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Anthropology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=18.4,20.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I welcome you here this evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=20.64,22.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The lecture this evening is gonna be 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person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=104.72,106.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whom I have respected, learned a lot from,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=106.81,110.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all that I can say is that it is a very 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centers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1365.532,1368.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they could work the whole day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1368.66,1370.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bring better wages into the 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sibling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1380.97,1384.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually being the caretaker of the younger ones at home,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1384.53,1387.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would be the implications for the child's 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participants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1400.19,1404.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in child rearing because the father is not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1404.76,1407.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culturally expected to like, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1408.38,1411.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wash the child or feed the child,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1411.7,1413.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those things are the woman's job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1413.89,1416.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what does the actual...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1416.06,1418.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that the reality is that or is that our 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suspected,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1422.83,1424.077"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No, we think particularly in these communities,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1424.077,1427.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Excuse me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1427.95,1428.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the fathers play a much more active role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1428.783,1430.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"than we have been led to 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status,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1440.06,1442.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the man being the master of the house.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1442.41,1445.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what was the perceived status,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1445.06,1448.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"status as per se, by the women themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1448.21,1450.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to what the 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than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1469.38,1473.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"merely speculative information regarding the lives of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1475.86,1478.594"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these women and 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worse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1677.29,1678.556"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it really doesn't mean anything much at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1678.556,1681.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This afternoon I was talking to Dr Charles and 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children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1687.54,1691.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and saying that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1691.12,1692.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"This factor is prevalent in the American setting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1692.167,1696.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"This factor is prevalent in the Indian setting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1696.437,1697.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"hence it is better or hence it is worse,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1700.927,1703.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without giving it the cultural context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1703.19,1705.418"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to what is the significance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1705.418,1707.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It may be the achievement motive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1707.21,1709.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It may be the dependency drive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1709.58,1712.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or it may be an attachment to multiple mother figures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1712.39,1716.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, each of these,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1716.1,1717.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the absence of a sensitivity to the ecological context,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1717.14,1721.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which it has a specific meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1721.15,1723.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to me a knowledge that is absolutely a futile,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1725.3,1729.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1729.302,1730.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Often, I have been asked question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1731.87,1733.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even when talking to students and faculty here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1733.68,1738.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to what is the position of child abuse in your country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1738.08,1742.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, child abuse, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1744.14,1747.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a culture where the social network is so closely woven,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1747.44,1752.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where everybody's businesses is everybody else's business,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1753.276,1757.266"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the neighbor can easily walk into your home","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1757.266,1759.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and scold you for not taking care of your child properly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1759.877,1763.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has a very different meaning from different setting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1765.61,1770.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the mother may be the only and sole caretaker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1770.45,1773.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unquestioned by even her own family members","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1773.8,1775.808"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regarding what she does to the child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1775.808,1778.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where the state may have to intervene.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1778.27,1780.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1780.73,1781.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not trying to say that there is no child abuse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1781.563,1784.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1784.06,1784.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but oftentimes I have read accounts by researchers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1784.893,1789.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly anthropologists who have come to our country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1790.54,1793.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and who say that a lot of physical or corporal punishment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1793.03,1796.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is used on children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1796.2,1797.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, again, we have done some work in this area too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1797.83,1800.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very true that there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1800.99,1802.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a high degree of corporal punishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1802.64,1804.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the mothers and fathers do beat the child.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1804.9,1808.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even when you ask them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1810.08,1811.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would your preferred mode of discipline be?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1811.84,1814.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are told, \"Oh, beat them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1814.267,1816.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Don't spare the rod because he'll definitely get spoiled.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1816.157,1819.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we have talked to the children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1819.82,1821.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also the whole interpretation of beating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1821.3,1824.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaping even by the children, in terms of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1824.21,1827.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"If my parents don't do that to me, who will?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1827.207,1830.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, \"How I grow up to be a good boy or a good girl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1830.37,1834.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They do it for my good.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1834.247,1836.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's almost explained away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1836.75,1838.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, naturalistic observation of children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1838.3,1840.855"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in situations where they are being disciplined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1840.855,1843.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, shows that seldom does it 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injury.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1851.237,1853.