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disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=628.72,633.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have argued has been successful beyond all expectations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=635.47,640.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at what 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Warren,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=644.81,647.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mike Warren mentioned appropriately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=647.06,651.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cost aspect of 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referral.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1183.72,1186.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I come to my second point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1188.1,1189.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is the place of traditional 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countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1196.62,1197.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is now this remarkable interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1197.87,1200.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we are going back to be humble enough to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1200.77,1203.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at some of these things, these traditional healers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1203.69,1206.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which in the earlier times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1207.73,1209.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we used to make all types of ridiculous remark about them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1209.12,1213.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We call them the witch doctors, the juju.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1213.29,1216.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But now we have reached a point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1216.61,1218.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a point I call, a school de suck.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1218.503,1220.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where are we going from here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1220.76,1222.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should we turn back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1222.51,1224.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then apologize to them and look at it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1224.0,1226.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it seems to me, this is the humility built in science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1226.377,1229.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A science is based on a moral relativity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1229.99,1234.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science, there is a built-in self-correcting mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1234.06,1237.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so this is a very positive sign for all people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1237.81,1240.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all this world to have this type of humility,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1240.84,1243.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go back to look at the traditional medical institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1243.59,1247.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to look at what they doing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1247.32,1249.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their reason dietary, their logistics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1249.12,1251.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, the interest is quite a very remarkable one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1253.4,1257.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the Ghanaian situation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1257.96,1259.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many people have studied it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1260.59,1261.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have an umbrella concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1266.27,1270.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we call the traditional medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1270.09,1272.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think it needs some definition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1272.93,1275.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here with works like Dr. Warren's good work in Ghana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1276.16,1281.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has an aspect of studies in traditional medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1282.74,1285.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a recent publication edited by him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1286.92,1289.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This African Therapeutic Systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1289.5,1291.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we get into all types of ideas, concepts, and issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1291.55,1295.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think I will take a definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1295.81,1298.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we need some explanation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1298.92,1300.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will take a definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1301.72,1303.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will also be intellectually rewarding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1303.12,1306.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is intellectual, it will be simple definition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1306.22,1309.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have argued that scientific medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1309.25,1311.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most important conceptual frame","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1311.81,1313.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of reference is this germ theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1313.5,1315.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this scientific methodology looking for cause","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1315.96,1318.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and effect very empirical based on invasion theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1318.61,1322.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1322.63,1323.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when we come into the traditional medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1323.64,1325.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's also based on invasion theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1325.52,1327.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think in specific forms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1327.97,1330.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we says traditional medicine utilizes social causation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1330.12,1335.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social causation theory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1337.31,1338.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is when a person is sick,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1338.77,1340.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we raise questions about the environment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1340.7,1344.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the questions about social relationship networks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1344.65,1347.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the argument is that in certain types of illnesses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1348.55,1351.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the traditional healers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1352.41,1353.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we shall discuss very soon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1353.76,1355.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will refer to some of these relational disputes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1356.87,1361.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refer to some spiritual agencies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1363.09,1365.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will base their ideas on ancestral worship","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1365.62,1367.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the basic assumption is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1367.85,1370.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the individual in his quest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1370.41,1372.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a good life within the society must 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1400.54,1402.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these too direct says","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1402.52,1404.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to another important idea about medical 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analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1429.65,1432.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we mentioned that in the Descartes' idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1432.01,1434.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the dichotomy between the mind and body,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1434.06,1438.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the traditional medicine see it in a holistic fashion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1438.13,1441.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They think the individual has the 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social","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1448.73,1453.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the psychological aspect of mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1453.7,1455.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so when you simplify 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efficient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1460.28,1461.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vis-a-vis in developing scientific medical model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1461.5,1465.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a specific treatment of acute ills.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1465.08,1467.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are saying that in the traditional medical institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1467.34,1470.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is no distinction between the mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1470.83,1471.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the body in a general sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1471.993,1475.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will talk later about some of the deviations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1475.18,1478.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what does that mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1479.13,1480.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In modern terms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1481.66,1483.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you do cost benefit analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1483.5,1485.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you can argue that this general comprehensive type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1485.43,1488.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of theory is very weak, isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1488.89,1491.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can you measure efficiency?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1491.67,1493.