and still now. Well, Bob still next to wire services with some regularity. Most recently, for those of you who saw in the sports pages of the \"Ames Tribune,\" the event was commemorated in Bob and Karen's 1986 Christmas card, note the little gold life form, which is called \"a banana slug,\" seems that students, that the University of California Santa Cruz periodically vote a name for their athletic teams like we're \"The Cyclones\" here well they periodically choose to be \"The Banana Slugs,\" like go \"Banana Slugs go hit that slime trail\" or something. With some considerable justification, Bob periodically vetoes this choice. Well, Bob steps down as chancellor this year. So I am curious to see if \"The Banana Slugs\" prevail. In a more serious thing, Bob Sinsheimer had a long and pressure and interest in the ethical implications of molecular biology. In the 1960's, now over 20 years ago, he was already thinking serious about, and teaching a course in, \"The Ethical Implications of the Biological Revolution.\" I took that course and I still remember some of the scary scenarios he foresaw. Bob has certainly been the most reflective and thoughtful critic, if that's the proper word to use in the recombinant DNA debate. Less strident and got a demo room oriented than say shore gulf is, Bob has consistently urged caution and extreme responsibility in applying molecular biology to real life situations. While all may not agree with his views, he has had vision, to see the problems long before most of us even realized, there were issues which have now become known as bioethics. It is with great pleasure, that I introduce Professor Robert Sinsheimer, to speak on \"Biotechnology What Limits.\"\r\n\r\n- Thanks very much, Bob \"The Banana Slugs\" are the official mascot of UCSC, you forgot to mention that when we accepted the vote of the students I also pointed out that this was a fertile ground for genetic engineering, the only way to go is up. I should perhaps also mentioned that one of the other UCSC chancellors that are vying for came up and said how pleased he was because we had finally made their mascot \"The Andy The Respectable.\" Talking about bioethics is kind of a double jeopardy the biology usually seems rather primitive to the biologists and the ethics seems rather primitive to the ethicists. So all one can do is adopt a former mentor mind's advice Max Delbruck who said to assume that the audience would be totally ignorant and infinitely intelligent. So they could pick up what you don't already know. It's a truism an old truism that that knowledge is power. And that's never been more true than, in today's information age, with the exponential increase in human knowledge and with our evermore powerful computing devices and with our extraordinary means of communication. Archimedes is reputed to have said, give me a place to stand and I will move the earth after he discover the law \"The Lever.\" And today we know the place to stand to wheel power is at the console of a super computer. But the other side of the coin, and there are always two sides is to be found in Ecclesiastes. \"He that increases knowledge increases sorrow.\" Now the author of Ecclesiastes, was not simply being morose or jaundiced, he or she knew that with increased knowledge, inevitably comes increased responsibility, for good or for evil together with the increased burden of decision, the wider potential for error and the need for new ethical guidelines to define the boundaries of action in the new domain rested from the previous realm of ignorance innocence. And the fact is that today we're at the beginning of a most extraordinary advance in human knowledge, in the domain of the life sciences. And we're about to achieve within certainly I would say the next couple of generations, no less than a complete knowledge and understanding of the nature of life and the plan of evolution, and thereby of ourselves to the extent that we're, a part of all life and a product of evolution. The science of biology and it's continuing analysis of the processes of life, has penetrated two lives in your most secret to the genes to DNA, to the master programs that define the nature of each living cell, and each living organism. Now the genetic programs are carried on chromosomes and, if I could have the first slide? That's not no, dear that's not the first slide. Well, anyway. No, it was not the first slide. Can I go back or forward? Okay, let me go back a couple here now. Well, somehow. Okay, here we are. First the genetic programs are carried on the chromosomes and this is the basic human set of chromosomes, there are 23 pairs they're 22 pairs and then in the female of course, two Xs and in the male and X and a Y. Which are displayed in an orderly way here. And the programs are carried in the structure of very long DNA molecule, and the DNA molecules are the- well, sorry. The chromosomes themselves have substructure, they're abandoned as you can see here, and indeed, series of band, they can be recognized, by their individual bands as well as by their size. And one is able- you must focused a little better. Well, one can assign particular genes to particular regions along the chromosome to particular bands. For example, on this X chromosome, there is the gene for presenting, running phospho rapper transfer of galactose citation and so forth. But, and one can also assign this, if you could read it, you would see that there are a number of genes located in various parts of the chromosomes, and the number that has now been localized on human chromosomes is the order of several hundreds. Now, the genes themselves are contained in the DNA molecules, which run the length of the individual chromosomes, Oh sorry. And the DNA molecules themselves are very long thin threads, this happens to be a circular DNA molecule from a virus, but the molecules themselves can be many microns long and are very short, very narrow in length. And they are composed of the well-known a DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA wound around each other, the two strands being complimentary and really comprising a ladder of four kinds of nucleotide pairs, GNC ANT CNG and ANT and repeated, not repeated, but extended for very long periods. The sequence of these base pairs can, base the hereditary information. And that particular gene is a tract of several hundred or several thousand such pairs located in a particular region on a particular chromosome. And for instance, this happens to show a part of the nucleotide sequence of a particular DNA and a particular gene, for example, let's call the in this case, the G gene starts with the red box about a third of the way down where it's a G start and continues, if you were reading this way down here, where it says G N and then another gene starts each stark and so on. So you can see that that particular gene is attractive of several hundred nucleotides. Now we've already determined the complete genetic structure, the DNA sequence like this for a few very simple organisms. The largest to date is 170,000 nucleotides that has been sequenced, that's a particular virus, but we now have the capacity and are setting out to determine the complete genetic sequence, of higher organisms, and specifically of man, the project is now being launched, it's being talked about, and money being made available, I guess that's launched to sequence the entire human genome. That's some 3 billion base pairs. It can surely be done. It's only a matter of time and working out an efficient approach. And this knowledge when it is obtained, and one can certainly imagine it being done within a couple of decades, will permit a complete enumeration of the genetic ingredients of man. Does we currently estimate there something like, a hundred thousand to 300,000 genes in Homo sapiens and these will in time then be defined any numerated. Now I think this is an historic event, it's certainly comparable in significance to the formulation of \"The Periodic Table\" by Mendeleev. \"The Periodic Table\" not only ordered the elements in a rational manner. It permitted us to say, that this table is the complete roster of elements that there are no. That all objects on earth are made out of just 92 elements in very combinations. And that was an enormous conceptual advance. We're of course still exploring them the unusual properties of novel combinations of these elements as in superconducting ceramics that were recently discovered. But nevertheless everything has to be made out of those 92 elements. And similarly, we will be for too long, be able to say that this roster is the complete list of human genes or similarly the complete list of chimpanzee genes or mouse genes, or mosquito