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Definitely there must be pain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=1853.2,1854.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because otherwise it's not going to 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were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2431.55,2435.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But on the other hand comes the next question as to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2435.03,2438.517"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Okay, if that is how it appears to 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fate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2448.124,2450.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"And the beautiful philosophy of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2450.597,2453.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we are destined to live that way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2453.007,2455.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"acts as a cushion effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2455.817,2456.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"erasing a lot of the 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life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2479.229,2481.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They seem to be content.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2481.98,2483.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have a fatalistic philosophy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2483.53,2485.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which seems to have enabled them to come to terms with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2485.49,2489.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have geared their socialization practices accordingly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2489.23,2492.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, who are we as the educated elite,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2492.9,2497.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a minority, to intervene with them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2498.33,2501.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give them hopes, change their levels of aspiration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2501.85,2506.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unless we are able to take the whole social fabric","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2507.331,2511.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it were, along with us,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2511.96,2514.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where a social change occurs as an evolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2515.468,2519.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not as a imposition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2519.97,2521.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in my own mind,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2523.24,2524.604"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these are questions related to the ethics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2524.604,2527.854"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the researcher's involvement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2527.854,2529.872"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in social policy oriented projects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2529.872,2534.355"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where do you as a researcher with your so-called objectivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2534.355,2539.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end, and where do you as a social reformer begin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2539.1,2542.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, can we, with the tremendous advantages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2542.65,2547.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a very small minority of us have enjoyed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2547.363,2550.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can we allow to let things be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2550.65,2553.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on the other hand can we intervene,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2553.817,2556.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what damage will we be doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2556.34,2558.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how much is within our power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2558.55,2560.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to promise them a better life by virtue of our intervention?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2560.57,2564.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankly, I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2564.4,2565.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At every point it is a 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workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2584.84,2588.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are a pleasure to work with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2588.07,2589.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they are interested in the 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reform","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2596.156,2598.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very participatory, is very people-oriented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2598.76,2602.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet, by definition, by being voluntary 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involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2615.04,2617.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with government agencies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2617.47,2618.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how it is in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2618.83,2620.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At home, a tremendous amount of red tape-ism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2620.72,2625.172"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bureaucracy, power politics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2625.172,2629.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of this is my department,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2629.61,2631.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water facilities, my department,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2631.9,2634.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health is somebody else's department.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2634.12,2636.022"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now who's the boss, who's to tell whom?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2636.022,2639.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, the doctor will not listen to the nutritionist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2639.52,2642.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regarding nutritional advice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2642.45,2644.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the whole thing becomes such a heavy problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2645.56,2649.528"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you as a small group of researchers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2649.528,2654.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested social workers, whatever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2655.193,2658.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the temptation is to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2658.71,2660.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Are we beating our head uselessly against a blank wall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2660.356,2664.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and shall we withdraw to working with voluntary agencies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2664.089,2668.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"where we are able to see some report,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2668.927,2670.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet on the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2670.65,2672.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here are these national level programs going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2672.91,2675.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here is this opportunity for us to get involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2675.44,2678.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So again, a dilemma of practically to be, or not to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2678.47,2682.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And lastly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2683.38,2684.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a major dilemma in terms of the consequences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2688.09,2692.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of partial intervention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2692.16,2695.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intervention which is selective in nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2695.09,2698.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either supplementary nutrition alone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2698.84,2702.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Planned Parenthood alone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2702.54,2704.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or non-formal education alone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2704.62,2707.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without an ability to work with an interlinked system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2707.511,2712.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an awareness that all these micro systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2713.55,2718.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are part of a macro system and they are closely interlinked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2720.45,2724.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we are going to intervene only in those aspects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2724.5,2728.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are within our control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2728.85,2730.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or where we have the expertise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2730.5,2731.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless we have the co-operative endeavor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2731.917,2734.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a group of people who can work with the total system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2734.193,2737.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, is that the right thing to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2739.53,2741.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And with that, I think I will stop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2742.856,2744.991"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and would appreciate some questions on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2744.991,2748.