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him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=13.95,17.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=18.944,21.944"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Speaker:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, what an audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=24.6,26.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Such patience, it's incredible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=26.94,28.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at least while you were waiting the only thing you 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us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=36.35,39.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=39.31,40.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you didn't have to worry about was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=40.143,42.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when I landed at the airport I might be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=42.09,44.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrested on sight or shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=44.13,46.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If worse, and you don't have to worry that after the talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=46.15,49.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will have to watch furtively as you leave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=51.62,53.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make sure that you are not identified by the authorities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=53.49,56.802"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for having attended a subversive 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ruined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=65.26,67.416"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=67.416,69.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Consider the possibility of what you're going to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=69.41,71.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this evening, relax, have a drink","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=71.29,73.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or carry on a discussion about the substance of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=74.76,76.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without fear that in so doing you may","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=76.88,79.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the very least ruin your reputation or perhaps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=79.93,81.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subject yourself and your parents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=81.81,83.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to your sudden disappearance or the appearance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=83.81,86.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your mutilated corpse on the street.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=86.353,90.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But were you living today in Argentina","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=92.1,94.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in Chile or in El Salvador or in Guatemala","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=96.51,101.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you definitely would have to concern 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1959.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=124.14,128.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed it was a surprise to the men and women who made it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=128.3,131.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was 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habits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=913.58,918.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said that America has become the Roman empire of today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=923.66,928.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But just as the Roman empire of the ancient 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occurred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2376.71,2378.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were always asked for you know the smoking pistol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2378.44,2381.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well the smoking pistol has finally been brought 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Raft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2685.04,2685.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now those names to my contemporaries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2685.873,2688.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or olders, that means a great deal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2688.22,2690.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now here's George Raft, he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2690.21,2691.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in every Warner Brothers grade B movie there ever was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2691.35,2693.318"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"playing a tough guy, wearing a fedora","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2693.318,2697.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a striped suit, brown and black shoes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=2697.88,2700.663"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22636/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/636/original/AV203304_Mass_Movements_in_Latin_America_a.vtt?1613498245","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/636/original/AV203304_Mass_Movements_in_Latin_America_a.vtt?1613498245"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22637","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203304_Mass_Movements_in_Latin_America_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685/transcript/22637/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Man] Dr. Celings, um. Ready to speak. I don't think I'm going to make a big introduction. Um think I'm gonna leave the audience just for him.\r\n\r\n- [Speaker] Well, what an audience. Such patience, it's incredible. But at least while you were waiting the only thing you had to worry about was whether or not the car would drive safely or it would drive too fast the police would pull us over and so forth. What you didn't have to worry about was that when I landed at the airport I might be arrested on sight or shot. If worse, and you don't have to worry that after the talk you will have to watch furtively as you leave to make sure that you are not identified by the authorities for having attended a subversive lecture. On the contrary, you'll dilly dally now that your entire schedule has been ruined. Consider the possibility of what you're going to do this evening, relax, have a drink or carry on a discussion about the substance of this without fear that in so doing you may at the very least ruin your reputation or perhaps subject yourself and your parents to your sudden disappearance or the appearance of your mutilated corpse on the street. But were you living today in Argentina or in Chile or in El Salvador or in Guatemala you definitely would have to concern yourself precisely with such questions. Especially if you are young. For to be young is to be suspect and to be suspect is to be in danger. Now the Cuban revolution took an entire world by surprise in 1959. Indeed it was a surprise to the men and women who made it. It was done almost as if in a fit of absentmindedness. The young men and women who had already given their lives in the fight against the Batista dictatorship and those who were part of the urban Resistencia in the cities and then those who were in the mountains of the Sierra expected a long and hard and difficult struggle. Instead in a short period of two years, that regime which was, until then, among