{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/8k74t6fn7n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Vogel, Steven, Contrasts"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV204072 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Contrasts is a February 27, 1992 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Steven Vogel. Steven Vogel discusses the mechanical aspects of nature.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=24.37,28.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we just found out he wasn't able to come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=28.89,31.531"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=41.33,43.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=44.56,45.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gonna talk about, well because,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=47.823,50.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a very ordinary life then, all right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=51.245,55.484"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's going to be lecture probably the most 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,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=61.72,63.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a family photo album as you would say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=63.26,66.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see my wife and I were grown up married 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world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=88.14,91.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while you're here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=92.88,94.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as soon as you leave here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=94.38,96.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So where to start?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=97.67,98.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I should start a bit far field by just asking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=98.93,103.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why do many people find a science fiction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=103.393,108.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind of an interesting 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culture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=114.783,116.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some technology which we can compare our own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=116.87,121.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody turns out that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=122.73,123.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean that's a fascinating and a comparison","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=123.91,128.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be able to make.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=128.06,129.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it turns out that extra terrestrial life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=129.37,131.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and civilizations are in rather short supply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=131.65,135.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They seem very much more remote in space,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=136.21,139.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chance and accessibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=139.69,142.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Than they were back when I read \"Flash Gordon\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=143.29,145.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and comic books in the early 1950s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=145.98,148.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there is an alternative technology that is alternative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=150.69,154.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this human technology in which we're 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conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=191.68,195.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The physical conditions depend on the value gravitation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=195.28,198.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looks celebration, the phrase properties of water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=198.61,201.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so forth on the surface of the same planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=201.75,206.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A different perhaps in goals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=206.56,209.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they start really different than the design scheme,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=209.6,213.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they do share this common attitude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=213.21,216.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what I want to emphasize here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=218.16,220.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which I think is not the point that usually made,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=220.91,224.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that these two technologies are profoundly different,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=224.62,229.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=232.58,233.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I want to explore the nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=234.754,237.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and extent of the differences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=237.76,240.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to try to speculate a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=240.4,242.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what hints we find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=242.83,245.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to the basis of these enormous differences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=245.15,248.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we'll leave a little bit greater full rest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=250.54,253.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to try to suggest there are implied messages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=253.09,257.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for both science and technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=257.78,260.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So put on some slides password (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=261.67,265.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd 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lecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=279.85,281.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's an outline of the whole thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=281.34,283.598"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd 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vast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=292.83,296.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't have to read through the whole thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=296.69,298.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it will reappear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=298.59,300.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not isolating live talks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=300.343,302.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can hang up on lots of lives here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=302.773,304.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But people reappear from time to time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=304.7,308.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember we're gonna go through these things one by one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=308.87,312.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, they'll start to think at first,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=312.23,314.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is first group of what we might call geometric differences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=314.29,318.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surfaces and right angles and corners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=319.44,322.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The distinctions aren't quite as high as they seem they're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=322.49,325.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you'll see the subjects blurring a little here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=325.47,327.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=327.77,328.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So first talking about flat versus curved surfaces,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=328.63,332.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fact that natural designed curve,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=332.037,334.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we usually find things occurred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=334.55,336.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the human artifacts are more commonly flat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=336.15,339.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We love them, we fly out to like flat things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=339.56,342.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flat floors, black walls, black paper sheets, and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=342.23,346.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are some other an awful lot of flat surfaces there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=346.53,349.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are a couple of organisms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=349.6,350.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not flat but just about everything else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=350.76,353.274"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd 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account","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=358.484,360.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our gravity dominated world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=360.63,364.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are in an upright world so wherever you fall one way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=364.07,366.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the other, horizontal fit so we don't roll out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=366.9,369.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the work surfaces on which we can stand without sliding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=369.91,374.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know that for our work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=375.98,377.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we should enhance not to slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=377.643,379.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and floor that can be an aid to stand on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=379.16,381.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether you face north, south","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=381.54,383.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and swimming your legs at equal length.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=383.61,386.386"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd 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works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=389.72,392.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and materials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=392.71,394.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it's easiest to make flat surfaces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=394.2,396.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with trusted materials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=396.54,397.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, there are to reemphasize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=397.993,400.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather few flat surfaces in nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=400.57,402.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and give they're pretty hard to see 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way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=408.67,411.