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(papers shuffling)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=2749.52,2752.437"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22784/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/784/original/AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_a.vtt?1613498655","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/784/original/AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_a.vtt?1613498655"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22785","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759/transcript/22785/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [MC] On behalf of the University's Lectures Committee and other sponsoring departments, including the graduate college, the departments of Child Development, Family Environment, Psychology and Anthropology, I welcome you here this evening. The lecture this evening is gonna be given by Dr. Sarah . And I think one of the fortunate things about living in a university community and having a university experience is that we get to visit with people from all over the world. And sometimes they even come back to the United States after they returned to their home country and have made wonderful contributions. And that really is our experience tonight. Dr. Sarah was a graduate student here in Child Development and Psychology in the early 1970s. She completed her degree here and then returned to the University of Baroda at Baroda, India. When she came here, she was a Ford Foundation Fellowship individual and she's coming back to us as a Senior Fulbright Fellow who is doing work this year at Cornell University in New York. And so, it's my pleasure, distinct pleasure to introduce Dr. Sarah\r\n\r\n- I would like to begin by saying, a vote of thanks for all the organizers who have enabled me to come back to the alma mater. It's a very thrilling experience for me and I keep telling my since yesterday that, this is really real and every time I meet a familiar person whom I have respected, learned a lot from, all that I can say is that it is a very exciting, thrilling experience for me. And I'll be taking back pleasant memories with me back home. Now I see some familiar faces in the audience, apart from the people who might know very well, yes. Among the audience that attended my lecture yesterday and today afternoon. And to some extent, I'll have to say, pardon me for a certain degree of overlapping or redundancy, because I'm talking about the central theme around which many ideas related to theory, research, methodology and more important than all, in view of the nature of the topic of Women and Development Women and Children in India application part of it so I had to give a central theme that knits all these different talks together so you'll have to just pardon me for repeating myself in some of these lectures. Now, perhaps I'll give a background. After my luggage got misplaced I'm never sure about anything else. I hope will provide an outline which will act as an anchor point around which I'll be developing certain issues. Since the focus of my talk today is regarding Women and Children in a Developing Country, and I'm narrowing the focus even further down by talking about women and children from the disadvantaged sections of our society, that is the Indian society. Perhaps I'll give a brief background regarding how did we, as a university department, get involved in projects related to these two major, most vulnerable groups in our society, women and children, from the poorer sections of the community. Now, I work in a Department of Child Development, which belongs to the Home Economics College in the MS University of Baroda, which is in Gujarat in central India. We have undergraduate, postgraduate and doctorate program. And both at the undergraduate and at the post-graduate level, the emphasis is very highly on field placement or application oriented. You can hear me at the back, right? Oh, am I extremely soft then? Okay. Can you hear me now? Okay. In both the undergraduate and postgraduate level our emphasis has been on a high degree of field placement of students. We do place the students in community, urban community, slums, in the rural, poorer sections of the community so that they get exposure to working with different kinds of people. I must also mentioned that despite our effort to recruit students from different social classes, we still essentially, at the graduate and the postgraduate level, do cater to women from the upper-middle and the upper class status because that's the group from which girls are able to come for higher education as it were. Now, our policy has been to use this opportunity to awaken our sensitivity to the social needs. Among these group of individuals who have a high probability of turning professionals, even after marriage. I say after marriage because that remains a prime goal among the young girls, profession comes second. However, increasingly during the past decade, we find that a hundred percent of our girls who have obtained master's degree do go back and take up a job. And we use a field placement opportunity to awaken them to socially sensitive issues such as the urban and the rural poor groups of people from whom they are even more alienated than they are from some of the western cultures. They know more about what's happening in many other countries. Some of them have traveled but many of them have never been to a village. Many of them have, even those who are staying in the town, have not been to the urban poor communities. Their expertise could be put to good use. We have also been involved in work with the disadvantaged sections of the community by virtue of being consultants, by virtue of being evaluators of government programs. We have actively participated in two major government programs. One working with the family as a unit, the Integrated Child Development Scheme which has been implemented in 200 blocks across the country where a variety of inputs to improve the quality of life of children and women in the poorer sections of the community is in operation. We were there at the planning stage, and now we are there at, it is an essential government program, and we are there now as evaluators, at times as monitors, and more often than not as trainers of people working in the scheme itself. Now while this had been a very broad based involvement over the past two decades. In the more recent years, our involvement has become even more focused with this section of the population by virtue of experiment with opportunity as a were. Opportunity knocked at our door in the form of a UNICEF invitation to prepare what was called an Action Plan for improving the quality of life of women and children in some of the communities. Now, it was almost like something that boomeranged back on us because here as academicians who had the resources, we had often been setting judgment on many of the government programs and liberally using our pen and print to write critiques about what things were going wrong and how we thought we had the answers for many of the things that need not go wrong if implemented properly. So, here was an opportunity for UNICEF and the government of Gujarat almost as well as though to get back at us, because we were told \"Here is the invitation. \"A team of you Home Economists, Nutritionists \"Child Development Specialists got together.\" And we were told, \"Prepare an action plan, \"which we will implement across 95 villages.\" 95 villages were chosen as an experimental endeavor covering a population of about 72,000 people, average of six members per family, as it were. And we found that to be a very exciting venture of getting involved on a large scale planning, working with the government officials, working with the UNICEF officials who were going to fund the project. It was also a time for many of us who had kind of stayed at the fringe of many of these application oriented programs, where we had preferred the cozy comfort of being academicians where we could theorize, we could speculate, we could talk about methodology, but it was so much safer for us to stay at the fringe and not get directly involved as it were, here was an opportunity for us to be told, \"No, this is your chance to either \"do what you say you mean to do \"or lose the opportunity.\" So, many of us sat and... It was a time for introspection because it was a decision making point as it were. It was also a time of introspection because we had to ask ourselves, \"how much do we really know about the life of children \"and women, particularly in these sections of the community, \"for whom we are going to plan.\" Again, maybe by virtue of the academic training one has the first resource one thinks of is in terms of what is the literature that is available. So, some of us took a little time off to do a review of literature and as can be predicted, we found we knew very, very little. We had a lot of theorizing, we had a lot of speculation and we could talk big across the table as it were, with great conviction about our own speculations, but in terms of hard core facts very little was really known. And what was particularly depressing was except for two Home Economic Colleges which had been working with researchers related to child practices in some of these communities and so on. Most of the researchers in the field of Developmental Psych, where we taught we could pull resources from unfortunately had been hypothesis testing kind of researches taking hypothesis from western theories and testing them directly on the Indian population particularly the disadvantaged population, without questioning its ecological validity. Okay. So, this led us to two things. One, the need to do an intensive field assessment of the situation to get, if not, a database that is very strong, at least a very clear firsthand experience of the situation of the women and the child status, the child rearing practices, the cultural beliefs related to child rearing, the goals of child rearing, so that the program that we planned for them, the plan of action will not be contradictory and not fail as many other programs had failed because often intervention was done as an imposition, rather than interweaving into the cultural milieu. We had a team of very dedicated workers at that time who plunged into the situation and they said, \"Fine, this is, \"we don't have the database, that's okay. \"We'll find out now.\" So, we did the field assessment, interviewed particularly women, got many indicators regarding the quality of life, infant mortality. Some of the statistical information definitely was available, what was not available was the micro level information regarding what do families, what do women in particular feel and think, and what is it that they really want for themselves and for their children. Now out of our field studies, we were able to develop a plan of action, which was greatly appreciated. And though, due to technical problems, has not been implemented in our own district, has been implemented in eight adjacent districts using this as a blueprint. Now, essentially our plan of action for what is called the Social Inputs for Area Development consisted of an integrated program of activities for improving the quality of life of women and children among the landless laborers to start with because assessment of number of development programs in the country repeatedly shows that a lot of development inputs filter down up to the upper class in the rural community, but never reaches the low. The advantages of many of our action plans have been taken by the better-offs in the rural community. And rural India is still about 75-80% of our total population. So, the bottom most of the rung were never getting the advantages of all the development plans that have been tried out during the past 33 years. Our strategy was to start from bottom up rather than hope that somehow something will filter down and reach. So, we started with focus on the landless laborers, particularly the women and the young child, the most vulnerable section of the community, and put forward a plan to provide an integrated program, including health at the doorstep, encouragement through non-formal education to utilize the health services that are available, to improve the income generating opportunities for women. Many of these women in landless labor communities work anyway. So, it's not like we were intervening and bringing about social change as much as need to monitor and ensure that the jobs that are closer to home that women can do such as road building and definitely farm labor, which women do anyway, that employment opportunities are given to them. Where the man found it easier to migrate or go to the neighboring villages and come back, the woman was, essentially, had to be home bound. So, the opportunity for employment, within the periphery of the village, the women be encouraged to take them up. And again, the idea that the women should be pave the way because despite the legal requirement, even today, when both husband and wife go to work on the farms, the man is paid the wages for both