the more horrific in Latin America and in Cuba's own history, disintegrated from within under the blows of uh, kids. Young men and women. And between 1959 and 1979 when the Samosa regime one of the longest standing, most stable and dictatorial regimes in Latin American fell to the Sandinistas. No other revolution occurred in Latin America nor could any rebels take any dictators nor the United States by surprise. There were many who attempted it Tito Puente and others like him gave their lives in Peru and in the Dominican Republic there was a mass uprising against The outcome of which that was that Lyndon Baines Johnson said that he was not going to lose another Cuba in the Caribbean and the massive invasion put an end there to a spontaneous and popular revolution. But then, along came some relatively gentle men and women. Inured not to the school of torture and of suffering imprisonment. Inured not to the kinds of fears that are now typical in four or five Latin American countries and too many others outside of Latin America, but on the contrary. Accustomed as you and I are accustomed to wearing suits in the afternoon and having tea, carrying on long and learned debates in the halls of Parliament. To fighting hard in elections and winning them. To honoring those elections and watching one government pass to another without conflict or even danger, and that of course was in Chile. And so here was the paradox that another government dedicated to profound social change. Committed to trying to create a more descent society for the mass of impoverished citizens of its society. Also came to power by surprise, but this time by a surprise win in an election. In a constitutional and free society. As free as any society, certainly in the west. With a vital and free political life, with political parties that challenged each other at the polls. With freedom of speech and assembly with a major union movement with parties ranging from the far right to the far left. And that government headed by a mild and gentle doctor who had devoted much of his life to the elimination of the ills and malnutrition and suffering that poverty brings and that fighting with machine gun in hand and helmet on head to defend his presidency. And at the moment of his death still held the illusion that the military who were attacking their president were traitors. Se han traicionado a la nacion were among his last words. They have committed treason against the nation. It's one of the unfortunate historic truths of which Chile was the extraordinary exception. But the military is the nation in most countries of Latin America. And there can be no movement for social change. However moderate, it's ends that does not have to confront systematic coercion, intimidation and violence. But you, unfortunately have come of age at a time when systematic torture has also become an instrument of rule to an incomparable extent. And so it has become possible for priests and protestant missionaries and lay church women and catholic archbishops to say that not only is violent insurrection necessary but it is a moral imperative when the choices are death and annihilation. So, were we to speak today in general terms about mass movements in Latin America, we could only be speaking about movements which one way or the other were prepared to confront violence with violence. And as simple as it is, it is perhaps the most profound lesson that one can understand about the realities today of why so many young and privileged men and women why so many graduates of Jesuit seminaries are of Marino. Why so many who seeking the word of God and the gospel of Christ have picked up the gun so that sharing in the revolutionary government of Nicaragua at its highest councils of government are priests, consecrated to service to Christ. And the same is true in El Salvador today where communists, Marxist-Leninists and Roman Catholics are part and parcel of the same armed guerrilla struggle against what has become to with its everlasting infamy a regime that makes even previous dictatorships pale by virtue of the violence which it has carried out against its own people. Nevertheless we are told by our president and his highest advisors that the reason why people in desperation, people like you and like me as well as people who have never seen a book or eaten a green vegetable and whose children die of parasitic diseases at young ages and who live short and brutal lives of the united in the movement in El Salvador. They tell us that the reasons are and were it not so serious of course it would be a perfect straight line that the soviets by way of the Cubans by way of the Nicaraguans are responsible for the struggle against a regime which is attempting to carry out reforms and introduce human rights into El Salvador. The soviets are using proxy troops through Cuba, Nicaragua and local guerrillas. Regan told Walter Cronkite the insurgency in El Salvador is a text book case of indirect armed aggression by communist powers the state department said, Gene Kirkpatrick who is famous for her subtle distinctions between authoritarian dictatorships that are moderate and authoritarian dictatorships that are immoderate and believes in quiet diplomacy in stopping torture. She said that the source of the recent turmoil is the introduction of arms from the outside. And William P. Clark who is now, of course the national security advisor, but at the time was the deputy under secretary of state who didn't know where El Salvador was when he took the position. Was also able to assure us that Mexico and Guatemala and El Salvador were all dominoes. Bound to fall. That Mexico itself seemed to be pushing that domino. That Mexico itself in asserting its own sense of independence and national rectitude has been one of the most foremost supporters of the rebels in El Salvador, escaped the good Mr. Clark. And of course the unlamented Mr. I'm-in-charge Alexander Haig also. Nicaragua, Cuba, the Soviet Union. You notice that China is not present in the turmoil. Ten years ago had you attended the same sort of elector the same sort of a meeting you would have been assured as well by the state department that China too was pulling the strings. The litany would have been Soviet Union and China and Cuba but now of course, China has sort of disappeared from the perveiw of our policy makers as it intervenes itself and punishes the Vietnamese whom it was supposed to have been the sponsors of and the reason why we were fighting the Vietnamese in the first place. We are always fighting. According to our political leaders everyone else but whom we are fighting. In Korea we were fighting the Chinese and the Soviet Union. In Vietnam we were fighting the Chinese and the Soviet Union and now in El Salvador if we go to war there which we are on the edge of doing with the extraordinary escalation of military aid to the tune of 81,000,000 dollars already delivered to them this year with a proposed other 60 if it isn't stopped by this congress. Regan is simply waiting for them to certify that their human rights are being observed that is to say that they pull the bodies off the streets before Deane Hinton sees them in the morning. We are always fighting someone else. We are always fighting someone else I believe because we could never tell the American people whom we were really fighting. Arnold Toynbee the very conservative historian with a great range in vision about the stability of man's habits said that America has become the Roman empire of today. But just as the Roman empire of the ancient world defended the rich against the poor and the masters against the slaves, so to has the United States. Now that is an extraordinarily terrible statement to make. But I didn't make it. And it is a judgment, unfortunately which I think is historically accurate and can be verified by all the standard candidates of scholarly research. How else can one describe the systematic pattern of intervention on the part of the United States against movements who's most desperate fighters are drawn from the most impoverished elements of their society. But that is getting a little bit ahead of the lecture. I'm still going at 68. Not supposed to say that in my miles an hour or something like that. Who are the rebels? And who has been arming them in El Salvador? I intend to focus on El Salvador because it is the movement, both in terms of the compassion