{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9w08w38m1h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kammen, Michael G., Democracy in American Culture"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203227 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Democracy in American Culture is a February 15, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Michael Kammen. Michael Kammen discusses how a sense of American cultural identity developed in the United States.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Underground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=19.173,21.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we'll look at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=21.77,23.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Radical Weather Underground group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=23.45,26.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some of the strange things they did during","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=26.37,29.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strange times in the 60s' and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=29.97,32.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then at three o'clock,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=33.29,34.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll have Dr. Wall from Grinnell College coming here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=34.42,36.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he'll be talking Ronald Reagan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=36.78,38.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our first postmodern president.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=38.24,39.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally at 8 o'clock in Benton Auditorium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=41.17,43.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scheman Building, we'll have a political confrontation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=43.8,47.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sorts between Lynn Cutler,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=47.07,48.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vice chair women of the democratic 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Caucus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=53.307,55.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I said, our featured guest tonight is Dr. Michael Kammen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=59.51,64.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's won so many awards, 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1964,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=72.8,74.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's why he got his PhD.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=74.85,76.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's a recipient of the Pulitzer prize in 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Civilization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=80.98,83.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He became well-known to the public also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=85.91,87.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for being the host and 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(indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=150.719,155.719"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=163.6,164.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, can you hear 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Ames,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=172.8,174.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after a secure interval, since my last visit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=175.826,179.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that it was about 40 or 50 degrees 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three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=378.53,381.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and three syllable words to two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=381.06,382.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that the man in the street could understand 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out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=389.79,393.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it read this way, \"When for a long time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=393.31,396.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two countries have been a part of the same 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world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=403.89,406.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men and women everywhere will want to know why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=406.7,410.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Out of respect for the opinions of 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1920s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=450.29,454.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and accelerating in intensity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=454.91,457.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a phenomenon during the 1930s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=457.57,459.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The argument that I want to present to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=461.44,464.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is essentially 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myth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=483.18,487.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reality in American history and culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=487.78,490.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now come all the sweeping generalizations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=493.49,495.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to each one, I'm aware there are significant exceptions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=495.99,500.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one could point to, and in self-defense I will simply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=500.8,504.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plead that I could have devoted the entire presentation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=504.11,508.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, to Grant Wood and Constance Rourke,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=508.84,511.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as exemplars of the transformation that I want to talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=511.72,515.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which primarily took place during the 1920s and 1930s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=515.31,518.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope I've made the right decision in feeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=518.98,522.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it would be more meaningful to cover more 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you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=535.26,537.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for the first two and a half centuries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=537.4,540.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of American history, in the 17th and the 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seated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=935.62,938.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holding a glass or mirror in front of her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=938.64,942.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we know from Daniel Chester French 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had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2103.91,2108.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He pointed out that the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2108.19,2109.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of America is not a name, it's just a description.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2109.24,2111.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he pointed out that we could have been called Columbia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2111.7,2114.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Allegheny or all sorts of 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'90s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2129.45,2131.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and early decades of the 20th century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2131.76,2133.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans lamented the fact that we had no national 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history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2605.81,2608.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the American West.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2608.14,2609.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any case, this is yet another example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2609.59,2612.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the interpenetration of regions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2612.49,2616.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the mid 1920s and the emphasis upon folk culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2616.17,2620.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of some and the emphasis upon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2620.74,2623.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a national culture on the part of others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2623.12,2624.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National culture is not perfectly co-extensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2624.97,2629.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the phrase high culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2629.95,2631.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there's a good deal of overlap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2631.67,2633.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say people like Van Wyck Brooks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2633.03,2635.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were interested in what the best Americans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2635.25,2638.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the best minds in America had written","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2638.44,2641.