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testing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=484.94,487.799"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing that was most striking about the research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=487.799,492.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that the impact of each individual school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=492.0,494.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about as unique as a thumbprint,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=494.94,498.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Blacks in College reports patterns of development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=498.07,501.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from freshman to senior year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=501.57,503.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But since having written that book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=503.94,505.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been trying to find more succinct ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=505.8,508.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of describing the data,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=508.38,510.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's been a very difficult task.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=510.03,512.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one of the things that I have 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schools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=522.25,523.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, often when I report these results,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=525.13,527.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people say, \"Well, that seems very depressing.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=527.63,530.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other people say that these findings seem to argue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=531.8,535.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a return to segregation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=535.25,537.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If black students are doing better in black schools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=537.38,540.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then maybe they just ought to go to black 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that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=552.03,554.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integrated education is a noble experiment at best,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=554.32,558.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and like any other experiment, it takes a number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=558.52,561.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of trials before you begin to get it to work right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=561.35,564.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we don't like the way the findings are turning 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end,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=584.26,585.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=585.82,587.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probe this data a little more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=587.67,589.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find out why it is that black students show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=589.25,593.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inhibited development in predominantly white 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to threat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2241.68,2242.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in that itself, I have no quarrel with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2242.84,2246.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What concerns me is that it does not 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coping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2256.06,2258.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the feeling of threat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2258.62,2260.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the overt and covert situations of 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gain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2266.05,2268.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That students for their part need to be much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2270.25,2272.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better prepared emotionally and strategically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2272.57,2275.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they're going to be able to cope well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2275.58,2277.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this kind of threat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2277.63,2279.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the very least they need to know ahead of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2279.07,2281.846"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they will do when faced with a threatening situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2281.846,2286.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because once the attacked, emotions are out of control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2286.1,2289.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once abused, students do not think clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2289.48,2292.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from that point on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2292.35,2293.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the thinking process appears to be blocked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2293.64,2296.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, that's not trying time to figure out what to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2296.52,2299.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think too many students after they've been 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pressure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2306.68,2308.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is not the answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2308.98,2310.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they come up with this response 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2360.217,2362.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because from personal experience and from my research data,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2362.28,2366.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there has not been a time when black 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aspiration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2546.05,2549.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much like that for black students in black schools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2549.61,2552.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, experience for black students in black 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students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2557.39,2559.594"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in white schools in a very uncomfortable position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=2559.594,2562.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309/transcript/28260/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, this data leads me to ask the question 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Good afternoon. I think we'll... I know some of you in the audience have schedules that you have to meet and we'll try to keep to the time of the program. My name is Tom Tiller, and I'm here at Iowa State University and it's my great honor to be able to introduce the speaker this afternoon, as you're probably aware our speaker is here as part of a summer institute that we're doing and she met with some of you beside this morning, all morning long. It's very good to see people from all around campus who are not part of the institute to be able to be here this afternoon. This program is really sponsored by our university lectures committee, funded by our government of the student body and it's really to do exactly what we're gonna do today, bring people from all over the world to our campus, to meet and interact with our faculty, our students, and staff. We'll, let me get on with the introduction of our speaker today. Dr. Jacqueline Fleming, author of Blacks in College, is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Psychology at Barnard College. As an expert on how personality sparks individual motivation, Dr. Fleming teaches undergraduate courses in the area of motivation and racism on the Barnard campus. In addition to being a consulting psychologist in New York city, Dr. Fleming is currently comparing how black and white students perform on college and graduate school's entrance exams. She also plans to publish a second book entitled \"When Success Makes you Sick.\" Dr. Fleming received her BA in Psychology from Barnard College in 1969, concentrating on personality development. She earned her PhD in Psychology from Harvard University. As an anthropology minor during her graduate school days, Jacqueline Fleming went to Kenya to study the role of women in the national development of their countries. She continues to study the role of the black woman in America. The seven year research study that resulted in the publication of Blacks in Colleges was funded by $700,000 grant from the Carnegie Corporation. During the time of the study, Dr. Fleming was a fellow of the Radcliffe Institute. We feel here at Iowa State we're very, very fortunate to have someone of Dr Fleming's stature and sensitivity to talk about the issue of black students and minority students in higher education. So, it's my great pleasure today to introduce you to Dr. Jacqueline Fleming.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. Black students need to know what college has in store for them, because if they do not it is too likely that they will be pushed around by forces they do not understand, and are ill prepared to control. This is my considered advice to black students. After having done the research that's reported in Blacks in College. This is not the kind of advice I thought that I might give to black students when I first began to do this research. When I first began, I was asking questions about the uniqueness of various kinds of college environments. I wanted to know what the unique contributions to black education were by predominantly black school, and by the same token what were the unique contributions making black education by predominantly black school? I thought that since both kinds of schools existed, that both did things that could not be duplicated by each other in the near future. I simply wanted to know what they were. But the inquiry led me to concentrate on very different issues. I essentially found that black students develop far better in predominantly black institutions. Specifically black students in black school, show better academic and intellectual development. This study finds that students in black schools show roughly twice as much evidence of academic and intellectual development from freshmen to senior year. Where students in white schools, show developmental profiles that look as though their intellectual development is more often forehead than incurred. When I speak at intellectual development, I refer to a long series of instruments that speak to various aspects of the cognitive process. The ones that are given the most credence in social science are the hard concrete measures. Things like grades. There were six measures of grades taken from transcripts. There were three independently measures of intellectual skills. In students performed on both math and verbal tests in different kinds of competitive situations. On those three