we have to have for those who are most immediately in danger and for our own self-interest. Especially if you are young and draft able. We should focus on who are the rebels and who are arms them? While we know who our government says and if you read the white paper you know that the claim is that is the Soviet Union through Cuba and Nicaragua who is arming the rebels. While American reporters and Dutch reporters and other European reporters and British reporters who have been there fought hard and long. Among those reporters whom I know and trust Dial Torgerson for example, who knows a Kalashnikov semi-automatic when he sees one. Who traveled with the best Cuban fighters in Angola and has seen the best of the African guerrillas at work he went to Chalatenango where the rebels are rooted and to Morrison and to Usulutan and to Guasa volcanoes and he said it looked like the rebels have been armed by pawn shop. They didn't have ammunition for target practice so they just pointed and shot. Said they looked like something out of the treasure of a Sierra mine mountain, remember those banditos that speak with a Mexican accent. He found they had one World War II Mauser among them in this battalion that they were virtually all small arms that there were absolutely no signs that they had enough weaponry or they had heavy weaponry of any kind. Some had boots but most of them wore sandals and the only piece of equipment that every rebel carried was a machete. No radio communications, they used horsemen for runners to deliver their messages. They have some Belgian guns and some other things that are showing up on the black market. Any of you read the white paper you can find even reading the white paper itself that the documents themselves show that the rebels complained that they are not getting the support that was promised to them. They complained that on the contrary they are on their own and there can be no question about that. So why do young people, some of them from quite privileged families but most not, go to war? They go to war for reasons I've already indicated in El Salvador. There are deep lying long-term, historical causes. There's no question for the emergence of a clandestine revolutionary and guerrilla movement in El Salvador but there are also short-term causes which anyone who lived through the war in Vietnam at home understands. Many young people in the United States got swept into the movement against the war in Vietnam not because they knew what was happening in Vietnam, but because they knew what was happening at home. Sorority kids who started using the most obscene language against police because their sorority sister had been maced or teargassed or beaten while passing by those stringy-haired hippie types and who then began to raise questions for themselves as to what the meaning of our intervention abroad was. Well in El Salvador one of the most direct and meaningful contributions to the growth of the rebel movement itself is the danger and the death simply needed out to those who are young. It is as Robert white, former ambassador, appointed by Jimmy Carter, a former ambassador to El Salvador put it, said this is one of the most out of control violent, bloodthirsty group of men in the world. This is a quiet, soft spoken American ambassador speaking. They have killed at a minimum 5,000 or 6,000 kids just on the mere suspicion that they were involved with the leftists. So the first thing to understand is a peculiar fusion has occurred in El Salvador. A fusion of the most impoverished, nameless and despised elements of that society with some who come from the great families who are themselves drawn even from the so called 14 families that continue to dominate in that society. But who faced simultaneously with the misery and the suffering and with the danger have forsaken their comfortable and privileged lives as many before of them have done. But you should have no illusions either about them. I wouldn't be party to the silly cliches that violence breeds violence. But you do also have to understand that you don't romanticize as much as one might identify oneself with them. The rebels either. They are suffering. And they suffered, and they are fighting for justice and for decency but they are not gentle. If they were gentle they wouldn't survive and if they are gentle they will not destroy what is anything but a gentle regime. They have learned young women to kill. That's a reality which no matter how long one has studied it nor how carefully you have examined it from afar you cannot really fathom it unless you have been a part of it. So we need not have any illusions about the gentility of the rebels nor even about what they believe to understand them. And to understand what they are fighting for. For as the good archbishop said before he himself was assassinated, these are insurrectional times. The morality of the church permits insurrection when all other paths have been exhausted. There are five major military formations in El Salvador today. United under one ostensibly united under one revolutionary command. I assume that in this audience everybody already knows that this is the Farabundo Marti liberation front. The most important of the guerrilla groups came out of the communist party. I say came out of the communist party, they came out by being expelled for refusing to adhere to the communist party position that change would occur in El Salvador. Yes, this was the communist party position that change would occur in El Salvador through elections and through negotiations. So the largest of them popular liberation forces is led by a man who's a baker's son, a union leader 62 years old, his own daughter was tortured and murdered in 1980. A long time leader of the communist party who left the communist party in the 70's. This is not a young rebel nor is this rebellion really young. Though each day younger people join. The solid core, the most important group then are led by men and women who think of themselves as revolutionaries and communists. They are as El Salvadorian as their coffee. But the next most important at least in size that maybe more important in terms of presence and spirit and direction and only time will tell. The most second most important group the revolutionary army of the people, the ERP are led by the graduates of one or another Catholic seminary by a couple of women who had almost taken their vows who emerged out the left wing of the Christian democratic party. Who think of themselves fully as practicing Catholics and whose practicing Catholicism has taken them into the mountains. Now of course some of you may remember Camilo Torres the Columbian priest who fell driven to the same desperation that the only act of God could be an act of violence and to join the guerrillas in Columbia over a decade ago and was shortly thereafter killed in combat. He's one of the inspirational figures for them. And the other group of singular importance there are a couple of others but the other group of singular importance are the armed forces of national liberation. The names go on and on as you try to figure out what name you can give to yourself which doesn't sound like you're the same other group but which all are trying to say the same thing. And this too is a group that calls themselves one way or another, Marxist-Leninists. So they are neither gentle nor mere democrats. They are revolutionaries, they are communists and they are Catholics, and they are engaged in a common struggle faced with a choice of death and annihilation in what the archbishop called these insurrectional times. And to the extent to which it is possible to know these things the 3,000 or 5,000 or 7,000 depending upon who's counting, armed rebels mostly armed with machetes who fight under the leadership of the baker's son or of a seminary graduate are from the most impoverished layers of the coffee estates and the cotton plantations. They are sharecroppers kids and wage laborers kids. They are folk of the countryside. And they have established in the last several years several zones of control. Now these zones of control are not impenetrable to the armed forces but they are areas where the rebels have been able to establish not only military bases in which they are capable of training and providing logistical support for their comrades in arms elsewhere. But where you can get a glimpse whatever they