genes. That is, this is what it takes to make a man or a mouse or a mosquito, no more, no less. But even more will emerge from this knowledge, the process of evolution the progressive sequence of the panoply of organisms on earth, has involved successive changes in divergences of the genes. This just illustrates the, one aspect of the whole evolutionary tree, showing the development of fermentation from anaerobic and through respiratory and oxygen evolving processes in the plants and branching off as you can see to produce the mammals, the yeast and the plants and the mammals and so on it's a very abbreviate trully necessarily, but the point of it is that the metabolic processes that we use in it, all other living organism use, heavy bobbed in a regular orderly manner from the very earliest organisms. Similarly, evolution has involved progressive changes in divergence in the genes that determine the pattern, of developmental growth that lead to each of the mini organismic forms, the old and partially true epigram that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny recognized that the developmental stages of the more recently evolved life forms, incorporate discernible elements of the developmental stages of older forms. Knowledge of the genetic basis of the evolution of these developmental patterns will enable us to classify them, to see how the older patterns were modified, and adapt it to create new patterns, which in turn afforded new potentials, for modification and evolution. And it's likely that we will be able then to define a set of general patterns, on which nature has worked enumerable variations to create the world of life. Well as knowledge is intellectual achievement, this is a splendid prospect, indeed exciting. But as we have repeatedly seen such knowledge brings responsibility for its use. And what uses may we envision, And what dilemmas will they pose? Well, the potentials for the use of this knowledge seemed to be limited only by the ranger imagination. When we may consider what already in a few short years has been accomplished, or is in process, we already have microorganisms that produce insulin or human growth hormone or blood clotting factors that produce vitamin C, that can protect plants against frost, that can make proteins for use as vaccines for viral diseases, or can produce novel synthetic antibodies to fight infections. Plants that are more resistant to herbicides, plants that are toxic to their usual insect predators, plants of higher human nutritive value. And surely not far behind will be plants more resistant to drought or the high salinity, and farm animals that go faster, larger, more efficiently, more resistant to disease. In men we already have tests for genetic defects for the mutations that lead to Huntington's disease or Gushers disease or Retinoblastoma to name but a few. And incipiently efforts to develop genetic therapies, for some of these diseases, for some of the more than 2,500 known genetic disorders that deflect humans. And these developments, which are all now in the laboratory or in production phase are but the leading edge of the new biotechnology. In one sense this new advance, is even more powerful than that mental layer for we can not only invent and explore new combinations of genes as we can of chemical elements, we can invent wholly new genes, never before seen to produce new molecules with novel desired properties. And so looking ahead, we can foresee other technologies, for instance, protein engineering, the design of protein molecules that can catalyze reactions unknown in nature or under conditions of temperature or pH or solvent unfamiliar to living cells. As a said, most of the chemical processes that underlie life are very old in the evolutionary sense nature long ago devised the basic protein structures that efficiently carry out these processes. More recently invented biological processes frequently use protein catalysts, derived by genetic mutation or rearrangement from the older forms. And there's one result, we can see clear relationships, between the protein molecules that say react with oxygen or detect light, in the most primitive organisms in the more advanced forms. And for instance, molecules that act as hormones in insects, are used with some modification for other hormonal processes in mammals. The next- this slide merely shows the, amino acid sequence of a protein, a protein is made up of a chain of amino acids. There are only 20 different kinds that are ordinarily used. They may be bonded together to produce and usually fold into a certain three dimensional structure to produce the result that they want. This happens to be the sequence for the precursor of insulin. And this is just another sequence this happens to be the sequence for the cytochrome of the chimpanzee, it also is the sequence for the cytochrome of man since they're the same. But the point is to illustrate that a protein is simply linear sequence of 20 different kinds of amino acid, folded up into a three-dimensional configuration. But the potential number of varieties of protein molecules, composes they are each of several hundred amino acids of 20 different kinds, is by coming to literally astronomical. And only a minute fraction can ever have been tried even in the whole course of evolution. And so the potential for the design of genes for and the synthesis of proteins of specific novel properties would seem almost unlimited. On another scale of organization, the basic plans of living organisms as their structure and functional characteristics have evolved by mutation by rearrangements, not yet well understood to be sure from those of the simpler forms, the worms and the insects and the , and then by evolution on up to the fish and the reptiles and the birds and the mammals. And in analogously from the simpler to the more complex plants. But again, there's little reason to believe that nature has explored the whole potential range of life forms. The forms nature has created, had to evolve by small stages from previous forms. And it always to survive in the biosphere that was then extend. The forms with which we interact in a major way, the agricultural plants and animals, the fish, the forests, our pets, are those which nature evolved in which we've adapted with relatively minor modifications from the wild forms. But there was seem to be no reason why with sufficient understanding, we could not, for instance evolve plants, more suited to our needs that may look nothing like wheat or corn or rice, or that may grow under conditions, quite unsuited to current crops, perhaps one might call this species engineering. But again, we've learned that the introduction of this kind of profound technological changes, never simple, the major innovations, strain the resilience of our social institutions as they struggle to cope and adapt as well as the resilience of the biosphere on which we all depend. And so one must expect and prepare for accompanying economic and cultural upheavals, and even for deep moral and ethical dilemmas as our powers increase. Now in their own way, that seems to be the cartoonists often foreshadow the kinds of public concerns that are likely to arise. This is cartoon case you can't read it it says, \"I have the weirdest feeling that someone was fiddling with my genes during the night.\" You used to come through all kinds of things. And this one says, \"what's all the big fuss genetic research.\" And this one says, \"I'm afraid son, this will never be yours I'm having myself cloned.\" All this are funny, but underneath there's another turn. And this is a cartoon mother and child. This is a new species I just developed they make chocolate molds. And this one says \"to recombinant DNA.