classes of concrete measures, the same estimate of the difference in growth emerges with students in black schools showing roughly twice as much evidence. This is also the same estimate of the difference in growth found in studies of women's education, with women going to women's schools showing roughly twice as much evidence of developmental performance on various concrete measures. So there seems to be a neat parallel there. If I extend the analysis to softer measures of the intellectual process, things like students' own estimates of their intellectual development in college, on narratives of intellectual self-concept and depth measures of motivation, the black college advantage can be up to six times as great. Now, I don't draw these kinds of conclusions lightly. They come only after extensive research. Blacks in College was a major study. I have a personal definition of a major study. It's one that took more of my time than I would've liked, about seven years. And I'm sure that it costs the Carnegie Corporation of New York more money than it wanted to spend, about three quarters of a million dollars. But at least from all that research, am confident in the conclusions that I draw. This research includes evidence taken from four to eight hours of psychologically-oriented testing, on each of 3000 students; 2,500 upon were black and about 500 of whom were white. These students were freshmen and seniors in 15 different schools, eight of them predominantly white and seven of them predominantly black. These 15 schools were in four States; Georgia, Texas, Mississippi, and Ohio. Out of all that research and it's like psychologists can get an awful lot of information out of four to eight hours of testing. The thing that was most striking about the research was that the impact of each individual school is about as unique as a thumbprint, and Blacks in College reports patterns of development from freshman to senior year. But since having written that book, I've been trying to find more succinct ways of describing the data, and it's been a very difficult task. But one of the things that I have found in trying to do that is that... Is to discover that students show roughly twice as much evidence of academic and intellectual development in predominantly black schools. Now, often when I report these results, people say, \"Well, that seems very depressing.\" Other people say that these findings seem to argue for a return to segregation. If black students are doing better in black schools then maybe they just ought to go to black school. Well, if I thought that my findings argued for a return to segregation, I too would be depressed, but I don't look at it that way. What I think is that, integrated education is a noble experiment at best, and like any other experiment, it takes a number of trials before you begin to get it to work right. And if we don't like the way the findings are turning out, you have full power to change them in the future. But by getting feedback on our efforts by doing research that tells us where we are, it puts us in a much better position to decide how to change things for the better in the future. So to that end, I'd like to probe this data a little more to find out why it is that black students show inhibited development in predominantly white schools? To do this I'm going to present an analysis of developmental pressures facing black students in college. Developmental pressures is a concept that has fascinated psychologists from Freud to Erickson and beyond. Gail Sheehy is probably the psychologist who was made the idea of predictable life crises popular in her book \"Passages.\" A critical period in development is one that can be resolved well or not, depending upon a lot of other factors. Erickson, is probably the psychologist who was talked the most about college being a critical period in development. According to him, college is a very difficult stage of development because during it, students have to pass from adolescence to adulthood, and in order to make that transition well, they have to do two different things. They first have to settle on an occupational identity that will guide them through the critical periods ahead. But with that occupational identity, they have to merge the mature capacity for intimacy. Psychologically speaking, they must fuse two different kinds of energy; aggressive energy and sexual energy, or in Freud's words, \"Combined capacities for both loving and working.\" If this is done well, and this is a big \"if\", students can come to a joy for recognition of who they really are, a surprising, joyful recognition of their true purpose in life. This is the best that we can hope for. Now, no one has been more precise that I know of than Erickson, on the pressures facing students in college. And certainly no one has been more precise about the developmental pressures facing black students in college. So I define a developmental pressure as any variable or measure in this study that produced a significant freshmen seeing new difference, in 50% or more of the sample of 15 colleges, that is seven of 15 or 47% of the sample of 15 colleges. In this study, significance is defined more stringently than it is in most studies, and so my variables had to pass up to three tests of significance rather than the usual one. So that means that any variable or measure that manages to survive to significance in this study, in seven of 15 colleges, should be tapping a very meaningful area of change. The thing about change is that it means that energy becomes freed up during the college years. And it's up to the student to be able to channel this freed-off energy to constructive purposes. So students have to learn to harness energy that will become available to ends of their own. So students are basically in a state of flux, and these are hurdles that students have to jump. Having a lot of freed-up energy is only a good thing if you know what to do with it once it gets freed up, if you don't, it can be one of the worst experiences psychologically speaking. This analysis has yielded at least four developmental pressures facing black students in college. Interestingly enough, the first three pressures are common to white students as well. It's only the fourth one that seems to be race-related. The first developmental pressure. The first developmental pressure is to become more involved in campus life. To become more involved in campus life. This is the most widespread pressure facing black students. Students in this study become more involved in campus life in 12 of the 15 schools or 80% of the sample. The measurement of involvement is composed of simple involvement in extracurricular activities, as well as the holding of leadership positions in those activities. As such, this pressure looks like a dress rehearsal for life, where students learn to participate in the world going on around them in college. They learn to take responsibility for running, look up the role that goes on around them in college, much as they will be expected to run the world around them when they leave college. Trying to resist the pressure to become more actively involved in campus life, is very much trying to resist the flow of nature itself, and any student who does resist it runs the risk of having a less than happy adjustment and tenure in college. But those students who go with the flow and do become more responsively involved stand to have... To stand to maximize the nature of their college experience. So the question for black students is not whether they will become more involved in campus life, but what will the consequences of involvement in campus life be? In predominantly black schools, greater involvement builds an attachment to college over time. Students within the sample of black schools do become more involved in those schools in six of the seven schools or 86% of the black college sample. This involvement appears to be largely positive. So the students report more positive feelings about their colleges in three of the seven schools, and virtually any variable in the study with the word \"college\" in it loads positively by the senior year, with students in black schools reporting more positive feelings, than they did as freshmen. In predominantly white schools, however, greater involvement in campus life produces a negative attachment to college. Students become more involved in white colleges in six of the eight white schools or 75% of a white college sample. But that adjustment doesn't seem to be positive, specifically, black students report more negative feelings about fellow students in four of the eight white colleges, and virtually any variable in the study with the word \"college\" in it loads negatively by the senior year, with black students reporting more negative feelings as seniors than as freshmen. Now, it seems to me that given the important nature of this pressure, that students need to learn how to make involvement work for them and how to make it assist learning. If I had to suggest one skill that might help black students negotiate this pressure of college well, I'd say that skill is leadership skill. And the reason is this: the difference between the black college experience and the white college experience for black students is that in black colleges, students have access to a wider network of constructive relationships with other people. Relationships that inspire them, they make them feel as though they belong and that lead them to think more of their abilities than they might have at first spot. Specifically, students in black schools have more friends, and having sympathetic people to talk to seems to free up negative energy, so that the remaining energies can be used for constructive purposes. Students in black schools have more mentors. They have more informal relationships with faculty members, that merge into mentor-like relationships, that provide them with the inspiration for learning. And students in black school, feel a warmer invitation to participate in a wide range of extracurricular activities, where they get opportunities to lead, as well as the fall to be kings and queens, and essentially rehearse muscles that are anticipatory to the roles that they will be expected to play in life. In contrast, black students in white schools exists in a relatively lonely environment, having fewer friends. They find it much more difficult to establish informal mentor-like relationships with faculty members, and they feel iced out of any, but all club activities, thus depriving them of feelings of belonging to the whole institution. Now, the reason leadership skill worked so well for this pressure, it's because leaders by their very nature are in a position to maximize all of the relationships that are so critical to development in college, and particularly critical to intellectual development. So, leaders, because of their outgoing nature, meet more people, and so, stand to make more friends. Leaders, when they do well at their jobs, attract the attention of adults on campus, who might serve in a mentor-like relationship to them. And leaders are in the position of participation, and so they learn how to get things done at the same time that they have to do their academic work. And this challenge seems to affect the cross pollination between what goes on side of the classroom and outside the classroom. And there seems to be no substitute for the possession of leadership skill, and any school that's interested in assisting black students in negotiating this pressure needs to find ways of providing leadership training and leadership opportunities for black students. The only caution that I have about providing leadership opportunities for black students is that though it could all be provided, it should not necessarily compete with existing leadership positions available for other students, because I've observed that that might create more tensions than already exist. There seems to be enormous competition for whatever produces enormous growth and development, and leadership opportunities are one of those things. In my travels I've noticed that many of the students who are receiving interracial violence are student leaders. And when I was doing this research on one of the college campuses black student leaders had been murdered, all light hearted talk. And so, many other black students were reluctant to then take on leadership positions. So, in order to get around the intense competition that seems to exist for leadership, it seems to me that we should widen our view