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and painted and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2641.13,2642.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What Constance Rourke and Carl Sandburg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2642.9,2646.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others were concerned about was not so much quality,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2646.59,2650.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but product of the American, the minds of ordinary American.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2650.56,2655.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That dialogue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2656.67,2657.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tension between the advocates of the national culture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2657.83,2661.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the advocates of a folk culture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2661.03,2662.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not resolved when world war II came along","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2662.73,2665.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and put a temporary, brought to a temporary halt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2665.8,2669.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This whole developing in the American past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2669.52,2672.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there were some individuals like Stephen Vincent Benét,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2672.97,2676.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who served as a bridge between the two groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2676.31,2679.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to suggest that everyone who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2679.11,2681.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tradition oriented or past oriented,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2681.15,2683.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fit neatly into one of those two camps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2683.34,2686.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There there's some figures who bridge the two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=2686.49,2688.79"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21112/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/112/original/AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_a.vtt?1608541818","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/112/original/AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_a.vtt?1608541818"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21113","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412/transcript/21113/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Into another historical perspective for the Institute of National Affairs. Tonight our featured speaker is Dr. Michael Kammen, but first I'll preview tomorrow's events for you. First of all, at noon tomorrow, we'll have the film Underground. And then we'll look at the Radical Weather Underground group. And some of the strange things they did during strange times in the 60s' and so forth. And then at three o'clock, we'll have Dr. Wall from Grinnell College coming here. And he'll be talking Ronald Reagan. Our first postmodern president. And finally at 8 o'clock in Benton Auditorium, Scheman Building, we'll have a political confrontation of sorts between Lynn Cutler, the vice chair women of the democratic party. And Terry Dolan, the political heavyweight for the National Conservative Political Action Caucus. As I said, our featured guest tonight is Dr. Michael Kammen. He's won so many awards, , how to tell you his most impressive ones but. He graduated from Harvard in 1964, that's why he got his PhD. He's a recipient of the Pulitzer prize in 1973, for People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization. He became well-known to the public also for being the host and moderator for the National Public Radio, State of the Union. And that was during the bicentennial year. Another accomplishment that is rather unique, is that he was the first American to hold a chair in American history at the Center of Historical Research in Paris. And that was during this last year. And finally, while it may not be a national honor, he was also a director of The Society for the Humanities at Cornell College, from 1977 to 1980. And he says, \"This helps give him perspective on how the humanities interact in our society.\" And he just really enjoyed it. And finally, in the last 24 hours, I've also discovered that, Dr Kammen is a very gracious individual, and an excellent conversationalist. Ladies and gentlemen, Dr. Michael Kammen.\r\n\r\n- Thank-\r\n\r\n- Yes?\r\n\r\n- The amplification is in so that .\r\n\r\n- Okay, can you hear me? Adequately?\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- No problems? Okay, If I go too fast, please, please indicate if there's a problem. I'm glad to be back in Ames, after a secure interval, since my last visit. I think that it was about 40 or 50 degrees warmer, when I arrived in the Des Moines airport last night than it was a week ago when president Reagan arrived. And although I very much enjoy interpreting symbolism in American culture, I haven't the foggiest notion what symbolism to attach to that. He has his budget problems and I have mine, but there are certainly some ideological differences between us. I want to present to you tonight, a problem, a symptom an argument, and a lot of sweeping generalizations. The first three will take about five minutes. The sweeping generalizations will take until about 11 o'clock tonight, when I go to the Des Moines airport. The problem is designed to be exemplary. And it's one of many I might've chosen, to set the stage for what I want to talk about. The problem essentially, is the problem that Grant Wood faced, when he returned to Iowa, late in the 1920s after visiting Europe. And deciding that he did not wish to be a part of the lost generation, when he decided that his vocation as an artist had to do or could best be nourished by American sources and by the American environment, and not by European stimuli, and not by the European environment. So he returned, to Iowa, determined to develop his talents here. And determined to discover and develop an American tradition in the arts, and to use American themes. As you know, by the early 1930s, was painting such controversial pictures as his daughters of the American revolution, as well as historical paintings that used the picked up themes from American mythology, such as Paul Revere's Ride. And the problem that Grant Wood faced was simply, how to invoke the American past without being the captive of or without seeing the American past, through the glasses of people like, The Daughters of the American Revolution, from whom he wanted to keep a certain guarded distance. The question essentially was how to use traditional American materials are build upon traditional American materials without being elitist. Or to put it a little bit differently, how could Grant Wood democratize American history for his purposes as an artist? The symptom that or symptomatic episode that I want to mention, occurred in 1936. It's very much related to the focus of my talk. It involves an episode that was centered at Columbia university, where a group of journalists and a group of faculty members, decided that they needed to rewrite the declaration of independence. The problem with Thomas Jefferson's declaration was that it was too complicated in its language. And it was too difficult therefore, for ordinary Americans to understand. So they tried to reduce all the four syllable words to three and three syllable words to two. So that the man in the street could understand it. And as the New York times reported on February 13th, 1936, the Jeffersonian Thang was taken out. And it read this way, \"When for a long time, two countries have been a part of the same government. And when one of these countries decides to break away and take its rightful place in the world, men and women everywhere will want to know why? Out of respect for the opinions of mankind, the reasons for the separation should be made public.\" And it goes on in this rather flat, banal way, reducing Jefferson's magnificent enlightenment prose to the unaccented and bland English, that this group of journalists and historians thought the general public would understand. Why is this episode symptomatic? The answer is very simply, that it was an attempt to democratize American traditions. To make them accessible to the American people. Something that was very much on the minds of a great many Americans beginning during the 1920s and accelerating in intensity, as a phenomenon during the 1930s. The argument that I want to present to you is essentially this, that in the century, roughly since the 1870s, a very profound transformation has occurred in American culture. A transformation that has essentially been neglected by historians, but a transformation that opens up the complexity of the relationship between myth and reality in American history and culture. Now come all the sweeping generalizations, and to each one, I'm aware there are significant exceptions that one could point to, and in self-defense I will simply plead that I could have devoted the entire presentation. For example, to Grant Wood and Constance Rourke, as exemplars of the transformation that I want to talk about which primarily took place during the 1920s and 1930s. I hope I've made the right decision in feeling that it would be more meaningful to cover more ground in somewhat less detail, and try to give you a sense of a whole Panorama, of what happened with respect to this transformation. I want to suggest to you, that for the first two and a half centuries of American history, in the 17th and the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, most Americans, not all, but most Americans, had relatively little interest in or use for history. They spoke with frequency about the burden of the past. It's the title of the first chapter of a classic work by R.W.B Lewis called the American Adam. And he's quoting from individuals during the first half of the 19th century, who spoke about the burden of the past. The need to be present minded and future oriented. Sidney Mead, One of the most distinguished American church historians has argued that the diversity of Americans who came here, or diversity of peoples who came to America during the first two and a half centuries of its history, meant that they did not share a common past. What they shared was a common interest in the present and a common hope for, or common sense of opportunism about the future. There are Various illustrations or various individuals, theologians like Isaac Backus or politicians like James Madison. One could use to illustrate