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body,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=37.12,40.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the lectures committee, the USCPFA,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=40.37,43.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the US China People's Friendship 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books","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=126.55,128.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the topics of those chapters range from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=130.01,132.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farm labor and living in 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reconsidered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=152.25,156.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chinese Price Stability its Meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=156.81,158.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Distributive 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communes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=163.61,165.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to handicrafts in Communist China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=165.72,168.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In short Peter Schran comes 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credentials,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=172.6,174.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to address the subject of this evening's topic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=175.4,177.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How to feed One Billion People.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=177.757,180.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=180.11,181.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"urge you to welcome Peter Schran to the platform.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=181.673,185.481"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=185.481,188.481"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Peter:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much for the reception,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=192.57,195.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and thank you very much for the introduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=195.44,198.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you've learned is that I have hopped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=198.16,199.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around a lot with academic topics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=199.57,202.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'll do a little bit more this 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ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=211.54,213.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought that you might like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=214.74,216.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the one how to feed one billion people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=217.56,219.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If only for the reason that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=220.85,222.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have a ready answer for me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=222.18,224.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or for yourself, with (indistinct) a corn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=224.33,226.605"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=229.9,231.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I shouldn't do that because they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=231.54,232.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had all the corn that was needed to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=232.96,234.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laugh)\n(Peter coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=234.83,238.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Happy as that's all it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=238.07,240.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me tell you that they have two difficulties with it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=240.14,243.238"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(blowing air)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=243.238,244.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will get me away from talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=244.26,245.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about (indistinct) a corn to China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=245.85,247.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is, if you look at China's imports,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=248.83,252.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see, first of all, that they don't import much corn,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=253.3,256.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or much savings for that matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=257.24,259.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of what they import is wheat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=259.6,261.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is being fed to people directly rather than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=262.65,265.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used as animal feed or as for oil pricing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=266.36,270.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=270.36,271.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatively given their scarcity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=272.69,274.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their shortage, relatively ineffective ways of food use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=274.42,278.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second point is that 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shares","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=286.61,288.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of China's total grain output,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=288.69,290.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about three to five percent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=291.58,293.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what's large and world trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=294.92,297.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is relatively small in terms of China's needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=298.4,301.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Offhand these observations suggest to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=304.4,307.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that however serious China's food problems may be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=307.03,310.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its population is so large","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=310.97,313.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the surpluses of the rest of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=313.4,314.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are of limited help in solving them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=314.957,316.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if their import could be paid for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=318.03,320.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a question of its own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=322.47,324.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like the Chinese themselves therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=325.515,328.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we may do well to focus our attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=328.42,330.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the domestic determinants of the food balance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=330.71,333.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning with the relations between the Chinese people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=333.99,337.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their agriculture resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=337.01,339.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me start discussing that briefly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=339.56,341.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ratio of population to land in China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=342.74,345.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implies a population density","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=345.11,348.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than four times as high as in the United 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China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=356.98,360.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you find relatively few green and light sand colored spots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=360.35,363.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Climatic conditions caused the vast majority of the people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=365.33,369.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps 90% of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=369.59,370.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to reside in these areas of up to 1500 feet elevation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=371.97,375.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's what this color line means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=375.64,377.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which add up to at most one fifth of the entire territory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=378.8,382.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"20% of the land mass of China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=384.19,387.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is 10% larger than the United 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(indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=392.97,394.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More over, not even all of this land is (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=395.9,399.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The area actually cultivated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=399.26,401.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is close to half of that small champ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=401.61,404.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 250 million acres 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produces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=701.32,703.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the equivalent of 10 to 15 pounds of grain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=703.74,706.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a quarter bushel per day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=706.69,708.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More over while the average annual output per farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=710.22,713.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems to have increased slowly over the years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=713.22,715.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the output per work day must have fallen greatly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=716.55,719.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for reasons which I also shall bring out in a 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grains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=728.53,731.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the present reaches also 1100 kilograms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=731.21,735.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the weight of about 37 bushels of wheat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=735.25,738.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The output per acre of cultivated land is about 50% higher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=739.89,744.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of multiple cropping to this degree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=744.82,747.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More over both measures appear to have risen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=748.26,750.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"notably over the past three decades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=750.16,752.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me stop my description of the basic dimensions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=755.19,757.