of the role of leadership. I see leadership as a problem-solving role, and conceive this as a problem-solving role. Since we have more problems than we know what to do with, that there should be more than enough opportunities for students to take on those problems and solve them. So by widening our view of it, we might not think that all that black students can do is to compete for the leadership positions that already exist. The second developmental pressure. The second developmental pressure is the pressure towards competence. The pressure towards competence. The most famous single paper in motivation theory is that by Robert White, who has it that competence is the major driving force among all human beings. He says that human beings are endowed with an enormous reservoir of motivational energy that has a life and purpose of it's own. It pushes individuals to strive to interact more competently with the environment. It pushes them to seek, to manipulate things, to change things, and in so doing, change their relationship to the environment. If this is done well, there's a surplus pleasure associated with the mastery effort that Robert White says is akin to sex. Individuals that he studies, go further and say the pleasure accompanying mastery is not like sex, but better than sex. Well, Robert White is right. It's true that competence is the major driving force among all human beings. Then it's not a surprise to me that competence turns up as an issue for black students, and emerges as a major developmental pressure. What it suggests itself in a most indirect way. Students in these schools lose interest in getting good grades. In 10 of the 15 schools, 67% of the sample, and they lose interest in getting good grades in general, grades in the major subject, and grades leading directly to the career choice. Well, now this seems a little odd. If competence is supposed to be such a major driving force, how is it that black students are losing interest in the very way that they have of judging their competence, and have had, since they began school? what could be happening? Well, it may be that if Erickson is right, that because students are passing from adolescence to adulthood, that they are giving up the adolescent way of judging their competence and looking for a more adult way of getting themselves, more consistent with the career choice. If that's true, then the question for black students is, will they find an indication of competence to replace the lost interest in grades or will there be a developmental void? For students in predominantly black colleges, the loss of interest in grades, is very neatly replaced by actual competence in the major subject as measured by grades in the major subject, right? There's a difference between, being interested in getting good grades and actually getting them. In black schools, students lose interest in grades in four of the seven black schools, 57% of the sample, but there appear to be enough transitional supports available, to keep students interests in competence alive, such that students show improvement in the major subject in four of the seven black schools, 57% of them. They also show increased satisfaction with our courses and love of learning in three of the seven black schools. In predominantly white colleges, however, the lost interest in grades does not find a powerful replacement. Students in white schools lose interest in getting good grades in six of the eight white schools, 75% of that sample. But there appear to be blocks to improve in performance, such that there's no evidence that black students perform better in the major subject by the senior year in any widespread way. There's no evidence that black students show enhanced love of learning by the senior year. In short, black students in white schools seem to find themselves caught inside of a developmental void with respect to the competence issue. The solution to negotiating this pressure is easy to say. Black students need to focus on getting good in one area of competence. One area of competence, there is no substitute for improving competence in a major subject. It seems that the pressures acting on black students lead them to take their attention away from the classroom. And this is a tendency that must be resisted at all costs. Black female seemed to be a little bit better able to keep their attention inside the classroom. The reason seems to be that males when faced with a frustrating situation, tend to act out. And so they look for opportunities for cultural and political protests that go on outside the classroom, and so the classroom work suffers more. Females, because they are females seem to be able to sit more passively with frustration, and so they can rechannel much of their frustration back into the classroom so that their great average profiles are better than they are for black males. A school that's interested in assisting black students with this pressure, needs to find many more ways of helping students keep their attention on the classroom, by providing more incentives, by providing world rewards, and by providing more support for the academic mastery effort. There's no substitute for this. The third developmental pressure. There is a pressure toward forming attachments to faculty and staff members that is purposive. There is a pressure toward forming attachments to faculty and staff members that is purposive. Two variables define this developmental pressure. Black students show greater admiration of faculty and staff members in seven of the 15 colleges, 47%. And they seek career assistance more over time from faculty and staff members in 10 of the 15 schools, 67%. Psychologists know this as the pressure towards transfer. And it basically means that as students are growing up, they get in the habit of looking to adult figures for guidance. Now, when they go away to school, much of this primary investment of energy gets freed up. But because this energy is in the habit of looking to adults for guidance, it continues to look for adults for guidance and this seems to be a very good move on the part of students, whether it's done consciously or unconsciously, because it seems that having mentors, is the single most important factor in the development of great talent. And individuals who possess extraordinary talent, that developed early and did not burn out, can point to a succession of mentors throughout life. So, question for black students then is, will the desire to attach to faculty and staff members be satisfied or not? In predominantly black colleges, the desire to attach to faculty and staff members seems to be more often satisfied than not. Black students in black schools show greater admiration for their faculty members in five of the seven black schools, 71% of that sample. They show increasing informal contact with faculty members in four of the seven black schools, or 57%. So it seems that if they are seeking help from relationship with adults on campuses, that they more often find it than not on black college campuses. On white college campuses, the desire to attach to adults on campus seems to be largely frustrated. Students on many campuses seek help more from faculty and staff members in five of the eight white schools, 63%, but it doesn't seem that they are fine that they find the help they're looking for. There are four variables in this study that describe black student faculty interaction. Each of them produces a significant effect, a significant preference in your difference in three of the eight black colleges. All of these variables describe a negative appraisal of black student faculty interactions by the senior year, compared with, the freshman year. The solution to this pressure of college life is really simple to state. Black students need to find a mentor. The nature of this pressure is such that any black student who does not have a mentor on campus is at risk. And usually when I say to groups of students that you have to find a mentor no matter what, they say to me, \"well, that's very difficult to do. It's very difficult to establish relationships with faculty members of any description, we're intimidated by them, and we just don't know how to go about it.\" And my responses, which might seem ungenerous at first, is that it doesn't matter how difficult it is, it doesn't matter that mentors don't fall in your laps at first. It doesn't matter that you don't yet know how to establish relationships. All that matters is that you find a way to establish mentor-like relationships before you leave school. Period. Any school, that's interested in assisting black students in what can be a very difficult effort, needs to find ways of making the establishment of those relationships much easier. A school I think could provide a role in reducing the intimidation that goes on between students and faculty, and at the very least could promote the idea that it's beneficial to both faculty and to students if they get together and have relationships. Now, this is a little difficult to do since faculty members know that every minute that they spend with students is a minute taken away from research or whatever else really keeps them in their jobs. So there's a structural problem here that makes it difficult for faculty to respond to black student needs. Nonetheless, no matter how difficult it might be, colleges have to find a way of assisting black students in effecting good mentor-like relationships. The fourth developmental pressure. The fourth developmental pressure is the pressure to experience threatening situations. The pressure to experience threatening situations. Here is where the black student experience departs significantly from the white student experience. This seems to be the pressure of blackness. Personal threat is greater in seven of the 15 colleges or 47% of the sample, over time. Personal threat is measured from a factor of The Holmes and Rahe Life Changes questionnaire. The items include, physical assault, violation of a law, legal difficulties, and perhaps as a result of change in political beliefs. The question facing black students is not how to avoid threatening situations. Because this data is not saying that black students have a 50/50 chance of encountering threatening situations. That's not it. The data is saying that black students have a 50/50 chance of encountering threatening situations increasingly so, over the four years of college. As such, I think they are too likely to be avoided. Any intelligence student knowing when he or she has a 50/50 chance of experiencing threatening situations moreso over time, I think would be foolish not to prepare to meet the situations ahead of time. Most students seem to be unprepared for these kinds of situations. And when students are unprepared, they respond to threat to attack with anger, frustration, then depression and worse. The idea is to figure out ahead of time before these situations occur, what you might do, and how you might survive them. So, what will the response be to this pressure of blackness? In predominantly black colleges, the response seems to be enhanced feelings of competence. Students in black school experience threatening situations more so over time in three of the seven black schools or 43% of them. So black colleges are not really the place to go to avoid this pressure of blackness. It doesn't occur in 50% of the school, but 43% is enough to constitute an issue. So when I look around for other variables in the study that might tell me, how black students in these schools cope with that situation, I don't see much that seems to be related. The one variable that does seem to be like related is the fact, that students leaving black schools are less likely to describe themselves as incompetent in the senior year. Students described themselves as less incompetent in six of the seven black schools. This is an effect that never occurs for black students in white schools. So it may be that in an atmosphere that's generally supportive, in generally encourages a positive resolution of other major developmental pressures that, in this kind of atmosphere, students may be able to meet and walk away from this pressure of blackness, with enhanced feelings of being able to cope, whether there's sometimes threatening word. In predominantly white colleges, the response to threat maybe enhanced black ideology and assertiveness. Students in white school experience threatening situation increasingly so, over time in four of the eight white schools, or 50% of them. Now, because the measurement