my argument that Americans were very present minded. I think if you bring to mind the classic writers of the American Renaissance, Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman. The great writers in the mid 19th century, most of them essentially reiterated this theme. What have we to do with the sacredness of tradition? Was the way Ralph Waldo Emerson put it. Hawthorne stands as a partial exception to my generalization. Hawthorne had a deep interest in the new England past. And Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was perhaps the first major and popular writer in America to use the stuff of American history to create myths and legends. Specifically Hiawatha, which was published in 1855, and which was an immense success. But the mere fact that Longfellow's Hiawatha was cast in the form of a Scandinavian epic, and borrowed heavily from Scandinavian epic forums and essentially corrupted or conflated the history of the Iroquois, with the history of Indians living in Minnesota. Was a fairly typical example of the way in which American history was appropriated, misused and exploited by people who felt that the creation of imaginative literature was more important than conveying to the American people, an accurate sense of what their own past had been. There were Americans during the first half of the 19th century, who argued that we had physical emblems of tradition, that were more significant than the cathedrals and historic sites of Europe. What they were referring to where our great natural wonders. Our great canyons, great falls, the natural bridge, Niagara falls, the great wonders of the American West. They argued that these were our cathedrals, these were our historic sites and their age was to be measured, not in centuries, but in millennia. And that therefore they were far more impressive than the sources of tradition and memory in Europe. That was an argument based upon expediency because we simply did not have the same kinds of physical and historical sites and remains that Europeans had. Immediately following the American civil war, a change began to occur. The change took many different forms. One, which I find very interesting, involves the way, the word memory and various derivative words like memorial, suddenly began to emerge in common American discourse, beginning in the late 1860s. Memorial day, for example, emerged somewhere around 1868, 1869, various towns compete in their claims to have originated Memorial Day. In 1870, an American artist who is not well-known today, but who was very important in his own time, Elihu Vedder, painted a seascape entitled memory. I have a photograph of it with me for those of you who would like to look at it afterwards. And it's a seascape which shows just the bare suggestion of a face, superimposed on the heavens above the gently rolling surf. Obviously, these uses of the word memory, or the word concept memory, and the emergence of a holiday like Memorial day. Are indicative of the lost husbands, and sons and brothers and fathers during the civil war era. So that originally the American interest in memory began as a response to the American civil war. But very rapidly, during the remaining 30 years of the 19th century and on into the 20th century. Memory took on a much broader and larger connotations, having to do with the collective memory of an entire society or for that matter of an entire civilization. Another example that I might suggest to you, is a work of sculpture by Daniel Chester French. Who was the greatest American sculptor of the period, say 1875 to 1920. He's best known for his seated Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC. He also did The Minute Man, the famous Minute Man, at the Wood Bridge at Concord, in Massachusetts. Daniel Chester French was not a wealthy man when he began his career as a sculptor. Therefore he was entirely dependent upon commissions, public commissions for great monuments such as the Lincoln, The Minute Man. But there's one work that preoccupied him for a very, very long time. He began in 1886, and he didn't complete it until World War I. And it was a labor of love, he did not have a commission for it. I also have a photograph of it and would be happy to share it with you afterwards. The title of it is memory, It shows a very lovely young woman, it's carved in Italian marble. It shows a very lovely young woman seated, holding a glass or mirror in front of her. And we know from Daniel Chester French notes, that she is not Narcissa. She is not admiring herself in the mirror. Rather she is using the mirror to look retrospectively over her shoulder at the past. So this is memory in a much broader sense. It's the recovery of the past, and we know from French's notes that this was symbolic of his and his society is growing interest in history. The work was purchased in 1919 by a donor who gave it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. And it now sits in the foyer of the American wing, of the Metropolitan Museum. In fact, it's one of the great show pieces of the American wing. The American wing itself, by the way, I should point out opened in 1924 and is a very symptomatic and pivotal date in the development of the story that I want to tell. But that's getting a little bit ahead of the story. The point is that memory and an interest in the past, was rapidly growing during the late 19th century. It's important to note, however, that during this generation, let's say 1870 to 1910. The interest that Americans had in the past was at least as much an interest in the European past, as it was in our own past. And if anything, they were more interested in past other than our own, because many Americans were not yet convinced that our past was long enough, deep enough, worthy of the serious collector. Or the serious reader about the past. Obviously I'm not talking about professional historians. Telling you about layman, in fact, in this talk in general, I'm not concerned with scholars, but rather with layman at various levels of the society. If American artists, painted historical pictures during this period, they were as likely to paint scenes from the European or even the Asian past. As they were to paint scenes from the American past. When the American archeological Institute was founded in 1889, it was almost entirely preoccupied with Greek and Roman antiquities, only to a very minor degree with antiquities of the native Americans of the Southwest. Gradually, over the next half century, that would begin to change and American archeologists would find it as respectable to be interested in American antiquities as in European antiquities. The Detroit Institute of Arts, opened in 1885, as did many other American art museums at that time. And its original collections consisted entirely of European old masters, some ceramic ware, and various other objects of art from the far East. And a few miscellaneous pieces representing primitive cultures. Not until 1906, did the Detroit Art Institute, did its Patriots, put together a public fund to make possible the purchase of works of art by American artists, about the United States. Largely of course, landscape, paintings. So what I'm suggesting then is that the growth of an interest in the American past specifically came rather slowly. A collector like JP Morgan, began almost exclusively as a collector of Medieval and Renaissance and Byzantine antiquities. And gradually began to collect some Lincoln items. And then in 1909, collected the 39 unpublished journals of Henry David Thoreau, which indicated a major shift in his interest as a collector. Keep in mind also that the medieval revival, which was very strong in Europe during the later 19th century, was particularly strong, or almost equally strong in the United States as well. Henry Adams is simply the most famous example of Americans obsessed with the middle ages and who believed that somehow there was a unity and a cohesion and a coherence in Western culture, is saying the 12th and 13th centuries that was lost in our own time. And I think there's a very interesting dialogue that one can see between Henry Adams on the one hand and Mark Twain on the other, in terms of what each one had to say, about the pertinent and the significance of the middle ages. Henry Adams affirmed the middle ages, and found it culturally superior to his own time. I think that one of the primary messages of Mark Twain's, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, was to say that the middle ages were not so hot. There was servitude, there was a class structure that was rigid. And that if you were not a monarch, or a of a Monarch, life would be pretty miserable for you. I find that amidst the events and the phenomenon that were occurring during the later 19th century, Mark Twain emerges as a kind of breath of fresh air. He has got a much sharper perspective, than most of his contemporaries on the role of tradition in America. And he often comments critically, or sardonically upon the narrowness or the naivete of American attitudes towards the past. In Huckleberry Finn, for example, which was composed between 1876 and 1884. Mark Twain, has Huck say, \"I don't take no stock in dead people.\" That is simply Huck's vernacular way of saying what Thomas Jefferson had said very eloquently in a letter from Paris to James Madison in 1789. That the earth belongs in use of fruit to the living. This had been a repeated theme all through 19th century America, that the earth belongs to the present, and to the future. And should not be dominated by the past, and those who are past oriented. Some of you are aware of a book published last September by Jonathan Raban called Old Glory. The story of a young British fellow, who bought a 16 foot boat in the twin cities and fulfill a lifetime dream by coming all the way down the Mississippi river, from the twin cities to the Louisiana Delta in this small boat. And at one point, Jonathan Raban who has great affection for Huck Finn, grew up loving the book in England. And at one point Raban suggests that in the generation after 1865 or so, I quote, \"The essential quality of American life was its freedom from precedent and tradition.\" Well, I think that, Raban does not quite have his history right, though, it's not his fault, because the topic has not really been addressed by American historians. But Mark Twain, in Life on the Mississippi, makes it very pertinent, which is written in exactly the period that Raban is talking about in the late 19th century. Twain in Life on the Mississippi has this to say, \"The world and the books are so accustomed to use and overuse the word new in connection with our country, that we early get and permanently retain the impression that there is nothing old about it.