{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/8k74t6fp9j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Pursell, Carroll W., The American Ideal of a Democratic Technology"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["The American Ideal of a Democratic Technology. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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department","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=11.51,12.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the mechanical engineering department here at Iowa state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=12.84,16.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before I introduce the man who will introduce the speaker,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=16.64,20.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to say one or two things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=20.67,23.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the first thing is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=23.13,24.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this lecture tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=24.9,26.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is actually the first in a series of three lectures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=27.49,31.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will take place here during the year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=31.0,34.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The overall title for the series of lectures is science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=34.21,39.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and technology and public policy in the modern period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=39.27,43.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other two lecturers who will be here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=43.64,46.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll both be here during the spring quarter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=46.34,49.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first one is Arnold Thackray,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=51.05,52.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was the chairman of the department of history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=52.9,55.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sociology of science at the University of Pennsylvania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=55.5,59.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he will be talking about attempts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=59.75,62.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by modern democracies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=62.12,64.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to measure in a quantitative way progress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=64.73,68.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in research in science and technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=68.64,71.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the other speaker is professor Garland Allen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=71.42,74.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is at the Washington University in St. Louis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=74.33,78.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's in the department of biology there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=78.07,80.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and has written a good deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=80.14,81.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the history of modern biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=81.31,83.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He'll be talking about the eugenics movement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=83.82,86.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=86.63,88.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I say, both of those lectures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=88.44,90.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be during the spring quarter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=90.09,91.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there'll be an inappropriate amount of publicity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=91.79,94.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you all know exactly when they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=94.22,96.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the other thing is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=97.32,100.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will have noticed if you've looked at any of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=100.09,102.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"posters advertising the talk tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=104.73,107.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that at the bottom of the poster,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=107.03,109.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are various organizations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=109.18,111.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and departments listed as co-sponsors of this talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=111.3,114.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The organization on there that is really important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=115.85,120.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the Sperry and Hutchinson company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=120.1,123.