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of China's agricultural situation at this point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=757.56,760.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and turn to the most important question that it poses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=760.63,764.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"why is it that the Chinese,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=764.157,766.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not raise agriculture production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=766.11,767.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and productivity more substantially than that?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=767.82,770.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most direct and appropriate answer to this question is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=772.87,776.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Chinese hoped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=776.44,777.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and called for more impressive performances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=777.62,780.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that they failed to achieve them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=780.64,782.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they did not commit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=782.38,783.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adequate resources for this purpose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=783.51,785.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me explain this point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=787.08,788.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by placing agriculture into the context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=788.69,790.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of overall development policy, as the Chinese saw it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=790.75,793.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Chinese communists rose to power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=796.38,798.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the ambition to transform China socialistically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=798.89,802.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to develop it economically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=802.71,804.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the greatest possible speed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=805.17,806.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moreover, as Marxists of the Leninist variety,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=809.23,812.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they viewed and treated these events","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=812.96,814.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as sequentially interdependent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=814.8,816.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By socializing all productive assets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=818.34,820.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're expected to create conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=820.62,822.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would make it easy to raise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=822.47,823.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and redirect the people's productive 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previously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=827.57,829.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(child murmuring)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=829.457,831.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More and better work, learning and savings 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organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=837.95,840.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of society towards communism possible and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=840.07,842.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In determining the optimal path to follow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=844.77,847.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Chinese Communists reason somewhat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=847.63,849.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a banker who advises 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purpose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=854.58,856.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excuse me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=858.23,859.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to deposit every pay period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=860.71,863.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as much as you can in a savings account","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=863.17,865.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to let the interest 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most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=976.48,977.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rapid modernization of China's economy and society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=977.6,980.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This means that during the interim,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=981.7,984.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the consumer goods sector must be asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=984.24,986.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make, do as much as 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techniques.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=989.13,990.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if you know that agriculture is the prime example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=992.2,995.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and indeed the core of consumer goods production in China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=995.09,998.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you should not find it surprising,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=998.69,1000.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this sector did not do much better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=1000.61,1002.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than keep up with the population growth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=1002.43,1004.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To make this point more convincingly 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policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=1014.67,1016.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since the mid 1950s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=1018.38,1020.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social change in agriculture began with the land reform,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=1022.56,1025.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which served first to eliminate lands renting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=1025.86,1028.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly, to reduce differences in farm sizes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=1028.75,1032.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without making the attempt to create equality in 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21178/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/178/original/AV203253_How_to_Feed_one_Billion_People_a.vtt?1608541977","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/178/original/AV203253_How_to_Feed_one_Billion_People_a.vtt?1608541977"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21179","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203253_How_to_Feed_one_Billion_People_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445/transcript/21179/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Announcer] Since it is starting a bit later than our normal, lecture time reps, how's that? No.\r\n\r\n- [Man] That's the other one.\r\n\r\n- That's yours. This one. You hear this? That better? This is what happened last night? You're gonna have to crouch over this all night. Some of us has gotta be better. On behalf of the government of the student body, the lectures committee, the USCPFA, which is the US China People's Friendship Association, the Overseas Chinese Friendship Association, the Department of Economics, the Department of Political Science, and a host of others including the house of , welcome you to this evening's lecture and to the final evening performance lecture of the China week series. I would remind you that there is a film, continuation to film series at noon tomorrow, including a film called the Glimpse of China, which is from the PRC, from the embassy in Washington, which you might want to take advantage of. This evenings lecture is by Peter Schran, who is professor of Economics and Asian Studies and Director of the center for Asian studies at the University of Illinois in Urbana. He was educated at the Free University in Berlin, in West Virginia, and at the University of California Berkeley, where he received his PhD in Economics. He has published two books, one of which is titled Guerilla Economy: The Development of the Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia Border Region, 1937 to 1945. And the second book on the Development of Chinese Agriculture, 1950 to 1959. He has also published a half a dozen chapters in various books and the topics of those chapters range from farm labor and living in China, to your non origins of current economic policies, to on the significance of U.S, China trade 1850 to 1930, he has also published a host of articles, which also range widely and focus among these articles are Chinese Demographic Evolution, 1850 to 1953, reconsidered, Chinese Price Stability its Meaning and Distributive Consequences. Or another one is, on the Rationality of the Great Leap Forward in the rural people's communes, to handicrafts in Communist China. In short Peter Schran comes well-established with well-established credentials, to address the subject of this evening's topic, \"How to feed One Billion People.\" I urge you to welcome Peter Schran to the platform.\r\n\r\n- [Peter] Thank you very much for the reception, and thank you very much for the introduction. What you've learned is that I have hopped around a lot with academic topics, and I'll do a little bit more this evening. When I suggested possible topics for this evening to Professor a few weeks ago, I thought that you might like, the one how to feed one billion people. If only for the reason that you would have a ready answer for me or for yourself, with a corn. In fact, when I talked to the people back in Illinois about it they said, I shouldn't do that because they had all the corn that was needed to. Happy as that's all it is, let me tell you that they have two difficulties with it, which will get me away from talking about a corn to China. One is, if you look at China's imports, you see, first of all, that they don't import much corn, or much savings for that matter. Most of what they import is wheat, which is being fed to people directly rather than used as animal feed or as for oil pricing, which are relatively given their scarcity and their shortage, relatively ineffective ways of food use. The second point is that even the large grain shipments of the last few years, account for relatively small shares of China's total grain output, about three to five percent. So what's large and world trade is relatively small in terms of China's needs. Offhand these observations suggest to me, that however serious China's food problems may be, its population is so large that the surpluses of the rest of the world, are of limited help in solving them. Even if their import could be paid for, which is a question of its own. Like the Chinese themselves therefore, we may do well to focus our attention on the domestic determinants of the food balance, beginning with the relations between the Chinese people and their agriculture resources. Let me start discussing that briefly. The ratio of population to land in China, implies a population density more than four times as high as in the United States. But this measure understates the degree of crowding greatly. If you look at the normal physiographic map of China, you find relatively few green and light sand colored spots. Climatic conditions caused the vast majority of the people, perhaps 90% of them, to reside in these areas of up to 1500 feet elevation that's what this color line means. Which add up to at most one fifth of the entire territory. 