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=411.83,413.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can introduce a little bit of physical kind of stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=413.19,418.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A somewhat non-obvious costs of building flat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=419.53,422.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the cost is best expressed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=422.88,425.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in something it's often called the flosses law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=425.05,428.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the version for cylinders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=428.82,430.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I actually look lost and do it originally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=430.87,432.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the Bernoulli's I think I was pole fit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=432.99,436.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The engineers if there are any here may find there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=436.29,439.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slightly strange formulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=439.01,441.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is tension over on the left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=441.5,444.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is force per unit length, not entire stress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=444.02,446.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it comes out different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=446.95,448.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this is more convenient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=448.44,450.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you're not used to the engineering way of looking at it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=450.07,455.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it basically says that if you pressurize something,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=455.52,459.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the translation of the pressure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=459.12,461.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmural pressure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=461.13,462.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pressure across the wall to tension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=462.35,465.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which might split that thing and might cause it to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=465.38,469.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think to explode or self destruct,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=471.472,473.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depends on something called radius of curvature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=473.09,476.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outland flagellates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=476.342,478.009"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the radius or how flat it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=480.35,481.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the radius is pretty, if you've got a flat surface","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=481.24,483.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the radius of curvature is infinite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=483.83,486.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and any little pressure difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=486.34,488.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the wall will translate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=488.15,490.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a very large drop within.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=490.15,494.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this expression, hides all kinds of interesting 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pressures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=505.45,508.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the great fat tires of say earth, moving machinery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=508.68,512.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What splits the tire isn't pressure, it's tension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=512.67,515.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you have a small radius perverse here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=515.87,518.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can withstand considerable pressure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=518.19,520.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in flat plant cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=521.479,522.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with walls on the order of a micrometer thick,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=522.52,526.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can withstand the pressures of many atmospheres.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=526.23,529.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's not that they're so a spectacularly strong,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=529.09,534.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supernaturally strong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=535.41,536.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It just that the radius curvature is very small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=536.95,539.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's very expensive to make things flat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=539.67,543.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you run into rather high or very high curvature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=543.36,546.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For instance, you cannot make a flat bloom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=547.8,550.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you can make start the ones with cylindrical one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=550.29,553.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the flat ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=553.02,554.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A flat membrane only happens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=554.75,556.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you've got equal pressures on both sides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=556.78,559.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And well, sometimes we make approximately flat things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=559.59,563.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you can tell that this milk carton","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=563.02,565.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you look across the top, isn't flat anymore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=565.08,567.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and obviously it's filled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=567.57,569.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you have some transmural 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canals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=785.42,787.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are three canals, each orthogonal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=787.33,790.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the other 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=801.51,802.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because something that makes it unessential","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=802.833,805.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to us because we are actually built that 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millimeter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=888.63,890.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a centimeter long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=890.48,891.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when creatures or terrestrial creatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=893.02,895.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and weight experiencing gravity dominated world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=895.86,899.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then this chip 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warehouses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=916.91,918.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and lumberyards and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=918.71,920.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tip over when you 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stems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1119.35,1121.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they are 14 side of the figures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1121.64,1123.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think it really showed is the shape","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1123.35,1126.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that most efficiently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1126.79,1128.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fills volume that isn't building partitions volume,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1128.84,1132.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into equal elements with least expense in surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1132.97,1137.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see the problem when I bought it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1138.15,1139.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is nobody explained to me why this things should be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1139.91,1142.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This ortho tetrick hijack that needs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1142.96,1144.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you simply had to know the name of the exam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1144.61,1146.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't until years later, when I met Darcy Thompson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1146.91,1149.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I realized that that was really my date.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1149.35,1151.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway, I've read the cubes aren't anywhere near","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1151.28,1153.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as good as these options.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1153.42,1155.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And cubes just generally get you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1155.02,1156.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a brick, brick right angles, kind of get you in problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1156.96,1159.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's a particularly grotesque example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1159.56,1161.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the billboard,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1161.65,1162.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the score board for our football stadium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1162.63,1165.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see, they use a whole bunch of right angles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1165.52,1167.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then there's all these other sort of ad hoc pieces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1167.45,1170.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how do we put on, keep them from falling over?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1170.62,1172.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because you know, square as a kind of mechanically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1172.85,1177.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not what you call a stack,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1179.17,1180.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the determined structure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1180.7,1181.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it likes to follow and do odd things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1181.96,1184.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so you have to put cross bracing on it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1184.0,1186.