call themselves of the kind of society at least they want to try to create. They have established hospitals where there never were hospitals. They have provided medical facilities for the sick for whom only the grave was the end of suffering in the past. They have set up in these zones of control classes to teach the unweathered to read and to write and they have created forms of cooperative tilling of the land that they've liberated to make it possible for the peasantry to provide for their own subsistence. And most of all perhaps their most signally important accomplishment is that they have rid these people of the ordinary terror. There are more. Now these zones of control are basically in the northern part of the country and far east of the country and in the far south. The south in Usulutan where cotton plantations over the past 35 years replaced what had been a small but nevertheless independent peasantry, and forced them into the least habitable coastal areas. The rebels now have defacto control over roughly 15 perhaps 20% of the population and a strip of land about the half the size of Massachusetts. El Salvador as you know is the most densely populated and smallest country in Central America. Something like 500 people to the square mile. And they have important bases in the barrios in the cities. So wherever you turn you can locate the rebels in pockets of the impoverished in the city and in the countryside. But they are by no means a mass movement. So here's this topic mass movements in Latin America. They are not a mass movement. Whether or not they have the support of masses in El Salvador is an open question. Because in a society which I cannot repeat too often as much as you know that I've said it. In a society which lives terrorized a sort of mass movement which can take to the streets and demonstrate. The sword of the mass movement which can strike. The sword of the mass movement that can march and demonstrate and chant, cannot exist. Indeed they sort of mass movement that could even express itself by not appearing at the polls to vote cannot exist because it was to sign your own death warrant not to appear at the polls and to have your little setula stamped which any soldier could ask to see at any checkpoint. In which you have to show to get paid. In which you have to show to get any medical care. In which you have to show to any cop who asked. And so they stood at these polls well-placed 13 polling places for half a million people in San Salvador. Nine polling places in San Vicente so that Theodore Hesbergh and other eminences from the United States could see people standing in long lines preparing to vote. To say that a bonafide election had occurred. But we don't know how bonafide it was, but what we do now know is that those elements who are precisely most prepared to use violence. Who say as D'Aubuisson put it napalm is an indispensable instrument of rule in El Salvador. Those people were elected and now control the constituent assembly. So we are not talking about a mass movement but we are talking about a clandestine movement and we are talking about a revolutionary movement. It is a revolutionary a movement who's signal achievement may be if it comes to power. To get rid of a regime who's major characteristic is terror and who's historic consequence is impoverishment for its people. So then how is it possible to explain why the United States government has cast its lot, at least so far not with the rebels, not with the poor, not with the nameless, not with the suffering but with the murderers and torturers whom they know to be murderers and torturers. There is no question that they know it. Deane Hinton the ambassador knows it. In fact now, he has become so outraged himself that he had been trying to say that to the American people in the past two weeks. This is Deane Hinton who got his training attempting to overthrow the constitutionally elected government of Salvador Allende. It is not clear to me whether or not that reality will ever penetrate the thick skull of that giant coal Thomas Enders who was the deputy chief of council in Cambodia in the worst days of the bombing and destruction over there. And who laughed heartily when asked by Dan Rather about human rights in El Salvador. He could never quite get an answer out. But there is no question about that reality. So the question is, what explains it? Are we talking about El Salvador today? That is I guess in an audience like this you know that we could have been talking about Guatemala in 1954. Or we could have been talking about Guatemala today and we could be talking about the Dominican Republic in 1965, we could be talking about Cuba in 1961 and then again in 1962. Or we could be talking about a variety of places outside of the Americas in which the United States government has seen fit to intervene either clandestinely or openly. Either to try to overthrow or to successfully overthrow a government which was not only popular with its own people and more popular the poorer they were but which had already begun to accomplish momentous things for their people. In Guatemala the first beginnings of literacy and the serious agrarian reform that was being carried out was cut short as a result of what is now a publicly well-known and no longer debatable coup organized by the Central Intelligence Agency but for decades those of us who were specialists who were saying that this had occurred were always asked for you know the smoking pistol well the smoking pistol has finally been brought out. One government after another. Well Guatemala you can give the answer. Hell, I mean United Fruit owned the country. If United Fruit owns the country, if John Foster Dulles is a partner of Sullivan and Cromwell. If Sullivan and Cromwell are the legal council for United Fruit, if John Foster Dulles is the secretary of state and Allen Dulles his brother is the head of the CIA, how dumb do you have to be? To figure it out? So it was a rather vulgar and crude. It's not even clear if one had to argue that it had something to do with vested economic interest or class relations or large corporations. It came down to the Dulles brothers and United Fruit. It was almost as crude as that in Iran. Now if you're old enough to remember those pictures that brought out prime minister Mosaddegh wakened early in the morning in his pajamas still not able to clear his eyes. Tears welling up as he is hustled off onto an airplane. A mass uprising, supposedly. Which overthrew the first beginnings of a rational national and independent government in Iran that got rid of the Shah, not by chanting and prayers and the bringing back of a new forum. Of despotism. But by the beginnings of reforms. And there you can say hell, again you don't have to be a particularly profound social scientist to figure it out. Here is Kermit Kip, as he's known to his friends, Roosevelt, great-nephew of Teddy organizing and orchestrating the overthrow of the Mossadegh government for the Central Intelligence Agency. Now you will recall that what happened in Iran briefly put was, that for the first time a national government had decided that the oil in the ground should benefit Iran and Iranians. Not necessarily the Iranian poor incidentally just some Iranians besides the Shah. And so what had been until then, British oil interests were now endangered. Well, where comes the CIA into this? A deal is cut. The Shah is reinstated. General Zahedi is back in power. And a consortium of American oil companies, British and Dutch have since shared in the exploitation of that oil which until then had been British and might have been Iranian. In which, of course again, is somehow or other again Iranian. And Kermit Roosevelt ends up the vice president of Gulf Oil. So again, you didn't have to be a political sociologist of great sophistication, present company accepted to discover that there were rather crude, vulgar and immediate financial interests at stake for some of the most powerful corporations in America and some real nice payoffs for some people who are actually part of our government. And one could go on like this. Cuba of course is the most telling case. A billion and a half dollars in 1957, 58, 59 of American investment there. The country was owned virtually lock, stock and barrel by American corporations. Gamblers, prostitutes, Edward G. Robinson. You know that when the rebels came rolling in the midst of the general strike that put the final coup de gras to Batista. When they came rolling from one end of the island from the Sierras toward Havana. As they rode into Havana there is Camilo Cienfuegos and Fidel Castro atop the tank and who's riding next to them? Errol Flynn. And who's standing out there in front on the street waving a flag? George Raft. Now those names to my contemporaries or olders, that means a great deal. Now here's George Raft, he was in every Warner Brothers grade B movie there ever was playing a tough guy, wearing a fedora and a striped suit, brown and black shoes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105685#t=0.0,2709.13306"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And then reality was part of that world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=5.342,8.