the women and mans labor. And among this class, it is often a very frequent happening that the man uses up a major part of it for drinking and gambling before it gets back home. So again, the request that the wage implementation be done in such a manner that at least the woman's salary goes into her hands on the assumption that when money is in the hands of the woman, it has a high probability of going to the pot and thereby create a synergistic kind of an effect of improving the quality of nutritional status of children and women in the family. So, that the economic resource that the woman brings into the family does not go for the man's drinking and gambling. Plan was also devised to encourage women to participate in decision-making by changing some of the requirements for becoming members of the cooperative societies. The area in which we are working, a number of villages are... They had many cattle. So, even if a family has two buffaloes or so there's some members of the cooperative, and they're supplying milk to the corporate and milk society. Again, strangely, even if it is the woman who alone does the looking after the cattle, feeding it and the children do the grazing, et cetera, it is only the man, only one member in a family can be a member of the cooperative society. And in a traditional society it is inevitable that it is the man who is the member of the cooperative society. So, the advantages in terms of monetary benefits that came from being members of the cooperative society also went back to the man and not to the woman. In doing this, with the not being anti-male as it were, it wasn't an effort to be attempt at women's liberation movement or anything as much as let us focus on where do to the economic resources of the family go to, and how best can it be utilized? The woman is working anyway, what we had to do was to intervene through the plan to see that the money goes into her hands and not into some other hands. Already also, from other departments in the government, a number of projects were going on in the same village settings to improve the roadways. A number of these villages, except for villages which was supplying milk to the cooperatives, they're not linked by roadways at all. And in fact, that was one of the major reasons why other skills for income generating by staying at home like basket-making or rope-weaving, or some of the other local industries. Some of them have carpentry, wood craft as it were and now these could not reach a market outlet and many a time it was the middle man who was wise to go to many of these villages. He was making good money, whereas these communities, especially who engaged in these occupations during the lean seasons, when neither sowing nor harvest was going on in the fields. The money again was not going to them at all. And since there were government schemes already existing to improve the roadways and create a network for marketing facilities. Again, the plan was formulated that women be given a priority in employment in these. Now, non-formal education was projected as an important component of this whole plan, including education for Planned Parenthood, education for Improving the Health Status of the child, nutrition within the available community foods and so on. The non-formal education was planned as a comprehensive program which received a tremendous emphasis. Now, after preparing the plan, which had worked out strategies for training and for implementation and monitoring and evaluation also because often in many of our programs, while funds are given particularly when a organization like UNICEF or WHO gets into the scene, there are enough funds available at the implementation stage, but by the time it comes to evaluation, somehow there is no money to evaluate no money to have done the baseline data assessment and then see, \"Has there been a real shift \"and where has the money gone?\" So, evaluation was planned as part of the total project. Now... Okay. That was our involvement with the disadvantaged communities in terms of the demand that was made on us to participate as people who had expertise on how to improve the quality of women and children in these communities. We learned very many lessons from that. Now as an offshoot of that particular involvement we were also invited to get involved in a research program, which would help us develop a database related to understanding women and children in the poorer community settings, because repeatedly our was that we are working more on the basis of intuition on the basis of our own, what little we know about the people with whom we have worked, but our database is very, very big and so we were offered research funding to do the study on women and children in their community setting. And as I mentioned briefly earlier that by working on the review of what do we really know about children, regarding what would happen to children, if we encourage the mothers to leave them in the community daycare centers so that they could work the whole day and bring better wages into the home. We did not really have real answers. What would happen if the older girls were encouraged to go to school and thereby we were taking away the caretaker, the oldest sibling, usually being the caretaker of the younger ones at home, what would be the implications for the child's development by doing that by intervening in that manner? Again, we had no answer at all. Again, we had a lot of cultural beliefs regarding fathers not being active participants in child rearing because the father is not culturally expected to like, for example, wash the child or feed the child, those things are the woman's job. Now, what does the actual... Is that the reality is that or is that our belief, again, we really didn't know. Some of us suspected, \"No, we think particularly in these communities,\" Excuse me. \"the fathers play a much more active role \"than we have been led to believe.\" But on the other hand, we did not have data on that. Again, we had a lot of impressions about women having a very low status, the man being the master of the house. Now, what was the perceived status, status as per se, by the women themselves compared to what the society or the social role that had been ascribed to them? Again, we had no hardcore data on this at all. So, in lieu of, let us say, our ignorance beginning at the beginning, as it were, here was an opportunity for us to get a database that would give us more than merely speculative information regarding the lives of these women and children. Now, for the research, we use two major methods of data collection. One, we interviewed the mothers extensively regarding what are their goals of child rearing, what do they want for their children? What are their expectations from the children? What are their hopes? What are their aspirations? What are their frustrations? We also did what, in retrospect, I think I may not want to do it again, but at that time we went right ahead and plunged and did naturalistic observation of children from dawn to dusk to get an idea regarding how did the children structure their time? We had to have some kind of a concrete anchor around which we could study the lifestyle of the children. So, we selected 50 families, 25 boys, 25 girls, and had enabled them to get used to a group of youngsters who were going to observe their activities, observe their location where they spend their time, the persons with whom they spend the time, the nature of the activities that they engaged in with different persons. More to get an idea about in these community settings, what is the most relevant way in which children structured their time as relevant in that culture from that ecological perspective? Now, the comments that I follow, I'm just going to raise a few issues that have come up as an outcome of our involvement, first in the planning process, second in the data collection process. So, first as a field worker, second, as a researcher, interested in knowing more about what I would like to phrase as the ecological perspective of understanding children and women in their different community settings. Now, some of the implications or the research issues that I see as arising from this. First is related to the behavior in context, often again, both in our theory and in its application, perhaps because many of our academicians have received their training in the west and have gone back carrying the western ideology and often become what I see as schizophrenic, belonging neither here, nor there. Many of them have lost touch with that same cultural ethos from which they have evolved. In terms of research, a lot of behavior is interpreted in terms of comparative statements. Often western tools are taken and applied with minor adaptations to the cultural setting in which we work. And in the absence of sensitivity to what does it mean in that culture? One could easily interpret it in terms of it is better, it is worse. And it really doesn't mean anything much at all. This afternoon I was talking to Dr Charles and saying that when you read researches such as applying the Cattell's personality test to Indian children and saying that \"This factor is prevalent in the American setting. \"This factor is prevalent in the Indian setting \"hence it is better or hence it is worse,\" without giving it the cultural context as to what is the significance. It may be the achievement motive. It may be the dependency drive, or it may be an attachment to multiple mother figures. Now, each of these, in the absence of a sensitivity to the ecological context, in which it has a specific meaning is to me a knowledge that is absolutely a futile, as it were. Often, I have been asked question, even when talking to students and faculty here as to what is the position of child abuse in your country? Now, child abuse, again, in a culture where the social network is so closely woven, where everybody's businesses is everybody else's business, where the neighbor can easily walk into your home and scold you for not taking care of your child properly. It has a very different meaning from different setting where the mother may be the only and sole caretaker unquestioned by even her own family members regarding what she does to the child and where the state may have to intervene. Now, this is not, I'm not trying to say that there is no child abuse in our country, but oftentimes I have read accounts by researchers, particularly anthropologists who have come to our country and who say that a lot of physical or corporal punishment is used on children. Now, again, we have done some work in this area too. It's very true that there is a high degree of corporal punishment. That is the mothers and fathers do beat the child. And even when you ask them, what would your preferred mode of discipline be? We are told, \"Oh, beat them. \"Don't spare the rod because he'll definitely get spoiled.\" Now we have talked to the children, also the whole interpretation of beating, escaping even by the children, in terms of, \"If my parents don't do that to me, who will? And, \"How I grow up to be a good boy or a good girl. \"They do it for my good.