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to keep it from getting into trouble.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1186.5,1188.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is something humans have probably known long 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swing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1199.12,1201.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not too clear what structures where,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1201.17,1203.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did leave instructions for use of these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1205.366,1208.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If there's some kind of slides or boats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1208.3,1210.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the cross bracing is fairly obvious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1210.69,1213.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's something we've been playing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1213.26,1216.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with for quite some time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1216.27,1217.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We do occasionally build things without right angles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1217.62,1219.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are no right 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this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1223.58,1225.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these things are regarded as eclectic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1225.84,1227.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you can see here, mildly kinda cultural.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1227.58,1231.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1231.457,1233.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's exactly why I'm kind of in class doing this thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1233.95,1237.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get an idea of non-redundant non rectilinear structures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1237.71,1240.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to get their minds kind of opened up to thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1240.98,1244.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about structures in a somewhat more general sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1244.36,1247.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than you get while living in a kind of ordinary building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1247.53,1250.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Humans are human constructors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1250.13,1252.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let's talk just real quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1252.34,1255.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about sharp corners and round corners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1255.24,1257.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, we built lots of things with sharp 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as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1263.3,1265.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the branch of a tree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1265.94,1267.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in this a cat scan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1267.55,1270.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We seem to have a predilection for assembling things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1272.44,1275.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots of separate pieces with sharp corners,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1275.09,1277.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the intersections between the pieces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1277.68,1280.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you know, what if, well it really 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airplane,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1285.98,1287.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the doors, you know they're all rounded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1287.64,1289.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not that they like the look that are rounded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1289.31,1292.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The trunk corners are places from which cracks propagate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1292.36,1295.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you know, if we have to worry about crack propagation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1295.5,1299.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're willing to do so, whether we build airplanes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1299.8,1302.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you put the cross bracing in the corner or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1302.36,1305.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or you know, you really are in trouble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1305.47,1307.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with something like a sick lab.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1307.77,1309.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you round the top of the really two corners","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1309.28,1311.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reinforce them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1311.82,1312.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So a crack doesn't get started up in that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1312.83,1316.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in those two corners, furthest from the scrib.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1318.13,1321.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this tolerance of corners","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1322.6,1324.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our technologies actually you'll hear,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1324.49,1328.185"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll hear of this next point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1328.185,1329.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we start talking about the terrorists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1329.34,1331.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's some more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1333.31,1334.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some more of this is the original slide again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1334.143,1335.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"form work differences between the two technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1335.97,1339.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to start off talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1339.45,1340.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about materials where nature you seem to use plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1340.57,1343.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tough ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1343.71,1344.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd go in for things that are more stiff and rigid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1344.58,1347.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'll get onto the other differences in turn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1347.9,1351.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now it's not as if nature doesn't use a few hard things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1354.36,1357.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or little tiny parts stones in bed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1357.71,1360.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's robbery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1360.11,1361.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there was some hard elements here and there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1361.28,1363.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think it's safe to say or fair to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1368.336,1372.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you're talking about stiff versus compliant material","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1372.26,1376.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know our technology compliance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1376.11,1379.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not worthy and we make a big point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1379.13,1381.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of complying fiberglass, fishing rods,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1381.78,1384.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in nature's technology stiffness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1384.93,1388.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not worthy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1388.14,1389.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are stiff things in nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1389.16,1391.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I do believe when you see something stiff in nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1391.0,1394.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't, you've got to think there's gotta be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1394.97,1397.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some special explanation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1397.29,1398.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for nature doesn't casually build stiff things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1398.71,1401.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we do find quite stiff bounds, quite stiff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1401.89,1406.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This tree trunks, it's a bit of hope there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1406.2,1408.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being demolished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1410.09,1411.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And something even stiffer a piece of park.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1411.47,1415.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But each has a special explanation easily available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1415.12,1418.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unique stiff bound because we put them forward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1418.46,1420.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for foot and muscular attachment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1420.93,1422.852"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bending the action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1422.852,1425.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the shortening of the muscle would be used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1425.67,1428.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up quite uselessly and bending the phone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1428.86,1432.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is fairly stiff?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1432.53,1433.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's something that comes particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1433.85,1435.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it comes from something like an oak tree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1435.07,1437.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think the big trunk of an oak doesn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1437.16,1439.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to bend around a lot because you don't want","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1439.52,1441.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that center of gravity creeping sideways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1441.5,1443.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over too far lateral to the base of the tree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1443.97,1446.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the tree is gonna tumble over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1446.42,1449.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for Carl, well, it's fairly clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1449.84,1452.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Carl's built out of calcium salts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1452.81,1457.