\" Which brings up another whole topic. More systematically and very broadly, the problems that are foreseen, I think can be subsumed into four general categories of concern: Those of providing for equity for social justice, while at the same time providing, for the possibility of changing innovation. Those of confronting irreversible processes which is always a very difficult task for mortal beings. Those of resolving the dilemmas of partial knowledge, which is again a difficult if perennial task for Homo sapiens. And perhaps most deeply those that might be called hubris, those are recognizing our human limitations. Now the social and economic issues are already well upon us in various areas. For example, the prospect of more abundant, more nutritious crops or of hiring milk producing cattle or more disease resistance swine and chickens is of course from the point of view of agriculture pleasing. But in our current era of agricultural over abundance, the prospect of yet more brings with it, the prospect of yet more economic and social upheaval, fewer farms and farmers of the survival of the larger farms, better able to incorporate the new technology. In the questions then of how to deal with this, now of course, new alternative jobs would simultaneously be created in the biotechnology industry when this comes to pass, but the economic dislocations are evident and potentially immediate. Questions also arise as to the ownership of the product and the profits of the new technology. Courts have already authorized patents from microorganisms and for plants, in a logical extrapolation, more than a dozen applications to patent animals have already been filed, with the patent office and the patent office recently indicated it was likely to grant these patents. Can a line be drawn should a line be drawn as to what can be patented, what can be privatized? What are the consequences of quote \"validating new areas of the natural world is private property\" to use Martin Cannon phrase. As an aside on that, it seems to me, this is an area where, the legislatures have simply abdicated their responsibility and they've left it to the courts to decide what can and can't be patented on the basis of a patent law written in 1797 when this sort of thing was never even contemplated. Most of fundamental research that underlies the burgeoning biotechnology was funded by the federal government, in our universities and our medical schools and the agriculture schools. How then should the financial rewards of this, multi-year investment properly be distributed? The impact of the abrupt emergence of biotechnology from the academic laboratory to the industrial plant has brought new associations and new possibilities to the university, which have strained its traditional social relationships. Concerns over the private use of public facilities over the introduction of industrial secrecy, into academic discussion, over the reorientation of research objectives to profit making goals have been hotly if in conclusively debated in the last few years. More broadly and reflective of the scope and scale and potential of this technology and these attendant concerns. One may ask to quote again, Mr. Kenney \"should the enormous power of transforming life forms be transferred to groups, merely seeking a return on an investment?\" Human beings at least those who reach maturity, know they're fallible. And so we have a very hard time dealing with issues of irreversible processes, witness our intense concern over such matters as the death penalty or over the adequate education of our children, or mundanely over the loss of topsoil. Mistakes in such matters can never be undone. Biotechnology more than other technology, similarly raises the issues and concerns of irreversible processes. If we introduce a new chemical into the biosphere, for instance the chloroflurocarbons, and they proved to have unfortunate unanticipated consequences as in the thinning of the ozone layer, we can cease their production and in time, hopefully inadequate time, they will be degraded and they will disappear. But a living organism is by definition, self reproducing. Many of the proposed applications of biotechnology, require that the new organisms be taken out of the laboratory and applied in the field. If these organisms once released find suitable ecological niche, reproduce and spread, they then manifestly beyond recall, should they prove a potential hazard, we have a problem. Now opinions differ widely as to our ability to predict the outcome of such introductions. The molecular biologists are in general much more sanguine than the ecological community. Molecular biologists argue the most genetic changes most mutations, are deleterious to the well-balanced well adapted genomes, the nature has evolved. That most introduced forms will therefore be at disadvantage in nature, and presumably therefore only maintained by purposeful human intervention. They argue that pathogenicity to man or to other plants or animals is a complex property, not likely to be engendered by a few genetic modifications. And they argue that many of these modifications must have been tried already by nature in the course of evolution, but failed to survive. Ecologist however are much less confident, they're concerned with the complex, often delicate ecological balances in nature. They cite examples of the devastation rot by the introduction of alien species into an apt environment, such as the gypsy moth or the kudzu grass. They also cite instances, wherein single gene mutations have markedly broadened the host range of undesired organisms as in the spread of cheat grass terrain lands or in the case of the apple maggot which was originally restricted to the Hawthorn and mutated to the apple. In general ecologists are not persuaded, by the molecular biologists argument of existence optimal adaptation. And they propose that species are individualistic, not part of a tightly woven network to quote Phillip Regal \"organisms are adequately not ideally constructed for survival.\" Ecologists are more aware of the complexity of the problem in a study of the consequences of some 913 species introduced into California, over the years, 788 that is 86% caused no ecological effects, but over 23 species, two and a half percent had major impacts. To quote Grace Wyngaard \"ecology lacks general principles, grand theory and laws that would enable us to make any predictions or deduce apriori, any degree of certainty about what the impact of it any introduced species, whether it's recombinant or not would be the environment.\" So clearly there is your dilemma. It's sort of the problem of the indefinably small risks of indefinably large catastrophe. One approach to this issue is to be cautious to analyze, each such introduction on a case by case basis and gradually to accumulate sufficient case history to permit, widening generalizations. With some unfortunate exceptions, this is the current practice. But there's constantly pressure to adopt a more aggressive approach. Elsewhere I suggested alternative procedure which would be deliberately, to build into all novel organisms a susceptibility to some unnatural chemical or physical agent so that a new form could be controlled, if it developed to have undesirable properties. In short to build in a mechanism, similar to the, abort devices we build into our rockets, but this suggestion is not met with great acclaim however. One must point out of course that, evolution and natural selection haven't, been abolished. We're proposing greatly to accelerate these processes to select the domains, but the organisms we generate and release into the environment, will then be subject to their own evolution over time they will follow, their own genetic destiny. As human beings we're continually obliged to make decisions, to act upon the basis of partial knowledge, to improvise partial solutions, which often give rise to severe issues of policy and ethics. And nowhere is this more evident than in medicine. We invented a whole costly technology of iron lungs and associate care facilities, no obsolete to help polio victims, because we did not know then how to produce a vaccine. We have a whole and costly network of treatment centers to provide kidney dialysis, because we don't know how to repair damaged kidneys. This technological advance has created the problem of the provision of the resources for this continuing, life essential process, which is often beyond the means of many individuals. In a rich country such as the United States, the government assumes this responsibility, but not all countries have these resources. Because we do not yet know how to repair damaged organs, we've developed techniques of organ transplant with an increasing degree of success, but there's a shortage of organs to transplant, the cost is very high, and there are the ethical dilemmas of who shall be the recipients and who shall pay. As biological knowledge advances step-by-step, similar dilemmas of partial knowledge inevitably arise. We have in recent years greatly expanded our understanding of the genetic basis of many human disorders, and correspondingly our ability to detect the presence at the gene level of genetic defect without however at the same time, yet having the ability to remedy such a defect, what shall we do with this expanded capability of genetic four knowledge? At present our capabilities are limited to the simple genetic disorders, Huntington's disease, Gaucher's disease, Sickle cell, Anemia. Does the child with the Huntington's gene want to know that at age 40 years, he or she will begin rapidly to degenerate, perhaps not but then, such knowledge might influence his or her reproductive