\" It's almost explained away. Now, naturalistic observation of children in situations where they are being disciplined again, shows that seldom does it happen that the mother hits the child enough to cause real physical injury. Definitely there must be pain because otherwise it's not going to have the restraining infect, but often it is a little game between the mother and the child. When the boy's trying to run away to see how fast she can run to catch him and beat him up, and if at all the beating gets harsh, the mother sits and cries, and the little boy knows that the mother's going to cry. So, somehow this whole mechanism of socializing the child through using restrictive disciplinary measures has a very different significance from ill-treating a child for the sake of expressing some pent up feeling or deviation from accepted mode of behavior as it were. Now in view of all this and having tampered with cross-cultural psychology and researches related to that in the past 10 years, my own conviction has been that if we as Developmental Psychologists or Specialists in Child Development, are to make meaningful contribution to the field in our country itself, we need to have a strong base of descriptive data. Generation of hypothesis based on this descriptive data, even if it is a long and laborious process, which makes many social scientists feel that the others have gone that far ahead and we are still here, perhaps even at that pace, if one is to move, one perhaps will make, I mean I'm sure opinions would differ regarding this, but before testing antecedent consequent relationships based western theory, I myself see it as very important for us to build a database that is first descriptive, then generate hypothesis on the basis of that. Understand the cultural meaning or significance of the different concepts that are related to child socialization or whatever it is, the field that one is working in and then proceed towards more experimental or whatever studies. However, it has been a very heartening experience for me here, to see that, it's almost like the pendulum keeps swinging in any discipline and definitely our own discipline. The great awareness of the need for naturalistic observation related studies in this country, it says, has been very heartening. I mean, I had noticed the pendulum swing to a high degree of experimental controlled kind of studies during a period of time and that there is an increasing importance given to naturalistic observation. Descriptive studies are not one step lower than the experimental kind of studies that awareness has been a healthy trend. Now, the second group of implications I comment on would be related to theory building, viewing particularly this particular field of interest that I have in terms of socialization, the need to view socialization as adaptation to the cultural setting. Again, this afternoon, I was talking to a group of graduate students in the department regarding sex differences in socialization, because that is another thing that arouses much curiosity and questioning outside regarding the greater extent of female infant mortality in our country. The very low degree of independence afforded to girls in our setting, the need for girls to be married away very young, why this preference for boys? Why is the son more valued, et cetera, et cetera. Now, when we look at it in terms of a comparative statement of another culture, which may appear more egalitarian, these look like repressive practices. Practices, which are not adaptive, giving a second degree citizenship to 50% of the population, et cetera, et cetera. Now, again, this whole question of socialization when viewed as \"what are the most adaptive practices \"that will enable a group of people \"living on subsistence level economy, \"and particularly again, talking about the poorer sections \"of the community, which is about 50% of our population, \"in an agreed in society, \"coping with subsistence level economy \"with a lot of community control on the lives.\" To view socialization as preparing an individual, to become a member of a group in such a way that no action of his becomes disruptive to the coexistence of that social group. The social group has to stay together in order to survive. And unless the members, the children are socialized to conform, to cooperate, to be interdependent. Concepts such as independence, individuality, makeup one's own mind, make your own decisions are practically irrelevant to such social setting so long as the socio-economic conditions are the way they are. Now again, how does the individual who's being socialized himself or herself view the same? A girl who's being socialized to be yours obediently, who's told that her freedom of movement is very clearly restricted when she attains puberty, even charting the distance away from home that kids are permitted to make. You find, by the time the girl attains puberty her location is confined to the home and the back courtyard. Whereas the boy has much more freedom to move around in the community. He can go to the distant fields, whereas the girls cannot. Even in terms of within the home, when you watch the practices, we find that the boys get to eat first then it is the turn of the women and the girls in the household to eat. All of which, in terms of sex discrimination, when you ask the mother, whom would she, I mean, would you like a boy or girl if she had a preference, the question is undoubtedly a boy. The birth of a boy is celebrated with great rejoicing and music and sweets et cetera whereas the birth of a girl is one for feeling very sad. If it is the first girl, it's all right, but if a success of girls come, you'll find a gloom over the family, which refuses to even make the announcement that a girl is born. Now, again, each of these taken in isolation make one uncomfortable. Now however, if one turns the table and views the whole scene of socialization, from the viewpoint of the members of that particular social group, you'll find that in a setting where there is no guarantee of social security, no guarantee of anybody else taking care of you, in your old age or nobody, you cannot afford to save money to take care of your own self in your old age. The son is the one who is going to stay home and he is your social security. And the more sons you have in a setting where infant mortality is so great, about 139 children, in some states, it goes up as many as 169 children per thousand live births, if they are going to die. Okay. It is very important that you have many children, so that at least some will survive. The girl essentially is going to be married and she's going to go away to another home. So, she's only a guest in this house. And anyway, you have to give a dowry and unnecessarily if you invest the limited resources on her education, et cetera that is how the whole thing is viewed. And if the girl is going to get educated and get fancy ideas of her own, as it were, she's going to become a deviant from that particular setting. She's going to demand more, she's going to ask for better qualifications in the bridegroom, none of which can the social setting afford. So, it's almost like the socialization over the centuries has geared itself to become adapted to the particular so long as the entire system remains as a knitted fabric, we cannot change certain parts of it without damaging the whole fabric as it were. But on the other hand comes the next question as to \"Okay, if that is how it appears to be, \"can we say, let them be. \"They seem happy as they are. \"They're not a miserable lot in terms of \"they're not crying over their fate. \"And the beautiful philosophy of \"we are destined to live that way, \"acts as a cushion effect, \"erasing a lot of the distress, \"all that they ask for is one meal a day. \"They seem happy.\" Even if you take account of the emotional expressions, you find the number of happy expressions are much higher than the number of negative expressions, in use of words as well as facial expressions. Now, one could well say that who are we to intervene with their life? They seem to be content. They have a fatalistic philosophy, which seems to have enabled them to come to terms with it. They have geared their socialization practices accordingly. Now, who are we as the educated elite, which is a minority, to intervene with them, give them hopes, change their levels of aspiration. Unless we are able to take the whole social fabric as it were, along with us, where a social change occurs as an evolution not as a imposition. Now, in my own mind, these are questions related to the ethics of the researcher's involvement in social policy oriented projects. Where do you as a researcher with your so-called objectivity end, and where do you as a social reformer begin? Now, can we, with the tremendous advantages that a very small minority of us have enjoyed, can we allow to let things be, and on the other hand can we intervene, and what damage will we be doing? And how much is within our power to promise them a better life by virtue of our intervention? Frankly, I don't know. At every point it is a dilemma. Second, the dilemma of working with government departments in contrast to voluntary agencies. Again, the choice becomes practically an ethical issue because many of the voluntary agencies, which are privately funded and which have a host of dedicated workers are a pleasure to work with because they are interested in the beneficiaries. They become one of them, their movement in terms of social reform is very participatory, is very people-oriented. And yet, by definition, by being voluntary agencies, they are able to reach much smaller pockets of the population than the government agencies, which cover the entire network. However, the minute we get involved with government agencies, I don't know how it is in this country. At home, a tremendous amount of red tape-ism, bureaucracy, power politics, in terms of this is my department, water facilities, my department, health is somebody else's department. Now who's the boss, who's to tell whom? Okay, the doctor will not listen to the nutritionist regarding nutritional advice. So, the whole thing becomes such a heavy problem that you as a small group of researchers interested social workers, whatever the temptation is to say, \"Are we beating our head uselessly against a blank wall \"and shall we withdraw to working with voluntary agencies, \"where we are able to see some report,\" and yet on the other hand, here are these national level programs going on and here is this opportunity for us to get involved. So again, a dilemma of practically to be, or not to be. And lastly, a major dilemma in terms of the consequences of partial intervention. Intervention which is selective in nature, either supplementary nutrition alone, or Planned Parenthood alone, or non-formal education alone without an ability to work with an interlinked system, with an awareness that all these micro systems are part of a macro system and they are closely interlinked. And if we are going to intervene only in those aspects which are within our control or where we have the expertise, unless we have the co-operative endeavor of a group of people who can work with the total system. Again, is that the right thing to do? And with that, I think I will stop and would appreciate some questions on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105759#t=0.0,2764.04245"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_b.mp3"]},"duration":735.39918,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/760/small/lecture.png?1613498658","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/760/original/AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_b.mp3?1613498658","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":735.39918,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e As far as I know that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=7.101,8.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in sociology and anthropology in India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=8.63,12.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since there have been, ya know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=12.33,13.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing a very strong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=13.57,15.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"domestic type of theories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=16.13,19.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is, very good modification of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=19.11,22.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Speaker:\u003c/strong\u003e Mm hm. Mm hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=22.78,25.047"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me see how I can answer your question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=26.29,28.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To your first question of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=28.39,29.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how can this be rectified?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=31.25,32.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can only say I wish I had an answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=32.9,36.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, the positive feature of it is definitely,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=36.24,39.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though, I have been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=39.6,40.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather critical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=41.81,42.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe because currently I am working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=44.33,46.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on another (indistinct) and every time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=46.53,48.