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can you treat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1493.57,1494.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see these are some of the questions generally we raise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1494.91,1497.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there again, I will elaborate a bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1498.87,1501.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this traditional medical definition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1501.72,1504.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not to argue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1504.87,1506.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that traditional healers don't use herbs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1506.22,1509.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't use therapeutics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1510.72,1512.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They use therapeutics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1512.6,1514.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have sedatives and all types of eases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1514.77,1519.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you, in some studies have shown,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1521.08,1522.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they bandage wounds, they set bones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1522.76,1526.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it seems to me and I maintain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1526.14,1528.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the most important underlying theoretical paradigm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1528.09,1533.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the supernatural assumptions from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1533.33,1535.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which the general theory springs from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1535.94,1538.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these super natural assumptions fit precisely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1539.55,1542.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the context of traditional society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1542.37,1545.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are all types of traditional healers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1549.06,1552.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But basically we can outline, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1554.08,1558.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four basic types of traditional 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students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1890.21,1891.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how then do I pass my exams?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1891.61,1893.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are questions people are 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you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1919.79,1921.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But people are aggrieved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=1922.53,1924.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for that 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kill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2184.91,2187.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to use their medicine to kill anyone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2187.2,2190.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then another 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have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2261.7,2264.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is quite clear that the second argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2264.8,2267.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this fetish priest is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2267.97,2269.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he or she is trying to help you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2271.57,2274.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, it's a particularistic society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2274.61,2276.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is helping you to recover","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2276.33,2278.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she's not charging you immediately any fees,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2278.77,2282.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see, which fits also into the society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2283.2,2285.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So she's helping you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2285.53,2286.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she also knows the idioms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2286.82,2288.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the philosophy, the whole background of the society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2288.96,2291.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the ancestors are there to protect you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2291.83,2295.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2295.36,2296.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, if you are sick","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2296.27,2297.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it means you have got social deviation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2297.53,2299.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have done something wrong against society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2299.77,2302.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore he's only trying to help you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2302.39,2304.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by using all these techniques, you see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2304.98,2307.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you understand this type of language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2307.927,2310.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if he or she does not succeed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2310.31,2313.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not their fault but your misfortune.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2314.72,2316.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then it comes to the time of payment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2318.46,2320.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there again, do you understand it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2321.41,2322.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the broad understanding of Gemeinschaft society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2322.92,2326.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, a society where there's kindness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2326.56,2329.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effective interpersonal relationship,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2329.26,2331.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fetish priest dances all night around you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2331.22,2335.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if she prescribes a salt-free diet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2335.75,2338.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she is also not eating the diet to make 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death","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2348.58,2351.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for that reason, you must do something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2351.37,2353.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, sometimes I have talked to some of my friends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2353.8,2357.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you may even end up paying more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2357.68,2360.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than is needed to be paid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2360.1,2363.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that is besides the point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2363.35,2366.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The point is that they using the whole traditional 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heavily,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2377.4,2379.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these traditional healers charge a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2380.79,2384.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because sometimes you have to pay so many things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2384.18,2388.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in cash or in kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2389.2,2390.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we have the bone setters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2391.92,2396.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, a specialty and they also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2396.67,2401.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I said, they may be doing some other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2401.39,2403.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they get some people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2403.6,2406.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they use certain types of experiments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2407.54,2410.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, with animals or with chicken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2410.38,2413.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they also apply some herbs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2413.93,2417.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the cult healers, the cults,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2418.95,2421.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this has been studied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2422.67,2423.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Barbara Walter analysis of the cult healers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2423.61,2428.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is very interesting in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2428.09,2430.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the cult healers came in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2430.26,2433.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to her analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2433.06,2434.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she was saying that as a result of a society in transition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2434.22,2438.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are a whole series of new cults","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2438.2,2440.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emerging in the cocoa growing areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2440.2,2443.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to meet with the demands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2443.36,2445.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think for our understanding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2445.34,2446.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the important thing is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2446.92,2447.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these healers are also specialized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2447.98,2450.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these healers are also 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this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2465.61,2468.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2471.237,2472.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anthropology newsletter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2472.07,2473.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical Anthropology Newsletter, November, 1979.