decisions. If someone is found to be a carrier of Gaucher's disease should their kin also potential carriers be tested or be notified. Showed in time each of us have a genetic pedigree. As their knowledge progresses so will our ability to anticipate the more complex genetic disorders, the tendencies to diabetes, to heart disease, to Schizophrenia, even to such behavioral traits as Alzheimer's disease or the tendency to manic depression or to alcoholism, or susceptibility to drug addiction I don't want to imply that these are only genetic simply that they, it is good evidence that they have both genetic and cultural antecedents. But there is good evidence that there are at least genetic components, this can be carried to rather humorous extended there was an article appeared recently called \"A Gene for all Reasons\" and I just thought I would read one piece of it which was a, one was of a elusive little fellow gene that causes some people to drive slower than the flow of traffic during peak rush hours. We finally chanced upon it in Mrs. Norma leotard of Pippin North Carolina, Dr. Webner was deaf found and removed the gene it was his first and he had it bronzed and proudly wears this to this day on a Normally attired in \"Our race Stock Cars\" professionally. But more seriously lagging behind, but sure to follow in time will be potential therapies for many of these genetic conditions. And given the social and economic costs of these diseases, surely there will be great pressure for the application of such therapies and they're with a rise as the specter of human genetic engineering and the social determination of genetic desirable or undesirable traits. Now, current policy would restrict genetic therapy, to the somatic level for the treatment of the effected individual and prescribed intervention the human germline. Where there's such a policy will be sustainable when the potential for intervention is real and not really hypothetical, remains to be seen it's not hard to envision the commercial applications, the international, genetic rivalries and so on. And lastly hubris, to the Greeks hubris characterize those actions of man when he tried to set himself among the Greek gods. Today we would characterize hubris differently, as the failure to recognize human fallibility. The willful neglect of the limits of human knowledge, however rapidly expanding, the blindness to our growing ability to do ourselves mortal harm, as it parallels our growing ability to accomplish great goods. Now some people derived the very concept of hubris as one of faint heart, and others feel that the concept has innate human wisdom. We know too our costs the unhappy ends to which other graded advances of knowledge in our time have been put by human failings. The, universality of the genetic structures in the genetic code, the underlying similarity of the basic genetic and enzymatic processes in all living organisms indicate clearly that all the extent life forms derive from a common origin, and thus that all the other living organisms on the planet are just as are we, the current products of three or more billion years of evolution. Do we have the right to displace these? To replace them with products of human ingenuity, to make all the flora and fauna the human construction, to convert the planet into a kind of giant Skylab engineered for human support and human pleasure. And even in any case are we smart enough, nature has evolved this remarkably self-sustaining and seemingly endlessly invented biosphere, resilient, adaptive to the temporal variations of climate or volcanic activity, or even apparently asteroid encounter. Can we do as well? We can now undoubtedly acquire the knowledge to direct our own genetic destiny but, do we have the wisdom? Biotechnology are this extraordinary accomplishment by greatly extending domain of human power, then correspondingly extends the scope of human responsibility. And it thereby generates a need for new ethical principles, to guide our conduct in this new world. And our varied human societies, culturally diverse, technically diverse, morally diverse are just beginning to seek to cope with these issues. Problem is accepted ethics are generally the result of the gradual accumulation of experience and wisdom in the conduct of human affairs. But it's clear that the simple extension of accepted ethics into this new domain will not be sufficient. What's not clear is whether the evolution of appropriate ethical principles can keep pace with the evolution of the technology. The potentials of biotechnology seemed well-known limitless, in existence in such almost boundary free world is unfamiliar to human beings, both frightening and tempting. Human invention began slowly back in prehistory, with the use of fire and with such extraordinary creations is agriculture and the wheel and writing and the alphabet. But while cumulative, these were isolated events separate in space and time. It was not until the late Renaissance in the 16th and the 17th centuries, that the idea arose of sustained exploration of nature. As in Francis Bacon's \"House of Solomon,\" the idea that mankind could by continued discovery, come to understand the world about us, and then use that understanding consciously to shape the world to human needs and desires, it's amusing to realize that the entire staff of Bacon's proposed research Institute was to be 33 persons to cover all of knowledge. One of the major discoveries of this century has been that of the scale of scientific enterprise necessary in many fields to produce knowledge at a rate which is, commensurate with the complexity of the phenomena observed. And today around the planet literally, millions of scientists are exploring nature with tools of ever increasing power, and ever increasing sophistication. And so it is in our time, that we're coming to understand, that we need to use this great fund of knowledge or the corresponding degree of wisdom and that this second task first task of obtaining the knowledge that the second task of understanding how to use it, of the design of channels to guide the uses of our new profound knowledge of matter in life is a task of magnitude quite comparable with that needed to acquire the knowledge That is, we need badly to design institutions, and institutions which will have, adequate access to authority to study in propose ways of dealing with these issues. It's clear, that the government- probably these would have to be governmental issues decisions. And it's clear that the government is it's not structured is simply not, able to deal with these the various fields of knowledge are parceled out among the various cabinet offices and agencies. There's no place that has a overall responsibility for considering the social economic, moral ethical issues that these advances are rapidly bringing to us and abso-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120293#t=0.0,2785.176"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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Government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=7.27,9.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be some accomplishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=9.053,11.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you give me a list of other kinds of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=11.41,14.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we might consider ourselves with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=14.76,17.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we could have a final product","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=17.61,19.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that might be useful in the solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=19.23,21.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to these problems for consideration?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=21.033,23.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I'm sure you've thought of many yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=23.89,26.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously, one could try to put out policy papers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=26.38,30.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which take up specific issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=30.35,35.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in attempt to present the issue itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=35.04,40.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a nonadvocatory way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=40.1,44.