\" Well, that time by the, by the end of the 19th century, there were Americans who were beginning to feel that there were old things and traditions to be cherished. And one begins to find people like Brooks Adams talking about their importance. One reason why Americans have older stock felt that it was important to identify our traditions. And to understand how they had evolved, was because immigration and particularly immigration from central and Southern and Eastern Europe, was bringing large numbers of people, who did not speak English, who knew virtually nothing about American history. And who caused those Americans have older stock to be very concerned about whether or not it would be in fact possible to assimilate these strange newcomers. Consequently, American history suddenly in the late 1890s, and during the beginning of the 20th century, was elevated in status in the curriculum, in secondary schools and in universities. Because there was a general consensus that emerged by about 1900, that the single most important vehicle, for Americanizing these immigrants, would be the core of American history. For example, when the Hudson-Fulton exhibition took place in 1909 in New York, and really it was celebrated throughout the state of New York, but the two principle areas were Albany, New York city. Which to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the discovery of the Hudson river by Henry Hudson, the river wasn't lost, but that's the way they phrased it in those days. And the invention of the Steamboat, a century earlier by Robert Fulton. And in the introduction to the two massive commemorative volumes that came out in conjunction with this exhibit, it was pointed out that one of the objects of the commission was to create an historical awakening throughout the state. The editor says that to emphasize this phase of the celebration, the people of every nationality were invited to take part in the parades and festivals. And an effort was made to make them feel that the celebration belonged to them as much as to the older inhabitants. That by adopting our citizenship, they adopted our traditions and institutions, and that their pride and loyalty should be as great as those of the descendants of the pioneer settlers. So there is an attempt to make the immigrants understand what the first two and a half centuries or three centuries of American history had been all about. And there's an attempt to inculcate American values and citizenship primarily through the teaching of American history. That coincided, this exhibit came in 1909, 1910. I find that to be a remarkably pivotal date, I could give you a list of 30 or 40 different events, that I think signify a major shift that occurred at just about that point from the the appreciation of history in general, which had occurred during the previous generation to the beginning of a focus upon American history, per se. For example, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which until then had purchased virtually no items of Americana. In fact, doubted whether it was respectable for a serious museum to own objects of Americana, was persuaded to ask Mrs Russell Sage to make a major purchase of all the art objects that were displayed, in conjunction with the Hudson-Fulton exhibition. They became part of the permanent collection of The Met. And then in turn, they became part of the core, of the great American wing, which opened in 1924. A number of individuals like Henry Ford and Carl Sandburg, and Van Wyck Brooks underwent a very striking transformation in the years after 1910. I've selected these three individuals, because they represent three very different walks of life in the United States, Sandburg a populist, poet, collector of folk songs, biographer and so on. Henry Ford, a great inventor, businessman. Van Wyck Brooks, someone much more in the realm of high culture, then Carl Sandburg, a literary historian. And all three of them in their earliest responses to the state of American culture between 1910 and 1920, were very critical, of the lack of a sense of tradition, in the case of Van Wyck Brooks. Or else, were simply contemptuous of the value of knowing history or being interested in history. In Carl Sandburg's poem Prairie, which is included in Cornhuskers published in 1918. He says, \"I tell you the past is a bucket of ashes\" And that's a sentiment, a negative sentiment about the value of tradition that Sandburg repeated a number of times, during the early stages of his career. But in 1926, and here we come to the mid 1920s, when a great deal begins to change. And the preface to Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, Sandburg wrote \"Perhaps poetry, art, human behavior in this country, which has need to build on its own traditions, would be served by a life of Lincoln, stressing the 52 years prior to his presidency.\" The case of Van Wyck Brooks between 1908 in the mid 1920s, he wrote a whole series of books that were very, very critical of American culture on various grounds. But in particular critical because we lacked a culture, and a set of traditions that were worth preserving. Then he had a nervous breakdown, was institutionalized. Friends came to visit Van Wyck Brooks and found him on all floor out on the lawn eating grass because he thought he was a sheep. And when he came to his senses, he had done a 180 degree turn and became the great celebrator of American cultural history, American literary history. And published a six volume history of the arts in America, which sold incredibly well during the 1930s and 1940s. Now not everyone had a nervous breakdown, and be institutionalized in order to recognize that there were traditions worth saving in the United States. Henry Ford, who had made and all sorts of wild and eminently quotable statements about history being bunk. Quietly began to collect artifacts it's of American history from children's toys to gigantic locomotives and diesels. Some of you I'm sure seen these in the Henry Ford museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Along with the actual houses that he'd gathered and brought together in Greenfield village, which is cheek by jowl, with the Henry Ford museum. In an interview during the later 1920s, when Greenfield village and the Henry Ford museum were being prepared to be open to the public. Ford said, \"We have no Egyptian mummies here, nor any relics of the battle of Waterloo. Nor do we have any curios from Pompei, for everything thing we have is strictly American.\" And he was very proud of that. It included the dead cat that had gotten caught between two display cases. When it was discovered that a cat had become stuck and died Ford said, \"Leave it there, It's part of the museum now.\" And we'll show that too, dead cats are an important part of American culture. The American wing of The Met was opened in November of 1924, and it suddenly made the collecting of Americana, a tremendous fab. In 1925, a new journal began to appear called the American collector. And the lead editorial in volume one reads, \"Americana is not a hobby, It is a creed.\" A year later W.A.R Goodwin, an episcopal minister, in Williamsburg Virginia, persuaded John D Rockefeller jr. to restore the town of Williamsburg, to the way it had been when it served as the capitol of 18th century Virginia. Goodwin had first tried to sell Henry Ford, Henry and Edsel Ford on that idea, and wrote them a very insulting letter. Which I have found in the Ford archives. It's a rather remarkable letter in which Goodwin says, \"That the landscape between Norfolk and Richmond and Williamsburg is rapidly being filled with roads and with gasoline tanks.\" And that the main responsibility for this desecration of the landscape is the Ford car. And therefore he proposed to the Fords they could make amends for their sins against American history and the beauty of the American landscape by preserving colonial Williamsburg. Well, he didn't succeed in persuading the Fords, but he did persuade John D Rockefeller, who then poured about 75 to $80 million into the restoration project. One of the significant things about the restoration of Williamsburg and the timing of it, beginning in the late 1920s, is that a generation earlier, had Williamsburg been restored, let's say starting in 1900. I think it would have been an object to make sure in terms of the publicity that that was involved in terms of the use of architectural historians from new England and so on. We're very careful to make sure that colonial Williamsburg would be regarded as an American artifact if you will, rather than a Southern artifact. Now, that leads me to call your attention to a major shift that had occurred between roughly the 1870s, and the end of the 1920s. I would suggest that during the period after the American civil war, we went through a period of cultural Sectionalism, in which each region, knew what it could be proud of, or searched for aspects of its past of which it could be proud. But not until about 1910, do we begin to get the emergence of a sense of national traditions. And there's a very active search, quest for national traditions. Take for example, the case of Abraham Lincoln, a generation after his death, Lincoln was very much on the minds of Americans in all sections of the country. But the image of Lincoln, as David Donald has pointed out, in an important essay on Lincoln in American folklore. The image of Lincoln in the South, and in the Middlewest, and in new England was very different. In the South of course, they hated him. Or most Southerners certainly hated him for generation after the civil war. In the West, he was a kind of folk hero, with an emphasis upon his earthy side, the folk teller, the humerus Lincoln. And in new England, he was a sort of cleaned up genteel, you had the third type. In 1909, the United States celebrated the Centennial of Lincoln's birth. And we can look at the speeches that were made in various parts of the country. And see the gradual convergence of images, whereby each section gave up, those aspects of the Lincoln image that were most peculiar, are distinctive to that section. And gradually took on elements of what Lincoln meant to other sections. So that one finds two to one surprise, in many instances. Southerners, in 1909, giving speeches of praise for Lincoln, for saving the union and remembering that Lincoln, after all had his origins, personal origins, family origins in the South and so on. So there's a conflation of images. Meanwhile, when fine speeches and editorials asking why do we have no national song? Why do we have no national Anthem? Why do we have no national name? For example, Moses Coit Tyler, one of the principal, literary historians of the day, reviewed the history of names that we could have had. He pointed out that the United States of America is not a name, it's just a description. And he pointed out that we could have been called Columbia, or Allegheny or all sorts of names, that would have been a real name. And he wondered whether we would ever have a truly national name. The Star-Spangled banner, Was not officially adopted as our national Anthem until 1931. Consequently, all through the 1880s and '90s and early decades of the 20th century, Americans lamented the fact that we had no national song. Well, there are many themes or urgent please of this sort, that one discovers. And as only in the 1920s, I would suggest, that most people begin to feel a sense of what our national traditions are. To give you one other interesting example, of how they surfaces, the state superintendent of history in South Dakota proposed in 