20% of the land mass of China, which is 10% larger than the United States, of an elevation where you would have, sedentary agriculture . More over, not even all of this land is . The area actually cultivated, is close to half of that small champ, about 250 million acres altogether. And it cannot be increased significantly without prohibitive costs of land reclamation. As a consequence, a person in China today, must be fed and clothed with the produce of about one quarter acre, which is just about the size of a large suburban residential I guess. Whereas yet, rapid population growth in the recent years, has reduced this average per capita acreage greatly. Only 30 years ago, at the time when the people's Republic was formed, the average area of cultivated land was nearly half an acre, almost twice as much as today. such an extraordinary decline over a short period, points to the urgency of efforts to manage population growth. The program to this effect has been initiated sometime ago and seems to have taken hoards recently. I'll drop that topic at the moment and come back to it in a while. If a Chinese thus has very little land to live on as a consumer, he also has not much to work with as a farmer. To this day, about 80% of China's population, live in the countryside, and more than 70% continue to be agricultural by occupation. With close to 50% of this segment working, the Agricultural Labor Force approaches 300 million people. The cultivated land per person farming, is therefore less than one acre on the average which may be the size of a large farm garden around here. Naturally this average area of land per farmer, has also declined drastically during the last three decades likewise, due to population growth. In relative terms however, the fall in the land labor ratio has not been quite as extreme, basically for two reasons. The additions to the population become additions to the labor force, there's something like a 15 year delay and the modernization of urban and rural life diverted the share of the people from farming, to other pursuits, including schooling. I shall return to that point too a while. Because the amount of land which a Chinese farmer cultivates, is comparable in size to a large farm garden, roughly speaking, it can be and must be tended like one, if it is to keep the farmer busy, providing him with the livelihood and the people with food. Chinese methods of cultivation are therefore highly intensive. They aim at getting as much output as possible from every piece of land. By multiple cropping on numerous patterns, by regular irrigating, repeated fertilizing, frequent weeding, proper soil management and so on. On the scale, which must be seen to be believed. Moreover, the intensity of these gardening efforts has increased over the past 30 years and their quality has improved during this time. There have been pronounced up and downs and performance to be sure, usually in connection with the crash program, like the great leap forward. For the period as a whole however, it may be said that the increases and improvements of other inputs have been sufficient, to offset the decrease in the acreage per farmer, and even the decline in the area of cultivated land per capita. As a consequence, increases in agriculture production have at least kept pace with increases in population and have probably exceeded them a little. This is a respectable achievement and should be recognized as such. But it still leaves China uncomfortably close, to serious problems of survival. After all, the output of all grains per capita of the population remains near 300 kilograms, 660 pounds per annum. It allows for grain consumption of about one and one quarter pound per person per day, which is supplemented by a similar quantity of vegetables, plus very small amounts of animal protein and fat. The per capita output of cotton claus has remained similarly stable at about eight linear meters per annum, 8.8 yards, which does not make for an closing ration. Implied in these numbers, is an extremely low productivity of agricultural labor. The average output of grains per person, who is farming is about 1.1 metric ton per annum, or a little more than seven pounds per day. Other farm products account for somewhere in between one third and one half of the total value of farm production. Which means, that the Chinese farmer on the average produces the equivalent of 10 to 15 pounds of grain a quarter bushel per day. More over while the average annual output per farmer seems to have increased slowly over the years, the output per work day must have fallen greatly for reasons which I also shall bring out in a while. In contrast the productivity of land is not that low. The yield per acre of land sown to all grains at the present reaches also 1100 kilograms, which is the weight of about 37 bushels of wheat. The output per acre of cultivated land is about 50% higher, because of multiple cropping to this degree. More over both measures appear to have risen notably over the past three decades. Let me stop my description of the basic dimensions of China's agricultural situation at this point and turn to the most important question that it poses, \"why is it that the Chinese, did not raise agriculture production and productivity more substantially than that?\" The most direct and appropriate answer to this question is that the Chinese hoped and called for more impressive performances. But that they failed to achieve them, because they did not commit adequate resources for this purpose. Let me explain this point by placing agriculture into the context of overall development policy, as the Chinese saw it. The Chinese communists rose to power with the ambition to transform China socialistically, and to develop it economically, at the greatest possible speed. Moreover, as Marxists of the Leninist variety, they viewed and treated these events as sequentially interdependent. By socializing all productive assets, they're expected to create conditions which would make it easy to raise and redirect the people's productive efforts far above the levels that had retarded China's progress previously. More and better work, learning and savings efforts in turn would generate substantially more and better output, which would make further changes in the organization of society towards communism possible and so on. In determining the optimal path to follow, the Chinese Communists reason somewhat like a banker who advises you that the fastest way to accumulate a sizeable fund for whatever purpose. excuse me. is to deposit every pay period, as much as you can in a savings account and to let the interest compound. The real parallel of such a cause of action, is to invest year by year, as much of the national product as possible, in producer goods production, for the purpose of producer goods production. For example, to build a coal mine, a steel mill and a machine manufacturing plant, to use the output of these enterprises, plus your previous capacities, to build more coal mines, steel mills and machine manufacturing plants, and to do this again and again, and again. Such a continuing re-investment of all the proceeds, that can be spared may well be the fastest way to future riches. That is to the point and time, when the capacity for producer goods production has become so large that it can also be used to produce the producer goods for more consumer goods production. Until that day however, austerity and frugality must prevail. Consumption has to be limited and the production of consumer goods restricted accordingly. Unless there are exceptional opportunities for instance, to exchange Chinese consumer goods for foreign producer goods. By implication, investment in consumer goods production should be undertaken only to provide for the growth and population. Unless it appears necessary to stimulate the people's work and learning efforts with so-called material incentives, despite additional consumer goods. Let me introduce one more complication. Economic Development implies a change from what traditional to a more modern state of technology. Since the modern means and methods of production are more effective than the traditional ones, since they ought to be characteristic of the future in all sectors, they must be concentrated on the development of the producer good sector. In the interest of the most rapid modernization of China's economy and society. This means that during the interim, the consumer goods sector must be asked to make, do as much as possible with a more old fashioned producer goods and production techniques. Now, if you know that agriculture is the prime example, and indeed the core of consumer goods production in China, you should not find it surprising, that this sector did not do much better than keep up with the population growth. To make this point more convincingly however, let us look at the actual cost of events in some detail. Now, what I'll do next is take you through the history of agriculture policy since the mid 1950s. Social change in agriculture began with the land reform, which served first to eliminate lands renting. And secondly, to reduce differences in farm sizes, without making the attempt to create equality in conditions. Only a few years after this redistribution of perhaps 40% of the farmland, practically all land and most other farm assets were collectivized. Within each village or cluster of hamlets, as a rule, people were made to pull their fields, animals and tools all without compensation, in order to farm jointly. The residing collective farm has remained the basic unit of agriculture production for the last 25 years. Even though it has changed its name, fluctuated in size and experienced various degrees of subordination to higher authorities. At most times also, the member households were given five percent of the land for the private use. Which comes to a garden plot of less than one 10th of an acre per family, hardly enough to build a house on here . The remaining 95% of the land have been cultivated collectively informs and on terms, which placed the farmers into positions of sharecroppers or tenants for all practical purposes. Under these arrangements, the working members of the collective farm are paid according to labor, irrespective of the farm assets, which their families have contributed. After the cost of production, the land tax and with holdings for capital formation, as well as for welfare expenditures have been deducted from the collective grocery seats. The remainder perhaps 60% of the total is distributed as personal income among the working members. In proportion to the number of days that they have worked for the collective, adjusted to reflect differences in the quality of the efforts. Payments are made and cash and in kind. That is to say, all the members get their ration of unprocessed grains from the collective granary. The value of this ration, So payments are made in cash and in kind. The value of this ration is counted against or members get their rations of unprocessed grains from the collective granary. The value of this ration is counted against their personal income and the difference is paid out in cash. Persons without sufficient collective earnings have to bypass all of their grain ration from the granary, if they have income from other sources, such as non-farm employment and state enterprises. The village indigent, who consist mostly a very old and very young people, without close relatives of working age, receive their grain plus a few other provisions as part of the collective welfare expenditures. The transition to collect the farming in this form, thus had first of all, extraordinary distributive effects within the village. Property related income differentials, which had been reduced by the land reform disappeared altogether, and the meaning of rich and poor changed. In the absence of private ownership of land, families now were allowed to do if they had many hands and few mouths to feed, and they were badly off in the opposite circumstances. Since the broker dependence, the ratio between worker and dependence, varied less among farm families, than the land labor ratio had done, income differentials diminished notably per capita and per family. The introduction of rations of grain and other basic necessities, village by village in farming and on a larger scale else where, as well as their provision free of charge in case of need, added to this effect and serve to ensure a minimally adequate substances for most Chinese at most times. One may very well argue, and many people do, that this assurance of survival is the most important accomplishment of China's agrarian reforms to this day. In fact many people will make these statements in terms of production, China's agriculture development is not that unusual, in terms of distribution in ensuring minimum subsistence it is. Like any change toward greater income inequality of course, this collective redistribution was achieved at some cost. Moreover, that cost rose very visibly during the following phase of Rural Commune Summation, when efforts were made to raise and standardize the guaranteed subsistence minimal further. There's an old saying, perhaps known to Confucius and other Chinese sages, but certainly familiar to Marx and his followers, that \"shared misery is half the fun.