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the problems is that there's a limited 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with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=90.445,92.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hopefully as broadly as possible, that is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=92.91,95.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what do I mean by that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=95.69,96.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I mean is it's easy enough to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=96.523,98.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay, let's take an 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me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=111.01,112.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One solution would be, say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=114.72,116.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's stop using those chemicals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=116.23,117.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then you have to, that's an option,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=117.64,120.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but one also has to ask","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=120.57,121.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is the economic implication of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=121.6,124.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or another is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=125.5,126.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are there other ways of dealing with the problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=126.333,129.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either cleaning and filtering them out of the groundwater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=129.49,132.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or setting, what are the tolerable levels?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=132.81,137.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I'm trying to, I'm sort of fumbling a bit 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options","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=143.54,148.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also considers all the implications of those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=148.69,152.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in economic and social and practical terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=152.26,155.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e My problem is, what you're saying is based on data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=155.92,160.331"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and scientific facts and so forth, things we 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facts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=172.172,177.172"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it's hard to see what we could do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=177.31,179.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than philosophize at this 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idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=202.2,203.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, it's literally being done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=204.47,205.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in hundreds of centers in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=205.94,209.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a philosophical issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=209.47,211.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, oh, I saw something the other day about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=213.31,218.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what purported as a philosophical question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=219.25,221.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was it appropriate to freeze fertilized eggs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=221.52,224.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and use them at a later time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=224.93,226.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's being done every day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=226.96,228.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, this isn't a philosophical question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=228.69,229.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a real question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=229.853,231.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And granted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=233.06,237.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the issues are still in the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=237.87,240.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think when even there one could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=241.75,244.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably make some pretty good guesses as to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=246.39,248.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how some of these things will be accomplished","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=248.73,250.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in what time frame.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=250.51,251.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, I guess in a way what I'm advising you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=254.83,257.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to focus your attention, at least initially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=257.21,260.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on those problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=260.46,262.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are either already here or immediately foreseeable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=262.31,266.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you want to produce what you call it, deliverable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=266.3,269.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We picked one of the problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=269.92,271.416"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the impact of the bovine growth hormone on agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=271.416,276.381"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's here, I guess.\nThat's here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=276.381,277.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure, at least in California.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=277.52,279.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I presume it's in Iowa as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=279.95,282.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I guess so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=282.407,283.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It seems to me that a lot of the points","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=290.704,294.121"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you brought up that we're facing ethical issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=295.11,299.334"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and moral issues have been faced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=299.334,302.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over and over and over again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=302.04,305.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every time some technological breakthrough came about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=305.43,309.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, what makes this issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=311.21,314.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so different from the other issues?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=314.23,318.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, some of them have and certainly such issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=319.28,321.