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2473.7,2476.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We get into a very interesting 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countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2607.22,2611.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many of the third world countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2611.23,2612.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we have thousand doctors about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2612.89,2616.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 80 to 90% are in the center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2616.24,2619.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it is easy to 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analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2653.68,2655.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you're talking about electricity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2655.37,2657.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and many parts of the African rural 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2662.33,2665.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rural areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2665.7,2666.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then in recent 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Ghana,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2673.98,2676.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the rural people are becoming poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2676.47,2678.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rural people are the most productive people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2679.76,2682.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are documentations, agricultural society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2684.01,2688.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have the capacity and the social 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scheme,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2695.23,2697.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Nigeria, in Kano, we find the good works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2698.77,2701.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these rural people in cotton 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get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2708.79,2712.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the coffee and others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2712.69,2714.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my argument then is 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people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2720.83,2725.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a very interesting development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2727.23,2730.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't get the hospitals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2731.7,2733.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have not yet analyzed the therapeutic potential","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2733.51,2736.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these traditional healers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2736.06,2738.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The doctors immediately you ask them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2738.15,2740.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they should go to the rural areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2740.97,2742.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they won't go anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2742.16,2743.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then are we being fair to these our rural people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2746.0,2748.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are producing the goods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2749.74,2751.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in any normal relationship that is the city","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2751.44,2753.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the village it must be a reciprocal type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2753.73,2758.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of relationship to sustain that relationship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2758.41,2761.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'm suggesting that it is parasitic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2761.26,2763.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The people in the areas are producing the goods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2763.2,2765.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when it comes to the time of sharing the national cake,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2765.5,2768.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't give them some of the goodies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2768.19,2769.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't give them the hospitals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2769.96,2771.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't give them the clinics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2771.37,2772.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't give them the doctors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2772.65,2774.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then what are you saying?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2774.06,2775.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then in terms of imposing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2775.28,2776.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the modern institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2776.91,2778.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like this modern educational system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2778.55,2781.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all their young ones are moving into the cities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2781.28,2783.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of rural-urban migration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2783.61,2785.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the push-pull factor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2785.49,2786.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they are becoming anemic in the rural areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2786.96,2789.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think the realization is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2789.3,2791.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you don't concern yourself about the rural people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2791.33,2794.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it's just like killing the hen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2794.32,2796.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which lays the golden egg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2796.32,2799.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think the concern is very pragmatic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2799.92,2802.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But before I go into the conclusion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2802.75,2805.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will also have to draw your attention to the 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image","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2819.89,2822.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that during the colonial period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2822.46,2824.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could see the statistics dropping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2824.4,2825.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at the same time a lot of diseases came into being,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2825.87,2829.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was within the context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2829.64,2831.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the traditional medical healers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2831.4,2833.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see in interaction with people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2833.22,2835.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world has now become a stage more or less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2835.81,2839.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of international travels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2839.21,2841.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of people moving from the village to the city","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2841.17,2846.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to carry on some urban jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2847.58,2850.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is an interplay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2850.06,2851.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they carry the infections with them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2851.24,2852.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when they are returning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2852.95,2853.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they bring the infections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2853.85,2855.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is an interesting book on this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2855.24,2856.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by this Duke University lecturers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2856.91,2861.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hartwig and Patterson Disease in African History.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2861.73,2866.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, who tells us, draws our 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migration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2874.21,2878.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the real work has moved into the cities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2878.38,2880.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they go into the cities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2880.72,2882.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they live in the shanty towns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2882.23,2884.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here the spread of epidemics is very 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relatives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2889.41,2892.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, they share the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2892.42,2893.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One lineage is one 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all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2903.54,2905.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the length and breadth of the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2905.67,2907.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my argument then is 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down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2936.06,2938.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are finding more of the psychological type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=2940.7,2945.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of diseases like mental 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specialists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3184.85,3187.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cost, energy and time and the frustration too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3188.67,3192.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the development of new 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distribution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3245.01,3247.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of health resources to these rural areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3247.51,3250.878"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the argument now is that we need to 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approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3258.49,3262.