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So again, here is Cuba,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=8.67,10.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought if I came late, I would speak late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=13.978,15.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is Cuba,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=15.95,17.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a country in which the tourist industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=17.76,20.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the gambling 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okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=230.07,233.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we look at Chile and again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=233.31,234.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although it isn't quite so crude and so vulgar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=234.97,236.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're talking about a billion and a half or more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=236.81,239.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the two of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=239.92,242.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"largest corporations in the world, Kennecott Copper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=244.39,247.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in great danger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=249.654,251.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anaconda, virtually destroyed as a result.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=251.27,254.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not of the Chilean Revolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=255.92,257.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but of a Chilean Democratic Government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=257.21,259.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which unanimously, in a parliament","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=259.36,261.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from left to right nationalized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=261.44,263.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and provided even compensation for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=264.22,266.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then of course there's ITT,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=266.27,267.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which everybody by now knows,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=267.67,269.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was deeply involved on its own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=269.23,270.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in attempting to bring the Chilean Government down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=270.61,272.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So on each of these cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=272.82,273.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we go from the more vulgar to the less vulgar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=273.81,275.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to the more abstract.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=275.923,277.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what about El Salvador,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=277.006,278.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not know how we can possibly explain El Salvador,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=278.91,282.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in those terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=283.29,284.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, who in the United States is to benefit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=285.95,288.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from keeping the Salvadoran People,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=288.19,290.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in thraw, and in poverty, and in misery,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=290.95,293.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and subjected to brutality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=293.74,295.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We cannot even make the excuse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=296.64,298.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there are men of righteousness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=299.512,300.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who believing in the overall principle of the free market,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=303.423,305.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and identifying freedom with the free market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=306.83,309.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the little bit of their own freedom with it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=309.36,311.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could make that case for El Salvador,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=311.98,313.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, we may have all told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=313.95,317.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$60 million of investment there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=317.557,319.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distributed among maybe 25 American companies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=319.78,323.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all of that being very recent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=323.24,325.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, attempting to figure it out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=328.52,330.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've come up with a hypothesis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=334.01,335.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I call the hypothesis of stupidity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=335.18,336.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how else, if venality is not the issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=341.11,346.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can one possibly explain it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=346.19,347.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a government in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=347.41,349.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which compared to all other governments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=349.2,351.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=351.31,353.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even in comparison to all of the governments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=353.12,355.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has shown the most colossal and heroic indifference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=355.1,358.