of this threat includes a change in political beliefs, it leads me to link it to the fact that students... Black students show increased interest in their own black heritage in four of the eight white school. They also report being less passive in the senior year then in the freshman year in four of the eight white school. So, I have no quarrel with this pro black assertive political stance to threat. And in that itself, I have no quarrel with it. What concerns me is that it does not yield academic gain. And as such appears to be defensive. In other words, black students seem to be spending more of their time and energy coping with the feeling of threat, and the overt and covert situations of threat, than they do and gain the competencies that they go to college to gain. That students for their part need to be much better prepared emotionally and strategically, if they're going to be able to cope well with this kind of threat. At the very least they need to know ahead of time, what they will do when faced with a threatening situation. Because once the attacked, emotions are out of control. Once abused, students do not think clearly and from that point on, the thinking process appears to be blocked. So, that's not trying time to figure out what to do. And I think too many students after they've been attacked and abused, who think only that retaliatory violence is the answer to negotiating this pressure, and that is not the answer. I think they come up with this response because they're so hurt and angry and their thinking process is indeed blocked, and they can't think beyond that. Any college interested in assisting students needs to acknowledge these incidents and discuss them openly. In my experience, schools have a policy of covering up this kind of racial tension, but I can understand this from the school's point of view. Schools have a reputation and an image to protect. Nonetheless, I've seen too many black students traumatized by the denial of their experience to think that it's a wise course of action in the long run. I'm often asked why is there a recurrence of racial violence on campus? And I have to admit that the question always annoys me when I hear it, because from personal experience and from my research data, there has not been a time when black students did not have to cope with racial threat and violence. This data was collected long before the current situation on campus. It may be however that there are certain figures in society that ignite racial tension to a point where it cannot be covered up, and at that point, it gets the attention of the media and then begins to get discussed. I remember the responses of social scientists after the disturbances in the sixties because I went to graduate school then. And those reports said that there was a gap in expectations between black students and white college administrations. And until that gap in expectations got resolved, that there wasn't going to be a solution to the problem. Well, that was way back then and it doesn't seem to me that colleges really learned from that experience. And of course, when you don't learn from experience you have to repeat the experience again and again and again. So now, we're in another cycle where we have full-blown tensions to contend with. So, if I were gonna use this data to try to find an underlying solution or call for occurring racial tension and violence on campus, what I would do is to look at the effects for black students in white school, that were unique to them in that situation. And then look at the unique effects for black students in black schools that occurred for those students and not others, and see what the differences are. When I do that, I find that the unique experience for black students in white schools is faculty-related stress, such that black students in white schools by the senior year are more likely to charge their teachers with unfairness in grading. They're more likely to think their teachers are uninterested in them and unencouraging by the senior year. They're more likely to report generally more negative feelings toward their faculty by the senior year. And the more likely to score a higher on a measure of academic stress by the senior year, which includes a number of student-teacher interactive variables. Each of these variables produces a significant presence in your difference in three of the eight white schools. You contrast that unique experience with black students in black schools, produces a long a list of variables, and I could sum them up as something like teacher support of student competence or college support of student competence, the opposite of what we find for black students in white schools. And, if I could work to repeat the same analysis for white students in white schools, they also produce a longer list of findings, on that could be summed up as something like enhanced level of learning, leading to higher aspiration, very much like that for black students in black schools. So, experience for black students in black schools, is very much like that for white students in white schools, leaving only black students in white schools in a very uncomfortable position. So, this data leads me to ask the question then, what in heaven's name is going on in the classroom that leads black students to produce findings like this? Well, this was not a study of classroom interaction, so, from my own research experience I really can't say what's going on in the classroom. However, there are other researchers who do do that kind of research, and who'd give us some hints as to what might be going on. There is a report by Rudizit and Mayer reported in an edited book by E Mavis Hetherington that finds that while gifted white students get the most attention from their teachers, that gifted black students get the least attention from their teachers, gifted being defined by IQs of over 135. Carla Trujillo, found that majority faculty in interaction with both black and Hispanic students spend less time in responding to their questions, ask them less complex questions, and do not assist them in bettering their responses while in class. That is they don't give as many hints, include, for minority students, that would help them improve their in-class responses. Carla Trujillo thinks that this is a phenomenon of low expectations that professors give their greatest attention to those that they think are the best and brightest, and give all other students short trip. But, given the previous study, it seems is that the situation is far more complicated for minority students. Because even when teachers are told that minority students are gifted, it doesn't improve their treatment of them, it makes it worse. Now, on the part of black students, James Anderson at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania has investigated black students' response to the classroom situation. And he finds that black students are at an extreme, but when faced with a classroom situation, black students are more likely to ask themselves questions that allow negative aspects into their emotional experience of the classroom, allowing them to distance themselves from what goes on in the classroom. Now, white students are somewhere in between. Sometimes they ask themselves questions that allow in negative aspects and sometimes they don't. Asian-American students are at another extreme, where they don't seem to care, whether they like the professor or the professor likes them. Whether they like the course, whether the course is boring, it doesn't matter to them. They simply approach it as a responsibility, a duty and they simply go in and do what they have to do without ever asking themselves any questions that would allow emotional distancing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116309#t=0.0,2747.50694"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Does this kind of data have the power to explain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=8.391,12.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kinds of racial tensions that we observe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=12.56,16.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a periodic basis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=16.27,18.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I think about it long enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=18.23,20.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it does have the power to explain it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=20.79,24.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because this data is saying, that on the one 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affirmation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=201.02,203.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it describes a very mature individual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=203.67,207.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is able to pick and choose from both cultural patterns,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=207.15,210.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and incorporate the best of both worlds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=210.89,213.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the personality at will without 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used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=225.02,226.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by only a small minority of black students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=226.93,230.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other coping patterns are not effective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=230.34,232.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Assimilation, the giving up of the black identity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=233.41,236.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to accept the white identity doesn't work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=236.43,240.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's psychological damage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=240.08,242.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retreat into an all-black subculture of the university","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=242.13,245.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does not work either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=245.76,247.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's too insulating, too depriving,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=247.47,249.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and students sacrifice their intellectual development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=249.46,252.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by doing this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=252.12,253.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dropping out also does not work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=253.18,255.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because students don't get the benefit of higher education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=255.4,258.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But because it requires so much maturity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=261.96,264.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be able to negotiate these pressures well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=264.13,266.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's up to all of us involved in the process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=266.44,269.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do what we can to promote an environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=269.05,270.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that assist black students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=270.77,272.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in becoming mature enough individuals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=272.68,275.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to face the very difficult pressures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=275.28,277.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wish luck to all of you involved in that process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=277.41,280.