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community participation approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3262.25,3264.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That means that the locals must get 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management,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3272.67,3276.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the decisions they have made.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3276.08,3277.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a shift from the dominant theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3279.42,3281.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the theory who says","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3281.89,3283.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that only the city dwellers professionals know what is right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3283.32,3285.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for these rural people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3285.81,3286.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, the empirical basis of this shift is interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3288.108,3291.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I have suggested in my analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3291.32,3293.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the rural people in Ghana you see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3293.47,3296.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we them illiterates they are no,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3296.47,3299.189"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3299.189,3301.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have mentioned the cocoa industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3301.12,3303.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have mentioned the groundnut industry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3303.24,3305.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so what are we saying that we people in Accra,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3305.79,3308.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we people in Lagos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3308.04,3309.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know what is best for these people in the areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3309.42,3312.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are feeding us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3312.037,3313.416"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we have a parasitic type of relationship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3313.416,3315.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why don't we trust them to look for new paradigms?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3315.4,3318.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this is the basis of the whole thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3318.7,3320.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This trickle down theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3320.62,3322.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this top-bottom down theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3322.29,3324.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is based into it is arrogance of some sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3324.54,3326.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm not saying that the people at the top","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3326.74,3329.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should not help the people down there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3329.07,3330.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not saying that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3330.29,3331.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm saying that there is a need to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3331.23,3334.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the community participation approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3334.05,3336.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The main results,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3337.89,3341.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, are being published","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3341.25,3343.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think the one I quoted Mike Warren et al","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3343.42,3348.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Medical Anthropology Newsletter November, 1979,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3349.82,3354.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its interesting aspect of this whole general 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preventive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3519.9,3522.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3522.43,3523.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The preventive would mean developing the 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flies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3528.72,3530.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The preventive would mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3530.16,3531.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building a real habitable environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3531.41,3533.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The preventive would mean giving them modern water supply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3533.95,3537.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in the short 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inexpensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3542.36,3544.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because many of these diseases are infectious diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3544.56,3547.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are malnutrition diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3547.09,3549.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are communicable diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3549.18,3550.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the government is cheap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3550.457,3552.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that you do cheap things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3552.23,3554.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm suggesting that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3555.85,3557.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the community participation model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3557.5,3560.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the argument is being made that we should look at it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3560.17,3563.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a broad, comprehensive aspect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3563.32,3565.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to make this narrow pragmatic distinctions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3565.07,3568.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about curative, preventive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3568.82,3571.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here the questions will be quite clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3571.03,3572.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is too general,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3572.66,3573.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm just trying to focus your attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3573.75,3576.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that at least we know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3576.08,3577.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the reductionistic theory needs to be 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health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3583.87,3587.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we are going to use the locals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3587.25,3589.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which studies have started five years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3589.22,3593.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at 79, the locals had organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3593.25,3597.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they selected their own interested people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3597.33,3601.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3601.83,3603.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also they selected the traditional healers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3603.48,3607.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, the traditional healers have got associations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3607.0,3610.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They know who is a traditional healer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3610.96,3612.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The traditional healers have got some loose associations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3612.9,3615.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but within the concept of the three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3615.99,3618.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or four specialists I have mentioned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3618.21,3621.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are a whole series of infighting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3621.9,3624.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this traditional healing concept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3624.03,3626.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think importantly, the traditional healers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3626.3,3629.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of them are practicing on their own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3630.84,3632.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is very difficult to get them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3632.91,3634.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into some associational forms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3634.44,3636.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The associations began in Ghana with the advent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3636.83,3640.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the first government which saw really the need to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3640.15,3643.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for this traditional healing mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3643.74,3646.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for that reason, the government helped to establish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3646.48,3650.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a distinct, the herbalists association","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3650.86,3653.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those who are spiritual healing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3653.35,3656.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with herbalism also form associations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3656.32,3658.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I would say that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3658.87,3660.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the context of a traditional society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3660.11,3662.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illiterates and also through the oral tradition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3662.38,3665.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is very difficult to monitor these type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3665.57,3667.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of associations in relative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3667.83,3670.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So then in conclusion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3670.15,3672.