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to reality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=358.07,358.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is Capable of being out of touch with the reality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=360.25,363.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only abroad of course, but at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=363.21,367.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And which has managed to convince itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=367.87,370.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is indeed engaged in the struggle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=371.62,373.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"El Salvador to save America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=378.27,380.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Soviet Union,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=382.23,383.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from the Nicaraguans, and from the Cubans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=384.23,387.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now if we don't call it the hypothesis of stupidity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=389.66,393.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could put it in much more conventional sociological terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=393.56,397.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sophisticated languages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=397.87,399.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the relative of autonomy of ideology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=399.07,401.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something has taken over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=404.32,406.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the highest levels of this 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punch","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1057.61,1060.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a doorbell, or knock on a door","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1060.2,1061.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a working class neighborhood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1061.57,1063.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and explain to them why they were against the war,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1063.41,1064.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they got scared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1064.93,1066.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, not until you're willing to do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1066.59,1068.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until you're willing to go out and to use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1068.28,1070.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fortunate treasure that we do have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1070.47,1074.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of being able to express ourselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1074.1,1075.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and articulate ourselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1075.66,1076.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and fight through the electoral process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1076.8,1079.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna get those kinds of guy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1079.91,1081.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened instead of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1081.42,1082.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that immense apathy of the American People","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1082.59,1085.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let this guys sneak in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1085.17,1086.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1088.32,1089.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I would like to think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1090.09,1091.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that your presentation today was partitioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1091.763,1094.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that expect that your, orientation and analysis of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1094.93,1099.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salvadoran and the American Politics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1100.372,1104.077"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another testimonial attitude, patronizing attitude","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1104.077,1107.642"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to infiltrate the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1107.642,1110.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vital conscience level of course the Salvadoran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1110.177,1114.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But under the assumption that you're requesting you and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1114.635,1119.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opinion, I would have to disagree with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1119.14,1122.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And state the fact that the Salvadoran level of organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1122.28,1126.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the level of a character of revolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1126.56,1130.325"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entirely leads directly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1130.325,1131.604"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but with direct force like Amnesty International,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1131.604,1134.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the history of the communist party in El Salvador.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1134.82,1137.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the great contribution to the world of illusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1137.06,1141.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to a revolution in that ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1141.41,1143.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If precisely that path and that category.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1143.397,1147.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these are despite that they are not explaining,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1147.17,1150.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we find that they prefer to use communism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1150.15,1152.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that is before people like Caralho Maki,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1152.75,1156.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Amnesty International, prefer the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1156.83,1160.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized from these party to El Salvador.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1160.344,1162.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instructed by the full rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1162.833,1165.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the park prominent part of Germany","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1165.52,1169.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and somebody who and like in that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1169.549,1174.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that type of people are organized in Central America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1175.378,1178.