\" In other words, farmers like most other people, participate in production for material rewards and they reduce their participation when such returns to them decline. Unless they have to become good communists who identify with the collective and work for the sake of working. Where the payment in proportion to the quantity and quality of workdays, provides adequate incentive in this respect, this can be once more in doubt officially. But it always has been sought to depend also on the opportunity costs of participating in collective production. The government has seen to it that there are a few alternatives within reach of the co-operator. Non-farm work, which pays substantially more and there's usually more attractive, remains generally unavailable. Few farm laborers are transferred officially to such work as a rule on the basis of merit in some form. The others are not free to seek employment elsewhere on their own, because the permission to move, as well as the claims to housing and rations elsewhere are all tied to having a work permit in the first place. Individual subsidiary work, though important to the household because it brings in perhaps 20% of its net income, does not keep the busy all that much. Indeed the private plot which provides most of the opportunities for private employment, is usually so small that it can be tended easily during off hours with the help of the children and the older family members. What remains is the choice not to work for inadequate collective pain or to soldier-on the job. The government may have limited this opportunity too, by requiring minimal work efforts for the grain rations. Basically however, the official expectation or hope was, that this alternative would not materialize. Because of the improvements in traditional farming practices, which the collectives were asked to institute. Indeed simultaneously with the collectivization drive of the mid 1950s, the government announced and promoted the implementation of an agriculture development program for the next 12 years, 56 to 67, which voice exactly this anticipation. As its core, it listed a dozen major farming methods and states that all of them could be improved notably with very little learning and with few additional inputs other than labor. Collective distribution according to labor was to induce much greater and much improved efforts, and the increased effectiveness of these efforts was to reside a much more output. Thus, it would be possible to distribute more income to the members of the collective, thereby making it possible to sustain their greater efforts. More over the gain in productivity would be so substantial, that the with holdings for collective capital formation and collective welfare could be increased as well and drastically. Such gains were considered possible immediately, but contrary to expectations and predictions, they did not come about during the first two years. The program therefore appeared in jeopardy. In an analysis of the reasons for this lack of success however, his supporters argued, that the program had been implemented on two smaller scale. Their view prevailed, and the great leap forward was proclaimed to conquer nature. Also rural people's communes were formed to facilitate this undertaking in at least three respects. By coordinating the production plans of all villages, agricultural production brigades, within a township or an even larger area, which became the territory of the commune, it was thought possible to deploy labor as much more effectively, especially for activities such as leveling land, building irrigation works and constructing roads. By collectivizing household services such as cooking, mending, washing, and child rearing, it was thought possible to have some women specialize in domestic work, thereby freeing many others for work in the fields. And by having women, like men, work 300 days each year, the total labor input and farming was to be doubled. By establishing rural industrial workshops, it was thought possible to meet two needs. The much larger agriculture labor force had to be supplied with tools and implements and the outputs which they were expected to produce had to be processed. Both problems had to be solved locally by self-reliance as one would say today, since the state plan made no provision for these requirements. The promised returns to the extreme increases and effort, were truly grand jokes. The advances in productivity were to be so great, that they would make the transition to communist distribution according to need possible. Together with even more dramatic raises and collective capital formation, all without negative consequences for the farmers work incentives. Needless to say, this attempt to lure one's way into a brighter future was not successful either. And the eventual consequence of the crash campaign was as you might expect to crash. A crisis so severe, that it necessitated the serious reconsideration of the entire development strategy. To stabilize the situation in 1916, 1961, many changes of 1958, 59 were reversed. The commune was not dissolved, but its management was decentralized to such a degree, that the village size collective farms regained most of their previous authority, which they have kept essentially unchanged until now. Many industrial workshops were closed down, especially the famous backyard furnaces, that you may all have heard about, which had been inefficient and rarely self-reliant in their resource base. In addition most household services were decollectivized or reprivatized, evidently for the reason that most people felt strongly about home cooking in particular. However, and this won't surprise the ladies in the audience one bit, women were not encouraged to retreat from the fields to the homes for this reason. On the contrary their participation in farmer continued, so that domestic work became an after hours chore to be performed mostly by them as well it appears. For the longer run, the new thinking proceeded from two lessons that had been learned at great cost. The likely returns to improvements in traditional practices had been exaggerated in the past. And their realization would take much more time and effort than had been anticipated. These corrections called for two changes in strategy. Modern inputs into agriculture production had to be provided earlier and on a larger scale than originally planned to ensure adequate increases in output. Until they could be made available, traditional improvements would still have to bridge the gap, in order to be as effective possible however, they would have to be made much more systematically and was much more care. Most changes were introduced under the policy of taking agriculture as the foundation and industry as the leading sector in development. Even though the agriculture development program, appeared much less promising by now, it does continue to be implemented. This was true, especially if it's core, the improved traditional farming methods, which were stressed once more in the persistent campaign to learn from . The modern agriculture production brigade, that had become prosperous by practicing them in the most adverse circumstances in advanced collectivist forms. Unfortunately, the advocacy of style self-reliance soon assumed extraordinary proportions, once again without any foundation. In fact, as the recent revelations about the fraudulent activities of the unit indicate. The entire program in its original form outlined in 40 points, a comprehensive set of measures for the development not only of agriculture, but of the whole countryside. Important provisions where the advancement of Agra scientific and technical research and guidance, more meteorological and hydrological work, the control of major diseases, the protection of women and children, social security arrangements, the illumination of illiteracy, the development of road communications transport, commerce, credit and so on. All of these measures were implemented gradually during the following years with notable success. In addition, rural industries were revived once more or set up a new, more realistically than before, and also with positive results generally speaking. The efforts to transform and develop the countryside on this pattern, received additional impetus from the great proletarian cultural revolution, which stressed the importance of applying knowledge to serve the people. Again often in an extreme form, which post problems of its own. Sending professional people university teachers, researchers, administrators, to the villages and rusticating educated urban youth, set back many careers at great cost to the country, to be sure. But it also served the purpose of building effective rule extension systems, especially in medicine and in agriculture. Subsequent political reversers do not seem to have detracted much from this accomplishment, even though most of the rusticated experts and educated youth returned to the cities as soon as they possibly could, which took its time. As these industries came on stream and began to supply growing quantities of chemicals fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides, newly bred seeds, modern farm machinery. Most of these inputs were allocated first to areas that promised high and stable yields. While the less promising remainder of the country, was encouraged to make due for some time more, with style methods of self help. The production of modern producer goods for agriculture was accelerated further, when the evident limits to additional gains from traditional technology became fully apparent. The great proletarian cultural revolution interfered with this development for some time because it interrupted a great deal of ongoing research and teaching in all the relevant sciences, so that the scientists could serve the people in rural extension work and rehabilitate themselves by digging ditches and other things. The removal of the gang of four and the reconsideration of the four modernization strategy, terminated this disruptive interludes. To conclude our brief excursion into history, let me extract from it the principle effects, which this approach to rural development has had so far. Most generally speaking, it has served to create a backward farming communities, social conditions similar to those which we expect to find in urban industrial settings, without many or most of the technical advances that we usually see associated with them as well. This unusual outcome, holds important implications for two of the issues that they left dangling before you earlier. On the one hand, it is evident that they now exist conditions favorable to a reduction in the population growth rate. Farm households have become mostly consumer units and collective distribution according to labor provides an incentive for women as well as men to participate in production outside the household. Compulsory school attendance and old age benefits have transformed children from assets into liabilities so to say. As a consequence, the material interest in having offspring has diminished just as it has here. Moreover, public restrictions on marriage and even more direct regulations regarding procreation have reinforced this tendency in a form and to an extent quite unfamiliar to us. The development of a rural health care system and of an extension system for family planning, has made it possible in turn to bring modern means and methods of fertility control to the farm population. The widespread availability of such advice and devices during recent years seems to be an essential part of the current success in restricting population growth, which came quite suddenly during the last five to 10 years. In contrast with this sudden demographic progress, on the other hand, agriculture production has continued to grow slowly. At perhaps three percent per annum on the average, in spite of significant increases in the improvements and farm work efforts due to the social change. Moreover, the disappointingly small increases in farm output, reflect not only the limited effectiveness of traditional methods of seed selection, fertilization and plant protection, even if they have been improved. The gradual introduction of new hybrids of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, mechanical power and so forth, also could not raise the rate of growth above this level for any length of time. The decline in labor productivity is thus explained. The farm population made large additional efforts for small additional gains, if one compares the days of individual farming with those of collective farming. The growing supplies of modern inputs, have yet to compensate for this development in order to provide more work incentive to the farmer, as well as more food and clothing for the consumer generally. On this theme, let me finally turn to the question of the future. Even in the best of circumstances, China's population will continue to grow slowly for a few decades, by several hundred million people altogether. All of these people will require food, as well as work and preferably improvements in both. More over, although there are indications that the farm population and its labor force may have peaked, they both could be increasing, with obvious consequences for farm labor productivity. How are these problems to be solved? Presumably in a form which will not conflict with China's socialist orientation. For my attempt at reading the tea leaves, let me refer back to the beginnings of our discussion. The Chinese are aware that the strategy of improving traditional practices has run its course. Exhausting its potential in the process and that most future increases in production and productivity depend on modern inputs. But they also know full well that no conceivable amount of such additions in agriculture or in industry can free them in the foreseeable future from the constraints which their population lands ratio imposes on them. As a consequence of this limitation, they will be well advised to go on combining old and new means and methods whenever possible. Changes should be output as well as yield increasing and labor supplementing rather than displacing, just as in the past, in order to make the greatest possible use of both land and labor. Let us look at the problems of technical modernization in this perspective. The situation appears relatively