1923, that at Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, it would be interesting to carve some gigantic heads of figures of some significance in history. The figures he proposed were Sacagawea, or perhaps Jim Bridger, or possibly Lewis and or Clark. Figures who somehow made a difference in the history of the upper great plains. The response to this suggestion was, yeah that's a terrific idea to carve monumental heads in the Black Hills. But you can't possibly select such obstacles figures, that no one's ever heard of or you'll never raise the money. Because it was going to take a lot of money. So they finally settled on George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln. And with a good deal of dispute Teddy Roosevelt. Because these were national figures, and as it was, the fundraising was not an easy matter. By the way, Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor, who was in charge of the whole project, was of Danish ancestry, a great admire of Lincoln and something of a perfectionist, as well as a fanatic about American history. He's also responsible for the Confederate Memorial, stone mountain near Atlanta. And Borglum was very upset after he carved the face of Thomas Jefferson, because there was a very long crack in Jefferson's right nostril. And you have to realize just how big these statutes are. Jefferson's right nostril is about 60 feet high. And Borglum calculated that after about 300 years of wind and ice and the sorts of conditions that we've had during this past winter. That crack would cause Jefferson's nose to erode. And finally the whole face would go and that's no way to achieve immortality. So he blew up the face that he had carved, and set the whole thing back four degrees and carved it all over again. Well, my point is simply that by the 1920s, Americans where beginning to feel reasonably secure about their national traditions, but interestingly enough, one very important dispute arose between those people who were interested in the American national memory. The dispute involved, essentially, what kinds of traditions we wanted to recover and promote? National traditions or folk traditions? Now, this may seem obscure to you, or hair splitting. But it was a matter of passionate concern to the people involved and if time permitted I could give you a very long list of the people involved on the two sides in this debate. To people like Van Wyck Brooks, and perhaps this may surprise you, someone like Ezra pound, the only culture worth recovering, recapturing and preserving and perpetuating, was a truly national culture. They talked about that at great length. And I think it ought to be fairly clear what they mean. A culture common to all the various peoples who had their own ethnic traditions, had their own religious traditions, had certain linkages with various older world countries. But shared in common certain key events, certain key individuals, who had shaped the American tradition. There were others however, like Constance Rourke, like Bernard DeVoto, like Carl Sandburg. Who were aware of the development of the idea of folk culture, that had emerged in Europe, since the early 19th century, particularly in the writings of Johann Herder, the German writer and philosopher. And these people were deeply concerned, with the need to reconcile tradition and memory on the one hand, national, traditions and memory on the one hand with democracy on the other. This was the big sticking point, and the point of which the democratization of Jefferson's declaration of independence is symptomatic, that I talked about at the very beginning. During the 19th century, when people in the United States talked about the desirability of memory and tradition at all, it worried them that tradition and memory were somehow elitist and aristocratic. They associated tradition and memory with the European aristocrats who sat around in an old country homes, amidst their family heirlooms, contemplating their pedigrees and genealogies. Somehow, if tradition and memory were to be meaningful in a society with a democratic ethos, they meaning traditional and memory, would have to emerge from the people. They would have to be indigenous to the land, but not from a Americans of great wealth. Not from Americans of distinguished birth, exclusively, but with somehow have to spring from the people. And so people like Sandburg and many others in the 1920s for example, began collecting American folk music. Constance Rourke began traveling around the country, collecting American folklore. A number of others picked up on that. And in 1931 Constance Rourke published her classic work called American Humor. Which is really a study in American folklore. Bernard DeVoto belief passionately along with many, many others that American history had been written for too long by new Englanders, whose perspective on American history stopped somewhere West of Dedham, Massachusetts. And DeVoto felt very passionately, the need to give proper attention to the other regions, the other sections, the other groups. That had contributed significantly to American history. In 1925, I mentioned several times, that the mid 1920s were pivotal years, just to give one other example in relationship to this point, in 1925, Ralph Budd, the president of the great Northern railroad, which had its headquarters in Minneapolis, st. Paul, decided to have a railroad expedition to the upper Missouri river area. In order to revisit sites of significance in a French exploration, in white Indian contact, in the westward expansion of the American people and so on. Politicians, judges, bankers, various public figures. historians were invited to go on this expedition, got a lot of very favorable publicity, was a tremendous success. So the next year, the great Northern railroad held yet another expedition, this time to the Pacific Northwest. They followed the route of Lewis and Clark, all the way out, along the way a Columbia river, to the point where Lewis and Clark glimpse the Pacific ocean. Samuel Eliot Morison, one of the most distinguished American historians, accompany that expedition, gave speeches at various points along the way, explaining what had happened historically at each point. Often, local people disagreed violently with Morrison's interpretation of what had happened there. Because Morrison of course, was an arch new Englander, a Brahman, and their attitude was what in the world could he possibly know about the history of the American West. In any case, this is yet another example of the interpenetration of regions, during the mid 1920s and the emphasis upon folk culture on the part of some and the emphasis upon a national culture on the part of others. National culture is not perfectly co-extensive with the phrase high culture. But there's a good deal of overlap. That is to say people like Van Wyck Brooks, were interested in what the best Americans, the best minds in America had written and painted and so forth. What Constance Rourke and Carl Sandburg and others were concerned about was not so much quality, but product of the American, the minds of ordinary American. That dialogue, that tension between the advocates of the national culture, and the advocates of a folk culture, was not resolved when world war II came along and put a temporary, brought to a temporary halt. This whole developing in the American past. And there were some individuals like Stephen Vincent Benét, who served as a bridge between the two groups. I don't want to suggest that everyone who was tradition oriented or past oriented, fit neatly into one of those two camps. There there's some figures who bridge the two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103412#t=0.0,2697.24735"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_b.mp3"]},"duration":1192.75102,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/413/small/lecture.png?1608541822","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/413/original/AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_b.mp3?1608541822","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1192.75102,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e But I do believe that by the mid 1930s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=5.34,7.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was something close to an intellectual war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=7.93,11.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on between them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=11.33,12.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the story of that war has never really been told.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=12.57,16.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One other point that I'd like to make about the 1920s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=16.01,19.824"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and '30s is that a number of Americans discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=19.824,24.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and proclaim that we had been a nation of mythmakers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=24.63,29.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Constance Rourke put it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=29.75,31.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Beard said the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=31.51,34.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So did half a dozen other students of American culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=34.18,38.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who argued that Americans were more disposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=38.01,43.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than most cultures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=43.06,44.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most societies to mythologizing it's past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=44.51,48.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To conflating history and legend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=48.3,51.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and accepting myth as history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=51.33,53.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this became a frequent reframe by the 1930s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=54.28,59.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly by the later 1930s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=61.03,62.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you would expect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=62.85,63.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you might expect that one result would be a concerted effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=63.76,68.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the next generation to sort out the relationship","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=69.01,73.