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as economic displacement and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=321.69,324.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I raise it because I think we're more conscious of that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=326.0,329.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today than we might've been 70 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=329.16,333.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That will happen anyway, don't you think?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=333.635,336.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, farmers are going to be cast off from the farm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=336.054,339.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the future as they have in the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=339.363,341.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Unless there's a social decision not to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=341.847,345.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which you may feel it's very unlikely but I'm just saying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=345.16,348.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think the issues, certainly we have not really had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=348.6,353.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ability to introduce wholly novel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=353.82,357.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite novel life forms into the biosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=361.79,364.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the way that to the degree that we know have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=364.92,367.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e But we've had the situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=367.76,368.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we've taken novel, biological organisms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=368.84,372.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and put them into a corn environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=372.86,375.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e True, sometimes with bad results","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=375.85,378.958"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes with good results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=378.958,380.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And where would we be if we hadn't had done that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=380.57,384.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly wouldn't have corn in North America or soy beans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=385.26,388.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e To be sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=390.32,391.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But corn, presumably, was developed by the native Americans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=392.53,396.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=396.06,396.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think what I'm saying is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=401.52,403.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the changes are of a different character","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=403.14,408.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and capable of being introduced on a much larger scale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=409.39,413.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than we have in the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=413.2,414.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Likewise, we haven't really had the ability to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=415.78,418.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interfere in human genetics with the capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=418.99,423.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can foresee will be available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=424.39,427.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the not-distant future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=427.83,429.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it seems to me that there really are problems here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=431.81,435.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we haven't had to confront.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=435.11,436.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And they're at a much more accelerated rate too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=438.89,441.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problems are coming at us much --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=442.92,444.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We aren't able to build up much experience with them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=444.803,448.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before they're already present on a large scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=448.13,451.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Whereas these changes took place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=451.09,453.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"however many generations ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=453.3,455.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within a single generation now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=457.242,460.178"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(muffled speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=460.178,461.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm wanted to ask you a question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=461.83,463.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To what extent, if at all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=463.777,466.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will the university divest itself of it's traditional role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=466.03,469.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the center of basic research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=469.56,471.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and become a profit-making organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=471.61,473.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Ah ha, that's a good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=474.54,478.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, it's when we've debated a lot too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=478.3,481.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't, well, I have a personal view on it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=484.5,488.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is that I know not everyone agrees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=488.18,491.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think the university should become","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=491.38,495.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a profit-making organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=495.09,496.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it inevitably distorts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=496.59,499.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the basic purposes of the university.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=499.38,502.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It creates immense internal strains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=502.28,504.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you promote a professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=504.57,506.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he's producing a lot of money for the university?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=506.75,511.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean in a profit making sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=513.65,516.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or for the more traditional reasons?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=516.16,519.