simple in the case of count inputs, such as fertilizers and insecticides. Here the Chinese find themselves in the position of a present day American Amish farmer, as an example, who also could increase production greatly by switching to chemical varieties. In order to utilize their labor more fully however, which is there, the Chinese have to make sure in addition that chemical fertilizer continues to be an additive rather than a substitute for compost and manure, which also serves to improve the soil by the way. New plant varieties should be early maturing and stiff stemmed as well as high yielding and disease resistant, so that they suit the regime of irrigated multiple cropping that the Chinese use. In plant protection, it may be advisable to use insecticides but not herbicides, because the land can be weeded by hand, the weeds can be fed to the pigs, the pigs manure can be put on the fields and so on. These are just a few examples of a seemingly endless list of qualifications, which may serve to make the point, how modernization will be approached in China. In the case of farm mechanization, the restrictions are at least as consequential. As a rule, machines are meant to supplement rather than to displace labor. They are to add to the power of labor when particular activities cannot be completed fast enough or effectively enough by hand. And a system of irrigated multiple cropping for instance, it is essential to complete each field preparation, planting and harvesting as rapidly as possible, which calls for mechanization of these operations. But the size and nature of the fields, as well as the transplanting and inter planting of crops, impose limits on the size and form, which this mechanization may take. The most suitable choice in most circumstances, appears to be the kind of machinery that we are familiar with from our backyard gardening activities. This is also true of tractors and irrigation pumps, as well as a thresher, smelling equipment and similar items. Needless to say, the constraints to modernization do not call for small scale solutions in all instances. A gigantic example of the opposite outcome, is the proposed solution to the water shortages in North China. Essential to the practice of irrigated multiple cropping as the availability of sufficient water at all proper times during the cropping cycle. The rainfall pattern, river runoff and subterranean reserves, failed to ensure adequate supplies in large parts of the North China plain. The government has therefore been constructing larger and larger water transfer systems. The latest one to pump a huge volume of water from the Yangtze River, along the broadened, deepened and improved Grand canal, across the yellow river, all the way to peaking over a maximum distance of 1200 miles. A similar example is the development of electric power grids, not only for agricultural uses, but also to improve electricity and to provide electricity for pumps, threshers, mills and so on. There are many more questions of a technical nature that we could discuss. But let me leave the question of technical modernization at that and turn instead to its expected result. In the response to very massive increases in the supply of modern inputs, which occurred especially during the 1970s, the rate of growth of farm output was to accelerate. The government envisaged that its most comprehensive measure, the gross value of agriculture production, which is essentially would be the equivalent of farm sales, if you want to use it as a measure, would grow at an average annual four to five percent during the years, 1975 to 1985, according to then chairman . The experience of the first five years 1975 to 1980, seemed to bear out this forecast, even though the development plans had to be modified in the interim. At constant 1970 prices, the gross value grew at 4.8% per annum during this period. However, most of the advance occurred during the brief spurts from 1977 to 1979, thereby giving rise to the concern that such a higher average rate of growth may not be attainable for a longer time span. Many Western expert in particular belief that for this longer run, the customary three percent per annum are more likely. Whether you feel optimistic or pessimistic in this matter, let me suggest that the basic implications of the two estimates are more or less the same for the near future. The availability of food is not likely to increase much per capita. It is therefore probable, that food rationing will not change soon. It is also hard to imagine that the composition of the diet will improve considerably. Clothing may increase more in supply if the production of synthetic fibers continues to grow accordingly. In summary then the basic level of living is likely to remain largely the same. Improvements may be expected to occur as in the past, in all items of non-agricultural origin, rather than in the agriculture sector, including housing and especially in services. Average increases in agricultural production of three to five percent per annum, also do not allow for large increases in farm labor productivity. Even if the farm labor force is not increasing anymore at the present, nor hopefully in the near future. The problem of added work incentive is therefore not likely to be solved soon. Except through changes in the relative value of farm products, which involve intricate problems of income redistribution, as well as the danger of inflation. You may wish to note that the Chinese government found it necessary to take this step in 1979, 1980, with the predictable consequences. The official purchase prices for farm products increased about 30% during two year period and the general cost of living rose approximately 10%, both numbers may understate the actual changes. More substantial real increases in farm labor productivity and income require that the number of persons employed in agriculture be reduced, so that the acreage per farmer increases. Since total farm output must not suffer from this withdrawal, the decrease in farm labor has to be made up by an increase in farm machinery wherever necessary. Moreover workers withdrawn from farming must be given to the alternative employment, which necessitates additional outlays for non farm equipment and employment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103445#t=0.0,2719.84327"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The development of urban industrial production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=5.57,7.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a relatively modern capital intensive form","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=7.82,10.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since the early 1950s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=10.29,12.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not absorb much labor from the countryside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=12.26,14.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Chinese therefore have been trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=15.69,17.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to diversify rural production during the past two decades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=17.24,20.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By now, they seem to be able to transfer each year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=21.14,24.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number equal to the whole annual increment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=24.81,26.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rural labor force to non-agricultural employment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=26.87,30.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, the capital necessary to bring about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=31.73,34.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a drastic reduction and farm employment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=34.93,36.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is so enormous that it'll take the Chinese","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=36.75,39.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many more years to accumulate that much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=39.61,41.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even the target date, year 2000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=42.47,46.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the completion of the four modernizations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=46.57,48.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appears highly optimistic in this perspective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=48.76,51.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until then, China's farm population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=52.6,54.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is likely to remain disadvantaged,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=54.77,57.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though the differences between them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=57.03,58.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other segments will probably 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progressively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=87.1,90.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you want, by exerting pressures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=90.36,93.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to advance to higher forms of collective 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production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=99.52,101.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In contrast, Vice Chairman Dung and his associates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=103.27,106.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been trying the opposite 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forms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=112.11,115.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of collective organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=115.7,117.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by appealing to the farmers material self-interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=117.6,120.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by permitting more division of labor and of production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=120.72,123.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This reversal began with the rejection of 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pace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=351.07,353.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at which diets, standards of living,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=353.18,355.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and per capita incomes improved than most Western countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=355.2,358.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the past century or two?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=358.41,359.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Believe me, it's true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=361.03,362.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is also true that Japan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=363.86,366.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is just about as densely populated as China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=366.8,370.198"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which has the same basic resource constraints","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=370.198,373.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took more than 50 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=373.52,375.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 1872 to 1925,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=375.66,379.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to reduce agricultural share in the total labor force","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=379.26,381.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 85% to 52%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=381.95,384.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bringing this share down further to one cert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=385.89,389.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"required another 35 years, until 1960.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=389.34,392.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet Japan is considered the prime example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=394.14,396.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sustained rapid development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=396.33,397.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of this suggests that China is not doing so badly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=401.75,405.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever its present trials and tribulations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=405.39,408.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially if its population stops growing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=408.47,410.