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ocean is super saturated with respect to calcium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1457.0,1459.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a cheap material in a good way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1459.98,1461.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then it does great,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1461.79,1463.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but great agent Carl is at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1463.58,1465.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in part of reproductive device,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1465.45,1467.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which puts it over on the other side of the fitness ledger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1467.4,1470.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think what's happening with these stiff structures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1471.45,1474.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"versus, stiff versus compliant materials is best seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1474.74,1479.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we introduce a couple of properties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1479.24,1482.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a an insight which comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1482.31,1483.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a British Naval engineer named James Gordon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1483.87,1487.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the way, he wrote a marvelous book called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1487.66,1490.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Structures\" or \"Why Things Don't Fall Down.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1490.027,1492.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From which a number of us borrow shamelessly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1492.49,1495.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is also modeler with good, clear writing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1497.29,1499.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about technical subjects and we're not technical audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1499.64,1502.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, stiffness is how much force it takes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1502.41,1507.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to deform something by a standard of math.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1507.29,1510.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the opposite of that is compliance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1511.29,1514.039"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That has to be carefully distinguished from strength.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1514.039,1517.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is the force it takes to damage the piece,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1518.55,1520.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a piece of material,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1520.89,1522.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"irrespective of how much deformation is involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1522.95,1526.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the antonym is weakness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1527.425,1529.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And both of them are separate from the third property","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1529.0,1531.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will become important later on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1531.44,1533.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think is best called toughness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1533.46,1535.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or has often been called toughness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1535.57,1538.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's not force but energy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1538.16,1540.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's energy absorbed in the process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1540.09,1542.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of breaking the pace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1542.56,1543.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And energy is not force, force is not energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1544.92,1548.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this difficult for people in their first physics course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1548.02,1551.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it seems to be by the way the world's working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1551.15,1554.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we seem to like and trust stiff structures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1554.91,1559.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We like car doors, you know, that slam nicely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1560.04,1562.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and efficiently whether the car","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1562.69,1564.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is facing uphill or downhill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1564.13,1566.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the car that the structure has got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1566.19,1567.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a certain business stiffness for that to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1567.94,1570.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nature seems to more often go for adequate strength.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1572.58,1576.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it seems to be fairly tolerant of structures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1576.41,1579.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are not very stiff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1579.71,1581.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now stiff just turns out to be just advantageous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1582.38,1584.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, in several ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1584.81,1586.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we just put up with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1587.16,1588.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are reasons why we put up with it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1588.67,1590.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which they're not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1590.23,1591.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't mean anything really right in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1591.82,1594.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But stiffness is more costly than strength generally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1594.09,1597.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you talk to you about the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1598.6,1600.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the material must be invested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1600.473,1602.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is building to a stiffness criterion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1602.75,1605.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it more 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regions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1908.37,1911.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then just softening things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1911.32,1912.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can tune reconfigurations and 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area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1931.14,1932.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I read about this and started asking myself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1932.76,1935.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, \"Hey, okay, what about leaves on 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work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1947.43,1949.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on bird flights some years ago and tested some lists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1949.32,1952.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me just show you quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1952.32,1953.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happens with a tool proper laid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1953.56,1955.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we run it up to a wind (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1955.86,1959.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Freedom office and I go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1959.89,1961.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's the tool of proper leaf","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1961.18,1962.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and zero win,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1962.59,1964.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five meters a second,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1965.79,1967.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10, 15, and 20 meters a second.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1967.71,1972.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's 45 miles an hour.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1972.0,1973.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no fluttering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1973.76,1975.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no, but you can not see any blurring 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surprisingly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1978.22,1980.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of coefficient of drag.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1980.59,1982.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It means you can play with 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1987.22,1988.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, you see it does that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1988.55,1991.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd 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you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1996.04,1998.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed them, I took them in random order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=1998.05,1999.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It really does go 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hits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2002.03,2003.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just when there's a storm out there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2003.98,2005.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all you're doing is wind the soil and does crazy 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2011.2,2014.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so you can play all these sorts of games.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2016.004,2018.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another game you can play is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2018.12,2019.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with relative ability to twist and bend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2019.3,2021.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's see if I, yeah we do this a little bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2024.45,2027.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then this is a roadsign.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2027.43,2028.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's one of the few that we don't want it to 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crazily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2039.54,2041.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's adequately resistant to bending.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2041.66,2044.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And nature seems to do this in all kinds of 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structure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2052.32,2053.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is non cylindrical in section.