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Errington Memorial speaker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=290.59,294.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Mercedes S. Foster, Dr Foster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=294.373,296.821"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=296.821,299.821"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you Paul,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=306.924,309.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess Paul is a little bit taller than I am,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=309.15,312.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'll pull this down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=312.13,314.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before I begin, I'd really like to tell you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=315.71,319.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what an honor it is for me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=319.16,321.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have been invited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=321.93,324.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be the 26th Paul L. Errington Lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=324.25,329.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm really delighted to be here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=329.7,331.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have this opportunity to talk to you all about my 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us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=344.17,346.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Had it done so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=347.03,348.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then perhaps I would have tried to orient my 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indeed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=366.54,370.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost everything we do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=370.9,372.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does have some relationship to the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=372.87,376.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to conservation activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=376.22,379.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, as I'm sure you are all 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areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=386.12,389.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have been doing so for nearly 23 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=389.95,393.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul didn't mention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=394.95,396.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I began working in the tropics when I was six.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=396.3,399.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so (audience 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there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=410.92,413.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could go to areas that were relatively remote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=413.6,417.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see almost no sign of human presence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=417.82,422.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go now to areas that are extremely remote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=422.34,426.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I do see human disturbance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=426.71,430.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, in many areas where I have worked,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=430.41,435.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I do work now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=435.02,436.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see signs of wholesale destruction of tropical forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=436.68,441.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These problems though they are very remote from us,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=443.84,448.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do indeed have an impact on our lives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=448.71,453.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if only through their effects on global climate 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properties,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=462.41,465.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through commercial potential and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=465.92,469.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The loss of these areas, and these 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problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=490.61,494.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that exists in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=494.17,496.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things that many of us, particularly as biologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=496.36,500.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"won't deal with directly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=500.85,503.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we do have our part to 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solved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=516.02,521.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we must learn as much about these areas as we can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=521.5,525.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that we will be in a 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point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=531.5,533.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, one of the most effective ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=535.81,538.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can do this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=538.46,539.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can contribute to the conservation of areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=539.483,544.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to identify economic values","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=544.91,549.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associated with undisturbed areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=549.06,552.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if I could have the first slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=552.61,555.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will show you some of these areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=558.55,560.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of the kinds of things we might do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=560.41,563.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an area in Eastern Amazonian, Ecuador.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=564.16,568.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really a magnificent place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=568.63,571.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the place I was camped several years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=571.2,574.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really a magnificent place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=574.72,576.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until you turn exactly 180 degrees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=576.69,581.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see what is happening to the area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=581.0,583.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're mining gravel in this area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=583.83,586.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and clearing it for agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=586.13,588.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not a terribly remote area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=588.6,591.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a few years ago I was also 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there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=669.33,672.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are some Aguaruna Indians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=673.81,676.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with whom I lived one time in Northern 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soils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=685.38,687.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they last only three to four years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=687.54,689.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the individuals must 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live.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=717.01,721.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And once again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=721.11,722.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they're 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lately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=734.98,738.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been to identify alternative uses of undisturbed forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=738.52,743.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, these uses are generally combined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=745.54,750.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the term Sustainable Development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=751.44,754.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can we use these forests without really disturbing them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=754.94,758.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But my talk tonight is not on sustainable development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=758.83,761.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so I'm not really going to 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type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=767.23,771.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sustainable development and that is ecotourism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=771.04,775.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because some of the bird work about which I would 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term,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=782.08,785.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which refers to tourism that stresses natural phenomenon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=785.7,790.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, instead of a tourist going to a 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buildings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=796.01,797.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and going to the tourist souvenir shops,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=797.81,800.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he goes out into the 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1232.18,1233.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they wanna know why is this happening?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1233.63,1236.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why don't the Robbins do 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beautiful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1243.562,1247.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and an exotic, manakins are beautiful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1247.04,1252.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in another sense in that scientifically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1253.05,1256.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are extremely interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1256.56,1259.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have very unusual social 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societies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1272.82,1276.