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The organizations that organize the working class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1178.86,1182.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I need to split that you mentioned are too old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1182.31,1185.182"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways that split them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1185.182,1186.726"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the right, the Communist Party,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1186.726,1189.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being at the right on that split.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1189.61,1192.318"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Split of the historical left,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1192.318,1194.735"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1196.151,1197.691"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"splits of people who claimed an authentic origin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1197.691,1201.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the position of the Congress Movement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1201.05,1203.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and again provisioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1203.23,1205.751"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think is a tactical or an opportunity decided to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=1205.751,1210.47"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22638/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/638/original/AV203304_Mass_Movements_in_Latin_America_b.vtt?1613498249","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/638/original/AV203304_Mass_Movements_in_Latin_America_b.vtt?1613498249"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22639","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203304_Mass_Movements_in_Latin_America_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686/transcript/22639/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And then reality was part of that world. So again, here is Cuba, I thought if I came late, I would speak late. Here is Cuba, a country in which the tourist industry, the gambling industry, and the real industry the sugar industry. The utilities, the telephone company, the land, and even the one nickel mine are owned by American Corporations. So, although Eisenhower had to be called off of the golf course to give the order, he did. And the United States, again, went to war covertly, against the government that had greedy, not only itself and it's people of a dictatorship and that it was beginning to put through some of the most profound reforms which had been conducted anywhere in the Americas, to educate its people, to feeding cloth most of them for the first time, to build them decent housing even charming ones. And the United States Government went to war against them too but this time it lost. In each of those cases, moving and finally to Chile, we get less and less crude and less and less vulgar, but nevertheless, we never escape. And in Chile of course it was Henry Kissinger who said, \"We cannot allow the Chilean people to be so irresponsible as to elect communists.\" And who gave the orders, I should say, Nixon gave the orders to do what they possibly could in the first place to prevent the democratically elected president from being inaugurated, after having already spent something on the order of $13 million to try to defeat him in the election. And still he was inaugurated, and so they then set about to subvert the constitutional military of a constitutional government. And the head of the CIA, Dick Holm said, \"After two years of trying, it's impossible. These bastards believe in democracy, they believe in the constitution, we cannot find a military cabal that will bring this government down.\" The Chief of Staff, was murdered as a consequence, of one of these attempts. It was a brilliant plot kidnap, the Chief of Staff, the Head of the Military, broadcasted you the some or another Leftist Group that has taken him over because you don't believe in this peaceful path and provoke a coup, but still didn't happen. He drew his gun shot and was killed and blew that one. It took the constant effort, of the United States Government, probing, seeking, promising, and finally finding. But to their great and good fortune, the men who were involved in that were a little late because the coup that finally did occur, was not the coup that the Americans were plotting. Now Augusto Pinochet, a teacher of geopolitics and geo-military strategy, of the good old pression Chilean School, was so good applied that even the CIA, didn't know about his plot, okay. And so we look at Chile and again, although it isn't quite so crude and so vulgar, we're talking about a billion and a half or more, one of the two of the largest corporations in the world, Kennecott Copper, in great danger, Anaconda, virtually destroyed as a result. Not of the Chilean Revolution, but of a Chilean Democratic Government, which unanimously, in a parliament from left to right nationalized, and provided even compensation for. And then of course there's ITT, which everybody by now knows, was deeply involved on its own in attempting to bring the Chilean Government down. So on each of these cases, we go from the more vulgar to the less vulgar, and to the more abstract. But what about El Salvador, I do not know how we can possibly explain El Salvador, in those terms. I mean, who in the United States is to benefit from keeping the Salvadoran People, in thraw, and in poverty, and in misery, and subjected to brutality. We cannot even make the excuse that there are men of righteousness, who believing in the overall principle of the free market, and identifying freedom with the free market and the little bit of their own freedom with it could make that case for El Salvador, I mean, we may have all told $60 million of investment there distributed among maybe 25 American companies, and all of that being very recent. So, attempting to figure it out, I've come up with a hypothesis I call the hypothesis of stupidity, how else, if venality is not the issue can one possibly explain it. We have a government in the United States, which compared to all other governments of the United States, even in comparison to all of the governments has shown the most colossal and heroic indifference to reality. It is Capable of being out of touch with the reality not only abroad of course, but at home. And which has managed to convince itself, that it is indeed engaged in the struggle, El Salvador to save America, from the Soviet Union, and from the Nicaraguans, and from the Cubans. Now if we don't call it the hypothesis of stupidity, we could put it in much more conventional sociological terms and sophisticated languages the relative of autonomy of ideology. Something has taken over and the highest levels of this society which in and of itself, is extraordinarily dangerous. I could live much less frightened in the good old days when I knew that the reason they were trying to undermine a government was 'cause someone in the United States, very clearly was going to benefit from it. And you could point fingers and identify, okay you could say, okay, they're doing evil, but they protect themselves, in some sense. In some sense they could convince themselves that it was right to protect the Anaconda, that it was right to protect ITT, that it was right to protect United Fruit. But when it has become such an abstraction that we are fighting some evil force, which becomes manifested every time, people take arms against age old misery then we're in very real trouble because then there is no rational counter or rational explanation. And just as we can cure inflation at home by throwing 10 and a half million people out of work in the space of two and a half years, we are also perfectly capable of going to war in a little country in the middle of Central America for abstraction that huddle in the heads of those who now run this country completely out of touch with the realities of real suffering and misery, which their policies perpetuate. Now