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because this talk and the whole series of 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foundation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=129.87,134.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is sponsored by the Sperry and Hutchinson company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=134.24,137.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, these people, the Sperry and Hutchinson 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bribe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1708.73,1711.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"By accepting the new techniques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1711.057,1712.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and under the democratic authoritarian social 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disgustedly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1747.71,1751.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Ignatius Donnelly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1751.9,1753.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While we think, brag of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1755.2,1757.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how far we are ahead of any form of civilization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1757.99,1761.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I for one have disgusted of the bragging and the boasting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1761.34,1764.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and simply believe it is not true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1764.8,1766.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've heard it 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Bosch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1775.95,1779.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ours would be masters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1779.43,1781.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a corner on the whole outfit of the 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means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1792.72,1795.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, this corporate and political monopolization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1797.18,1799.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the very technology which was 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up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1833.23,1834.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to 100 miles from central stations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1834.94,1838.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far enough to provide nearly all 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industry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1861.33,1865.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a new opportunity to fulfill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1865.91,1868.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that dream of a democratic techniques.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1868.43,1871.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 1920s, Morris Llewellyn Cooke,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=1871.9,1874.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the progressive 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29667/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/667/original/AV167971_a.vtt?1624892510","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/667/original/AV167971_a.vtt?1624892510"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29668","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167971_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388/transcript/29668/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- My name is David Wilson. I'm in the history department in the mechanical engineering department here at Iowa state. Before I introduce the man who will introduce the speaker, I wanted to say one or two things. And the first thing is that this lecture tonight is actually the first in a series of three lectures that will take place here during the year. The overall title for the series of lectures is science and technology and public policy in the modern period. The other two lecturers who will be here, they'll both be here during the spring quarter. The first one is Arnold Thackray, who was the chairman of the department of history and sociology of science at the University of Pennsylvania. And he will be talking about attempts by modern democracies to measure in a quantitative way progress in research in science and technology. And the other speaker is professor Garland Allen, who is at the Washington University in St. Louis, he's in the department of biology there and has written a good deal about the history of modern biology. He'll be talking about the eugenics movement in the United States. And as I say, both of those lectures will be during the spring quarter and there'll be an inappropriate amount of publicity. So you all know exactly when they are. Now, the other thing is you will have noticed if you've looked at any of the posters advertising the talk tonight that at the bottom of the poster, there are various organizations and departments listed as co-sponsors of this talk. The organization on there that is really important is the Sperry and Hutchinson company. Because this talk and the whole series of talks has been made possible by a grant given to Iowa State University by the S and H foundation, which is sponsored by the Sperry and Hutchinson company. Now, these people, the Sperry and Hutchinson company are best known for S and H Green Stamps. And I've had visions ever since we got the grant of the history department being inundated by S and H Green Stamps, being swamped by them with historians trying to figure out exactly what we could trade them in for. And you will have noticed that we did get a new chairman this year. Anyway, we are honored to have with us tonight a representative of the Sperry and Hutchinson company who got up very early this morning to fly out from New York to be here for the first of our lecturers. And he also happens to be a graduate of Iowa State University. And I like for him to stand up now, Mr. Ted Heindel, over here. These must be all of my students, I can tell because they're coming in late. And now the man who want introduce our speaker for tonight is a man whose own career touches very directly on matters of public policy because he's a state representative from Ames, Mr. Reid Crawford.