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And through the study of these groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1276.06,1278.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are trying to 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process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1286.36,1288.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what I want to do now is to introduce you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1289.87,1293.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this kind of bizarre social 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system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1308.53,1312.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oh sorry, there's a slide I forgot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1312.15,1314.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is another species of manakin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1316.27,1318.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's called the swallow-tailed manakin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1318.593,1321.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very closely related to the long tail manakin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1321.01,1324.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we just saw in the diagrams.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1324.32,1326.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has a series of 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1351.06,1352.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not just something that you see in a drawing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1352.49,1356.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right, manakins have a special kind of social 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world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1396.86,1400.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but is also very rare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1400.82,1403.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by that, I mean that there aren't so many 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greater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1417.17,1419.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are very many species with this social system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1419.72,1422.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it occurs in lots of 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fishes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1445.92,1450.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain species of frogs, bats,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1450.38,1453.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a couple of species of antelopes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1453.71,1455.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moths, and even the fruit flies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1456.42,1460.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you see where the arrow is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1460.45,1462.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the left-hand part of the slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1462.71,1465.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to blow that up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1465.26,1466.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here is a fruit fly male dancing for a female.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1466.6,1470.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I realize it's hard to tell on this slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1470.13,1471.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's what he's supposed to be doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1471.91,1474.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any of event, this social system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1474.24,1476.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is found through a wide variety of animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1476.74,1481.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in just a few species of each","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1482.3,1485.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the simplest terms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1487.5,1489.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we characterize lek social systems or leks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1489.44,1494.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by certain criteria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1494.48,1497.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first being that males aggregate during reproduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1497.07,1502.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what does that mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1502.35,1503.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It means if you go into an area of habitat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1503.55,1507.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occupied by a species during the reproductive period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1507.44,1512.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the males will only be found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1512.93,1515.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a few small areas in that habitat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1515.16,1519.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they will all be grouped together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1519.49,1522.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a map of my Caribbean study area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1522.42,1527.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's repeated three times, for different years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1527.71,1532.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but basically the shaded area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1532.0,1534.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the appropriate area of habitat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1534.5,1537.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one of the species of manakin that I've been studying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1537.35,1540.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The dots represent groups of males,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1541.69,1546.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so what I want you to see here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1546.86,1548.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there are large areas of habitat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1548.373,1552.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there are no males","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1552.17,1554.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then small areas where there are groups of males,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1554.34,1557.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the males are all clustered very close together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1557.797,1561.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll have some slides a little later on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1561.62,1563.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the first characteristic of leks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1563.64,1566.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the males are not distributed through an area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1566.53,1569.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're grouped very closely together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1569.55,1573.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Within this area where the males are grouped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1575.98,1579.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each occupies his own special court,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1579.31,1583.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's this court area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1584.42,1586.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the male displays for female","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1586.47,1589.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tries to get her to come in and mate with him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1589.35,1592.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These courts are characteristically non resource based.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1593.6,1598.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by that i mean, when the female comes in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1599.33,1602.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mates with a male on his court,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1602.7,1605.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she doesn't get anything but the male.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1605.98,1608.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She doesn't get any food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1608.77,1610.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she doesn't get a place to put her nest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1610.25,1612.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she doesn't get a place to sleep","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1612.62,1614.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she just come in and mates and leaves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1614.74,1617.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the only thing she gets from him are his genes basically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1617.81,1621.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are no resources on the court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1621.09,1625.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The lek species are characterized by high mating skew,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1627.3,1631.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what do I mean by this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1631.98,1633.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically what I mean is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1633.64,1637.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will have a whole group of males together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1637.23,1641.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"female will come in and she'll mate with a male and leave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1641.0,1644.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another female will come in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1644.16,1645.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she'll mate with the male and leave and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1645.67,1648.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, it turns out that all females","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1648.66,1652.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are mating with the same male,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1652.04,1655.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so there is a high skew in the distribution of males","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1655.0,1659.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe one male or maybe two males do all of the mating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1659.01,1663.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then were all the rest of the males don't mate at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1663.27,1666.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the entire reproductive period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1666.66,1668.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even in some species, there are lots of males","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1668.93,1672.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that don't make at all year after year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1672.69,1675.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a high mating skew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1675.94,1678.