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=280.65,281.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=281.52,284.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=296.736,299.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Couple questions you'd like to ask, feel free to do so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=301.403,306.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=307.551,309.096"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to know, (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=309.096,313.455"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=313.455,314.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It only encompasses undergraduates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=314.387,317.094"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=317.094,318.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you foresee that this mentoring process will be different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=319.298,323.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for black new students versus undergraduate (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=323.915,328.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's not different, it's just more important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=332.73,334.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in graduate school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=334.57,336.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean by more important?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=336.24,337.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=337.471,338.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think a graduate student without a mentor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=338.304,341.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a lost soul.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=341.18,342.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that having a mentor is the key","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=343.97,347.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to getting through graduate school well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=347.07,349.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Personally, I figured this out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=351.12,352.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the time I finished college and made it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=352.43,356.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reason I figured out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=356.34,357.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is someone happened to say to me that graduate school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=357.34,360.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in England was a mentor system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=360.69,363.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That you don't go and take a lot of courses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=363.32,365.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you go and you meet with your mentor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=365.29,367.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and together you design a curriculum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=367.1,369.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he helps you through it and you report regularly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=369.07,371.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is how you get through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=371.06,372.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Under the tutelage of someone else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=372.52,375.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well it seemed to me that graduate school here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=375.1,378.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was also a mentor system but an unwritten mentor system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=378.35,382.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you didn't know that you have to have a mentor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=382.08,385.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you're gonna have a much harder time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=385.25,387.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I made it my business to find a mentor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=387.83,390.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as soon as I got to graduate school,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=390.12,391.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that was the best thing I could've done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=391.6,393.446"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Could I have one more question--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=393.446,394.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure.\nAbout that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=394.62,395.746"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We came from something that I think as opposed to y'all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=395.746,398.679"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=398.679,401.512"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institutions just have a structural problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=406.3,409.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the structural problem is, I think is the foundation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=409.508,414.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a lot of the fact that the mentoring ship mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=414.107,418.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not explicit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=418.43,420.182"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not something that the system focuses on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=420.182,423.324"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, the incompatibility of being a black faculty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=423.324,428.324"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a structure that does not support and reward you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=430.447,434.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for being a mentor to black and/or any other student","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=434.33,438.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the cost of cut rate, if you spend your time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=438.323,442.802"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to do what you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=442.802,445.491"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on your experience as a minority graduate student","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=445.491,449.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you probably started late","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=449.084,451.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it crossed you that the mentorship is important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=451.04,454.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is by this, being a black faculty you also see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=454.85,459.524"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the structural impediments that then affect it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=459.524,464.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's almost as if, as a black faculty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=464.003,467.555"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think (indistinct) same thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=467.555,470.695"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are not rewarded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=470.695,472.204"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.\nYou are not promoted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=472.204,473.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you go there and try to do what you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=473.643,477.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is gonna happen to minority students to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=477.573,479.828"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're only there for a semester.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=479.828,481.565"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=481.565,482.699"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.\nSo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=482.699,484.199"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happens to those (speaks faintly),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=485.127,487.516"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are removed from the system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=487.516,488.798"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the system perpetuates (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=488.798,490.989"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to look at the structural problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=490.989,493.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unfortunately, being a junior faculty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=493.443,497.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't even know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=497.261,499.506"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have a mentor because the white professors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=499.506,503.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are not extending themselves to the junior faculties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=503.45,506.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=506.639,509.374"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you know, we've got all of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=509.374,511.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stereotypic conceptions as to how that occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=511.27,515.522"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so all the things in this structural foundation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=515.522,519.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feed on themselves and it seems like to me, (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=519.687,524.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make a serious commitment before they can begin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=524.4,527.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to actually put their focus or their mind, their resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=527.68,532.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where their mouth is, if they're really trying to recruit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=532.15,537.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and train competent black students as well as faculty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=537.16,541.711"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the structure has to adjust these problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=541.711,545.111"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because they're not just minority problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=545.111,547.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're majority problems as well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=547.5,549.062"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) all problems exactly (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=549.062,552.