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the community participation approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3672.15,3673.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trained the people in a rural environment, you see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3673.74,3677.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a shift from an integration model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3678.26,3681.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An integration model will add these traditional 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sanctions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3720.4,3725.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also monitoring to see whether we can do something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3725.62,3729.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this broad image I have 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Newsletter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3762.31,3765.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was very easy to train","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3765.27,3767.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these traditional birth 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count","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3777.95,3781.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, but what is important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3781.21,3782.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it is that they have been 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bags","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3786.69,3789.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to improve on the deliveries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3789.94,3791.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is the beginning of the new way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3791.85,3793.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in conclusion, I'm saying then that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3793.84,3796.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we analyze scientific medical institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3797.33,3799.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or biomedicine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3799.87,3801.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are analyzing it in good 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technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3805.67,3807.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with its aspects to embrace a new model of some sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3807.4,3812.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to work towards a new model to broaden this image","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3812.26,3816.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that we can shift from the reductionistic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3816.25,3819.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a more comprehensive place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3819.41,3821.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the man society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3821.46,3825.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the environment will be in good alignment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3825.4,3828.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because if you don't do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3828.13,3830.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then like a prophet we can say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3830.41,3833.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is going to be very difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3833.35,3836.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we may perish like the dinosaurs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3836.93,3838.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=3839.85,3841.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29800/annotation/1237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/800/original/AV168128_African_Healers_and_Western_Medicine_in_Africa_a.vtt?1624894782","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/800/original/AV168128_African_Healers_and_Western_Medicine_in_Africa_a.vtt?1624894782"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29801","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168128_African_Healers_and_Western_Medicine_in_Africa_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457/transcript/29801/annotation/1238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I know this, this is an important issue that people in Des Moines, well, it's commonly felt that the low income people have a tendency towards obesity and a lot of that's due to the loading up on cheap foods and breads and macaronis and that types of thing and in Des Moines it's very common to see people taking these types of sacks of bread you can buy them for a $1.50 and taking them home for human consumption. Recently, I talked with members of the Polk County mediation center and they were relating the idea that the added stress that comes from cutbacks of social programs, brings them more business and they say if the June 30th cutoff or if the June 1st cutoff for food stamps comes through that they expect their business to increase 30% and I talked with this patrolman who thought that his business would increase 50% if the food stamp program, if the food cutoff comes in June. He went on to say that this neighborhood will turn itself upside down if that cutoff comes. I was in a low income area in Des Moines and that's the last slide and at this point we could turn the lights up and have some discussion.\r\n\r\n- Raise very practical problems. Why this interest in the nature of the interrelationship between these two medical systems? In both the developed and the developing countries, there is a remarkable interest in looking for answers to the nature of the interrelationship. At one time, it was a commonly accepted belief that biomedicine or Western medicine or scientific medicine, with its rationality, that is science-based rationality, would quickly dominate many parts of the world. This was the belief that a science-based rationality resulting in rapid change of health related behavior, people in both the developed and the developing worlds will comprehend the ethos inherent in this biomedical institutions. But in recent times, both in the developed and the developing countries, we're beginning to be less complacent. We're beginning to raise questions. One, in the developed countries, Western societies, Western scientists, Western research workers who are interested in the place of man and health systems are questioning whether biomedical theory is comprehensive enough. There is a serious question about whether scientific medicine, we are using these three concepts, but I think I will look and accept this biomedical model for obvious reasons because it is the predominant concept now. We're shifting from the concept of scientific medicine or the concept of Western medicine. So then what I'm saying is that we are beginning to question whether biomedical model is comprehensive enough. Inherent in biomedical model, that is scientific medicine is the germ notion of disease. But from philosophical point of view, that is when you look through the history of ideas, you could trace the beginning of this theory, biomedical theory, it is a reductionistic theory, that is at one point even most of us who have done philosophy of ideas will find Descartes preoccupation of the mind and the body and for that reason, we get an idea that the scientific quest, the scientific understanding of the body that is, the materialistic conception of reality became the fashion and even before Descartes time, that is the 17th century, we get into specific ideas from the Christian orthodoxy that is the Christians with their preoccupation with the mind, the spirit, which is very important, gave more or less like a written permission for the scientists of the age, Aristotle and others to be preoccupied with a body, which was not so important. So here, what am I saying? I'm drawing our attention to the interest that in this day and age in Western countries, in the developed countries, we're beginning to know that the reductionistic theory inherent in biomedicine is quite narrow and we need to look for more comprehensive ideas. So then we trace the history of scientific medicine or biomedicine and then we get into the idea of looking at the body as a machine. You see, presently, it makes sense because we have brought in the outlook somehow that the human conception of the body as a machine is the basic underlying theoretical preoccupation by the medical scientists in biomedical institutions that is scientific medicine because it is a scientific quest for knowledge, isn't it? It's analytical science. Analytical science tells us that we need to isolate organisms, we need to dissect, open the body, isolate, look for unity, cause and effect type of relationship. The whole could be understood both materially and conceptually and the whole can be understood just like management objectives of the human body, you see. So then with this mind-body dualism firmly established we get improvement in the material aspect of this scientific quest. That is when you are sick, this materialistic conception, a reality will tell us that the doctor will have to look at it analytically and breakdown the machine, look at it, then repair this machine and then say you're cured and here we know that this scientific approach to disease began and it has got a tremendous success. There's no doubt in my country, in Ghana in many parts of the world, you look at the statistics, quantitative indicators, you find that the disease pattern is being lowered, mortality rates, we are also finding also that the life expectancy but we can raise philosophical questions about these that should relieve for 70 or 80 years but the point I want to direct your attention to is that there is this realization. Therefore, biological medical approach to disease I have argued has been successful beyond all expectations but at what cost? At what cost? My friend, David Warren, Mike Warren mentioned appropriately the cost aspect of this. I think there again, in many societies all over the world, we are worried about the cost. The costs in terms of finance, the costs in terms of human happiness. Then also another rationale why there is an interest to look for another paradigm or to broaden the paradigm of this biomedicine theory is that we're beginning to see because of the success, this is one of the unintended social consequences of medicine, we are living longer and we're living all types of chronic diseases. We are looking at cases where doctors are more concerned about hypertension. The biomedical reductionistic theory is exclusilistic. It's exclusionistic in the sense that when, how do you explain within the concept of germ theory, about mental diseases? How do you explain within the concept of the germ theory about chronic diseases? But people are living longer and they're raising all types of questions. People are now raising questions about nursing homes. Is it the place for us to end our life? What I'm directing our attention to again, I must stress is that, because of the capacity, the technological built up into by medicine, I think it is interesting for biomedical scientists to raise these questions because they have the capacity to set for new paradigms. This is the point I'm trying to make. That is from the point of view of the narrow reductionistic type of theory and also as a result of living longer, we are beginning to see a new disease map and this new disease map like Thomas Szasz in his book about The Myth of Mental Illness, he's raising all type of questions and I think I add my voice to say that it is precisely because of the narrow reductionistic theory because the reductionistic theory is exclusionistic. If people are seeing witches, if there is a grief, if diabetes mellitus people are seeing so many types of science, how do the doctors deal with these type of things? So the doctors are becoming a bit more humble, they're arguing that we should look for new type of systems. Then in my own country, scientific medicine or biomedicine came into Ghana with contact with colonialism, with the missions, the missions did some work by locating hospitals in the area of influence. They were quite sympathetic with the rural people and the poor. So many of the hospitals we see in the rural areas can really be dedicated to the good works of the missions. But in coming into contact with the colonial rule, that is the British colonialism, we see the historical beginnings of the development of scientific medicine. What is important