\r\n\r\n- Following tonight's lecture, you may ask questions of Dr. Carl Purcell. Dr. Carl Purcell is an outstanding educator having several academic appointments and known very well in his field. He has received the Andrew W. Mellon, distinguished professor of humanities, Lehigh University from 74 to 76. And he is currently the visiting research professor, center for 20th century studies, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, this fall. He is also the organizer of the forthcoming conference on critical issues in the history of technology. And despite what a one's Vieta might say, many times they don't get into this particular area, I've also found that he has a good sense of humor. He told me, as we came up here, that this would be the first time that he's ever filed a Republican without having stepped in something. Whether that's true or not, I really don't know, but I think this is a very good opportunity for students and for faculty and for townspeople of Ames to listen to Dr. Carl Purcell. He's speaking to us tonight on the American ideal of a democratic technology from Jefferson to ecology, Dr. Carl Purcell.\r\n\r\n- There has been throughout American history, a continuing, if not indeed continuous realization that as Lewis Mumford phrased it, \"Those who are concerned with maintaining democratic institutions must see to it that their constructive efforts include technology itself.\" In 1815, Thomas Jefferson asked to comment on a steam engine developed by a fellow American. Compared it to those he had seen in Europe and articulated the American ideal of a democratic technology scaled to human needs. Writing to this inventor he said, \"I see indeed in yours the valuable properties of simplicity, cheapness and accommodation to the small and numerous calls of life and the calculations of its power appear sound and correct. The importance of your construction will be enhanced by the consideration that a smaller engine applicable to our daily concerns is infinitely more valuable than the greatest, which can be used only for great objects.\" For these interests the few alone, the former, the many. I once had an idea that it might be possible to economize the steam of a common pot, kept boiling in the kitchen fire until its accumulation should be sufficient to give a stroke. And although the strokes might not be rapid there would be enough of them in the day to raise from an adjacent well, the water necessary for daily use to wash the linen, need the bread, beat the harmony, churn the butter, turn the spit, and do all other household offices which require only a regular mechanical motion. Of how much more value would this be to ordinary life than Watson Bolton's 30 pairs of millstones to be turned by one engine. Well, the same desire for a technology scale to everyday human needs which is of interest, which are of interest to most of us. Persists still in America and has found a recent voice in the movement for what is called appropriate technology. This dream and it's antithetical nightmare have been described best I think by Lewis Mumford in the whole body of his work but most succinctly in his 1964 essay entitled authoritarian and democratic techniques. \"My thesis,\" he wrote, \"is that from late neolithic times in the near East, right down to our own day, two technologies have recurrently existed side by side. One authoritarian, the other democratic. The first system centered, immensely powerful, but inherently unstable. The other man centered, relatively weak but resourceful and durable.\" The authoritarian centralized techniques drew on inventions and scientific discoveries of a high order. The written record, mathematics and astronomy, irrigation and canalization. Above all it created complex human machines composed of specialized, standardized, replaceable interdependent parts, the work army, the military army, the bureaucracy. From the beginning these work armies and military armies raised the ceiling of human achievement in both construction and destruction. In our own time, these techniques have provided the masses with an astonishing array and abundance of material goods, but as Mumford warns by progressively fulfilling this part of the democratic promise. Our system has achieved a hold over the whole community that threatens to wipe out every other vestige of democracy. Opposed to this is a democratic techniques. In Mumford's words, the small scale method of production. Resting mainly on human skill and animal energy but always even when employing machines remaining under the active direction of the craftsman or the farmer. Each group developing its own gifts through appropriate arts and social ceremonies, as well as making discrete use of the gifts of nature. Well, the conflict between these two techniques has waxed and waned throughout recorded history but it's modern intensification began at the same time as the United States . Brooke Hindle is called the simultaneity of the American and the industrial revolutions, one of the staggering coincidences of American history. Mumford is more apprehensive than excited by the juxtaposition. At the very moment he wrote, \"When Western nations threw off the ancient regimes of absolute government, operating under a once divine King, they were restoring the same system in a far more effective form in their technology. Reintroducing coercions of a military character no less strict in the organization of a factory.