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between history and myth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=73.26,75.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Essentially, a truly serious effort at debunking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=75.6,79.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to use the phrase that's often associated with the 1920s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=79.95,83.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is in many ways 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communism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=280.83,285.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and find out how Williamsburg could serve in this fight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=285.07,288.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for example, in 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Moscow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=306.41,310.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to the creation of the Iron Curtain mentality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=310.8,314.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=314.73,316.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanna suggest that the phrase and age of anxiety","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=317.56,322.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emerged immediately after World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=324.5,326.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not entirely clear who coined it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=326.193,328.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we believe W. H. Auden may have been the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=328.13,330.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1946 or '47.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=330.44,332.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any case, the phrase and age of anxiety was picked up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=332.85,336.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and became a kind of buzzword of the late '40s and '50s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=336.63,341.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reasons why are not easy to 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combated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=354.04,356.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=356.06,357.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it also resulted from a phenomenon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=357.56,360.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Soren Kierkegaard defined very well that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=360.81,364.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Anxiety is the price one pays for 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world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=370.668,373.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And with the highest standard of living","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=373.21,374.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the world had ever known after 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=374.133,377.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans began to enjoy vacations for the first time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=377.37,380.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or one or two-week vacations which had been the norm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=380.56,383.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave way to three and four-week vacations for many people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=383.45,386.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Consequently, Americans literally we're unsure of what to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=386.2,391.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all the freedom that they had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=393.46,395.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There various other reasons that one could go into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=395.9,398.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to explain why this period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=398.07,400.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these 20 years after 1945 have been labeled age of anxiety.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=400.43,403.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one result was that a wave of nostalgia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=403.94,407.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"began to sweep across the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=407.67,409.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's that wave of nostalgia which is simply intensified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=409.93,413.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the last 10 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=413.21,414.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which gave rise to this obsession with heritage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=414.69,418.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which gave rise to myths not being explain or clarified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=418.43,423.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or differentiations being made between myth and history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=423.91,427.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but instead myths and history being blurred together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=427.82,432.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the public mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=433.15,434.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me call your attention to three anomalies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=435.99,440.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I find occurring during the generation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=440.61,444.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since World War II","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=444.63,445.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think are significant turning points","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=446.67,449.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can reflect upon thinking about what's 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history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=536.63,539.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=539.51,540.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would submit that the most successful 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Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=569.73,572.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"written to Allan Nevins,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=572.17,573.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was the chairman of the Civil War Centennial 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(coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=601.64,606.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excuse me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=606.51,607.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we now have five massive volumes 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military.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=809.15,810.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I had in the second lecture on the home front,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=810.57,813.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the domestic 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Italians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=842.22,845.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Japanese were on the same side?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=845.01,847.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, in this day and 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called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=964.55,967.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Sheltered Life\" which was published in 1932,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=967.177,970.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observed that people who have 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=979.54,981.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or by whatever else they have put in its place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=981.78,985.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I would suggest that that's a very apt 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=991.8,993.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"modernism in architecture and literature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=993.92,997.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and various art 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tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1008.74,1011.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the United States, in a certain sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1011.28,1013.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've proceeded in the opposite 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1019.64,1021.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they've begun to try to put various things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1021.16,1024.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in its place as Ellen Glasgow said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1024.07,1027.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I think that's fun so long as we're reasonably clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1027.83,1031.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our understanding of what we are putting in its 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myths,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1039.024,1039.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so as long as we get a fairly clear sense of history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1039.97,1043.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and most of all so long as we have a clear sense as laymen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1043.18,1046.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not as professional historians or professional scholars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1046.88,1049.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but as laymen of what we're gonna do with it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1049.47,1052.