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There remains the question of its progress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=412.64,414.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the transition to socialism and communism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=414.357,416.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=417.608,418.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have an answer for you to that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=418.57,420.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in conclusion I can tell you a joke","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=421.8,423.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which appears to be to the point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=423.89,425.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a genuine Polish joke about the Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=425.92,428.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you that one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=430.48,431.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apparently, some time ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=433.43,435.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secretary Brezhnev decided that it was time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=435.18,439.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the Soviets to decide once and for all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=439.41,443.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the final transition to communism would come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=443.32,446.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You all know the progression in the marks and perspective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=446.09,449.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is from primitive communism, slave economy, feudalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=449.11,452.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capitalism, socialism, final communism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=452.86,455.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Soviets are concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=455.21,457.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when will this move from socialism to communism come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=457.23,461.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all the scientists of the Soviet Union are employed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=461.03,466.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conferences are had,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=466.73,467.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Academy of Sciences of Social Sciences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=467.94,470.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody gets active and they all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=470.06,471.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they develop a huge model, forecasting model,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=471.71,475.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and employ the most modern computer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=475.19,477.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally the day of reckoning comes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=477.27,481.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the computer is fed the proper information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=481.68,484.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Chairman Brezhnev and everyone shows up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=484.73,487.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the computer starts to rattle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=487.0,489.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after awhile out comes an answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=489.1,492.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"4,815 kilometers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=493.92,496.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=497.91,500.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you all know what a kilometer is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=500.42,502.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"5/8 of a mile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=503.3,504.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Brezhnev is disturbed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=506.17,508.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't know what to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=508.23,510.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and gets a little bit angry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=510.09,512.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so all the scientists gather and see what can be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=512.59,517.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they produce a reduced version of the model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=517.19,521.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and feed the computer again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=521.29,523.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the thing starts rattling again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=523.4,527.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after a while out comes a new answer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=527.01,529.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and says, \"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=530.69,533.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Collected Works, Volume Two\", page 115\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=533.207,536.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=537.103,537.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what does that mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=537.98,539.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where are Lenin's \"Collected Works, Volume Two\"?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=539.37,542.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They run around, and finally in the Institute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=542.95,545.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they find on the commissars desk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=545.56,547.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Collected Works\" of Lenin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=548.347,550.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Volume Two\" is brought to the chairman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=550.207,553.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brezhnev takes his glasses where he looks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=553.45,555.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally, \"Ah, hear this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=556.97,558.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we are advancing toward communism step-by-step,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=558.987,562.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"year by year, and each passing year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=562.547,565.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"brings us one step closer to our goal.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=565.157,568.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=568.03,569.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=569.11,571.715"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=571.715,574.882"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We can take a few questions if there are any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=589.364,592.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Please stand up and address the speaker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=592.37,596.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Near the end you touched upon, in effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=601.05,603.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what sounds like, I guess you could call it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=603.49,606.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the instability of policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=606.27,607.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least a new set of agriculture policies in there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=607.54,610.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you're left with the impression that at least in part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=610.55,613.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these policies play a central part,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=613.63,615.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost political markers, in an ongoing leadership debate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=615.54,618.871"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would you like to comment on your feeling about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=618.871,622.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much a difference this relatively rapid change in focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=622.81,627.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what is going to be the directing direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=627.73,630.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of agricultural policy has played in what's going on there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=630.89,634.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a very good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=635.76,636.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very hard to answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=636.85,638.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, you don't know for sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=639.49,641.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how well all of these policies have really taken hold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=641.17,644.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think if you look at the experience of China in the past,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=646.0,648.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very often you saw changes in the line,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=648.79,651.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which do not necessarily reflect themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=651.57,653.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and changes in practice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=653.58,655.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But even if they do, it's another trial or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=655.33,658.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You start something new,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=660.18,661.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has all kinds of ramifications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=661.72,663.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=664.87,666.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You solve one problem and by solving it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=666.3,668.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you create a new problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=668.29,669.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is to which extent you can keep control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=669.51,672.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the whole process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=672.22,674.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and modifying the new problems that you pose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=674.14,678.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In addition to the problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=679.04,680.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the issue is how soon does anyone have to deliver results?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=680.4,685.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, it's like President Reagan fighting the recession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=685.6,689.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How soon does he have to show something positive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=689.13,691.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before there will be some form of backlash?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=691.78,693.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's an issue in China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=693.66,694.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes different forms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=694.66,697.