\" Well, the resulting conflict has two facets. Both of which have drawn attention throughout our history. In order to ensure the survival of democracy, one must preserve a democratic techniques, but to do this, first one must keep authoritarian techniques from concentrating in the hands of the few. And second, one must at the same time provide easy access to a democratic technology for the many. The prospect was hopeful during the years of the early Republic. And as Hugo Meyer and others have pointed out, it soon became a major cannon of our American faith that democracy and technology were symbiotic that political, social and economic liberty would 'cause technology to flourish. And that technology in turn would help to defend and extend such liberty. Asserting in 1792, that free governments are the only asylum and nursery for science in the arts, a conceit which fooled us just 20 years ago this month into expecting the Russians not to be able to orbit a satellite, which they put up at the same time we brought out the Edsel. By the way, you can remember those two things that way. Saying the free governments are the only asylum and nursery for science in the arts. Joseph Barnes in 1792, explained free governments have always been found most disposed to encourage the rise and progress of science in the arts. And for this obvious reason that in Republican governments, merit alone is or ought to be the standard of character, which necessarily excites that laudable spirit of emulation, so essential to society. And which never fails to produce celebrated philosophers, statesman, husbandman and artists. The necessary effect of which is not only the promotion of science and useful arts but the happiness of men, the primary, the grand object of their existence and summarizing his argument he said, \"Philosophy being the source of liberty, liberty of all improvements in science and the arts, the improvement in science in the arts of all the real accomplishments of the human species. Consequently philosophy is essentially the source of all virtue.\" Paradoxically, Barnes developed this argument to argue again the strict patent law of 1790, under which secretary of state Jefferson was granting monopolies with a parsimony upsetting to inventors. Few apparently were willing to take the course of Benjamin Franklin with regard to his Pennsylvania fireplace. Instead of accepting a patent proffered by the the governor of Pennsylvania, he advertised it instead in a pamphlet complete with drawings, description and instructions, to masons for setting up the fireplace and published at his own expense. He declined the patent, he said, \"From a principle which has ever weighed with me on such occasions. That as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any inventions of ours. And this we should do freely and generously.\" Well, so long as technology relied upon the energy of sun and wind and water, the triumph of authoritarian techniques appeared unlikely or at least easily avoidable. The nation was recently set up as a Republic, not a monarchy, a standing army had been explicitly rejected. The potential energy of woods and farm land, the falling water and blowing wind were widely and all but freely available. And the technology to harness them was cheap and widely known. And the sources of such energy could not be easily monopolized. As Jefferson had hoped, there was still an emphasis in the early Republic upon a democratic techniques. Even the coming of the American system of manufacturers seemed to strengthen the democratic nature of American technology. In 1849, the touring Scottish chemist James F.W Johnston, visited an agricultural fair in Syracuse, New York. And he noted that, the general character of the implements was economy and construction and in price. And the exhibition was large and interesting, \"Plows, hay rakes, fort size and cooking stoves,\" he said, we're very abundant. And many of them well and beautifully made, the potato grips and forks of various kinds cut from sheet steel were very elastic, light, strong and cheap. And only a few years later, the British machine makers Whitworth and Wallace wrote, \"That labor saving machines are most successfully employed in the manufacturer of agricultural implements.\" In a plow manufactory at Baltimore they said, \"Eight machines are employed in the various parts of the woodwork, with these machines seven men are able to make the wooden parts of 30 plows per day.\" One result of this extension of the American system from small arms where it was born to the manufacturer plows, was that the implements made at this factory sold for as little as two and a half dollars. Surely the democratic nature of agricultural technology during the 19th century. And therefore it's relatively low price was as important as free land in extending a nation of yeoman farmers across the continent. The American system of course, with its machine designers and tenders did not encompass the entirety of American technology, many areas, farming and the building trades spring to mind. Long resisted the intrusion of machine logic. This is one reason why Americans were able even when they were not forced to, to move from job to job with easy proficiency. Whitworth and Wallace noted that, \"The citizen of the United States knows that matters are different from him than with the workers of Britain.\" And seems really deprived himself in not remaining overlong at any particular occupation. And being able to turn his hand to some dozen different pursuits in the course of his life. Karl Marx at one point quoted a Frenchman who had moved to San Francisco. \"I was firmly convinced,\" said the freshmen of the Frenchman. \"That I was fit for nothing but letter press printing. But once in the midst of this world of adventurers who changed their occupation as often as they do their shirts, yeah, I did as the others. As mining did not turn out remunerative enough, I left for the town, were in succession I became a topographer, slater, plumber, et cetera. In consequence of thus finding out that I am fit for any sort of work, I felt less of a mollusk and more of a man.