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it's going to mean to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1052.46,1054.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll close with an anecdote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1054.44,1056.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about an event which occurred 25 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1056.68,1058.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I was a senior in college.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1058.89,1060.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was sitting at a luncheon table in a student union,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1060.82,1063.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much like this one one day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1063.25,1065.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a table for four.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1065.06,1066.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were three of us at the table, two fellas and a 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1113.43,1115.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning that it can affect the way you perceive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1115.95,1119.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your 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country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1128.3,1130.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other countries when you traveled abroad,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1130.32,1132.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or when you try to understand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1132.37,1134.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how and why certain foreign policy decisions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1134.3,1136.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were made and not made.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1136.96,1139.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are various other reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1139.12,1141.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and rationale that I could supply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1141.35,1143.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that they are probably very familiar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1143.52,1146.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to you at this point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1146.79,1147.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I certainly don't wanna preempt the role of my colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1147.85,1152.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who teach history here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1153.51,1154.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at this point, most of Professor Cornell students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1154.67,1157.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably have writer's cramp from taking notes in any case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1157.7,1160.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I'll stop and simply leave you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1160.89,1164.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the thought that the reason for studying history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1164.2,1169.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to live with it for the rest of your life,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1169.7,1171.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it is in my view, a very cherished legacy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1171.84,1175.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and something that can make one's life more enjoyable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1175.36,1178.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one's understanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1178.75,1179.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of American culture more interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1179.583,1181.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1181.03,1182.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=1182.157,1184.907"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21114/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/114/original/AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_b.vtt?1608541824","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/114/original/AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_b.vtt?1608541824"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21115","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203227_Democracy_in_American_Culture_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413/transcript/21115/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- But I do believe that by the mid 1930s there was something close to an intellectual war going on between them. And the story of that war has never really been told. One other point that I'd like to make about the 1920s and '30s is that a number of Americans discovered and proclaim that we had been a nation of mythmakers as Constance Rourke put it. Charles Beard said the same thing. So did half a dozen other students of American culture who argued that Americans were more disposed than most cultures, most societies to mythologizing it's past. To conflating history and legend and accepting myth as history. Now this became a frequent reframe by the 1930s, particularly by the later 1930s. And you would expect, you might expect that one result would be a concerted effort during the next generation to sort out the relationship between history and myth. Essentially, a truly serious effort at debunking to use the phrase that's often associated with the 1920s, which is in many ways inappropriate because the people who were the debunkers constantly denied that their attitude towards American history was in any way irreverent. In any case, when just as Americans were discovering that we had been a nation of mythmakers, along came the rise of fascism in Europe, the threat to Western civilization, generally as it was perceived by these people, and the feeling as Benet put it that folklore and folk legends can be very important in sustaining the value system of a democratic society. Consequently, during the years of the Second World War, myths flourished and after World War II they flourished to an even greater degree and the code word or buzzword that emerged was the word heritage but now replaced the word memory and memorial and very memoir and various derivatives of it that had been so much an important part of American discourse between 1870 and the 1930s. Now heritage in many many different forms. I can give you literally hundreds of quotations and citations. Heritage becomes the key word. The freedom train crisscrosses the United States in 1947 bringing American history to the American people. And what's crucial to recognize is that teaching American history became an important part of the Cold War effort to combat the threat of international communism. So that history taught with particular emphasis and particular biases took on an important role in American society. The great collections that had been formed during the first three or four decades of the 20th century were now turned over to the public or open to the public. Williamsburg had opened in 1934 and really began to flourish immediately after World War II. Henry Francis du Pont, who formed the greatest collection, single collection in the United States of early American decorative arts and material culture, open his private collection as a public museum in 1951. Henry Ford Museum in Greenfield Village underwent a period of crisis at the time of Henry Ford's death in 1947, but then stabilized and its public programs began to develop. In every instance, the spokespeople for these organizations stressed that the single most important aspect of their mission was education. And they began explicitly to develop educational programs. The case of Colonial Williamsburg, John D. Rockefeller III who succeeded his father as the person in charge of operations there in the late '40s and early '50s, quite openly, and quite candidly argued that Williamsburg ought to be used as a kind of forum for explaining to Americans as well as to people in free world generally what our heritage of freedom was all about. And John D. Rockefeller III sent several of his staff associates to Europe in 1951 to find out, to sort of test the waters, find out what was on the mind of those Europeans who were disposed to fight communism and find out how Williamsburg could serve in this fight. So for example, in 1952, a group of leaders in exile from Iron Curtain countries gathered in Colonial Williamsburg, and in the very room where the House of Burgesses had met in the 18th century, they signed a declaration of freedom that was a kind of counterblast to Moscow and to the creation of the Iron Curtain mentality after World War II. I wanna suggest that the phrase and age of anxiety emerged immediately after World War II. It's not entirely clear who coined it, that we believe W. H. Auden may have been the first in 1946 or '47. In any case, the phrase and age of anxiety was picked up and became a kind of buzzword of the late '40s and '50s. And the reasons why are not easy to pinpoint but they can be related to the quest for security that resulted from the Cold War, from the feeling particularly during the Age of McCarthyism that there was a treason to be combated within the United States. And it also resulted from a phenomenon that Soren Kierkegaard defined very well that \"Anxiety is the price one pays for freedom.