as a rationale is that, in the 19th century, because of the nature of the society and also the type of settlement, we find that the hospitals and the clinics are located mainly in the urban centers, in the cities. But then in Africa, the demographic structure shows that majority of the people about 70% of the people live in rural and outlying areas. So where 30% of them live in the cities and principle towns, we see the location and the beginnings of the growth of scientific medical systems. Then socially, when you look at some of the reasons why we have this imbalance that is the location of biomedical systems in the urban centers, we then get into analysis of the type of institutions we have that is the institutions, the hospitals. In our own researches we see this following pattern, that in training doctors and other paramedical personnel they need to acquire a long system of training. They need to use sophisticated technology. Then also as a result of the method of operation that is used in scientific analysis to determine the cause and effect relationship, whether the person is sick or not, you need to have certain support systems physical support systems, electricity, for example and for that reason, you could come to a conclusion that biomedical institution operates in style. It operates in the urban areas. It is a modern institution. It has to find certain types of supports and immediately you get into this type of analysis, we see clearly that the rural people in Africa and in other places where rural population like we have in Africa exist, the rural people will not be able to benefit from biomedical clinics. This type of argument the doctors have argued it's not wholly true. Their argument is that, in all systems you need to have concentration of the good hospitals in the center for efficiency, for referral. But in about five years ago, five, six years ago, a friend of ours from Cambridge, Shepherdson did an analysis of this point to determine whether the doctor's argument is quite tenable that is the argument that many of these hospitals in all parts of the world the specialist services must be located in the center because the rural people will have to be referred to these centers. So it is for all of the people in Ghana or all of the people in Africa. But we find that the traditional reply to criticism of the degree of this urban concentration of scarce resources of manpower as explained by Shepherdson goes as follows, any health service must have some better equipped centers to serve as reference hospitals and inevitably these must have more than their fair share of specialist doctors and so on. This thesis would be valid enough if referrals on a significant scale did in fact occur. However, the evidence is rather clear that they do not. The statistics we have compiled in the division of ministry of health in Ghana carried out with about 2,600 patients in five regional hospitals in 1966 to 1976. It was based on a random sample of inpatient at five major hospitals in the country that is these hospitals are situated in the urban centers. We find that if in theory the concentration of physicians in urban major hospitals are justified by the usage as referral centers, It is still difficult I find to resist the conclusion that in practice hospitals even the largest ones have a comparatively restricted radius of influence and confer really all the referral benefits of their services on those who live a few kilometers away. So that is in terms of demand and supply. We are talking about the Ghanaian context where are there a few urban located hospitals and specialists and we are saying that many of the patients who are referred to these hospitals still come from a radius of about three kilometers. Therefore the argument still stand that there is a need for us in the developing countries to concern ourselves with a quest for a new model of life, referral. Then I come to my second point that is the place of traditional medicine. I have argued the interest in both the developed and developing countries that there is now this remarkable interest. So we are going back to be humble enough to look at some of these things, these traditional healers, which in the earlier times, we used to make all types of ridiculous remark about them. We call them the witch doctors, the juju. But now we have reached a point, a point I call, a school de suck. Where are we going from here? Should we turn back and then apologize to them and look at it and it seems to me, this is the humility built in science. A science is based on a moral relativity. Science, there is a built-in self-correcting mechanism and so this is a very positive sign for all people in all this world to have this type of humility, to go back to look at the traditional medical institutions and to look at what they doing, their reason dietary, their logistics. Therefore, the interest is quite a very remarkable one and in the Ghanaian situation, many people have studied it. We have an umbrella concept which we call the traditional medicine and I think it needs some definition. Here with works like Dr. Warren's good work in Ghana. He has an aspect of studies in traditional medicine in a recent publication edited by him, This African Therapeutic Systems we get into all types of ideas, concepts, and issues. But I think I will take a definition which we need some explanation. I will take a definition which will also be intellectually rewarding that is intellectual, it will be simple definition. I have argued that scientific medicine the most important conceptual frame of reference is this germ theory, this scientific methodology looking for cause and effect very empirical based on invasion theory, isn't it? Then when we come into the traditional medicine it's also based on invasion theory but I think in specific forms we says traditional medicine utilizes social causation. Social causation theory. That is when a person is sick, we raise questions about the environment, the questions about social relationship networks and then the argument is that in certain types of illnesses the traditional healers, which we shall discuss very soon, will refer to some of these relational disputes, refer to some spiritual agencies, will base their ideas on ancestral worship because the basic assumption is that, the individual in his quest for a good life within the society must keep in good relationship with his environment, must keeping good relationship with his people. Here we are describing a society where the interaction is face to face, where there is a large degree of emotional content because of the day-to-day interaction. So it is not surprising for the traditional medical people to develop a philosophy of some kind, which fits into the culture of the people and these too direct says to another important idea about medical systems. Medical systems have broad ranging ties of sociology, it has broad ranging ties with the total way of life of the people and for that reason, a country's medical system like this traditional medical system I'm describing, fits into the general ethos of the traditional society. So I have mentioned the social causation theory. Then in terms of a comparative analysis, we mentioned that in the Descartes' idea of the dichotomy between the mind and body, the traditional medicine see it in a holistic fashion. They think the individual has the mind. The individual in the present World Health Organization division accepts the physical, the social and the psychological aspect of mind and so when you simplify it and look at the mind-body dichotomy which the caveat and which has been very efficient vis-a-vis in developing scientific medical model in a specific treatment of acute ills. We are saying that in the traditional medical institutions there is no distinction between the mind and the body in a general sense. We will talk later about some of the deviations. So what does that mean? In modern terms, when you do cost benefit analysis, then you can argue that this general comprehensive type of theory is very weak, isn't it? How can you measure efficiency? How can you treat? You see these are some of the questions generally we raise. But there again, I will elaborate a bit on this traditional medical definition. This is not to argue that traditional healers don't use herbs. They don't use therapeutics. They use therapeutics. They have sedatives and all types of eases and if you, in some studies have shown, they bandage wounds, they set bones, but it seems to me and I maintain that the most important underlying theoretical paradigm is the supernatural assumptions from which the general theory springs from and these super natural assumptions fit precisely within the context of traditional society. There are all types of traditional healers. But basically we can outline, I think, four basic types of traditional healers. The first one we will call the herbalist as the name suggests, they concern themselves with treating serious illnesses and specific illnesses with herbs. Is very nutritional, not synthetic preparation, they get it from trees, there is a long history about the socialization of these herbalist and when you look at the socialization of the herbalist as a case in point, in traditional medicine you could see that all doctors in all societies have got a specific pattern to train the young ones, the young recruits. See, it varies. They have a admission criteria. You see, though we may want grade 12 or grade 13 and physics and biology, chemistry and mathematics or something, they too, they know but it is very particularistic, their criteria. They understand it and in our researches we have found how in the initial one year period, the apprentice undergoes a period of observation, orientation. You see, they don't tell the apprentice the serious things just in case you resign and you give the secrets away. See, so this is also an important aspect of the socialization, 'cause I'm saying that they go through a long period of socialization and they know the type of people who will stay within the context of the traditional medicine. You see and it, you must understand it from the point of view that we are describing a particular type of a society and the whole general idea is that many of these healers they are not spending all their time, you know, treating ills, that is the herbalist. The herbalist is a generalist and I think from sociological angle we know that in rural traditional societies there are more generalist than a specialist. So then we get into a situation where the herbalist may be a farmer, the herbalists may also be a carpenter and in the evenings, he may also treat. But what is interesting also about the description of the herbalists is that as the nature of the trade it is kept within the family, you see. The growth of scientific theory, is quite a different universalistic model where you share your research findings, because of the nature of the scientific community you meet and you discuss your research findings. For example, Sir. Alexander Fleming discovering penicillin at one point has to share it. But I think some of these herbalist we have seen they keep it within their own family tree which is the basis of the kinship relationship. Then we have also the fetish priest. I have described a fetish priest in my book, Pedicle systems, 'cause I think they're a fascinating group of people to study. The fetish priest or priestesses, both men and women they utilize rituals, divination, they utilize also possession which is institutionally required. There may be some drumming which is also institutionally required. But I think these things I'm specifying when you do a comparative analysis you could see clearly that in the development of the professional fetish priest, he or she passes through four or five criteria which is also common to all professionals, that is development of a particularistic body of knowledge. The body of knowledge is particularistic and you acquire it through a long period of training, right? Then when you develop this particularistic body of knowledge, you become a person in a superordinate vis-a-vis subordinate type of relationship. That is the patient comes to you and the person who comes to see you intrinsic in his thinking is that he does not know what he's suffering from and that he would take your suggestion. It is a superordinate subordinate type of relationship and I think this is very important because the lay person has not that type of knowledge and this fetish priest has that particular type of knowledge and for this reason, there is an interesting relationship. There are certain types of diseases, illnesses which may go to these fetish priests and we have found out that even in the cities, I have suggested that scientific medical institutions are prevalent but then because of the reductionism, you know, acute ills, malaria, bilharzia, appendicitis, surgery, will go into the doctor in the city. But then when questions are raised, even among students, how then do I pass my exams? These are questions people are asking, how then can I keep my wife? How then can I keep my friend? These are questions. They are health questions. The