\" Well, it's been said that America was the only country that began perfect and hope to improve. And not content to leave well enough alone, Americans wanted progress and progress as it turned out was a way from this democratic technique. Early in the century, Oliver Evans, after Benjamin Franklin our first great inventor, had confidently asserted that we see by daily experience and what a startling thing this was to be able to say in the early 19th century. Couldn't have said it a century before, we see by daily experience that every art may be improved. Late in the century, when Mark Twain's Hank Morgan gained power in King Arthur's court. He recorded that, the very first official thing I did, in my administration, and it was on the very first day of it was to start a patent office. For I knew that a country without a patent office in good patent laws was just a crab and couldn't travel anyway but sideways or backwards. \"The first thing you want in a new country,\" he said is a patent office, then work up your school system and after that out with your newspaper. Little wonder that an anonymous scribbler was inspired by an industrial exhibition in 1828, to write these lines, \"Genius of art, what a achievements sur vine to light and astonished the mind, the efforts of knowledge and fancy combine but triumph to the is assigned. How high swelled the bosoms of patriots with pride to be hold the rich treasures, which here are supplied while inventions bright wand, in the artisan's hand, points to glory, the freeman of freedom zone land.\" Authoritarian techniques was not so easily ignored, the power fantasies of inventors and social engineers such as J.A Etzler, had a democratic appeal but an authoritarian promise. In 1841, Etzler published a sequel to his book \"Paradise,\" which Thoreau had reviewed quite harshly. In which he attempted to prove, as he said, \"From experience, how to cultivate 20,000 acres by one machine and three or four men with a capital of less than $1 per acre in the most superior mode, how to clear land from trees, stumps, roots, and stones, fill and drain swamps. Make dams, canals, ditches, roads and perform any kind of work in the ground, build houses and furnish as much inanimate power as desired. Forever, for any place and any stationary machine all by the same system.\" And in an appeal that was to be echoed many times over the next century in America. Etzler be sought, ye who are poor and of the laboring class, do not be alarmed at this invention. It will not deprive you of your poor pitons for sustaining life. Obtainable now by your petty dredgery, with 20,000 acres of garden can be cultivated by three or four men with, but $1 capital, one seed every year per acre. You may easily become shareholders of joint stock companies, by paying from 20 to $30 and even this all some partly or entirely in work of from one to three months, once for forever. And then enjoy the produce from 10 to 20 acres for each share without further trouble or expanse and then live like gentlemen and ladies, to much better purposes than those of dull animal in a treadmill. A great promise, but surely significant, I think that this kind of talk of mechanical slavery increased precisely at that point in American history when the slavery of human beings was increasingly condemned. I think we pass very quickly and without thinking much from using people for slaves to using machines for slaves and the analogy was quite explicit. And the same hope of a life of ease, someone else or something else doing our work for us lay behind both. In fact, the extension of modern technology to agriculture came not only through the introduction of labor saving machines but through a rebirth of the work armies of the ancient near East. In their recent book on slavery \"Time on the Cross\", Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman point out that the regimen of the large Southern plantation was more like an assembly line, as they say, than the routine of many factories in the antebellum era. And indeed they go so far as to assert that the great plantations were the first large scientifically managed business enterprises. And the black slaves were the first group of workers to be trained in the work rhythm, which later became characteristic of industrial society. The giant railroad companies of the period were also sources of a growing authoritarian techniques. Rationalizing as they did for their own needs and convenience, everything from business forms through political corruption to the establishment of local time. Significantly, I think railroads were also among the earliest employers of industrial scientists. Just as significant for many Americans was the fact that such techniques were welcomed despite their sometimes obvious anti-democratic tendencies. Speaking in the aggregates which were necessary for authoritarian techniques the astronomer and political economist Simon Newcomb. Insisted first that the question whether the effect of any policy is good or bad depends very largely upon whether it increases or diminishes the sum total of the products necessary for human welfare. And then he claims specifically that carrying passengers 40 miles an hour for two or three cents a mile is a fact which outweighs all we can say about watered stock. He was quite proud of the fact that average working people in the late 19th century could travel faster and cheaper than Kings could have a century earlier. And that made it all worthwhile. In one field of American endeavor after another, what Mumford called the machine and the mechanical collective triumphed over democratic techniques. The arts of war and self-government were revolutionized. Agriculture the backbone of democratic techniques was industrialized, mechanized, made energy intensive and evermore efficient. Farmers who could not compete with the new technological system of machines, irrigation, fertilizer, and so forth, fled to the cities and became dependent upon those who stayed behind. These in their turn, however prosperous were locked into an ever tightening circle of technological constraints. With transportation as with food and most other of life's needs. Americans were asked or forced to accept efficient increased production with its machine logic and rhythms. Frederick Winslow Taylor, the father of scientific management told a congressional committee in 1912, in a period when America seemed to many in the middle-class to becoming unstuck with social violence. He said that under the benign rule of scientific management and I quote him, \"Both sides take there,\" it means capital and labor. \"Take their eyes off the division of the surplus as the all-important matter. And together turn their attention toward increasing the size of the surplus, until this surplus becomes so large that it is unnecessary to quarrel over how it shall be divided.