\" Is to say America emerged as the greatest power in the world. And with the highest standard of living that the world had ever known after 1945. Americans began to enjoy vacations for the first time, or one or two-week vacations which had been the norm gave way to three and four-week vacations for many people. Consequently, Americans literally we're unsure of what to do with all the freedom that they had. There various other reasons that one could go into to explain why this period, these 20 years after 1945 have been labeled age of anxiety. But one result was that a wave of nostalgia began to sweep across the country. And it's that wave of nostalgia which is simply intensified during the last 10 years, in which gave rise to this obsession with heritage, which gave rise to myths not being explain or clarified or differentiations being made between myth and history but instead myths and history being blurred together in the public mind. Let me call your attention to three anomalies that I find occurring during the generation since World War II that I think are significant turning points that we can reflect upon thinking about what's happened with the emergence of a sense of tradition and memory in American culture. The first is that the government emerged after World War II for the first time as a major custodian of tradition. Now what do I mean by that? What I mean is that for a very long time the government state and federal, but particularly the federal government had resisted playing a major role in let's say preservation activities or historical activities of any kind. Such as buying the, purchasing the papers of famous Americans, or helping to save certain historic structures, or having a national archives. And we did not have a national archives until 1934. By that time European countries had had archives from whether the Western European societies had had archives for a very long time. And it was something of a scandal that we did not. But after World War II the government emerged as a major custodian. And when John F. Kennedy became president he gave a major lift to this because he and his wife took a great interest in the American heritage broadly conceived from the decorative arts to sustaining the role of writers and cherishing what previous architects and writers and painters and so on had achieved. Nevertheless, despite the fact that the government began to play a major role for the first time in our history after the war, I would submit that the most successful activities having to do with the national history, actually were very decentralized and took place in the states and even more in the localities. For example, if you look at what little has been written about the Civil War Centennial that was celebrated between 1961 and 1965. It's clear that as a national event it was very unsuccessful. I have an interesting letter from Congressman Fred Schwengel of Iowa, written to Allan Nevins, who was the chairman of the Civil War Centennial Commission, saying that as a national event the Civil War Centennial was a failure but in the localities, in communities it was doing quite well. That's where interest was generated but there was no national focal point. Similarly, I would suggest that during the Bicentennial of the American Revolution, once again there was no focal point. There was as a national event it was not particularly successful but within individual communities it was indeed excuse me. And we now have five massive volumes printed at the taxpayer's expense by the government printing office indicating just how successful the Bicentennial the American Revolution was within American communities. So we have the federal government emerging as a major custodian and putting a lot of money into the national memory. If I may speak metaphorically. And nevertheless, the most successful activities occurring on a decentralized basis . The second point, the second anomaly that I'd like to call your attention to has to do with the ongoing process of the democratization of tradition. For example, criticisms were raised, began to be raised in the 1960s, that the kinds of historic sites one could visit essentially reflected the lifestyle and the history of elite Americans, successful Americans. Where could one go in order to see how ordinary Americans had lived? What life had been like for them in this country? During the 1970s, more than 50 living farms have emerged across the United States such as the Turkey Run Farm near Mount Vernon, which is designed to show how a very ordinary dirt farmer would have lived on the eve of the American Revolution. There are various other examples I could point to. And I would simply suggest that this effort to democratize tradition, which began with those seeking a foot culture in the '20s and '30s has continued. But at the same time the cost, or the the market value of American antiques has skyrocketed. So that some pieces now sell for 60, 70, 80, or $100,000. They are regarded as a blue chip investment in a time when the stock market is in pretty bad shape. Moreover, it's a time when tradition oriented institutions and projects such as libraries and historical societies, and scholarly editing projects are impoverished. And whose future existence is in very precarious shape because of an unwillingness by various potential sources of funding to continue to support them. A third and related anomaly that I'd like to call your attention to is that on one hand, there has been a democratization of interest in history in the years since World War II. There's been what we call the roots phenomenon, and interest in family history, local history, regional history, ethnic history, the national archives and various other places have never been so full of people tracing their genealogies. At the same time tests administered to large numbers of people, for example, tests administered periodically by the New York Times since 1943 indicate that the knowledge that the American people have, the substantive knowledge that they have of their history is woeful that some American children at the junior high school level don't know which came first, the American Revolution or the Civil War. A former student of mine teaching at a liberal arts college devoted a week in the US history survey course to World War II. One lecture on what was happening overseas, foreign policy in the military. So I had in the second lecture on the home front, the domestic sphere, and then the third session of the course was for discussion. After the first lecture, a little group of students came up to my former students and said, \"Wait a minute, Professor Altschuler are you telling us that in this war you're talking about.\" And so far as they're concerned World War II could have been the third crusade. It occurred before they were born. And it was no more immediate to them than something that happened in the 13th century. They said, \"Wait a minute Professor Altschuler, you mean to tell us that in this war that you're talking about, the Germans, and the Italians, and the Japanese were on the same side?\" Well, in this day and age, professors have to be very careful about being patronizing to students because students felt like course evaluation forms and things like that. So Glenn was very careful and he simply nodded benignly and said, \"Yes, that's right. The Germans and the Italians, and the Japanese were on the same side.\" And then this one of the students said, \"Who won? Well, they hadn't gotten to that yet in the textbook. And the student had no knowledge of it from high school. So, I'm simply trying to illustrate that American history is not particularly well taught in the secondary schools. It's been absorbed into a rather gooey spongy thing called Social Studies. And many of our history majors at Cornell University tell me that they become history majors by accident. That is say, when they leave high school, they say that they vowed never again to take another history course, it's so boring. but they happen to stumble into one or they hear that one is good, and have a good experience with it, and then take another and eventually rediscover history. But my point is simply that this growing popular interest in history has not resulted in Americans knowing their history any better than they did a generation, or two, or three ago. I would suggest by way of conclusion that history today 1982 is fashionable in the United States but it's perceived as being for the individual without any commercials or vocational value. It may have commercial value to antique dealers or people who run museums that, or villages that have high admission fees, but history is fashionable to know and to be interested in but it's not something to be pursued as a career. Ellen Glasgow made a very interesting but at this point rather neglected novelist who wrote a great many historical novels, observed in perhaps the best of her novels called \"The Sheltered Life\" which was published in 1932, observed that people who have tradition are oppressed by tradition and people who are without it are oppressed by the lack of it, or by whatever else they have put in its place. Well, I would suggest that that's a very apt description of much that I've been trying to suggest to you that excuse me, modernism in architecture and literature and various art forms, painting could spring up and flourish in Europe during the 20th century, precisely because so many of the cultures there felt oppressed by tradition. In the United States, in a certain sense, we've proceeded in the opposite direction because many Americans have gradually come to feel oppressed by the lack of it. And so they've begun to try to put various things in its place as Ellen Glasgow said. Well, I think that's fun so long as we're reasonably clear in our understanding of what we are putting in its place, so long as we don't simply substitute new myths for old myths, so as long as we get a fairly clear sense of history, and most of all so long as we have a clear sense as laymen not as professional historians or professional scholars but as laymen of what we're gonna do with it, what it's going to mean to us. I'll close with an anecdote about an event which occurred 25 years ago when I was a senior in college. I was sitting at a luncheon table in a student union, very much like this one one day. I had a table for four. There were three of us at the table, two fellas and a girl. And then a second girl came along and sat down. And she didn't know the first girl who was already at the table. And so I introduced them. And they made small talk. And one asked the other, \"What are you majoring in?\" And the first one said, \"Well, I'm majoring in history.\" And the other one said, \"Oh my God! What are you going to do with it?\" And the first one said, \"I'm going to live with it.\" Which is an answer that has given me a kind of sustenance ever since, because most people don't grow up to become professors of history. It never was a very good idea. And in this day and age, it's particularly not a good idea. And therefore the value of studying history has everything in the world to do with living with it, meaning that it can affect the way you perceive your country. It can affect the way you perceive your country's present and future prospects. Can affect the way you perceive the differences and the similarities between your own country and other countries when you traveled abroad, or when you try to understand how and why certain foreign policy decisions were made and not made. There are various other reasons and rationale that I could supply. But I think that they are probably very familiar to you at this point. I certainly don't wanna preempt the role of my colleagues who teach history here. And at this point, most of Professor Cornell students probably have writer's cramp from taking notes in any case. So, I'll stop and simply leave you with the thought that the reason for studying history is to live with it for the rest of your life, because it is in my view, a very cherished legacy and something that can make one's life more enjoyable and one's understanding of American culture more interesting. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34578/file/103413#t=0.0,1192.75102"}]}]}]}