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the universities do have some obligation to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=519.11,522.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think the universities can just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=524.71,526.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not interact either with industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=526.49,529.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The universities certainly have a responsibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=531.84,533.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for what's called technology transfer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=533.92,535.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After all the research that's been supported","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=535.98,539.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the universities for many years by the government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=539.01,541.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Presumably been supported on the basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=541.68,543.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it would produce some ultimate social benefit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=543.46,546.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, in order to produce that benefit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=546.72,548.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually it has to be applied somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=548.34,550.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think the universities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=550.67,552.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have an obligation to facilitate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=553.01,555.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that kind of technology transfer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=555.09,556.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, I think my view would be it needs to be done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=556.67,558.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some sort of arms length mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=558.91,562.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that doesn't get the university too closely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=562.21,565.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tied with a proprietary interests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=565.77,570.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, I know not everybody agrees with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=571.66,573.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think if you don't,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=573.51,575.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it seems to me that the path leads into great difficulties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=575.48,578.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e One last question on this, Dave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=578.84,581.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Another aspect to that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=581.36,582.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would you comment on the possible results of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=582.28,585.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introducing industrial secrecy into university laboratories?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=587.24,591.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seemed to me that these ethical questions in the end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=591.22,593.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a democracy should be decided by the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=593.47,596.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that maybe one of our major obligations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=596.05,598.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to provide information to the populace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=598.67,603.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder if we can get into a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=603.44,605.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we're too closely tied to industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=605.41,608.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, most universities that I know of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=608.16,609.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I presume it's true here, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=609.83,613.265"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, maybe not, as to our university,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=613.265,616.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to classified work on the grounds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=616.76,619.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that students should have access to anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=619.61,622.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's going on in the university.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=622.97,625.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And seems to me the same then applies to proprietary work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=625.33,628.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's very difficult to have work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=628.47,630.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proprietary work going on on a campus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=630.94,633.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you have to tell the student,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=633.35,634.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, you can go in that room","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=634.34,635.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you can't know what's going on in this room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=635.5,638.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then similarly it inhibits discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=638.63,641.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among faculty members and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=641.42,643.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think that path is implied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=643.76,646.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the other question is one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=646.9,649.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's fraught with great difficulty and should be avoided.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=649.96,653.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There will be opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=656.43,657.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for further discussion with Dr. Sintheimer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=657.92,661.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tomorrow afternoon, between 3:30 and 5,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=661.01,663.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there will be a discussion meeting with refreshments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=663.83,666.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over in the Memorial Union in the front lounge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=666.84,669.835"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we thank you very much for --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=669.835,671.912"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=671.912,674.912"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31466/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/466/original/AV203678_Biotechnology_b.vtt?1627046118","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/466/original/AV203678_Biotechnology_b.vtt?1627046118"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31467","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203678_Biotechnology_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294/transcript/31467/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Yeah, if we come up with that advice and try to get that implemented with the Federal Government, that would be some accomplishment. Can you give me a list of other kinds of things that we might consider ourselves with where we could have a final product that might be useful in the solution to these problems for consideration?