\" Economic growth, in other words was to be a substitute for social justice. It was in short what Mumford is called the magnificent bribe. \"By accepting the new techniques and under the democratic authoritarian social compact, each member of the community may claim every material advantage.\" I'm quoting Mumford, \"But on one condition, that he must not merely ask for nothing that the system does not provide. But likewise agree to take everything offered duly processed and fabricated, homogenized and equalized in the precise quantities that the system rather than the person requires. Not everyone of course acquiesced willingly in this compact. In 1896, a Minnesota state Senator wrote disgustedly to Ignatius Donnelly. While we think, brag of it, how far we are ahead of any form of civilization, I for one have disgusted of the bragging and the boasting and simply believe it is not true. I've heard it asserted that the printing press Telegraph et cetera, have educated the masses. That the dire full relapse will not come again as in the past, Bosch. Ours would be masters, have a corner on the whole outfit of the inventions. And they are now just as much employed to the destruction of human rights as formerly in the absence of those inventions the people's ignorance was used as a means. Well, this corporate and political monopolization of the very technology which was supposed to preserve the people's liberty.\" And I commend to you a recent book by David Noble, \"America by design.\" Was one of the problems which motivated those who had still some vision of a democratic techniques. One promising area of reform and we still see echoes of this, was thought to be electricity. And I present that to you as an example. And by 1915 engineers were confident that they could transmit economical amounts of electricity up to 100 miles from central stations, far enough to provide nearly all Americans with adequate flexible, cheap, clean and divisible energy. The fact that as late as 1935 only 10% of American farms were so served. And the fact that rates in the United States as compared with Canada for example, where so much higher. Led some critics to see in a reform of the electrical utility industry a new opportunity to fulfill that dream of a democratic techniques. In the 1920s, Morris Llewellyn Cooke, the progressive engineer produced for governor Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania, a comprehensive giant power plan. Which without making power generating capacity public, would have accomplished the twin goals of cheap and abundant available energy. After a limited start in the Tennessee Valley authority in 1933, the Rural Electrification Administration. Set up in 1935, with Cooke as the first administrator finally succeeded in pushing rural lines to nearly all American farms. Paradoxically, the coming of electricity tended as often as not merely to tie the individual farmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/118388#t=0.0,1929.71755"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV167972_a.mp3"]},"duration":1079.8498,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/259/854/small/lecture.png?1735665693","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/259/854/original/AV167972_a.mp3?1735665663","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1079.8498,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854/transcript/73970","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167972_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854/transcript/73970/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Balance and a communion of man with nature. But this was unfortunately, has unfortunately proved as baseless in the 20th century as that 19th century hope that iron and steam would as Timothy Walker said in 1831, \"Perform all the drudgery of man, while he is to look on in self complacent ease.\" One fault was that while electricity as such might supply the clean, abundant, cheap, and divisible power needed for a democratic technology, it was provided by an increasingly authoritarian techniques, the private power industries. During the Great Depression, a host of majors were introduced to the Congress to break what was seen as a monopoly on the technical expertise of America. Despite the seemingly auspicious atmosphere for reform in the 1930s, none of these democratizing majors were adopted and the nation began its war mobilization in 1940 with a system very much like it had entered the '30s. In the 1940s led by Vannevar Bush, the nation spokesman for science and technology deliberately chose two cardinal principles in gearing up science and technology for war. First, to beat the axis, so the axis powers as quickly as possible. And second, the carry out mobilization and to beat the axis with as little disruption of the status quo as possible. They said this was no time to try social tinkering. What this all meant was that in short, the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. Work time spending for science and technology, which in many ways gave shape to and had a potential for reshaping American society. The spending was instead funneled into centers of