people who are raising these type of questions wouldn't go to the doctor. Why? Because you know clearly that the doctor would think that there's something wrong with you. I mean, how can you tell me that in a dream you saw that there were witches dancing around you? But people are aggrieved and for that reason, there is a real indicator to show that in the bizarre psychosomatic illnesses, mental illnesses, schizophrenia, and quest for happiness. These people will go down or we'll go up to see the fetish priests. When you go to see the fetish priest, she gives you a very reassuring welcome. She wouldn't ask you the old classical scientific questions the doctors would raise, what is wrong with you? She will say, I knew you were coming and that alone is therapeutic. She knows. Why should she raise questions? And die. Quickly, if you have \"so-called scientific mind\" to say, to dismiss it or it's not true but W. B. Cannon's analysis in the American anthropologist was very very interesting. He was able to analyze some of the physiological fence which would take place as a result of the fact when the person is sad. One or very very anxious or nervous the adrenaline secretion, over secretion then here, it will affect the whole blood electrolyte system. Then in terms of being depressed, you are not able to eat and if this goes on, you get into a cycle which is vicious of some sort and for that reason, if you believe in it because belief system is a very important aspect in this analysis we are making and for that reason, W. B. Cannon tell us a very important point. That is from a differential functionalist analysis, there are a whole series of people with the belief systems who utilize different therapists and I'm suggesting that when a person goes to see the fetish priest then the basic assumption is that, he is that type of person who is more suggestive and for that, it is very therapeutic. The same thing recently, not recently, in the sixties when we were students, we find that a Holden said and read this analysis of the social class and mental illness, you know, they tell us a very interesting thing that we shouldn't dismiss it. The doctor, this psychological confidence issue, it's not all that quantitative. Looking at your blood pressure and all those types of things but that moral suasion, that confidence when you believe in somebody, it goes a long way and that is the main psychotherapeutic potential of many of these healers. So the type and nature of the people who patronize these things are important because in my analysis of professionalization I was suggesting that these fetish priest and the herbalist developing a body of knowledge gives them a very important position. They have authority and this authority gives them that chance to determine social action. That is you believe in them. So actually in this analysis, you could see that when you go in to see the fetish priest or any doctor of some sort, but importantly, the fetish priest that fetish priest utilizes this position and the fetish priest like the doctor, deals with not with customers, but he deals with clients and professional client relationship is one of superordinate subordinate relationship. The argument is that you don't know and so when even you do suggest that you have a headache I have every right to tell you that you don't have a headache but you have cancer. Why? Because you know I know and so you have given me a legitimate authority to sanction you and it is important. Though there are a few deviations as a result of knowledge and all these, when the doctor sees you're suffering from this, you can hunt if you have the doctors available other places and we have seen patients going from place to place. Is he hunting for different in their quest for therapy. Then in terms of the fetish priest again, for professional emphasis, they have this ethics, body of ethics that many of them will have covered expected not to kill or to use their medicine to kill anyone. But then another group of healers who like they called healers they perform differently. But the fetish priest also have this ethical knowledge because of their powerful position they have to have ethics of some sort and they also have certain types of community sanctions in terms of determining whether he's going to keep in practice or not. But with this community sanction, I find it very interesting. You see, in normal analysis, when you get into community sanctions then you're getting into demand and supply that is if you find so many patients going into this particular fetish priest then your argument is that this particular fetish priest is very efficient technologically. That's why he's getting more. But then we have found out that, this fetish priest argument is that I asked one and she told me that when a person is sick, the person has three chances. One is to recover, the second one is to continue to be sick then the third one is to die. But as a result of the supernatural assumptions in terms of magical religious assumptions they have, it is quite clear that the second argument of this fetish priest is that, he or she is trying to help you. You see, it's a particularistic society, is helping you to recover and she's not charging you immediately any fees, you see, which fits also into the society. So she's helping you and she also knows the idioms, the philosophy, the whole background of the society that the ancestors are there to protect you. Therefore, what? Therefore, if you are sick it means you have got social deviation. You have done something wrong against society. Therefore he's only trying to help you by using all these techniques, you see, and you understand this type of language. So if he or she does not succeed it's not their fault but your misfortune. Then it comes to the time of payment, there again, do you understand it from the broad understanding of Gemeinschaft society. You know, a society where there's kindness, effective interpersonal relationship, the fetish priest dances all night around you, if she prescribes a salt-free diet, she is also not eating the diet to make sure that you really believe in him or her and so when you recover, she will at least inform you that you have been at the verge of death and for that reason, you must do something. You know, sometimes I have talked to some of my friends you may even end up paying more than is needed to be paid, but that is besides the point. The point is that they using the whole traditional thing. I have seen, I'm telling you some patients and they were really saying that in terms of Ghana scientific Western model where the government subsidizes heavily, these traditional healers charge a lot because sometimes you have to pay so many things in cash or in kind. Then we have the bone setters. You see, a specialty and they also, as I said, they may be doing some other things and they get some people and they use certain types of experiments, you know, with animals or with chicken and they also apply some herbs. Then the cult healers, the cults, this has been studied by Barbara Walter analysis of the cult healers. It is very interesting in here. I think the cult healers came in, according to her analysis, she was saying that as a result of a society in transition, there are a whole series of new cults emerging in the cocoa growing areas to meet with the demands. So I think for our understanding, the important thing is that, these healers are also specialized and these healers are also responsive to the demand of the time. Then in recent times, in the recent article by one of sister and also Mike Warren in the MAN that is, this, Anthropology newsletter, Medical Anthropology Newsletter, November, 1979. We get into a very interesting area which I put under the traditional healers that is the traditional birth attendants, the traditional birth attendants. They are the midwives, the midwives. In Africa, a recent a booklet by the World Health Organization, also supports the point made by these authors I have mentioned that about 80% of the deliveries are performed by these traditional midwives within the age group of about 55, 60 in every village we have them. So then the argument then is being made that in all known societies, we have basic institutions and this medical institution shows clearly that medical institution is a universal institution. Therefore in Ghana, I have enabled to characterize two prioristic medical systems, two systems of medicine. The traditional healers and then the Western biomedicine or what I sometimes call the scientific medical systems. Now, the question is, to look at the interrelationship and to see the emerging paradigm. That is the emerging way out, which again I will argue is of interest to all of us both the developed and the developing countries because I have mentioned in my introductory remark that scientific medicine is very reductionistic and there are a whole series of chronic ills as a result of the good intentions the technology of scientific medicine, people are living longer. People are no more dying quickly as they used to die, but they're all becoming chronics, those who are sick and that type of thing and for that reason, there is now this search. Then I've also mentioned that in our society too because of the unequal distribution of the resources, unequal distribution, that is you can predict with a certain amount of certainty that in all the African countries, in many of the third world countries, when we have thousand doctors about, between 80 to 90% are in the center and it is easy to explain and I don't think we need to bother about it because they live in style and they need to have some social support. The doctors, the nurses, the paramedical men. Then I've also suggested about the scientific medical institutions' difficulty because of its methodology, its scientific quest for cause and effect type of relationship. We get into situations where there are a whole series of support systems like x-ray, we talk about blood analysis then you're talking about electricity and many parts of the African rural environment, these urban dwellers have not been able to provide electricity for many of the people in the rural areas. Then in recent times, we are also getting into situations in the developed countries say in Ghana, where the rural people are becoming poor. The rural people are the most productive people. There are documentations, agricultural society. They have the capacity and the social organization to grow the cocoa. In Nigeria, the groundnuts scheme, in Nigeria, in Kano, we find the good works of these rural people in cotton production to supply the raw materials to feed industries. We also get into situations where in Kenya we get into the coffee and others. So my argument then is that, as a result of this parasitic relationship between our cities and our rural people, there is a very interesting development. We don't get the hospitals. We have not yet analyzed the therapeutic potential of these traditional healers. The doctors immediately you ask them that they should go to the rural areas, they won't go anyway. Then are we being fair to these our rural people? They are producing the goods and in any normal relationship that is the city and the village it must be a reciprocal type of relationship to sustain that relationship. But I'm suggesting that it is parasitic. The people in the areas are producing the goods but when it comes to the time of sharing the national cake, you don't give them some of the goodies. You don't give them the hospitals. You don't give them the clinics. You don't give them the doctors. Then what are you saying? And then in terms of imposing some of the modern institutions like this modern educational system, all their young ones are moving into the cities in terms of rural-urban migration, the push-pull factor. So they are becoming anemic in the rural areas. But I think the realization is that, if you don't concern yourself about the rural people then it's just like killing the hen which lays the golden egg and I think the concern is very pragmatic. But before I go into the conclusion, I will also have to draw your attention to the problems of development and why we are developing this type of a model, which will be my last point. That is I drew your attention to the colonial period, that I am also broadening the image that during the colonial period you could see the statistics dropping, but at the same time a lot of diseases came into being, which was within the context of the traditional medical healers. You see in interaction with people in the world has now become a stage more or less in terms of international travels. In terms of people moving from the village to the city to carry on some urban jobs. There is an interplay so they carry the infections with them and when they are returning, they bring the infections. There is an interesting book on this by this Duke University lecturers, Hartwig and Patterson Disease in African History. You see, who tells us, draws our attention to the fact that as a result of contact with other peoples as a result of internal urban migration where the real work has moved into the cities, when they go