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause you don't have a general election","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=697.11,699.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may turn somebody out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=699.36,700.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but particular elites become dissatisfied,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=700.96,705.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his supporters may not be able to sustain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=705.15,707.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something any longer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=707.28,709.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reconsiderations take place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=709.21,710.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other peoples come to the floor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=710.77,711.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we said \"People, I told you so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=711.727,713.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"you know, it doesn't work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=713.007,714.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and something else, let's try it again\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=714.967,717.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, let's just go upon back to what you're talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=720.64,722.318"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decentralizing farming that this might 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age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=746.74,750.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depends as a rule on the support of his offspring,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=750.38,752.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the extent that people now become 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large,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=931.409,934.659"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very productive, small gardens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=935.77,939.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"producing say a 5% of land producing 55% of the food supply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=941.25,946.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do they have any figures like that in China?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=946.23,949.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There are statements of a similar nature for 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collective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=966.55,968.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that gives you the right to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=968.55,970.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, whatever you produce on that 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limited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1017.51,1020.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it does not necessarily conflict with collective uses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1020.65,1024.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's quite clear that the 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generally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1040.18,1042.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the output per unit of land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1044.45,1046.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be higher on the farm garden than in any field,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1046.87,1049.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply because of the difference of crop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1049.72,1051.145"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is being grown,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1051.145,1052.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the intensity of effort that has made and all that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1052.33,1056.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are these two dimensions to 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exists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1060.96,1062.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between garden and then field operations generally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1062.9,1065.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Is it true that they expanded the product plots?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1067.324,1071.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think the general announcements have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1072.213,1074.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it can be up to 10% or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1074.4,1076.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've allocated more land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1076.1,1077.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to private plots in recent years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1077.31,1078.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1078.64,1079.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e This may be more detailed than you want to get into,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1082.96,1085.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but is there like a hierarchy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1085.58,1087.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of weight of additional inputs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1087.33,1090.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like possibly improving seats docs and so forth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1090.63,1093.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that seem to offer the best hope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1093.3,1095.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the future of maintaining or increasing the rating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1095.4,1099.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agricultural--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1099.0,1100.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it's quite clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1100.06,1101.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that almost all the additional yield","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1101.21,1103.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has been obtained since much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1103.91,1107.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of it during the last 10, 15 years or so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1107.97,1111.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever since land was leveled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1111.67,1113.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and basic irrigation networks were built,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1113.89,1117.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost all the additional yield comes from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1117.21,1119.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primarily from inputs of fertilizer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1119.81,1122.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondarily, from in connection with that new varieties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1122.73,1127.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of seeds and some insecticides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1128.71,1131.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Multiple cropping seems to have run its course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1132.78,1135.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're indications that the Chinese","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1135.04,1137.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have second thoughts about it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1137.64,1140.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they have actually reduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1140.01,1142.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the degree of multiple cropping somewhat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1142.16,1145.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they have discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1145.05,1146.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that unless they put in more fertilizers and other things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1146.59,1150.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking a third rather crop,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1150.17,1152.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than only two crops off the field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1152.66,1154.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"means that you spread the nutrients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1154.81,1157.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among three crops rather than two crops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1157.9,1159.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the total output therefore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1159.82,1161.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't necessarily increase by much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1161.19,1163.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet, you make a tremendous additional effort,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1163.37,1166.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the marginal gain of (mumbles).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=1166.24,1168.307"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21180/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/180/original/AV203253_How_to_Feed_one_Billion_People_b.vtt?1608541982","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/180/original/AV203253_How_to_Feed_one_Billion_People_b.vtt?1608541982"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21181","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203253_How_to_Feed_one_Billion_People_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446/transcript/21181/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The development of urban industrial production in a relatively modern capital intensive form since the early 1950s did not absorb much labor from the countryside. The Chinese therefore have been trying to diversify rural production during the past two decades. By now, they seem to be able to transfer each year a number equal to the whole annual increment in the rural labor force to non-agricultural employment. However, the capital necessary to bring about a drastic reduction and farm employment is so enormous that it'll take the Chinese many more years to accumulate that much. Even the target date, year 2000, for the completion of the four modernizations appears highly optimistic in this perspective. Until then, China's farm population is likely to remain disadvantaged, even though the differences between them and other segments will probably diminish. It is therefore reasonable to expect that the rationing of jobs and residential opportunities, the restrictions on labor mobility, will also remain in effect. Needless to add, such dim prospects may be expected to reflect themselves in morale problems, especially in a continued weak commitment to collective production. In the past, Chairman Mao and his followers tended to respond to such difficulties progressively, if you want, by exerting pressures to advance to higher forms of collective organization, to raise the farmers' consciousness accordingly and to undertake crash campaigns and production. In contrast, Vice Chairman Dung and his associates have been trying the opposite approach. They have promoted initiative at all levels retro aggressively by reverting to lower forms of collective organization, by appealing to the farmers material self-interest and by permitting more division of labor and of production. This reversal began with the rejection of self-reliance in its extreme forms in favor of specialization to realize regional or local advantages. Prominent examples were the renewed concentration on animal husbandry in the Northwest and on vegetable farming in the outskirts of cities. Next came the previously mentioned price adjustments and changes in rural marketing, which made it more profitable for the farmers to dispose of their private produce and periodic markets. More recently, the collective farms have been encouraged to institute the responsibility system in production, which decentralizes the management of farming on patterns similar to the old tendency systems. Under these arrangements, small