excellence, which turned out to no one's surprise and quite naturally to be General Motors, AT\u0026T, General Electric, and the corporate side and such educational institutions as Harvard, MIT, and the University of California. I'd be curious to know what Iowa State got during world war II in the way of science and technology R and D funds. I would venture very little. Well, such an elitist mobilization was not inevitable, critics like I.F Stone and Bruce Canton pointed out that a democratic war effort brought mobilized through democratic technology was the best guarantee of a democratic post-war society. But in fact, this criticism was ignored. On the very eve of war, Walter Kimfair, science editor for the New York time worried mass consumption, mass recreation, mass distribution of energy, and the collectivist utilization of identical things are impossible without control of mass production, without organization. The inventors have standardized behavior, pleasures, taste. There is less freedom than there was a century ago because of invention. There will be still less tomorrow. Well, the decade of the fifties and sixties saw the rediscovery of a host of problems that Americans had thought long since solved. And this in the midst of this, this reified system of authoritarian techniques. Betty Ferndan's book, The Feminine Mystique in 1963 demonstrated that women's rights had not been entirely secured by the right to vote. Ralph Nader's Unsafe At Any Speed in 1965 attack the most American of all machines and recall the continuing abuses of corporate irresponsibility. Michael Harrington in 1962 reminded the nation of the existence of the other America, that one third of a nation which still lived in poverty and Rachel Carson in 1962 in her book, Silent Spring, proved that the progressive conservation movement had not solved all of the nation's environmental problems. The rediscovery and the revitalization of the ideal of a democratic techniques rested on no such single book, although several struck the same theme, but rather grew out of the resurgence of environmental concern, the development of the so-called counterculture, and the successive revelations of technological arrogance in such diverse but critical places as Detroit, Vietnam, and the boardrooms of the petroleum industry. In 1967, the late Paul Goodman mourned what he called the betrayal of the promise of independent scientific technology, envisioned by the idealists of the 19th century. \"They thought,\" he said, \"of science as humble, brave and austere. And of technology, a circumspect, neat and serviceable.\" Working by its own morale, scientific technology should by now have simplified life rather than complicated it. Emptied the environment rather than cluttered it and educated and inventive and skillful generation rather than a conformist and inept one. In a later essay, Goodman called upon technicians to fulfill their proper roles as he said, as moral philosophers, acting with foresight, caution, and prudence. Well, many of those who today advocate a technology characterized by foresight, caution, and prudence are to be found working under the banner of appropriate or alternative or intermediate technology, popularly identified with the late British economist E.F Schumacher and his slogan, small is beautiful. The movement is often focused on third world nations. Vita, for example, the volunteers in technical assistance founded in 1959 advises developing countries on the use of skills and materials that are locally available, or if equipment has to be imported on designs that can be repaired by the village craftspeople. A better known groups have concentrated on our own problems of overdevelopment. A private efforts such as the New Alchemy Institute on Cape Cod and the Fairlawn's Institute in California have gained some notoriety for their work. The founder of the latter group, in fact, Sim Van Der Ryn has recently been appointed state architect of California by Governor Jerry Brown, himself a vowed disciple of Schumacher. Van Der Ryn has established in his agency a new office of appropriate technology, which is attempting, I think, with some success to influence other state agencies to adopt such technologies as solar power. At the federal level, a newly funded national center for appropriate technology is being established in Butte Montana. In describing its efforts, Science Magazine gave as good a definition of the subject as we are likely to get. \"Appropriate technology,\" said Science, \"Generally means technology that is small, easy to understand and maintain, cheap, depended on local resources and fitted to local needs. It makes heavy use of renewable resources and makes minimal demands on capital and on non-renewable environmental and energy resources.\" Well, Thomas Jefferson could hardly have put it better, but this redefinition for our own time of the traditional ideal of a democratic technology answers only half the problem. There is a real danger that as in the past, the technology that begins as democratic will be quickly absorbed into a larger authoritarian context. The history of energy use in America provides a case in point. And my last one. During most of its first century, the United States depended upon widely available, easily harnessed energy sources. Animals, wind, water, and wood, which is now called more gloriously bio-mass. There were in terms of our definition, these were small, easy to understand and maintain, cheap, dependent on local resources and fitted to local needs. Since 1850 however, our consumption of energy has multiplied more than 30 times and whereas wood supply 90% of our needs in 1850. By 1900, coal had become the dominant fuel, providing 70% of our energy. And by 1950, oil and natural gas were the leading contributors, providing 55 and a half percent. Not only had we become an energy intensive society, the source of that energy was increasingly nonrenewable. And as importantly was increasingly vulnerable to monopolization, potentially the emphasis of appropriate technology on solar and wind power, to provide for our energy needs is a progressive step toward re-establishing the democratic nature of our energy mix. The potential however remains only that, and there is increasing evidence that it too might well become authoritarian Ralph Nader quipped some months ago. \"If 20 years ago, titled to the sun had been given to Exxon with a depletion allowance, we'd have solar energy today.