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is a picture of of Cock-of-the-rock,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1681.38,1685.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a cotingid, it's a different tropical family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1685.4,1690.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see each one of these orange birds is a male,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1690.18,1692.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're all grouped together, close to each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1692.653,1696.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and basically probably only one of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1696.6,1700.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or occasionally two will mate at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1700.03,1703.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, the fourth characteristic of leks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1704.52,1707.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the lek social system is male emancipation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1709.73,1714.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And basically what this means is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1714.25,1716.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that males don't contribute to reproduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1716.82,1721.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond the insemination of the female.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1721.05,1724.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The female builds the nest, the female incubates the eggs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1724.48,1727.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the female feeds the young,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1727.97,1730.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the female takes care of fledglings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1730.25,1732.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She comes in, mates with male","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1732.8,1734.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then goes off and rears young by herself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1734.81,1738.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one says that the males are emancipated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1738.01,1743.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from any nest duties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1743.03,1745.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as soon as they mate with one female,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1745.7,1748.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they start displaying like crazy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1748.38,1750.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try and attract another female with who to mate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1750.56,1754.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So basically these are the characteristics that define leks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1754.9,1759.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this raises lots of very fascinating questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1762.62,1767.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the evolution of this bizarre social system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1770.56,1774.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The questions about its operation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1774.53,1777.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how it appeared in the first place and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1777.05,1779.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the more interesting evolutionary questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1780.76,1784.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are listed on this slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1785.951,1788.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'd like to mention each of them briefly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1788.17,1791.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first and most obvious is why do the males congregate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1791.17,1796.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In an evolutionary sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1798.22,1800.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you measure the success of an individual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1800.32,1803.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the number of offspring that he leaves behind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1803.62,1807.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when you had all of these males together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1808.03,1811.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an aggregation, there's tremendous competition among them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1811.13,1816.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as I indicated earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1816.13,1818.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only one or two males are successful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1818.27,1822.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why indeed do all of the other males hang around?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1822.33,1826.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the males are distributed through the habitat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1827.74,1830.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more or less regularly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1830.84,1832.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one assumes that a female could only visit one or two males,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1832.63,1837.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so indeed matings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1837.07,1839.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be more evenly distributed among them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1839.35,1843.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So given this scenario why is it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1844.5,1848.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the males all group together?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1848.12,1850.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's obviously or at least it seems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1850.97,1853.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disadvantageous to some of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1855.624,1858.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second question is the basis of mate choice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1859.34,1864.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how is mate choice effective?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1865.55,1868.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In species with which we are more familiar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1870.44,1873.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"species in North America, most birds are monogamous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1873.84,1878.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The male and female form a pair bond,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1879.2,1884.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they live on a territory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1884.01,1886.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they nest and rear the young together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1886.34,1890.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Females when they come in to choose a mate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1890.56,1894.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can you use lots of characteristics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1894.48,1896.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try and evaluate the various males,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1896.75,1900.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can check out the territory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1900.46,1902.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see whether it seems to have lots of food","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1902.62,1905.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it has good nest sites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1905.45,1908.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it has good places to hide from predators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1908.11,1912.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and obviously if it's a good territory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1912.11,1915.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the male can defend it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1915.1,1916.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then he must be a vigorous male et cetera, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1916.61,1920.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when female visits a male lek,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1920.63,1924.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she is only there for a few minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1924.21,1927.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and really to the human eye, all of the males look alike,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1927.02,1930.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're extremely difficult to distinguish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1930.89,1934.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the female isn't going to get anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1935.79,1939.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the male or his territory anyway,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1939.06,1941.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she doesn't feed there or nest there or lives there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1941.98,1946.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what are the criteria that a female might use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1946.18,1951.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to distinguish among the males that she sees?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1951.88,1955.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is the basis of mate choice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1955.41,1958.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there an alternative school that suggests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1958.38,1961.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe the female isn't doing the choosing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1961.58,1964.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe the males are sorting it out among themselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1964.34,1968.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe there's a dominant male","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1968.98,1971.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's controlling what's going on amongst the group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1971.06,1974.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right, so anyway this is another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1974.62,1976.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting evolutionary question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1976.63,1978.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how does mate choice occur?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1978.85,1982.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another interesting question is whether or not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1984.62,1988.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a unifying theory of lek evolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1988.68,1993.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, basically you recall, I said that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=1993.6,1998.