into the cities, they live in the shanty towns and here the spread of epidemics is very fast. They also, as a result of their Gemeinschaft relationship the we-feeling, the kinship, relatives, you know, they share the same thing. One lineage is one blood. So here there is a rapid take for infection to take place and then we can also draw your attention to the 1918 influenza. The World War influenza it spread all through the length and breadth of the country. So my argument then is that, you see, the traditional healers were very particularistic. The traditional healers knew certain types of disease map but as a result of the contact, new disease patterns spread to change the whole diseases and I think I'm suggesting that they were not able to keep up with some of these things, right. Then also, in this quest for development and people moving up and down, we are finding more of the psychological type of diseases like mental illnesses and studies have indicated that in the traditional medical institutions, many of the patients who go there suffer from these bizarre psychological type of diseases. Mental illness and the quest for meaning and also interestingly, some of them who go into the modern hospitals want to raise philosophical questions. Questions of why was it that I am always sick? Why is it that though I know your cause and effect type of theory but why is it that we are all in this room? And when there is a cold, you didn't get it and I got it and the doctors are not able to tackle with some of these. They go probabilistic theories but it is not quite sufficient. Even in terms of tuberculosis. They tell us about the environment, the whole general environment. They tell us about nutrition, that is if A gets it, A got it because of certain deficiencies, because of poor nutrition, because of poor environment, et cetera. But these traditional healers will give you an insurance for better or for worse that within this year you have suffered too much and you need some protection and I think importantly, it is good for the human being. When you meet someone who is concerned, they inject the human factor into the therapeutic processes. They also look at the whole thing. In their treatment, as John Janzen in Kansas has made clear in his book, The Quest for Therapy in the Lower Zaire, he tells us interestingly that in many of the healers when you visit them, the individual who is sick brings relatives and kinsmen and to him these people are performing crucial social functions. These people are what he called the therapy management groups. In schizophrenia psychiatry, Dr. Lambo has also draw our attention to the Aro experiment in Abeokuta in Nigeria quite convincingly why the African mental patient does not easily break down. He tells us interestingly the support systems, this man has. So with all these type of little examples, we get into an understanding of a comprehensive view of man. We get into an understanding of the human factor and here in a comparative interaction analysis, we get a look at scientific medicine. It is an aspect of technological growth. I have suggested that it has helped all of us. There's no doubt about it, but I think for us to look at this organization, technological organization which is so efficient, we need to criticize it so that the people within it can improve it. The people within it I'm talking about the research scientists, the research doctors, because they have got the technology and I think if they become less complacent there is a hope for us. We get into situations. There has been studies where the family in the quest for therapy, he has to see the poor mother 35 years old or the husband, maybe she's alone with two children. She has to see the ear specialist. She has to see the nose specialist. She has to see the orthopedic specialist. She has to see the stomach specialist. She has to see any so many X specialists. Cost, energy and time and the frustration too and the development of new syndrome, I suggest in the quest for therapy and these are some of the practical questions that we should raise in order to understand where are we. In order for us to understand that there is now a need to look at a broadening base. In order for us to understand that we shouldn't be complacent with this present system of scientific reductionistic theoretical focus. So for that reason, in conclusion, in Ghana with the help of World Health Organization, USAID, international agencies and others, Ghana government signed a contract, five-year contract to look at the community participation approach and this is a very pragmatic result of the in, unequal distribution of health resources to these rural areas. So the argument now is that we need to look at the rural areas and find a health model which is based on community participation approach, community participation approach. That means that the locals must get involved in making decisions. The locals must also get involved in management, the decisions they have made. This is a shift from the dominant theory, from the theory who says that only the city dwellers professionals know what is right for these rural people. Anyway, the empirical basis of this shift is interesting because I have suggested in my analysis, that the rural people in Ghana you see, when we them illiterates they are no, they have organization. I have mentioned the cocoa industry. I have mentioned the groundnut industry and so what are we saying that we people in Accra, we people in Lagos, know what is best for these people in the areas. They are feeding us and we have a parasitic type of relationship. So why don't we trust them to look for new paradigms? I think this is the basis of the whole thing. This trickle down theory, this top-bottom down theory, is based into it is arrogance of some sort but I'm not saying that the people at the top should not help the people down there, I'm not saying that, but I'm saying that there is a need to look at the community participation approach. The main results, I mean, are being published but I think the one I quoted Mike Warren et al in Medical Anthropology Newsletter November, 1979, its interesting aspect of this whole general concept. But what we did in the contemporary project that is the community participation is to go in there as change agent, look at the client systems, find out with the means with a traditional social structure. and Ghana is very interesting that they have a village organization. The history you read it from Eva works, you read it from Rattray, Ashanti, you read it from Dahomey, history's Dahomey and others. You get to see that the traditional era, they have got a decision making councils, chiefs and their elders. So we have to use their own councils to form this basis for participation and then also, I think ideas from a Chinese model, though there again, Chinese ideology is different. Chinese social structure is different and so we cannot compare these social structures but symbolically, the Chinese model has broken the myth that only doctors can heal. It's important for us to break myths. You see, here is China faced with about 90% of its people in the rural areas and they develop the barefoot doctors to live on the rice farms and do their medicine and healing and that was also gives us a symbolic idea. But I think coming back to that community participation approach is also the concept of comprehensiveness. That is, a holistic approach. That is, integrative. That is now, health is not a thing which we should, doctors are important people still but I think we need to help doctors. The food we eat, nutrition, agriculture, the whole environment is important. You see, there is a book written by Myrdal, Gunnar Myrdal, Asian drama, who tells us quite clearly the nature of the interrelationship between health and economic factors. Formerly, we thought you go into the hospital, you get your shot, you come back and then you can continue to do your own thing. Like we have described in Ghana the person has got schistosomiasis, bilharzia. He drank or he played in dirty water. He came to Accra, two weeks, he's cured. He took his bed, he's come back and then he's continued to be in his own environment, isn't it? And so what are we doing? So for that reason, when you look at the cost aspect of it, more people will be attending hospitals. For the government it is very cheap because the government have the drugs. If they have the drugs and when you come, we do it. Instead of these governments to shift the emphasis from the curative to the preventive, they don't. The preventive would mean developing the marketplaces. The preventive would mean building marketplaces devoid of swamps or flies. The preventive would mean building a real habitable environment. The preventive would mean giving them modern water supply. But in the short run, it's expensive for these governments, but in the long run it is inexpensive because many of these diseases are infectious diseases. They are malnutrition diseases. They are communicable diseases, but the government is cheap in the sense that you do cheap things and I'm suggesting that in terms of the community participation model the argument is being made that we should look at it from a broad, comprehensive aspect, not to make this narrow pragmatic distinctions about curative, preventive. Here the questions will be quite clear that this is too general, but I'm just trying to focus your attention that at least we know that the reductionistic theory needs to be broadened. So in conclusion, my argument is that we are now getting into the community participation in health and we are going to use the locals which studies have started five years ago and at 79, the locals had organization, they selected their own interested people within the environment and also they selected the traditional healers. You see, the traditional healers have got associations. They know who is a traditional healer. The traditional healers have got some loose associations but within the concept of the three or four specialists I have mentioned, there are a whole series of infighting in this traditional healing concept. But I think importantly, the traditional healers most of them are practicing on their own. It is very difficult to get them into some associational forms. The associations began in Ghana with the advent of the first government which saw really the need to look for this traditional healing mechanism and for that reason, the government helped to establish to have a distinct, the herbalists association and those who are spiritual healing with herbalism also form associations. But I would say that within the context of a traditional society, illiterates and also through the oral tradition, it is very difficult to monitor these type of associations in relative. So then in conclusion, the community participation approach trained the people in a rural environment, you see, there was a shift from an integration model. An integration model will add these traditional people we train to the urban and you can predict with a certain amount of certainty that they will move to Accra to where the action is. I always say to where the disco is, you see, and they will ask for promotions like, and will ask for, you know, a stratification system. So here is a question of looking at traditional medicine in terms of articulation. Looking at its positive aspect. We trained them and we were worried what to do with them, but the local councils that is, the village development councils, are now looking after the pay, the sanctions, and also monitoring to see whether we can do something with this broad image I have described. Then the government at this end will also look at the supply of drugs, monitoring the system, and have a relationship of some sort. These people we trained as a first line primary health care attendants are also been told to relate with the district. Then on this last point of the traditional birth attendants which has been described by Warren and others in this Medical Anthropology Newsletter, it was very easy to train these traditional birth attendants and my own guess is because of they do something specific, you know, and the doctors like people who deal with the material specific. They deal with deliveries, it's specific, we can count and, but what is important about it is that they have been trained and with the help of other agencies, UNICEF and others they have been given small little bags to improve on the deliveries and this is the beginning of the new way. So in conclusion, I'm saying then that, when we analyze scientific medical institutions or biomedicine, we are analyzing it in good faith that there is a need for it, with its technology, with its aspects to embrace a new model of some sort or to work towards a new model to broaden this image so that we can shift from the reductionistic to a more comprehensive place so that the man society and then the environment will be in good alignment. Because if you don't do that, then like a prophet we can say that it is going to be very difficult and we may perish like the dinosaurs. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45497/file/118457#t=0.0,3860.61061"}]}]}]}