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2053.99,2056.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cylinders resist both twisting and bending quite 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metals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2229.68,2231.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our technology is an overwhelmingly metal based technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2233.4,2237.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this has been for the last couple of hundred 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nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2243.0,2246.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there is no case known","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2246.08,2248.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which any organism uses a sample of metal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2248.35,2252.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pure metal for a structural purpose, a mechanical purpose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2252.69,2257.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is in spite the 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atoms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2263.88,2267.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"metal ions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2267.07,2268.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've got a lot of hemoglobin in us,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2269.36,2271.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a lot of other things with iron","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2271.64,2273.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we haven't got, you know, iron 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(mumbles).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2278.23,2280.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is even one case of you know in a bacteria,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2283.44,2285.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a lump of iron that the bacteria makes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2285.76,2288.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it doesn't use it for support.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2288.68,2290.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It uses it as a magnetic detector.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2290.1,2292.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very peculiar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2294.17,2295.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Metals are very good, very versatile material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2295.37,2299.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are good on strength.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2299.18,2300.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're good on toughness and they don't have to bend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2300.29,2302.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they still retain fairly decent stiffness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2302.42,2305.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is the trade-off of 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materials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2311.73,2314.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're as brittle as ceramics, but ceramics are freely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2314.87,2319.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ceramics are widely used by organisms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2319.11,2321.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By boeing, by corals, or hiding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2321.72,2325.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(air whooshing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2325.643,2328.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Someone there just can't figure out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2331.81,2333.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why his bones are made of bone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2333.3,2335.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not made of something that's really good, like steel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2335.31,2338.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which from many points of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2338.74,2341.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be a superior material structurally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2341.38,2344.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This crazy composite that a calcium dissolves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2344.46,2347.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into protein and a few other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2347.24,2349.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as I know, there is no single satisfying explanation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2352.556,2356.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One can guess maybe the metals are too sort of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2356.38,2358.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ill distributed over the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2358.84,2360.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organisms have built things everywhere about them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2361.55,2364.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2364.61,2367.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stuffs that's widely distributed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2367.95,2370.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well you don't have to have an international trade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2371.31,2374.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go get your tin from the island of Britain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2374.53,2377.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bring it back to ancient Greece","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2377.24,2379.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that make your bronze.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2379.27,2380.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organisms don't do things that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2382.05,2383.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe it's just evolutionary inertial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2386.11,2388.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the system got started with ceramics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2388.58,2391.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they typically got too very busy ceramic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2391.87,2394.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that some probably old pieces of metal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2394.59,2397.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know what I mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2397.02,2397.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you've gone on one, in one direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2397.93,2399.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's hard to back off perhaps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2399.96,2401.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and go off into a different technological direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2401.71,2404.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with evolution based system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2404.58,2406.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Making your organisms work 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2573.64,2575.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you break a piece of something tough like fiberglass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2575.2,2578.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to make lots of surface, take lots of energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2578.23,2581.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you got it no, really good material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2581.09,2583.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that's how nature does it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2584.9,2586.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She, whenever she wants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2586.88,2587.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make something even reasonably stiff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2587.91,2590.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but she uses a composite material,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2590.15,2592.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several different components put together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2592.84,2595.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the cracks don't prompt it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2595.24,2597.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We tend to use homogeneous materials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2598.52,2600.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we get away with it largely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2600.82,2603.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we have the available beds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2603.29,2606.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which do pretty well as homogeneous materials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2606.26,2609.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, they're not super fragile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2609.11,2612.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it comes to crack propagation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2613.095,2615.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One wonders, curious not a question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2615.66,2620.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how, whether you can ever answer some questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2620.69,2623.507"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but one wonders, maybe, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2623.507,2625.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if nature could use metals, would she have bothered to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2625.83,2630.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the trouble of making these composites?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2630.23,2634.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course you can't answer that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2634.03,2635.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But maybe it goes the other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2636.56,2639.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe nature's composites are simply so good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2639.42,2643.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because nature can drive things in minute pieces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2643.31,2647.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a naturally efficient way of making a composite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2647.42,2650.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're already building things up little tiny components","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2650.66,2653.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's easy to get to the components and you got a composite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2653.74,2656.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's such a...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2656.68,2658.184"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hate to use the word natural.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2658.184,2659.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's such a natural 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on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2663.1,2665.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this ceramic composite protein system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2665.55,2668.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protein polysaccharide system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2668.9,2671.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the way you went and the petals were ignored.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2671.11,2676.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, on instructional materials, one last thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2676.22,2679.