\r\n\r\n- Well, I'm sure you've thought of many yourself. Obviously, one could try to put out policy papers, which take up specific issues in attempt to present the issue itself in a nonadvocatory way. One of the problems is that there's a limited credibility in the world these days. You can take almost any of the issues you want to raise and it's difficult to get even basic facts and data that are widely accepted. And hopefully that might be something that in itself would be an important presentation that might be accomplished by a group such as you described. And then on the basis of those facts, one could set out what would be, seems to me a range of potential options as to how to live with, the way the situation might be dealt with, and hopefully as broadly as possible, that is, what do I mean by that? What I mean is it's easy enough to say, okay, let's take an example. Suppose some chemicals are getting into the groundwater. Somebody mentioned that to me. One solution would be, say, let's stop using those chemicals, but then you have to, that's an option, but one also has to ask what is the economic implication of that? Or another is, are there other ways of dealing with the problem, either cleaning and filtering them out of the groundwater or setting, what are the tolerable levels? Well, I'm trying to, I'm sort of fumbling a bit here, but trying to approach these things in a rational and coherent manner which sets forth the various options but also considers all the implications of those in economic and social and practical terms.\r\n\r\n- My problem is, what you're saying is based on data and scientific facts and so forth, things we understand. The bioethics area, when we talk about gene splicing and the possible ramifications and evolution so far. Are we dealing with a hypothesis, where I have nothing to state as being honestly true to the facts? So, it's hard to see what we could do more than philosophize at this point.\r\n\r\n- Philosophy tends very quickly in this field to become reality. Let's say, what, 15 years ago you might've been only able to philosophize about whether or not you thought in vitro fertilization was a good idea. Today, it's literally being done in hundreds of centers in this country. It's not a philosophical issue. And, oh, I saw something the other day about what purported as a philosophical question, was it appropriate to freeze fertilized eggs and use them at a later time? It's being done every day. I mean, this isn't a philosophical question, this is a real question. And granted, some of the issues are still in the future but I think when even there one could probably make some pretty good guesses as to how some of these things will be accomplished and in what time frame. But, I guess in a way what I'm advising you is to focus your attention, at least initially, on those problems that are either already here or immediately foreseeable if you want to produce what you call it, deliverable.\r\n\r\n- We picked one of the problems was the impact of the bovine growth hormone on agriculture. That's here, I guess.\r\n\r\n- That's here. Sure, at least in California. I presume it's in Iowa as well.\r\n\r\n- I guess so.\r\n\r\n- It seems to me that a lot of the points that you brought up that we're facing ethical issues and moral issues have been faced over and over and over again every time some technological breakthrough came about. And so, what makes this issue so different from the other issues?\r\n\r\n- Well, some of them have and certainly such issues as economic displacement and so on. I raise it because I think we're more conscious of that today than we might've been 70 years ago.\r\n\r\n- That will happen anyway, don't you think? I mean, farmers are going to be cast off from the farm in the future as they have in the past.\r\n\r\n- Unless there's a social decision not to do that. Which you may feel it's very unlikely but I'm just saying. But I think the issues, certainly we have not really had the ability to introduce wholly novel, quite novel life forms into the biosphere in the way that to the degree that we know have.\r\n\r\n- But we've had the situation where we've taken novel, biological organisms and put them into a corn environment.\r\n\r\n- True, sometimes with bad results sometimes with good results.\r\n\r\n- And where would we be if we hadn't had done that? Certainly wouldn't have corn in North America or soy beans.\r\n\r\n- To be sure. But corn, presumably, was developed by the native Americans but... I think what I'm saying is that the changes are of a different character and capable of being introduced on a much larger scale than we have in the past. Likewise, we haven't really had the ability to interfere in human genetics with the capacity that we can foresee will be available in the not-distant future. So, it seems to me that there really are problems here that we haven't had to confront.\r\n\r\n- And they're at a much more accelerated rate too. The problems are coming at us much --\r\n\r\n- We aren't able to build up much experience with them before they're already present on a large scale.\r\n\r\n- Whereas these changes took place however many generations ago, within a single generation now. I'm wanted to ask you a question. To what extent, if at all, will the university divest itself of it's traditional role of the center of basic research and become a profit-making organization?\r\n\r\n- Ah ha, that's a good question. Yes, it's when we've debated a lot too. I don't, well, I have a personal view on it, which is that I know not everyone agrees. I don't think the university should become a profit-making organization. I think it inevitably distorts the basic purposes of the university. It creates immense internal strains. Do you promote a professor because he's producing a lot of money for the university? I mean in a profit making sense or for the more traditional reasons? I think the universities do have some obligation to, I don't think the universities can just not interact either with industry. The universities certainly have a responsibility for what's called technology transfer. After all the research that's been supported in the universities for many years by the government. Presumably been supported on the basis that it would produce some ultimate social benefit. And, in order to produce that benefit, usually it has to be applied somewhere. And I think the universities have an obligation to facilitate that kind of technology transfer. But, I think my view would be it needs to be done some sort of arms length mechanism that doesn't get the university too closely tied with a proprietary interests. But, I know not everybody agrees with that. But I think if you don't, it seems to me that the path leads into great difficulties.\r\n\r\n- One last question on this, Dave.\r\n\r\n- Another aspect to that, would you comment on the possible results of introducing industrial secrecy into university laboratories? It seemed to me that these ethical questions in the end in a democracy should be decided by the people and that maybe one of our major obligations is to provide information to the populace. I wonder if we can get into a problem if we're too closely tied to industry.\r\n\r\n- Well, most universities that I know of and I presume it's true here, for example, well, maybe not, as to our university, as to classified work on the grounds that students should have access to anything that's going on in the university. And seems to me the same then applies to proprietary work. I think it's very difficult to have work, proprietary work going on on a campus and you have to tell the student, well, you can go in that room but you can't know what's going on in this room. And then similarly it inhibits discussion among faculty members and so on. So I think that path is implied but the other question is one that's fraught with great difficulty and should be avoided.\r\n\r\n- There will be opportunity for further discussion with Dr. Sintheimer. Tomorrow afternoon, between 3:30 and 5, there will be a discussion meeting with refreshments over in the Memorial Union in the front lounge. So, we thank you very much for --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46881/file/120294#t=0.0,683.232"}]}]}]}