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I thank you entirely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=552.4,554.026"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=554.026,555.905"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughing and clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=555.905,559.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.\nYes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=559.923,560.756"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do you have any suggestions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=560.756,561.589"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for black male students who may be the victims","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=561.589,564.494"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of arbitrary perceptions of lower competence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=564.494,567.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the professors and the females, (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=567.485,569.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, take out the frustrations that situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=572.12,574.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the classroom and not outside the classroom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=574.63,577.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The tendency that shows up in my data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=578.5,581.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is for black males, when frustrated by that situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=581.38,584.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find opportunities for cultural and political protest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=584.61,588.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that go on outside the classroom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=588.18,590.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the protest is understandable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=590.47,592.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If going outside the classroom, can't do a bit of good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=592.76,595.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the problem inside the classroom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=595.74,597.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If there's a problem, you have to face it head on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=597.59,599.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it exists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=599.66,600.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right, so you keep your attention on the classroom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=601.96,604.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it may be difficult, but that's where you fight it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=604.5,607.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not somewhere else, you don't displace the energy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=607.08,610.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you keep it where the problem occurs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=610.7,612.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.\nYou've used the term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=614.683,616.291"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integrated and integration a couple of times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=616.291,618.736"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Please tell us what you mean when you use that term?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=618.736,621.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is an integrated environment or campus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=621.123,624.645"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or however you wish to define it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=624.645,627.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think I was referring to integrated education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=627.863,631.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I mean, a situation just like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=631.08,633.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a predominantly white school that has black students in it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=633.94,637.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's experiment and integrated education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=637.83,641.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have a definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=641.24,642.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on precise numbers or proportions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=642.41,644.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=646.348,647.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Hi, in your discussion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=647.487,649.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were you implying that the racial disturbances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=653.14,656.168"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on university--\n(coughs loudly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=656.168,658.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 80s on gender roles developing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=658.648,661.949"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking place in the 60s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=661.949,663.866"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"behind the question is the idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=665.407,667.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it seems that from the news coverage, (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=667.369,671.876"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the disturbances in the 60s, seemed as (speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=671.876,676.876"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on campus have been overly aggressive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=677.388,680.469"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To some extent, in terms of the reaction in the 60s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=680.469,684.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black seems to have made a mistake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=684.13,685.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're trying to get the system to respond","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=685.886,690.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be aware of it and one (speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=690.1,692.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I do see them as being different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=696.91,698.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't see them as being identical at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=698.11,701.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was making the point that this current situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=701.14,706.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have is reminiscent of that situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=706.06,708.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there are many differences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=708.94,711.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although I think there's some similarities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=711.12,713.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that the disturbances that were racial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=713.18,717.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both periods are bred and fed by the nature of education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=717.227,722.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's common to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=722.35,724.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=725.16,726.735"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=726.735,729.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=736.9,738.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=738.17,739.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The structural problems that this lady talked about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=739.003,742.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not exist nearly to the same extent at black colleges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=742.09,745.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black colleges tend to be teaching faculties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=745.44,747.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their whole mission is to take students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=748.65,751.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who may have been ill-prepared in secondary school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=751.3,754.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bring them up to acceptable college level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=754.29,756.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's what they do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=756.87,757.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They pay attention to student development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=757.703,759.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unlike, you know, most large research oriented 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mission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=773.66,777.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and structure that helps to create.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=777.07,778.569"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The more eloquence you have (speaks 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yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=788.75,790.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't see any real reason why doing research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=791.977,794.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to mean the faculty must ignore students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=794.62,799.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many faculty think that students can't participate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=799.12,801.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the research 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students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=816.26,818.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there would be some basis for resolving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=818.43,822.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the structural differences that exist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=822.65,825.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perhaps you are raising a consciousness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=826.72,828.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and promoting the value of such interaction might help,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=828.85,832.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even in the absence of structural change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=832.14,833.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's worth a try anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=833.99,836.141"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.\nCan you set an example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=836.141,837.