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We at Fluids will work as trucks for materials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2681.42,2685.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you package them properly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2685.97,2689.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can make eerie constructive material,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2690.38,2692.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you can make watery constructive material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2692.67,2696.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are many two different contracts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2696.34,2698.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this business of using structural fluid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2698.7,2702.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, in our technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2702.15,2704.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we rarely use fluids of any sort at port, liquids","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2704.29,2707.425"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or gases or structural material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2707.425,2710.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are occasionally flooded buildings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2710.64,2712.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we once in a while make something like a plan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2712.96,2715.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we don't do it very often,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2716.753,2718.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then that's the first contrast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2718.788,2720.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whereas nature common link ups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2720.103,2722.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second is that when we use a structural fluid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2722.87,2727.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we almost always use a gas inflated fire hoses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2727.92,2732.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(air whooshing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333#t=2732.945,2735.612"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28308/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/308/original/AV204072_Contrasts_a.vtt?1622659517","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/308/original/AV204072_Contrasts_a.vtt?1622659517"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28309","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204072_Contrasts_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43426/file/116333/transcript/28309/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I have an embarrassing apology to make. This famous person that Ann announced would speak tonight, and we just found out he wasn't able to come. And that you all came because we weren't able to get the word out. And since you have come, I'll do my best to amuse you with a lecture. Gonna talk about, well because, this is a very ordinary life then, all right? It's going to be lecture probably the most ordinary, most Monday lecture you may have ever heard. It's so similar to the fact that they're , a family photo album as you would say. You see my wife and I were grown up married once. And So this is an ordinary lecture but it still a very lascivious intention. It's so lascivious in fact it gets me very nervous to think about it. I want to change the way you look at the world while you're here, and as soon as you leave here. So where to start? Maybe I should start a bit far field by just asking, why do many people find a science fiction, a kind of an interesting subject? I think that one of the attractions in science fiction is that we like some culture, some technology which we can compare our own. Nobody turns out that, I mean that's a fascinating and a comparison to be able to make. But it turns out that extra terrestrial life and civilizations are in rather short supply. They seem very much more remote in space, chance and accessibility. Than they were back when I read \"Flash Gordon\" and comic books in the early 1950s. But there is an alternative technology that is alternative to this human technology in which we're immersed, which we can use as a basis for comparison. And that at first pictures technology. The one that has come about you're, we're convinced the operation of evolution by natural selection. Now the comparison turns out to be I think a particularly interesting one, because these two technologies that have human culture and that evolution have the same potential, starting materials. That is the materials on the earth. And they share the same physical conditions. The physical conditions depend on the value gravitation, looks celebration, the phrase properties of water and so forth on the surface of the same planet. A different perhaps in goals, that they start really different than the design scheme, but they do share this common attitude. Now what I want to emphasize here and which I think is not the point that usually made, is that these two technologies are profoundly different, very, very different. And I want to explore the nature and extent of the differences, and to try to speculate a little bit about what hints we find as to the basis of these enormous differences. And then we'll leave a little bit greater full rest. I want to try to suggest there are implied messages, for both science and technology. So put on some slides password . So let's keep focusing. To kill any possibility of developing suspense in this lecture, that's an outline of the whole thing. And the point which if you readily say, is that the differences aren't truly vast. You don't have to read through the whole thing because it will reappear I'm not isolating live talks, we can hang up on lots of lives here. But people reappear from time to time, remember we're gonna go through these things one by one. In fact, they'll start to think at first, is first group of what we might call geometric differences, surfaces and right angles and corners. The distinctions aren't quite as high as they seem they're as you'll see the subjects blurring a little here. You get it? So first talking about flat versus curved surfaces, the fact that natural designed curve, we usually find things occurred the human artifacts are more commonly flat. We love them, we fly out to like flat things. Flat floors, black walls, black paper sheets, and so forth. There are some other an awful lot of flat surfaces there. There are a couple of organisms, they're not flat but just about everything else. I think we like that flatness mainly because it's convenient on account of our gravity dominated world, we are in an upright world so wherever you fall one way or the other, horizontal fit so we don't roll out of the work surfaces on which we can stand without sliding. You know that for our work, we should enhance not to slide, and floor that can be an aid to stand on, whether you face north, south and swimming your legs at equal length. And we have as we'll see later, this will be a separate point on predilection works and materials. Because it's easiest to make flat surfaces with trusted materials. Anyway, there are to reemphasize rather few flat surfaces in nature, and give they're pretty hard to see there. When you look at that now in nature in this way. There is I think, I can introduce a little bit of physical kind of stuff. A somewhat non-obvious costs of building flat and the cost is best expressed in something it's often called the flosses law. This is the version for cylinders. I actually look lost and do it originally. One of the Bernoulli's I think I was pole fit. The engineers if there are any here may find there is slightly strange formulation because this is tension over on the left. That is force per unit length, not entire stress. So it comes out different. I think this is more convenient if you're not used to the engineering way of looking at it. But it basically says that if you pressurize something, the translation of the pressure, transmural pressure. Pressure across the wall to tension which might split that thing and might cause it to, I think to explode or self destruct, depends on something called radius of curvature, outland flagellates. If the radius or how flat it is, if the radius is pretty, if you've got a flat surface the radius of curvature is infinite and any little pressure difference across the wall will translate into a very large drop within. In this expression, hides all kinds of interesting things such as white tires, skinny tires, racing bicycles can withstand commonly very much higher pressures in the great fat tires of say earth, moving machinery. What splits the tire isn't pressure, it's tension. And if you have a small radius perverse here, you can withstand considerable pressure in flat plant cells with walls on the order of a micrometer thick, can withstand the pressures of many atmospheres. And it's not that they're so a spectacularly strong, supernaturally strong. It just that the radius curvature is very small. So it's very expensive to make things flat because you run into rather high or very high curvature. For instance, you cannot make a flat bloom. If you can make start the ones with cylindrical one, and then the flat ones. A flat membrane only happens if you've got equal pressures on both sides. And well, sometimes we make approximately flat things or you can tell that this milk carton if you look across the top, isn't flat anymore and obviously it's filled. So you have some transmural pressure and the thing rounds up as best as it can. The alternative of course would be self-destruction. This is why, for instance, we make round pipes. Even the ancient Romans knew the pipes were supposed to be round. I discovered it the hard way building a flow tank which wasn't round, a cylindrical. And never could get the dam thing to stop leaking, then somebody told me about this, this is just a deal from my desk, it would be enough for us. I can see our friend likely making round pipes. If you make the air ducts, this is looking at different, right? They're not, they do have some flat surfaces. The pressures aren't very great but they still run into trouble and we deliberately put grease in it. It deals with some of the problems to create a little bit of non flatness. So they don't do other bad things. If we have structured that a lot of pressure difference across the airplane, for instance, pressurized airplane we may get in some sort of a cylindrical derivative and it's conversely, you see an airplane, If you look at the top view is square in section, or rectangular in cross section. You know without actually having to look up the details, and it's limited to a operation without a pressurization and can't go over high mountain ranges but with passengers inside having any degree of comfort. This is a short, so it's quite a nice plane. But it's only you But there are rather nice plans 'cause you don't feel so cramped inside them. But the price that is paid is it can't be pressurized because it's got flat sides. So the high price, there's a high price paid from partners. Though we might get, you know like it or not, the embraced beans does not use membranes. Beans have enough thickness to hide the curvature in quiet and set the necessary curvature inquired as a consequence of the floss' law. That's really last but one way of what a bean does. It make sure it does use flat surfaces when they're important, but she seems to avoid them. You find them they're called leaves. They're a bit flimsy. And they do have a considerable amount of bracing and special stuff so they encounter by getting into trouble. And they're not loaded excessively with pressure differences across them to size. So that gives you the kind of idea of these comparisons. Turned out to another one, right angles and non right angles. We'll let you look around your school here, there are right angles all over the place. You know, here there's one at the corner here, the I got here are right angle triangles, normal boards. They're just all over the place. Our technology just can't seem to avoid them. Sometimes we go you know, really overboard, on right angles. Part of the rather pretentious campus on which I spend my time. And why do you look at an organism and they're just not there? And they're not nature doesn't seem like right angles the way we do. There is a real watershed divide between awesome, between the way the evolutionary process. Now this isn't to say there aren't right angles in nature, there are. There actually quite a lot of them. They're just not anywhere near as ubiquitous. There are some right angles. They don't look quite right there but every one of us has got these pair of these destructured in our heads. Our semicircular canals, which are three canals, each orthogonal to the other two. You get the impression that nature knows about partition coordinates. Maybe one of the reasons we like to crack this in partition coordinates is because something that makes it unessential to us because we are actually built that way. We do at this level resolve our world into partition for, that's another subject. But anyway, right angles are non right angles. I