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I read these studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=48.29,49.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which have absolutely no meaning at all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=49.3,51.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in terms of, look at the amount of resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=51.31,54.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are so limited that have been wasted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=54.05,56.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, partly my reaction is gut level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=56.04,59.069"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the most sober point of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=59.069,61.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be that just like in sociology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=61.21,64.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sociology and anthropology perhaps had a period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=64.147,67.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of awakening much earlier than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=67.07,68.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the psychologists have had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=68.82,71.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) again, may be money really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=71.329,75.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plays a lot of tricks behind the scene.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=75.65,78.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Funding is in socially relevant issues today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=78.2,83.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you do find the beginning of the awareness of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=83.08,87.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We better come to grips with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=87.81,90.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the situation is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=90.79,92.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Better learn what will be useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=92.44,95.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and start talking sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=95.18,96.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and making useful contributions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=96.79,98.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otherwise, we will be relegated as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=98.44,102.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absolutely not useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=102.51,104.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there have been at least three major pockets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=104.37,107.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the country where interesting work regarding children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=107.6,112.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and families from an ecological perspective has begun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=112.29,116.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if the trend picks up and we move,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=116.3,119.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's going to be tremendous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=119.97,121.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I've also been talking 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workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=128.78,131.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who come to this country for specialization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=131.9,134.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the possibility of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=134.86,138.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"encouraging the students to pick up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=138.15,141.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems of relevance to their own country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=141.42,145.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather than do something that is very culture bound here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=145.01,149.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then go back and act schizophrenic or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=149.3,152.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick up trades right from the beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=152.69,154.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Had to unlearn a lot before you learn as a trade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=154.67,157.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, there is no doubt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=157.45,159.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a social scientist in my mind that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=159.11,161.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very important to have international exchange.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=161.61,164.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the opportunity for training and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=164.32,166.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rigorous methodology is very, very important, no matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=166.96,170.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what area you're going to be work working in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=170.86,173.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That there is no doubt about the usefulness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=173.55,175.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a training program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=175.88,177.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But whether will be possible for collaborating agencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=177.76,182.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also to have an awareness to encourage the students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=182.45,185.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to pick up problems that will be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=185.53,188.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the long run, useful and meaningful to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=188.12,190.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And have a dialogue in deciding that program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=190.68,193.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather than, give them an education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=193.99,196.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is highly vested in biased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=196.62,199.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, both cultures could greatly benefit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=199.12,202.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why should I say both?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=202.06,203.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So many cultures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=203.65,205.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are interacting could all benefit from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=205.03,207.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broadening the perspective, having cross culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=207.6,209.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Psychologists are talking about the etic and the emic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=209.89,212.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess that's of relevance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=213.53,215.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Definitely here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=215.57,216.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So maybe a decade from now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=217.31,219.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there'll be much more positive things to say than,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=219.18,222.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the beginning definitely is there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=222.98,224.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I have some (indistinct) questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=232.85,234.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I remember you said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=234.727,235.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've observed some 25 boys and 25 girls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=235.94,239.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your observation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=239.304,240.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Considering sociologically I think its a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=240.914,242.972"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too small sample to make those generalizations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=242.972,247.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Mm hm, mm hm. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=247.21,249.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the second thing is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=249.261,250.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your observations are mostly materialistic observations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=250.65,253.572"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about the bias in your observations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=253.572,256.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"due to the presence of the observer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=256.123,258.782"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And third thing is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=258.782,259.781"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you collected some data on the elements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=259.781,263.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You, according to my observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=263.35,265.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also have some experience in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=265.31,266.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working with the Indian religious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=266.51,267.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think most of the Indian, rural people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=267.74,270.798"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they generally give socially desirable answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=270.798,273.392"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than (indistinct) real pictures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=273.392,278.059"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=279.16,280.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And my third thing is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=280.227,282.771"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's the fourth. (everyone laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=282.771,286.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e My fourth observation is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=286.647,288.