\" And everybody laughed. But in effect, the government is today doing something very like that. As Science Magazine has reported government planners seem to have trouble grasping the point that solar power is fundamentally different from our dominant energy sources. \"Solar energy is democratic.\" And that's a quote from Science. It falls on everyone and can be put to use by individuals and small groups of people. Instead, the government's research program has emphasized large central stations, to produce solar electricity in some distant future and has largely ignored small solar devices for producing onsite power. It is obvious that onsite solar power would provide a democratic alternative to the energy monopolies. While plans for orbiting reflectors and power towers would enhance their position. As Science comments, \"The centerpiece of the government's solar energy program is proceeding from small to large tests in a fashion that is remarkably parallel to the well-established pattern of nuclear reactor development.\" Big facilities, big expenditures, and a multi-decade development program all characterize the program for centralized solar thermal generating stations. And much the same story appears to be true of the federal government's minuscule wind energy program. The fact is that this authoritarian pattern grows not out of the nature of the technology itself. Solar and wind resources are by their nature democratic, but rather from the larger social techniques which prevail in this country. Well, looking back over the course of American history, the role played by technology and bringing us to our present state is both obvious and at the same time too little studied. Scholars such as Hugo Meyer have illuminated the predominant belief that American technology and democracy were not only compatible, but mutually fulfilling. John Kouwenhoven has maintained that this democratic technology in fact defines the unique nature of American culture. Leo Marx has brilliantly described and analyze those voices of dissent, which attempted to somehow come to grips with both the pastoral and the industrial. As we build upon these studies however, it is important to keep several major points in mind. And I want to leave you with these. First to an important degree, the American experience in this regard has been advanced, but not entirely unique. Mumford has found the roots of authoritarian technique in the ancient Middle East and in his monumental study of the Myth of the Machine has traced the evolution of what he calls the Pentagon of power. Similarly, Lynn White has insisted persuasively, I think, that the roots of our ecological crisis are not uniquely American, but extend back to fantasies of power originating in the medieval period. Second, it is important to remember that the voices of Jefferson and Thoreau, of Mumford and Goodman do not belong simply to an archaic and inert past, but are part of a continuing tradition of perception that technology does not simply affect social institutions, it is a social institution. And as such, is of proper concern to those who would preserve our democratic liberties. By the way, I think it's significant and tragic that while we have spent a hundred years trying to find the right mix of humanities to lay upon engineering students, I have never heard the proposition put forward seriously in any university that liberal arts students, to be truly liberally educated, should know something of technology. It is a part of the human condition and human activity that we badly need to know about. And most of us, and I include myself among that group, know far too little. Third. It should also be obvious that technology is not indivisible. It is not autonomous and does not contain some inner logic which makes inevitable the kind of world in which we find ourselves. Indeed, the traditions of technology, simplicity, cheapness and accommodation are the very virtues which Jefferson saw as characterizing a democratic techniques. What we have that we have today, a mega machine, displaying exactly the opposite characteristics is not due to the logic of technology or the wrong headedness of engineers, but to some other force at work in American society. Finally, it is important to remember that this whole question is one of more than simple academic interest. The very survival of our democratic society is dependent upon an understanding of those forces working to destroy it. Authoritarian techniques tend to an integration and uniformity, which inevitably create a social and natural environment which is not only unpalatable, but unstable as well. Openness and diversity, characteristics of a democratic techniques are essential for the kind of successful adaptations which our society must make to survive. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. As you heard at the beginning, Professor Purcell will be glad to answer any questions that you have. Don't be shy.\r\n\r\n- I have a question. Why would you call authoritative techniques unstable? Is that because you think it's more vulnerable in some other way?\r\n\r\n- It's more vulnerable. I take it. I have a friend who's in colleges and I worked from an analogy by something he told me once. He said just about the old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854#t=0.0,1079.8498"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854/transcript/73970","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45431/file/259854/transcript/73970/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/073/970/original/AV167972_a.txt?1735665764","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/073/970/original/AV167972_a.txt?1735665764"}]}]}]}