think you have to back off and trying to get some kind of vivid explanation. And remind ourselves of just how big we are. Now organisms are pretty narrow than logs for a size, they range from about I'll say like 10 to the minus seven meters in length to the micrometer up to about 10 to the first meters, roughly a hundred feet. We're at about 10 to the zero meters long. Give or take a factor too. And that's so weird about one order of magnitude, smaller than the largest longest organism. But we're fully seven orders of magnitude longer, than the shortest magnitude. And that is in fact, on one hand we're kind of the, we're one order back to factor shorter than the longest seven orders of magnitude factor longer in short were big in other words. Typical organisms is a millimeter long on a G. If you're looking at a geometric scale or generously a millimeter to a centimeter long. So when creatures or terrestrial creatures and weight experiencing gravity dominated world, and then this chip over in a gravity dominated world that they're not, if they're not the right sort of shaped they stuck. Well, thanks to the box of right angles, make rectangular solids. And rectangular solid stock rather nicely. And so you can have warehouses and lumberyards and things like that. Tip over when you know, if you're working in a warehouse, is kind of hazardous to fitness. And you do things to avoid it. So not only do we have that, but you get hurt at the walls, supports and so forth. And you end up with lots of right angles. For rapidly dominated organisms also local motion turns out to Vic the cost of locomotion is very greatly influenced by the slope of the terrain. And so what to, you know, what there is to be a very to slow down here in the flat land. When you're doing it, materially not really in which we live. For big things, it's better off, you're better off going blunt on flat. So, a perfect wall to come tip over on services for locomotion, you got Brian X. Now nature kind of knows these guidelines. And with big structures, you do get into some right angles. This is a very rare occasion. We have snow in Carolina, but if you look at my front yard, and you see all these pine trees sticking up at right angles to the ground. Well, they're big organisms that probably tip over and so forth is a very real one for a tree. And so you've got time to look in January to find right angles which otherwise, which characterize our technology which are common in nature. You get down with a smaller size, and here's a highway it's not too terribly conspicuous but at least from the lower right to the more or less almost the upper left, it's a earth highway. And you can see little green specs. Each one of those is a, is a bit of me carrying my hat. They make a road which isn't flat because when you are aunt size, the cost of locomotion is largely independent of the slope. And you try and build a road that goes from point A to point B by a direct route as possible, with the requirement only that it stayed at the interface between the solid earth and the air above. And no particular requirement that is not, you know that you go around it. Then grab up and deal with the fact that this particular roads all goes up and pretty soon hits a wall and simply goes up the wall. But answer very quick, smaller than we are. And the cost of locomotion is rather different than it is. Right angles turn out to be a bit expensive to pay. And they're not very good for a partitioning area. If you wanna partition area, as in as wasp's nest, you do better with hexagons. If you're not very good at partitioning volume, correct cubes, don't partition volume with anywhere near as much efficiency in using surface as does this peculiar shape, which is called tetrakaidecagon. It's 14 sided figure, I will never forget that name because I could have memorize that when I took freshmen bonding. I have to, one of the reasons why we're here just before I again, appreciate the plants. It is the paradigmatic shape of the parent cell of herbaceous stems. And they are 14 side of the figures which I think it really showed is the shape that most efficiently, fills volume that isn't building partitions volume, into equal elements with least expense in surface. You see the problem when I bought it, is nobody explained to me why this things should be. This ortho tetrick hijack that needs, or you simply had to know the name of the exam. It wasn't until years later, when I met Darcy Thompson that I realized that that was really my date. But anyway, I've read the cubes aren't anywhere near as good as these options. And cubes just generally get you a brick, brick right angles, kind of get you in problems. Here's a particularly grotesque example. It's the billboard, it's the score board for our football stadium. And you see, they use a whole bunch of right angles but then there's all these other sort of ad hoc pieces. And how do we put on, keep them from falling over? Because you know, square as a kind of mechanically it's not what you call a stack, or the determined structure, it likes to follow and do odd things. And so you have to put cross bracing on it to keep it from getting into trouble. And this is something humans have probably known long time. These are even painted after the fact like recently, but you can see the cross bracing. These are at least twenty-five hundred years old. They're on some rocks, and likes some swing. It's not too clear what structures where, They did leave instructions for use of these things. If there's some kind of slides or boats but the cross bracing is fairly obvious but it's something we've been playing with for quite some time. We do occasionally build things without right angles. There are no right angles in this is a geodesic domain put together. But you know, it's kind of this, these things are regarded as eclectic. And as you can see here, mildly kinda cultural. That's exactly why I'm kind of in class doing this thing to get an idea of non-redundant non rectilinear structures, just to get their minds kind of opened up to thinking about structures in a somewhat more general sense than you get while living in a kind of ordinary building. Humans are human constructors. Well, let's talk just real quickly about sharp corners and round corners. You know, we built lots of things with sharp corners but nature tends to round the corners. Ferry one element into another as in the branch of a tree or in this a cat scan. We seem to have a predilection for assembling things, lots of separate pieces with sharp corners, the intersections between the pieces. And you know, what if, well it really matters. We avoid trunk corners too. You look at the windows on an airplane, the doors, you know they're all rounded. It's not that they like the look that are rounded. The trunk corners are places from which cracks propagate. And you know, if we have to worry about crack propagation, we're willing to do so, whether we build airplanes or you put the cross bracing in the corner or something. Or you know, you really are in trouble with something like a sick lab. So you round the top of the really two corners and reinforce them. So a crack doesn't get started up in that, in those two corners, furthest from the scrib. Now this tolerance of corners in our technologies actually you'll hear, you'll hear of this next point where we start talking about the terrorists. Here's some more, some more of this is the original slide again form work differences between the two technologies. I don't want to start off talking about materials where nature you seem to use plant, tough ones. We'd go in for things that are more stiff and rigid. And I'll get onto the other differences in turn. Now it's not as if nature doesn't use a few hard things or little tiny parts stones in bed. That's robbery. And there was some hard elements here and there. But I think it's safe to say or fair to say, that if you're talking about stiff versus compliant material you know our technology compliance, is not worthy and we make a big point of complying fiberglass, fishing rods, in nature's technology stiffness. That's not worthy. There are stiff things in nature but I do believe when you see something stiff in nature, doesn't, you've got to think there's gotta be some special explanation for nature doesn't casually build stiff things. But we do find quite stiff bounds, quite stiff. This tree trunks, it's a bit of hope there, being demolished. And something even stiffer a piece of park. But each has a special explanation easily available. Unique stiff bound because we put them forward for foot and muscular attachment to bending the action. And the shortening of the muscle would be used up quite uselessly and bending the phone. What is fairly stiff? It's something that comes particularly if it comes from something like an oak tree because I think the big trunk of an oak doesn't want to bend around a lot because you don't want that center of gravity creeping sideways over too far lateral to the base of the tree, or the tree is gonna tumble over. And for Carl, well, it's fairly clear that Carl's built out of calcium salts. The ocean is super saturated with respect to calcium. So it's a cheap material in a good way. And then it does great, but great agent Carl is at least in part of reproductive device, which puts it over on the other side of the fitness ledger. I think what's happening with these stiff structures versus, stiff versus compliant materials is best seen if we introduce a couple of properties and a an insight which comes from a British Naval engineer named James Gordon. By the way, he wrote a marvelous book called \"The Structures\" or \"Why Things Don't Fall Down.\" From which a number of us borrow shamelessly. He is also modeler with good, clear writing about technical subjects and we're not technical audience. Anyway, stiffness is how much force it takes to deform something by a standard of math. And the opposite of that is compliance. That has to be carefully distinguished from strength. Which is the force it takes to damage the piece, a piece of material, irrespective of how much deformation is involved. Well, the antonym is weakness. And both of them are separate from the third property which will become important later on which I think is best called toughness, or has often been called toughness. And that's not force but energy, and it's energy absorbed in the process of breaking the pace. And energy is not force, force is not energy. And this difficult for people in their first physics course but it seems to be by the way the world's working. Now, we seem to like and trust stiff structures. We like car doors, you know, that slam nicely and efficiently whether the car is facing uphill or downhill. And the car that the structure has got a certain business stiffness for that to work. Nature seems to more often go for adequate strength. And it seems to be fairly tolerant of structures which are not very stiff. Now stiff just turns out to be just advantageous in fact, in several ways. But we just put up with it. There are reasons why we put up with it, which they're not, I don't mean anything really right in here. But stiffness is more costly than strength generally when you talk to you about the way that the material must be invested. That is building to a stiffness criterion. Is it more stringent? Often be more stringent criterion and nearly building something stronger. The deck in front of my house was always rounder. But it was said, it wasn't stiff enough, it felt weird to walk on it as it kind of went up and down. So I re-built it to get adequate stiffness. Here is in two bikes under the two by sixes. The two by sixes were plenty strong. They never dropped anybody on the ground and didn't seem tough but it did feel good. We like stiff floors, but not, you know, not the spongy ones. And the speaking of sponginess, here's some sponges. A sponge is a structure which is literally spongy. It's not at all stiff. But turn out to be quite strong. These are rather big sponges. You can see those little blue things they're fish. Any big sponges can withstand typhoons. And they can withstand typhoons with less than 5% of their weight invested in supportive materials. They are an array of very small elements of flexible materials, or little stiff pieces embedded in them. You know, sort of diagrammatic fashion. You can see these little stiff salacious spicules, bits of glass effectively in a matrix of fibrous protein with no neat triangles or anything. The whole thing is quite flexible. If you squeeze it, it pops back and so forth, but it's very, very strong. And so the sponge stands up all kinds of stuff. The sponge is not is, is in fact exceedingly tough. And this stiffness and toughness turn out to be commonly antithetical, giving one kind of ruins here with respect to the other. And that toughness is pretty good. It's a probably to have in the face of a world which puts all sorts of funny forces on you. I mean, after an earthquake houses fall down, trees which are considerably tougher than masonry houses, don't fall down. They're not as stiff as masonry houses, but they're considerably tougher. So nature does with things that are not terribly to tough. She does with things that are flexible. And not only does with that, but she does wonders with them. she does wonders of the sort which we hardly even think of, because we have grown up with the technology built around enormously stiff structures. So what can you do with flexibility? What opportunities are there? Just as illustrated that we rarely use? Well, you can make joints. If you make something just a little bit thinner, it bends a lot more