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can't read that, I can't read that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2000.58,2004.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't matter, what this is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2004.31,2005.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a list of various groups of organisms that have leks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2005.467,2010.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it covers the branch that I mentioned before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2010.67,2013.501"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's of antelopes and birds and fishes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2013.501,2016.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Given so many different kinds of animals that have leks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2016.61,2021.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it possible that there is a single explanation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2023.0,2027.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the evolution of this kind of behavior?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2027.73,2031.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or is it just kind of coincidental","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2031.29,2034.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that all these different groups ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2034.49,2036.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the same system?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2036.99,2038.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right, there was one other interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2039.69,2042.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evolutionary question associated with leks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2042.6,2045.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that wasn't listed on that slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2045.7,2047.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm going to mention it briefly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2047.63,2050.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is, what is the basis of male emancipation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2050.68,2055.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How is it that some species require","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2055.86,2060.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both the male and the female to rear the young,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2061.75,2065.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whereas in lek species the females","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2065.41,2068.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can do it all by themselves?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2068.02,2070.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a whole different subject,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2070.72,2074.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"male emancipation is requirement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2074.14,2076.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the evolution of a other lek behavior,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2076.64,2079.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but just because male emancipation occurs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2079.3,2082.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't mean that that behavior also occurs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2082.75,2086.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's a separate subject and something that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2086.14,2089.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we really won't deal with anymore tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2089.37,2092.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let it be known for more than 80 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2094.02,2098.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were first described in ruffs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2099.84,2102.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Europe and also in ruffs introvert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2102.76,2107.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then for the next, probably 70 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2109.0,2112.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people studied one species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2112.31,2114.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or another in actually relatively superficial ways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2114.26,2119.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they would make observations about behavior and mating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2119.92,2123.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then after they've made these observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2123.49,2127.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would attempt to explain them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2127.46,2129.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it was a very interesting field of 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manakins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2335.97,2339.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the colleague of mine, Dr. Bruce Beeler,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2339.3,2342.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's also at the National Museum of Natural 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(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2381.21,2386.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attempted to develop our own model to explain like behavior,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2388.52,2393.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we called our model the hot shot 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Gibson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2399.85,2403.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by emphasizing the importance of male-male interactions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2403.84,2407.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in structuring a lek rather than 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whatever,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2420.82,2423.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are particularly successful at attracting females","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2423.36,2427.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mating with 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females","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2437.51,2442.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and essentially don't have any contact with them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2442.08,2446.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cluster around the successful males","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2446.12,2450.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by doing so improve their mating success.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2450.64,2455.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now how can they do 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male.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2462.94,2467.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They might improve their reproductive success","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2470.09,2473.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a number of 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females,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2477.477,2481.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to attract them, how to court and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2481.29,2483.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They might steal populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2492.284,2493.584"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they hot shot male is off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2493.584,2494.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feeding or doing something else,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2496.75,2499.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or they might inherit his court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2499.08,2501.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which could be particularly good for one reason or another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2501.4,2504.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any event, we felt that this seemed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2505.79,2509.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to best fit what we had observed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2509.52,2511.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and manakins and birds in paradox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2511.7,2514.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let me go on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2516.12,2520.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the beauty of having models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2520.52,2524.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how a lek system works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2524.03,2525.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or about how any system works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2525.93,2528.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that using these models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2528.32,2530.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can make predictions, things that should be true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2530.01,2534.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if indeed your explanation is true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2534.3,2537.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we attempted to task all of the models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2538.92,2541.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with our own data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2541.74,2542.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or with data that were available in the literature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2542.96,2546.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2546.49,2547.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should enumerate all of these predictions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2547.66,2552.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provide the data to evaluate them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2552.32,2554.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then tell you what model is correct","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2554.24,2557.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, what we found out was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2559.55,2563.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there typically were insufficient data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2563.39,2566.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"available to test models.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2566.31,2569.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were more things that we didn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2569.12,2571.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about lek birds than things that we did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2571.76,2575.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So with this in mind, several years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2575.98,2578.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I began a comparative study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2578.79,2581.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of four species of manakins in South Eastern Peru.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2581.13,2585.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the blue crown manakin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2585.35,2587.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are the first kind of exotic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2587.64,2590.