Of course it is possible finally to explain why the highest members of the United States Government, might wish to perpetuate the coffee barons in that little country of El Salvador, whatever the consequences, for its population. It is the fear that they will catch on, but just as Nicaragua, a little country of 2 million people still in many respects in terms it's level of techniques, medieval, but just as Nicaragua, has been able to creep towards the 20th century that of El Salvador does it then perhaps Guatemala whose regime is even according to observers, according to Amnesty International, even worse than that in El Salvador that then the Guatemalans will do it and then God knows our entire backyard will go. And so if we were to put it again in sophisticated theoretical terms, we're talking about an imperial strategy. We're talking about seeing El Salvador as part of a struggle to preserve America's empire in a period of increasing disintegration of that empire and challenges to it. But, that is not an explanation which I accept, I think unfortunately, and tragically that it is the relative of autonomy of ideology, and a little bit of that and a little bit of stupidity. And finally, I think that the only way it is possible for the government of the United States, to become the enemy where it has no need to be the enemy and leaving aside what that consequences will be for another generation when the Salvadoran People, finally do have their own independent government, that they see the United States, as the incarnation of opposition for their own freedom, while the United States should become symbolically and in reality, the immediate and most tangible obstacle to the freedom of peoples around this globe. Why it should become that? Is the kind of question which all of us have to ask ourselves. Now, I know I'm long beyond my time but since you were so good as to wait for me to arrive long beyond my time, I think it's important to understand, that we live at a time where the character and the ideas of the men or women who occupy the White House, have enormous historical reverberations, that is complex as the political process in the United States is that a few people now hold the destiny of all of us in their hands. That the question of El Salvador and the question of nuclear and mutual annihilation in the world are inseparable. That if compassion for the suffering of others does not move you, then self-interest must. And that is what to me is the most frightening of all. Robert McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, George Kennan, and every other architect of America's nuclear policy, is now at least as frightened as I am by the kind of people who now occupy the White House, they are out of touch or they may simply have a death wish. They're the kind of people like TK Jones, who tell you that we can survive nuclear war if we got enough shovels and if you throw a door on top of it and some dirt on top of it, who is in charge to civil defense for the United States, or the President of the United States, who six months ago issued secret orders for the first time to figure out how we can not only survive but win in the nuclear confrontation. So that the Secretary of Defense, is capable of answering a kid at Harvard, who says, \"Do you believe in the day of judgment?\" And Weinberger says, \"Yes.\" He says, \"Can I put this, it's gonna be manmade or God made.\" And Weinberger says, \"Oh, well, I hope it's God made.\" We have a peculiar and strange group of men, and El Salvador therefore, that small, that tiny, that little country whatever it's significance to the people who live there, has profound significance for us. The Secretary of the Navy, an eminently conservative man by the name of John Lehman, who virtually is a challenge to the President of the United States. To make it very clear, that the highest consoles of the armed forces themselves are scared, said the following, just a month and a half ago, he said, \"Any attempt, let us be clear about this.\" He said, \"Any attempt to establish a Naval blockade of Cuban and Nicaragua, Cuba and Nicaragua to interdict, supposed delivery of supplies to the rebels in El Salvador, might trigger a US, Soviet Naval War of global proportions.\" It would mean, I'm still quoting, \"Instant global war,\" and am quoting from the reporter, Lehman also suggested, that the Navy, this is a Secretary of the Navy speaking, \"The Navy would not be willing to undertake a blockade in the Caribbean without a clear expression of support from the American People.\" There was a strong feeling in the uniformed and civilian services, the uniformed and civilian branches of the military that never again will we get involved in military action without the solid support of the American Government and people, uncalled. So ultimately, whatever our explanation is what we know is that we are literally in mortal danger if our government continues on this course and therefore what happens in that remote area in that little country of El Salvador, is intimately involved in your own fate and the fate of all of us, thank you.\r\n\r\n- I was gonna be thankful to welcome for at least one question.\r\n\r\n- One question.\r\n\r\n- One question.\r\n\r\n- In the midst of your talk, I often at times I heard you was using the word they, in referring to the of El Salvador and also the leaders of the United States, I can strongly until I knew this that the if we the people who have elected these crazy kind of thugs, and we're defending the American Lifestyle and the American kind of assumption of love. That if we're not going to be doing this, it's going to affect the change in value system it's going to cease for some people to violate the illusion and violating the Christian they call for love.\r\n\r\n- Oh, I agree with you a 100%. That's part of the point of talks like this. I don't for a moment believe any of this is inevitable or inexorable, I think we can change the kind of government that we have. Unfortunately, it doesn't take a revolution to do it, it just means hard work. I remember in the good old days in the anti-war movement when young kids were willing to bare their breasts, to the national guard and if you tell them that they should go punch a doorbell, or knock on a door in a working class neighborhood and explain to them why they were against the war, they got scared. Okay, not until you're willing to do that, until you're willing to go out and to use the fortunate treasure that we do have of being able to express ourselves and articulate ourselves and fight through the electoral process, We're gonna get those kinds of guy. What happened instead of course, is that immense apathy of the American People and let this guys sneak in. Yes, sir.\r\n\r\n- I would like to think that your presentation today was partitioning that expect that your, orientation and analysis of the Salvadoran and the American Politics. Another testimonial attitude, patronizing attitude to try to infiltrate the vital conscience level of course the Salvadoran. But under the assumption that you're requesting you and I opinion, I would have to disagree with you. And state the fact that the Salvadoran level of organization and the level of a character of revolution, entirely leads directly but with direct force like Amnesty International, of the history of the communist party in El Salvador. And one of the great contribution to the world of illusion and to a revolution in that , If precisely that path and that category. And these are despite that they are not explaining, we find that they prefer to use communism. But I think that is before people like Caralho Maki, and Amnesty International, prefer the organized from these party to El Salvador. instructed by the full rights from the park prominent part of Germany and somebody who and like in that time, and that type of people are organized in Central America. The organizations that organize the working class. I need to split that you mentioned are too old ways that split them. To the right, the Communist Party, being at the right on that split. Split of the historical left, and I think, splits of people who claimed an authentic origin for the position of the Congress Movement and again provisioned. I don't think is a tactical or an opportunity decided to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36597/file/105686#t=0.0,1263.02041"}]}]}]}