relevant. Here, it's not exactly explained as a brick here, as a brick over there. And there are two pieces of pasta spaghetti in between each of which has a fish sucker hanging from it. And you can see one of them, a capellini which is just a little bit thinner, which likes a great deal more. Being curious as the same material is made by the same factory to close tolerance. I'm serious. We wanted to get some material we could use for student demonstrations and sort of lab testing and we thought of all kinds of things. And a couple of things like wooden dowels are far too barbaric. And finally we hit on spaghetti. It works wonderfully. It comes from gauges, capellini spaghettini, Arabic chillie and spaghetti. And. Nature surprisingly, to surprisingly most tolerant. Anyway, making something a little bit thinner, makes it bend a great deal more, and a . Show that you could take it, and take an anemone without any difference in the properties of material. You make it a little bit thinner up near the t-crown and tentacles, and you get a sort of primitive joint. So it bends up there exposing tentacles to the flow instead of bending down to base. You're playing with flexibility by just narrowing it a little bit, but decreasing the proper geometric property that the engineer would call the second moment of area. And well and behold we got plenty joint. You can do it not only with anemones, but with flower stems. If you take a daffodil that hasn't opened yet, you see it's sticks straight up. But at some stage, the thing goes a little bit flexible and add a point which is slightly hidden by a sheet when it goes flexible. That's the skinny part and bends at the skinny part. And then finally opens, with that bend up there. To show that it's a passive kind of process, you can try this one. It's kind of fun because the results look a bit weird but you make it that feel you were into the full flower, who I'll be upside down in a little siphon. Providing waterpark and you get it back. It looks up skylar, it doesn't stand over. When it's playing these games with slightly skinnier regions, and then just softening things. You can tune reconfigurations and flow. The background for this is, if you take a flag, don't put a flag on the antenna of your card right that bicep terribly hide drug. If it flutters in the breeze. It's got much higher drug than a flat plate at the same area. I read about this and started asking myself you know, \"Hey, okay, what about leaves on trees? Trees aren't interested in falling over.\" If leaves are flags, trees are in trouble. What do leaves do on a high wind? They do what flags do. So I when wind come around, how they might've been built for work on bird flights some years ago and tested some lists. Let me just show you quickly. What happens with a tool proper laid when we run it up to a wind Freedom office and I go. Here's the tool of proper leaf and zero win, five meters a second, 10, 15, and 20 meters a second. That's 45 miles an hour. There's no fluttering. There's no, but you can not see any blurring here. It just reconfigures into a stable common presence surprisingly of coefficient of drag. It means you can play with flexibility. This is entirely reversible. Whoops can do it. Yeah, you see it does that. I'm actually, I'm not kidding. I can take them in the order in which I showed you, showed them, I took them in random order. It really does go back. It goes back and forth. I didn't know every kind of gust of wind hits. It's just when there's a storm out there and all you're doing is wind the soil and does crazy things. It's a little hard to observe. You need a big electric fan in captivity to it. And so you can play all these sorts of games. Another game you can play is with relative ability to twist and bend. Let's see if I, yeah we do this a little bit. And then this is a roadsign. It's one of the few that we don't want it to bend. We don't really care if it twists. And so we use these peculiar, very cheap, kind of a stripe to put it up on this corrugated piece of metal. And we get something which, you know, twist crazily but it's adequately resistant to bending. And nature seems to do this in all kinds of places. The signature of a an arrangement to do it is a stem or some sort of structure, which is non cylindrical in section. Cylinders resist both twisting and bending quite well. Non cylindrical sections tend to twist relatively more easily. This is a cucumber. It's got 10 goals. It has to reach out and not something reaching up. It has to resist bending, but it's rather nice if it can twist so leaves can go around downs. When, and so you don't have to invest so much material in the resisting tender. If you're dragging, this of course once the, of mine like this grabs onto something, all of that resistance to bending is superfluous because it's just going to be loaded in pure tension which is a trick with all the reasons. And these things seem to happen elsewhere. Petioles are commonly grooved on their upper dorsal and at axial surfaces, depending on what part of biology you come from. They're grooved. So like this seems to help them twist easily, so they can cluster and keep their drag down in the wind but still leave them strong enough against bending to act as wood cantilevers sticking out there, you know, stuck at the site of sunlight. We don't play these games much, so we don't think about them much. Here's a locus highlight , the tibia here of highlight seems to play the same game. When you pop a leg off the lobster, you know what you're doing. You just twist it comes right off, Other parts don't build very good wall drawings. They build mostly hinges. And so you load the portion and it's in worse trouble than a sphere coming down the slope with this big long lever attached to it's way. So what is the press offer do well begins on the basis of just a couple of measurements. The look is it. If you can't take gut, if you can't take torsion in the joints, well then you build a shack. So it has a thin range and a sheer alignment. So the shaft of the tibia can take the portion and think doesn't dislocate his knees, when he jumps off from an FBI, something a non flats, non horizontal surface. We're just beginning to get into it. Looking at how nature capitalizes on being unstiff, and does all kinds of things which we just haven't bothered with in our technology. You know, where we're doing a hinge on a door, we don't build something that bends, we use a set of solid elements and a pin. None of which are what are flexible at all. In any appreciable extent, the function of the hinge on the door doesn't depend on the flexibility of materials but on this failure structure we build where there's a slide from it. Well, I carried on enough of sniff and unstiff things. It turned out another material difference. And this one is an exactly the most peculiar one because it is the most absolute one. And that is the difference between the use or non-use of metals. Our technology is an overwhelmingly metal based technology. And this has been for the last couple of hundred years. Metals are actually central. And they're absolutely absent in nature. I think there is no case known in which any organism uses a sample of metal, pure metal for a structural purpose, a mechanical purpose. This is in spite the fact that just about every cell, has the enzymes capable of dealing with metal atoms, metal ions. We've got a lot of hemoglobin in us, and a lot of other things with iron but we haven't got, you know, iron hot. We haven't gotten higher and higher and clumsy . There is even one case of you know in a bacteria, there's a lump of iron that the bacteria makes but it doesn't use it for support. It uses it as a magnetic detector. Very peculiar. Metals are very good, very versatile material. They are good on strength. They're good on toughness and they don't have to bend and they still retain fairly decent stiffness. It is the trade-off of properties is surprisingly, they're surprisingly forgiving as materials. They're as brittle as ceramics, but ceramics are freely and ceramics are widely used by organisms. By boeing, by corals, or hiding. Someone there just can't figure out why his bones are made of bone and not made of something that's really good, like steel which from many points of view would be a superior material structurally. This crazy composite that a calcium dissolves into protein and a few other things. As far as I know, there is no single satisfying explanation. One can guess maybe the metals are too sort of, ill distributed over the earth. Organisms have built things everywhere about them. Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, stuffs that's widely distributed. Well you don't have to have an international trade, to go get your tin from the island of Britain, to bring it back to ancient Greece that make your bronze. Organisms don't do things that way. Maybe it's just evolutionary inertial that the system got started with ceramics. And they typically got too very busy ceramic so that some probably old pieces of metal. You know what I mean? Once you've gone on one, in one direction it's hard to back off perhaps and go off into a different technological direction with evolution based system. Making your organisms work basically a quiet metals were basically too dense to be practical as structural materials. Maybe metals are simply in some fundamental way, incompatible with the strong oxidizing chemistry on the surface of the earth, and the organisms dismantle water and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Anyway, it's hard to be satisfied with any of these explanations. I suppose one could say that, it's appropriate that I thought ironically, this is the most absolute conscience. These two technologies. Finally, on the turtles it's worth looking well fine I guess, yeah. Semifinally. And like homogeneous versus composite returns. Now the distinction here is a macroscopic wall. Metals will consider as we use the pure even if they're alloys because at the macroscopic level they're homogeneous. Now what is a composite of minerals or proteins and water? What is a composite of cellulose fibers? Late then, things like that. Sheldon tea are composites of minerals, but some proteins you know, when you go to the dentist and he drills on you or she drills on you and there's this a sulfur smell that's not the mineral of your tooth going. That's the protein of your tooth being vaporized until it rise to that sulfurous smell. We use a lot of composite. Nature uses a lot of composite naturey acid. We use a lot of homogeneous returns. Now it's peculiar. What peculiar we tend to use stiffish sort of things. And those are just the ones in which cracks, propagate most easily. And so we've got two problems. Cracks like the propagate in stiff things, and cracks like propagate homogeneous materials. And you're getting into problems well this is an extreme problem with a piece of glass. And I had to work hard to make that slide to get the crack to stop in the middle. It just, once they got across and split the glass to the basis, the solution to this basis prac propagation drawn here, by that notch, hitting the various forest lines is to make this composite lots of little things like that. A brittle material separated by layers of slightly more flexible material. And the crack goes down through the brittle one of those little brittle pieces and it hits the flexible material tip of the crack. One minute, doesn't go further. And the thing stops and the material is tough. The crack doesn't propagate a lot of energy. It has to be put in to break it. If you break a piece of something tough like fiberglass, you have to make lots of surface, take lots of energy and you got it no, really good material. Well, that's how nature does it. She, whenever she wants to make something even reasonably stiff, but she uses a composite material, several different components put together so that the cracks don't prompt it. We tend to use homogeneous materials and we get away with it largely because we have the available beds which do pretty well as homogeneous materials. That is, they're not super fragile when it comes to crack propagation. One wonders, curious not a question. I don't know how, whether you can ever answer some questions but one wonders, maybe, you know if nature could use metals, would she have bothered to go to the trouble of making these composites? Of course you can't answer that. But maybe it goes the other way. Maybe nature's composites are simply so good because nature can drive things in minute pieces which is a naturally efficient way of making a composite. If you're already building things up little tiny components it's easy to get to the components and you got a composite. And it's such a... I hate to use the word natural. It's such a natural thing for nature and may building things cell by cell that she's just got over on this ceramic composite protein system, protein polysaccharide system. That is the way you went and the petals were ignored. Finally, on instructional materials, one last thing. We at Fluids will work as trucks for materials if you package them properly. You can make eerie constructive material, or you can make watery constructive material. There are many two different contracts in this business of using structural fluid. First, in our technology, we rarely use fluids of any sort at port, liquids or gases or structural material. There are occasionally flooded buildings, and we once in a while make something like a plan. If we don't do it very often, then that's the first contrast, whereas nature common link ups. 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