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you said you have some assumptions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=288.293,290.184"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which you do not have data prove, back up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=290.184,294.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) if you do, money in the mans hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=294.307,296.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they mostly spend on drinking and gambling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=296.54,299.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas I understand the area which you are working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=299.427,301.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is legally prohibited to drink there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=301.717,303.528"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=303.528,304.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That doesn't mean a thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=306.295,309.077"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mm hmm. Mm hmm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=309.077,310.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e My fifth thing is that you said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=311.28,313.298"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you give money to the women,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=313.298,315.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll mostly spent on, the likelihood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=315.347,317.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they will spend on food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=317.52,319.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where as some data shows that they must spend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=319.1,321.585"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) spending on food, considering they women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=321.585,324.604"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indian women liking towards (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=324.604,326.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. Now you must help me keep track of all the five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=327.53,331.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=331.1,331.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the first one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=334.21,335.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm glad he pointed out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=335.81,338.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of observations based on 25 boys","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=338.53,341.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 25 girls as being too small","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=341.79,343.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for being representative of the entire 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which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=349.063,352.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"required literally following the children from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=352.81,356.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning to dawn to dusk, and to utilize,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=356.16,359.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the constraints of our resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=360.94,362.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any sample larger than 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impossible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=366.157,369.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, in the same area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=369.49,372.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had worked as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=372.11,374.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trainers of students in field placement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=377.22,380.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for more than three years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=380.07,382.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many of those villages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=383.01,384.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our students had been 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to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=393.8,396.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run the preschool program, et cetera, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=396.96,401.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my observations were not based necessarily, 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25.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=408.613,412.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in terms of maybe I'm skipping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=415.12,417.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the order of your question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=417.56,419.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you put money in the hands of men, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=420.57,424.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our area is supposed to be a dry area, but as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=426.27,430.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of my students themselves put it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=431.38,433.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name it and you get it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=433.67,435.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anything imported, exported, whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=436.19,439.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, in the rural areas more seriously speaking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=439.15,442.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is country liquor that is made.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=442.43,445.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is made in the fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=445.3,447.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the policeman is the first one to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=448.07,450.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the beneficiary of this distilling experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=450.47,454.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there is, I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=454.61,455.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's just that the law turns the blind 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children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=575.3,577.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it definitely showed a difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=577.717,580.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I've lost track of some of your other 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observations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=583.876,585.981"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, bias in our observations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=585.981,588.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have worked,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=589.925,591.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so far with families of different social economic status and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=591.46,595.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the early part of the decade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=597.01,598.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our work was more with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=598.74,600.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle and the upper 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cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=611.07,613.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But once we got into this what we did was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=613.89,616.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went and stayed with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=616.41,618.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was like over the period of a year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=618.53,620.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody or the other from the department was always doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=620.55,624.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one project or the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=624.56,626.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where people got quite used to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=626.28,628.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even earlier, I have data to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=628.24,630.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the social desirability in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=630.73,632.832"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle-class women is very much higher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=632.832,636.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like when,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=636.85,638.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the husband beats the wife,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=638.51,639.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the wife beats the husband,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=639.93,642.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the woman tell you so right to your face.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=642.11,646.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even when he's present there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=646.22,648.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we questioned the lower class women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=648.14,650.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where as, with the middle class,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=651.735,653.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depending on whether the mother-in-law is there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=653.43,655.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the husband is there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=655.27,656.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even depending on how they view you as an interviewer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=656.67,660.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the answers do get clouded by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=660.51,663.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social desirability in interview situations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=664.66,667.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in terms of self-consciousness of observation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=667.69,670.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we had anticipated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=670.43,671.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were very dissident about it to begin with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=671.83,674.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We found that once the children got used to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=674.68,677.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our just hanging around there as it were,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=677.3,680.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life had to go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=680.59,682.