groups, even single households, contract with the collective to cultivate a piece of land entirely or in part for the duration of the season, usually in exchange for a residual of its product, rather than a share in the collective income. Other changes appear to be in the wind as they talk about dismantling the rural communes and separating administrative from productive functions indicates. Such revisions of the collective farm system may well have the beneficial effects on incentives and production that the revisionist is hopeful. Indeed, many critics as well as the government mentioned them in explaining the unusually large output increases of the years 1977 to '79. However, there are also indications of not so desirable side effects. In the absence of market determined prices, supply need not tend to equal demand as we all know. Farmers now are free to make production decisions, which cause imbalances between grain crops, vegetable crops, and industrial crops, for instance. The government in order to cope with that would have to make price adjustments, which would change the entire planning system. Worse yet, the partial restoration of the family as a unit of production may affect human reproduction once more. Any quest for more hands within the family to work the family's piece of land that the family contracts for would increase the population growth rate once more, offsetting much of the gain and production that is evident now. In short, there's reason to suspect that the recent organizational incentive changes will soon be at issue with themselves and that they will also not be able to accelerate China's agricultural development significantly. All of this may reinforce anew the impression that the situation does not look very cheerful to put it back. In one sense, this is true, but let me retouch the picture that I've drawn for you just a little bit, or let me put it next to a few other pictures. I've stressed before and want to do so again, that an annual growth of farm output near 3% is a respectable achievement by any reasonable standard. Something that the United States has not achieved over the last 30 years. If it hasn't permitted the Chinese any great improvements in their diet yet, it will do so eventually. Remember what your banker tells you, even an average annual increase per capita of just 1%, which appears to have been the difference between growth of agriculture production and costs of population at the maximum. Compounds, so that it becomes an improvement of 65% in 50 years and one of 170% in a hundred years. Would you believe me if I told you that that is not much less than the pace at which diets, standards of living, and per capita incomes improved than most Western countries over the past century or two? Believe me, it's true. It is also true that Japan, which is just about as densely populated as China, and which has the same basic resource constraints took more than 50 years, from 1872 to 1925, to reduce agricultural share in the total labor force from 85% to 52%, bringing this share down further to one cert required another 35 years, until 1960. Yet Japan is considered the prime example of sustained rapid development. All of this suggests that China is not doing so badly, whatever its present trials and tribulations, especially if its population stops growing. There remains the question of its progress and the transition to socialism and communism. I don't have an answer for you to that, but in conclusion I can tell you a joke which appears to be to the point, a genuine Polish joke about the Soviet Union. Let me tell you that one. Apparently, some time ago, secretary Brezhnev decided that it was time for the Soviets to decide once and for all when the final transition to communism would come. You all know the progression in the marks and perspective is from primitive communism, slave economy, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, final communism. And the Soviets are concerned when will this move from socialism to communism come. So all the scientists of the Soviet Union are employed, conferences are had, the Academy of Sciences of Social Sciences, everybody gets active and they all, they develop a huge model, forecasting model, and employ the most modern computer. And finally the day of reckoning comes, and the computer is fed the proper information and Chairman Brezhnev and everyone shows up, and the computer starts to rattle. And after awhile out comes an answer. 4,815 kilometers. I hope you all know what a kilometer is. 5/8 of a mile. So Brezhnev is disturbed, doesn't know what to say and gets a little bit angry. And so all the scientists gather and see what can be done. And they produce a reduced version of the model and feed the computer again. And the thing starts rattling again. And after a while out comes a new answer, and says, \"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, \"Collected Works, Volume Two\", page 115\". So what does that mean? Where are Lenin's \"Collected Works, Volume Two\"? They run around, and finally in the Institute they find on the commissars desk, \"Collected Works\" of Lenin. \"Volume Two\" is brought to the chairman. Brezhnev takes his glasses where he looks. And finally, \"Ah, hear this, \"we are advancing toward communism step-by-step, \"year by year, and each passing year \"brings us one step closer to our goal.\" Thank you.\r\n\r\n- We can take a few questions if there are any. Please stand up and address the speaker.\r\n\r\n- Near the end you touched upon, in effect, what sounds like, I guess you could call it the instability of policy or at least a new set of agriculture policies in there, and you're left with the impression that at least in part these policies play a central part, almost political markers, in an ongoing leadership debate. Would you like to comment on your feeling about how much a difference this relatively rapid change in focus of what is going to be the directing direction of agricultural policy has played in what's going on there?\r\n\r\n- It's a very good question. It's very hard to answer. First of all, you don't know for sure how well all of these policies have really taken hold. I think if you look at the experience of China in the past, very often you saw changes in the line, which do not necessarily reflect themselves and changes in practice. But even if they do, it's another trial or something. You start something new, which has all kinds of ramifications. And you move. You solve one problem and by solving it, you create a new problem. The question is to which extent you can keep control of the whole process and modifying the new problems that you pose. In addition to the problem, the issue is how soon does anyone have to deliver results? You know, it's like President Reagan fighting the recession. How soon does he have to show something positive before there will be some form of backlash? That's an issue in China. It takes different forms 'cause you don't have a general election that may turn somebody out, but particular elites become dissatisfied, his supporters may not be able to sustain something any longer, reconsiderations take place, other peoples come to the floor and we said \"People, I told you so, \"you know, it doesn't work, \"and something else, let's try it again\".\r\n\r\n- Yeah, let's just go upon back to what you're talking about decentralizing farming that this might lead to a possible increase in population growth. Do you see this as a real danger, and if so, do you think they will ever implement a policy to control the population?\r\n\r\n- It is very difficult or more difficult to institute population control in the countryside than in the cities, largely for the reason that the welfare system is not as comprehensive, as to this day, a Chinese farmer in his old age, depends as a rule on the support of his offspring, to the extent that people now become useful, even during their childhood to a greater extent. So long as you have a contractual employment in the collective farm, children are typically not allowed to work, except during periods of helping during harvest season. They have to go to school. Now when a family contracts for a piece of land for the maintenance of it, what you recreate is a tenancy situation, you reconstitute the family as a production unit. It's not anymore the household that only consumes where Ma and Pa go out to work in the fields that are managed by someone else or that someone else being the collector. And you may therefore see pressure on having children or an added benefit to children that seem to be eliminated, which produces in some sense a throwback. It hasn't been discussed much yet, but I think it's a very real possibility. Glad I've answered all your questions.\r\n\r\n- Yeah, is the current policy of , the quality system, exactly a replica of the 1962 policy of pre-sell and one--\r\n\r\n- It picks up the same themes. It is structured in the sense, the ideal again, no one, it's hard to say how much that idea is followed in practice. There's a distinction between the more developed and the less developed farm regions. In the less developed farming regions, farm households are to be able to contract for a piece of land for the entire seasons even to the extent of almost deciding what is being grown on the land. The government will express some residual interest in trying to assure that particular crops are grown. That doesn't work always though. Once you leave it to a family to make its decisions, a contract on it and the breach and all that. In more developed areas, people contract for part of the operation. For instance, the collective may provide the services that in the Soviet Union a machine tractor station might do plowing the land, but then the management of the land, the weeding, the plant protection work, the harvesting that is done by a family who contracts to do it and who is interested in the material results. It gets a share of the product and not a brief, a specified share, but the residual. It is obligated to deliver a certain amount of output to the collective in exchange for the right to do that management. Now, there are differences how much is individualized or familiarized in this process.\r\n\r\n- In the USSR, they talk about a large, a very productive, small gardens producing say a 5% of land producing 55% of the food supply. Do they have any figures like that in China?\r\n\r\n- There are statements of a similar nature for China. They hide, or they sort of are composite of two things. Of course, when you have that private piece of land, you don't pay a rent for it. Essentially, you work on the collective that gives you the right to it. Therefore, whatever you produce on that land is yours to dispose off. There were limits on the disposal over the course of time. Now they can sell almost anything they produce on it. And therefore, you get 100% of what you produce, whereas when you work in collective production, you get 60% of what you produce. There's therefore a tendency to concentrate on that land. On the other hand, that land is such a small piece. In the Soviet union, 5% of the acreage is two acres, something like that per family. You know you can do something with it, but the average Chinese family doesn't cultivate more than two acres. So 5% of that is it's a very small share. And the labor that can be exerted effectively on that piece of land is relatively limited. So it does not necessarily conflict with collective uses. It's quite clear that the output, the effort on this type of land is greater. It's quite clear that the return is greater. But there's one other aspect to it, which you see here as well. If you compare the output of farm gardens with the output of fields generally, the output per unit of land will be higher on the farm garden than in any field, simply because of the difference of crop that is being grown, the intensity of effort that has made and all that. So there are these two dimensions to it. That's quite true that there's an incentive effect, but there also is the basic difference that exists between garden and then field operations generally.\r\n\r\n- Is it true that they expanded the product plots?\r\n\r\n- I think the general announcements have been it can be up to 10% or something. They've allocated more land to private plots in recent years. That's right.\r\n\r\n- This may be more detailed than you want to get into, but is there like a hierarchy of weight of additional inputs, like possibly improving seats docs and so forth that seem to offer the best hope in the future of maintaining or increasing the rating, agricultural--\r\n\r\n- I think it's quite clear that almost all the additional yield that has been obtained since much, most of it during the last 10, 15 years or so, ever since land was leveled and basic irrigation networks were built, almost all the additional yield comes from primarily from inputs of fertilizer. Secondarily, from in connection with that new varieties of seeds and some insecticides. Multiple cropping seems to have run its course, and they're indications that the Chinese have second thoughts about it, that they have actually reduced the degree of multiple cropping somewhat because they have discovered that unless they put in more fertilizers and other things, taking a third rather crop, rather than only two crops off the field means that you spread the nutrients among three crops rather than two crops and the total output therefore doesn't necessarily increase by much. Yet, you make a tremendous additional effort, so that the marginal gain of .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34597/file/103446#t=0.0,1174.2302"}]}]}]}