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a successful integrated curriculum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=837.682,840.844"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where a class of white males (speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=840.844,845.844"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Has anybody pulled that off yet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=848.735,849.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, you know this is quite a new idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=849.95,851.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in higher education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=851.96,853.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Stanford is the first major university","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=853.49,856.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's trying to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=856.3,857.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have done it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=857.72,858.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are doing it right now, coming under lots of 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nonetheless.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=865.38,866.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=867.577,870.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) aspects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=882.983,884.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.\nYes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=884.3,885.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And fraternal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=885.133,886.501"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean by fraternal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=886.501,888.159"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks 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I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=897.0,897.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, investigated all aspects of development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=897.833,899.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all aspects of development, showed more positive 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(indistinct),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=911.27,915.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including having boyfriends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=917.97,920.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"participating in extracurricular 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schools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=943.39,945.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It makes it harder to talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=945.21,946.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the differential variable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=947.9,949.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.\nI have a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=950.72,951.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on whether or not you've done the research,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=951.9,953.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the black race as a whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=953.68,955.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has ever accepted identity affirmation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=955.5,958.844"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) For students that does find the best","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=958.844,960.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of both worlds, (speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=960.937,965.104"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, you know, you're not black,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=966.2,969.034"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pressure from the black American itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=969.034,971.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have they identified (indistinct), identity affirmation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=971.36,975.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You hear them saying, once they (speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=975.82,980.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether or not the black race has accepted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=980.13,982.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that (speaks faintly) or identified it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=983.52,985.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's not use that word for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=985.499,986.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, probably if it had,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=986.97,989.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there wouldn't be so many individuals who find it difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=989.15,991.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do, but let me add that there isn't any group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=991.12,994.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that accepts identity integration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=994.49,996.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or affirmation of this kind as a value.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=996.57,1000.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cultural groups tend to be immature in their thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1000.14,1003.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at this at this stage in evolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1003.97,1006.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're more interested in protecting the integrity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1006.59,1008.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their group than they are in integration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1008.72,1011.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cross-pollination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1011.4,1012.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just the stage of development that we are at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1013.58,1015.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as human beings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1015.92,1016.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The last one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1018.804,1020.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One more question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1020.023,1020.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e One more question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1020.93,1022.284"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well this is kinda like a comeback.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1022.284,1024.895"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one question over here about (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1024.895,1029.895"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1029.945,1032.695"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how that disaster could (indistinct) to a problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1033.986,1037.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess I'd like to point out and emphasize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1037.493,1040.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is not (speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1040.703,1045.169"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reception on a part of the larger society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1045.169,1049.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to automatically assume that blacks (speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1049.377,1054.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1055.89,1057.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a college university, (speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1057.123,1062.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's why to gather research funds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1068.694,1071.215"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they are all (speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1071.215,1074.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they don't have the resources but they have enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1074.39,1076.309"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1076.309,1079.142"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cycle repeat itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1081.85,1083.558"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem is not so much research (speaks faintly),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1083.558,1087.249"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's that hatred that operates (speaks faintly),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1087.249,1091.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the person cannot (indistinct) and also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1091.562,1092.395"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1092.395,1095.312"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1118.75,1119.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'd like to thank you (speaks faintly),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1121.243,1123.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much appreciated for being here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1123.245,1125.052"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=1125.052,1127.802"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28262/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/262/original/AV203768_Blacks_in_College_b.vtt?1622659393","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/262/original/AV203768_Blacks_in_College_b.vtt?1622659393"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28263","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203768_Blacks_in_College_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310/transcript/28263/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Does this kind of data have the power to explain the kinds of racial tensions that we observe on a periodic basis? If I think about it long enough, I think it does have the power to explain it. Because this data is saying, that on the one hand, black students are being, relatively speaking, ignored by the educational process. They are faced with the curriculum that does not acknowledge their existence. They can't learn anything about the black experience from it. So they feel it's irrelevant, they're bored with it, they disconnect from it. At the same time, the agents of that curriculum, faculty members, are relatively speaking, ignoring black students themselves in the classroom. Now this creates powerful frustrations on the part of minority students. On the other hand, the fact that the curriculum does ignore ethnic experience, it means that majority of students are being deprived of opportunities to learn, know about, and understand people who are different from them. And any psychologist will tell you that ignorance is a large part of what creates racial and ethnic tension. So, the curriculum seems to breed ignorance and to breed patterns of interaction that make minority students disconnect from the process. The obvious solution then is to change the nature of the curriculum, so that it assists in helping people understand about the world that they really live in, rather than promoting only one point of view. And it also seems that we need to heighten the awareness of faculty members so that they can catch themselves in the act of subtle discrimination, so that they can eventually overcome it. The challenge for all of us in higher education is to assist minority students, as well as all students, in