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the children played their games,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=682.16,683.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the children said their bad words,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=683.85,685.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the children called us by the bad words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=685.74,687.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It just, we became part of the setting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=687.92,689.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And many of the youngsters, the credit perhaps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=689.677,693.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goes to a number of youngsters who were working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=694.3,696.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the project who were doing the observation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=696.24,698.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So perhaps I'm sure partially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=698.97,700.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean you cannot completely remove the observer effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=701.63,704.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no matter what the setting may be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=704.6,706.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think comparatively speaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=706.59,708.734"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was control for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=708.734,711.398"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=711.398,712.231"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=718.294,719.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much again for giving me this opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=719.64,722.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=723.365,726.365"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22786/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/786/original/AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_b.vtt?1613498659","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/786/original/AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_b.vtt?1613498659"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22787","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203353_Women_and_Children_in_India_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760/transcript/22787/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- As far as I know that, in sociology and anthropology in India And since there have been, ya know, developing a very strong domestic type of theories. Which is, very good modification of\r\n\r\n- [Speaker] Mm hm. Mm hm. Let me see how I can answer your question. To your first question of, how can this be rectified? I can only say I wish I had an answer. However, the positive feature of it is definitely, though, I have been, rather critical. Maybe because currently I am working on another and every time I read these studies which have absolutely no meaning at all, I think in terms of, look at the amount of resources that are so limited that have been wasted. So, partly my reaction is gut level, but the most sober point of view would be that just like in sociology, sociology and anthropology perhaps had a period of awakening much earlier than the psychologists have had. again, may be money really plays a lot of tricks behind the scene. Funding is in socially relevant issues today. So you do find the beginning of the awareness of We better come to grips with what the situation is. Better learn what will be useful and start talking sense and making useful contributions. Otherwise, we will be relegated as absolutely not useful. So there have been at least three major pockets in the country where interesting work regarding children and families from an ecological perspective has begun. Now, if the trend picks up and we move, I think that's going to be tremendous. Now I've also been talking to people who train many of the child development workers who come to this country for specialization in terms of the possibility of encouraging the students to pick up problems of relevance to their own country. Rather than do something that is very culture bound here and then go back and act schizophrenic or pick up trades right from the beginning. Had to unlearn a lot before you learn as a trade. I mean, there is no doubt as a social scientist in my mind that it's very important to have international exchange. And the opportunity for training and a rigorous methodology is very, very important, no matter what area you're going to be work working in. That there is no doubt about the usefulness of a training program. But whether will be possible for collaborating agencies also to have an awareness to encourage the students to pick up problems that will be in the long run, useful and meaningful to them. And have a dialogue in deciding that program. Rather than, give them an education that is highly vested in biased. I mean, both cultures could greatly benefit. Why should I say both? So many cultures that are interacting could all benefit from broadening the perspective, having cross culture. Psychologists are talking about the etic and the emic. I guess that's of relevance. Definitely here. So maybe a decade from now, there'll be much more positive things to say than, the beginning definitely is there.\r\n\r\n- I have some questions. I think I remember you said you've observed some 25 boys and 25 girls in your observation. Considering sociologically I think its a too small sample to make those generalizations\r\n\r\n- Mm hm, mm hm. Okay. And the second thing is that your observations are mostly materialistic observations. What about the bias in your observations, due to the presence of the observer. And third thing is that, you collected some data on the elements You, according to my observations I also have some experience in working with the Indian religious. I think most of the Indian, rural people, they generally give socially desirable answers rather than real pictures.\r\n\r\n- Okay.\r\n\r\n- And my third thing is that\r\n\r\n- That's the fourth.\r\n\r\n- My fourth observation is that, you said you have some assumptions which you do not have data prove, back up, if you do, money in the mans hand they mostly spend on drinking and gambling. Whereas I understand the area which you are working it is legally prohibited to drink there.\r\n\r\n- Oh yeah. That doesn't mean a thing. Mm hmm. Mm hmm.\r\n\r\n- My fifth thing is that you said, if you give money to the women, they'll mostly spent on, the likelihood that they will spend on food. Where as some data shows that they must spend. spending on food, considering they women. Indian women liking towards .\r\n\r\n- Okay. Now you must help me keep track of all the five. Okay. Now the first one, and I'm glad he pointed out, in terms of observations based on 25 boys and 25 girls as being too small for being representative of the entire community. I need to make a correcting statement there, that was related to a specific study which required literally following the children from morning to dawn to dusk, and to utilize, within the constraints of our resources. Any sample larger than that, with replication, to say, you know, was it representative, et cetera, was impossible. However, in the same area we had worked as trainers of students in field placement for more than three years. In many of those villages, our students had been placed. We were not working then as researchers but training students to work in different community settings, organized programs start preschool centers, train a local woman to run the preschool program, et cetera, et cetera. So my observations were not based necessarily, though, I am sure my way of presenting led you to believe that it was entirely dependent on these 25, 25. Now, in terms of maybe I'm skipping the order of your question. If you put money in the hands of men, yes. Our area is supposed to be a dry area, but as many of my students themselves put it, name it and you get it. Anything imported, exported, whatever. However, in the rural areas more seriously speaking. It is country liquor that is made. That is made in the fields. And the policeman is the first one to be the beneficiary of this distilling experience. And there is, I mean, it's just that the law turns the blind eye because that again, is a survival pattern. I mean, these men work very hard in the fields and it isn't that they come to a cozy home with all its comforts. They come back to a home full of problems. Too many children, a wife who may be sick or definitely ready for the next fight, et cetera. There is a high degree of drinking, definitely. Even though it is dry area. Now, while, definitely some of the researchers have shown that if you put the money in the hands of the woman, it may go to trinkets. The proportion that goes to trinkets is very trivial when compared to the proportion that would be spent by the man in consuming alcohol, or gambling with the hope that he will be able to bring, you know, bring more money. And again, the expenditure on trinkets or fancy items seems to be more in the upper-strata of the poor. I mean, I feel bad even to use that terminology but in a community where 40% of the population are rock-bottom poor by our own standards of poverty. There is a strata which gets at least one square meal a day, which definitely is the upper strata of the poor compared to the poor who may not even get that much. Not to talk about shelter and clothing and all that. Now, among the lowest class the money, if available, definitely goes to the pot. There is extensive work of Project Poorshuk. I'm not sure that you heard of that in Bihar and UP, where they have data on hundreds of families. That was a massive kind of a study done over a period of five years. Along with nutritional intervention. Which definitely indicated that money in the hands of the woman made a lot of difference in the nutritional status. That project was essentially geared only towards nutritional status of the children. And it definitely showed a difference. I think I've lost track of some of your other questions.\r\n\r\n- One more thing you're missing, that is the bias in your observations.\r\n\r\n- Yes, bias in our observations. We have worked, so far with families of different social economic status and during the early part of the decade our work was more with the middle and the upper class. Again, because that was research of convenience, easy availability of the subject, and we didn't have to go to the trauma of living in a setting, which was very uncomfortable, et cetera et cetera. But once we got into this what we did was we went and stayed with them. It was like over the period of a year, somebody or the other from the department was always doing one project or the other. Where people got quite used to it. And even earlier, I have data to show that the social desirability in middle-class women is very much higher. Like when, the husband beats the wife, or the wife beats the husband, the woman tell you so right to your face. Even when he's present there, when we questioned the lower class women. Where as, with the middle class, depending on whether the mother-in-law is there, or the husband is there, or even depending on how they view you as an interviewer, the answers do get clouded by social desirability in interview situations. Now, in terms of self-consciousness of observation, which we had anticipated, and we were very dissident about it to begin with. We found that once the children got used to our just hanging around there as it were, life had to go on. So the children played their games, the children said their bad words, the children called us by the bad words. It just, we became part of the setting. And many of the youngsters, the credit perhaps, goes to a number of youngsters who were working on the project who were doing the observation. So perhaps I'm sure partially, I mean you cannot completely remove the observer effect no matter what the setting may be. But I think comparatively speaking there was control for that. Yes. Okay. Thank you very much again for giving me this opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36634/file/105760#t=0.0,735.39918"}]}]}]}