getting the best of both worlds. Black students do want the best of both worlds. Regardless of what my research finds about the black college experience, most black students that I meet don't want to go back to black schools, they want to be able to go where everybody else goes and share in the benefits of American higher education. But it seems to be very difficult for them to do because in order to do it, they have a conflict to resolve. And usually it translates into, do I stay black, or do I become white? Immature minds have a hard time grasping the nature of integration to resolve a conflict between two different worlds. And so most black students either choose one or the other, and either approaches to their detriment. There are psychologists who study patterns of coping that seem to assist black students in negotiating with pressures of college. Jewelle Taylor Gibbs at Stanford, is one of those researchers. And she finds that of the many coping patterns that black students use in white colleges, that there's only one that's effective. She calls it identity affirmation. And it describes a very mature individual who is able to pick and choose from both cultural patterns, and incorporate the best of both worlds into the personality at will without tension. This is the only pattern that works. These students are able to grow and develop well, and to show academic improvement over time. Unfortunately, it's a pattern used by only a small minority of black students. Other coping patterns are not effective. Assimilation, the giving up of the black identity in order to accept the white identity doesn't work. There's psychological damage. Retreat into an all-black subculture of the university does not work either. It's too insulating, too depriving, and students sacrifice their intellectual development by doing this. Dropping out also does not work because students don't get the benefit of higher education. But because it requires so much maturity to be able to negotiate these pressures well. I think it's up to all of us involved in the process to do what we can to promote an environment that assist black students in becoming mature enough individuals, to face the very difficult pressures. And I wish luck to all of you involved in that process. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Couple questions you'd like to ask, feel free to do so.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- I want to know, . It only encompasses undergraduates.\r\n\r\n- That's right. Do you foresee that this mentoring process will be different for black new students versus undergraduate .\r\n\r\n- It's not different, it's just more important in graduate school.\r\n\r\n- What do you mean by more important?\r\n\r\n- I think a graduate student without a mentor is a lost soul. I think that having a mentor is the key to getting through graduate school well. Personally, I figured this out by the time I finished college and made it. And the reason I figured out, is someone happened to say to me that graduate school in England was a mentor system. That you don't go and take a lot of courses, you go and you meet with your mentor and together you design a curriculum and he helps you through it and you report regularly, and this is how you get through. Under the tutelage of someone else. Well it seemed to me that graduate school here was also a mentor system but an unwritten mentor system. And if you didn't know that you have to have a mentor then you're gonna have a much harder time. So I made it my business to find a mentor as soon as I got to graduate school, and that was the best thing I could've done.\r\n\r\n- Could I have one more question--\r\n\r\n- Sure.\r\n\r\n- About that, We came from something that I think as opposed to y'all . Institutions just have a structural problem And the structural problem is, I think is the foundation for a lot of the fact that the mentoring ship mechanism is not explicit, it's not something that the system focuses on, for example, the incompatibility of being a black faculty in a structure that does not support and reward you for being a mentor to black and/or any other student and the cost of cut rate, if you spend your time trying to do what you know, based on your experience as a minority graduate student that you probably started late and it crossed you that the mentorship is important, is by this, being a black faculty you also see the structural impediments that then affect it. It's almost as if, as a black faculty and I think same thing, you are not rewarded.\r\n\r\n- That's right.\r\n\r\n- You are not promoted. So if you go there and try to do what you know is gonna happen to minority students to, you're only there for a semester.\r\n\r\n- That's right. That's right.\r\n\r\n- So. What happens to those , you are removed from the system and then the system perpetuates . We have to look at the structural problem and unfortunately, being a junior faculty, I don't even know. I don't have a mentor because the white professors are not extending themselves to the junior faculties . And you know, we've got all of these stereotypic conceptions as to how that occurred. And so all the things in this structural foundation feed on themselves and it seems like to me, to make a serious commitment before they can begin to actually put their focus or their mind, their resources, where their mouth is, if they're really trying to recruit and train competent black students as well as faculty, the structure has to adjust these problems. Because they're not just minority problems, they're majority problems as well all problems exactly .\r\n\r\n- I thank you entirely. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Yes, do you have any suggestions for black male students who may be the victims of arbitrary perceptions of lower competence by the professors and the females, .\r\n\r\n- Yes, take out the frustrations that situation in the classroom and not outside the classroom. The tendency that shows up in my data is for black males, when frustrated by that situation to find opportunities for cultural and political protest that go on outside the classroom, the protest is understandable. If going outside the classroom, can't do a bit of good for the problem inside the classroom. If there's a problem, you have to face it head on where it exists. All right, so you keep your attention on the classroom. And it may be difficult, but that's where you fight it. Not somewhere else, you don't displace the energy, you keep it where the problem occurs. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- You've used the term integrated and integration a couple of times. Please tell us what you mean when you use that term? What is an integrated environment or campus or however you wish to define it?\r\n\r\n- Well, I think I was referring to integrated education and I mean, a situation just like this, a predominantly white school that has black students in it that's experiment and integrated education. I don't have a definition based on precise numbers or proportions. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Hi, in your discussion, were you implying that the racial disturbances on university-- In the 80s on gender roles developing, taking place in the 60s behind the question is the idea that it seems that from the news coverage, that the disturbances in the 60s, seemed as on campus have been overly aggressive. To some extent, in terms of the reaction in the 60s, black seems to have made a mistake and we're trying to get the system to respond to be aware of it and one .\r\n\r\n- I do see them as being different. I don't see them as being identical at all. I was making the point that this current situation that we have is reminiscent of that situation. I think there are many differences, although I think there's some similarities in that the disturbances that were racial both periods are bred and fed by the nature of education. I think that's common to them. Yes. Of course Yes. The structural problems that this lady talked about do not exist nearly to the same extent at black colleges. Black colleges tend to be teaching faculties. Their whole mission is to take students who may have been ill-prepared in secondary school and bring them up to acceptable college level. And that's what they do. They pay attention to student development, unlike, you know, most large research oriented universities, any white schools, they have a similar mission. And there was one in my study, they produce effects that are more nearly parallel to those going on in black schools, it's mission and structure that helps to create.\r\n\r\n- The more eloquence you have .\r\n\r\n- If by research, it's code for you have to ignore students in order to get it done, yes. I don't see any real reason why doing research has to mean the faculty must ignore students. Many faculty think that students can't participate in the research process. I think they can. And in fact, my students do participate in the research process, if they didn't I wouldn't have any time to talk to them either but we get together over research and if more of that were done and if you included a lot of different kinds of students, I think there would be some basis for resolving the structural differences that exist. Perhaps you are raising a consciousness and promoting the value of such interaction might help, even in the absence of structural change. I think it's worth a try anyway. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Can you set an example of a successful integrated curriculum where a class of white males . Has anybody pulled that off yet?\r\n\r\n- Well, you know this is quite a new idea in higher education and Stanford is the first major university that's trying to do it. They have done it. They are doing it right now, coming under lots of fire from the secretary , but doing it nonetheless. aspects.\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- And fraternal.\r\n\r\n- What do you mean by fraternal? Yes, yes I did. Yeah. Yeah. I did. I mean, investigated all aspects of development and all aspects of development, showed more positive change in predominantly black schools. Specifically, there was a measure of social adjustment that was a scale from post participation on any number of any number of social , including having boyfriends participating in extracurricular activity, getting along with a roommate and so on and so on. There was gain on measures like that in I think four of the seven black schools but negative change for a number of the white schools. I mean, it was a variable that operated as a differential variable. The way that it operated was entirely different in black schools than in white schools. It makes it harder to talk about because of the differential variable. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- I have a question on whether or not you've done the research, that the black race as a whole has ever accepted identity affirmation. For students that does find the best of both worlds, . Well, you know, you're not black, pressure from the black American itself, have they identified , identity affirmation. You hear them saying, once they whether or not the black race has accepted that or identified it, let's not use that word for it.\r\n\r\n- Well, probably if it had, there wouldn't be so many individuals who find it difficult to do, but let me add that there isn't any group that accepts identity integration or affirmation of this kind as a value. Cultural groups tend to be immature in their thinking at this at this stage in evolution they're more interested in protecting the integrity of their group than they are in integration and cross-pollination. It's just the stage of development that we are at as human beings.\r\n\r\n- The last one. One more question.\r\n\r\n- One more question.\r\n\r\n- Well this is kinda like a comeback. The one question over here about . And how that disaster could to a problem. I guess I'd like to point out and emphasize that it is not reception on a part of the larger society to automatically assume that blacks . That's not true. There's a college university, . So that's why to gather research funds because they are all they don't have the resources but they have enough . The cycle repeat itself. The problem is not so much research , it's that hatred that operates , that the person cannot and also, .\r\n\r\n- Thank you.\r\n\r\n- I'd like to thank you , very much appreciated for being here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43413/file/116310#t=0.0,1132.74776"}]}]}]}