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The blue crowned manakin, the band tail manakin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2590.61,2594.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually I like reading \"Flycatcher\", \"The Door of Tyrant\",","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2596.31,2601.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I liked reading the particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2602.997,2605.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Screaming Pee hoff\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2605.177,2607.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it really does scream.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2608.82,2611.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any event, I selected these birds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2612.12,2613.934"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're all common,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2613.934,2615.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're easy to observe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2615.49,2617.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they represent a larger range of sizes, diets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2617.42,2621.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plumage types, behaviors, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2621.46,2623.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I thought I could get data on all four 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groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2628.81,2632.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The work was done in Manu National Park,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2633.22,2637.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is one of the very remote areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2637.07,2639.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2639.87,2641.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To get there you fly to Viva and then to Cusco,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2641.84,2646.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you purchase all the supplies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2646.39,2648.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for your stay in the field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2648.54,2651.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a remote area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2651.13,2653.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you have to carry everything with you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2653.11,2655.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you carry your food, you carry fuel for your boat motors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2655.44,2659.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you carry tents, you carry batteries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2659.19,2661.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you try and anticipate everything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2663.18,2665.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you are going to loose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2665.81,2667.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like you know you're gonna drop your toothbrush in the lake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2667.31,2670.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you take an toothbrush,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2670.18,2672.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know your shoelaces are gonna break,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2672.29,2674.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you take a few extra 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yourself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2679.73,2684.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you travel for a day and a half or two days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2684.47,2688.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the mountains on a very rough road","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2688.06,2691.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or road by definition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2691.11,2693.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until you reach the river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2694.81,2697.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is not always an easy trip,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2697.95,2700.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you have to forge rivers to get to this place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2700.9,2704.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is actually us stuck in the river on another trip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2704.72,2709.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to get pulled out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2709.84,2712.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you eventually get to the river,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2713.0,2715.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you unload the truck and you load the canoes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2715.94,2719.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canoe is the term that's used,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2719.47,2721.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but these canoes are usually about 45 feet long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2721.18,2726.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they run with the 55 horsepower outboard motor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2726.01,2730.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You travel by canoe for anywhere from two to three days,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2731.38,2736.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depending upon the level of the water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2736.33,2738.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how many times you have to jump out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2738.31,2739.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and move the canoe over sandbars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2739.66,2742.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But eventually you get to the study site in the park,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2742.86,2747.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set up camp, and then you really get to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2748.7,2752.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am not known as Simon Legree for nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2752.543,2755.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my assistants of which I have had many,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2757.652,2761.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and without who's 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2767.5,2769.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's great getting up at 3.30 in the morning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2769.693,2773.159"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and walking a mile or several","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2773.159,2777.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the place where you're going to work for the day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2777.82,2781.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we do is we make lots of observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2781.06,2786.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at male courts of individual birds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2787.22,2790.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to know not what the species is doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2790.51,2793.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what individuals are doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2793.84,2795.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to do this, we net the birds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2795.9,2798.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we take a certain amount of data from them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2798.48,2802.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we mark each with a unique combination of colored bands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2802.16,2807.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a female long tail manakin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2807.83,2812.472"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see on her leg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2812.472,2814.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that she has little colored bands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2814.93,2817.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each bird has a different set of color of bands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2817.53,2819.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so when we see a bird in the forest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2819.663,2822.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we know who we're looking at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2822.09,2824.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ah, this is white, red, purple one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2824.12,2826.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is left black, blue, green et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2826.203,2829.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So then we can keep records of the behaviors of individuals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2829.64,2834.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=2835.65,2836.483"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27984/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/984/original/AV203925_Social_Systems_in_Manakins__Jewels_of_the_Tropical_Forest_a.vtt?1622564908","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/984/original/AV203925_Social_Systems_in_Manakins__Jewels_of_the_Tropical_Forest_a.vtt?1622564908"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27985","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203925_Social_Systems_in_Manakins__Jewels_of_the_Tropical_Forest_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088/transcript/27985/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Thanks Paul whose from the Animal Ecology Department and over in one of the buildings of the University yet remains a device of Errington's canoe that canoe has been sitting there for a number of years, and that device provided freedom, vision, insight, opportunity and challenge, worth operative namesake, to liken some of the mechanisms of animal's population dynamics. The time then was free computer, free Lotus, free SAS, free GIFs, but it was not free intellectual. Dr. Errington a student of Aldo Leopold has provided Iowa and Iowa state with a Fish and Wildlife Research on Animal Ecology Heritage that is still recognized across the world. We are here tonight on the occasion of the 26th Paul L. Errington Memorial Lecture and I've asked you to please recognize Carolyn Errington, wife, compiler and editor of a bunch of Paul's writings and the sponsor of this lecture series, gentlemen. On the way in the Fish and Wildlife, the club members provided you with a folder that provides a good description of some information about Dr. Errington and a good definitely some information about our tonight's speaker and characteristics of those people who need Carolyn Errington's good talents that has an error in it that Dr. Foster works at the National Museum of Natural History not the American Museum of Natural History. On your way back out you will receive a salmon colored folder with the talk in it, and it is correct. So we did make that adjustment. I need to announce to you also that we have a reception immediately after the talk tonight in the area right outside of the auditorium, so we invite you all to stay and pursue a little bit of the kitchen and whatever drink goes with it non alcoholic of course. The speaker tonight, is one of those people, who has had an opportunity that I think she cared for herself. She is one of those people who became a scientist when there were none of her sex that were scientists or few, she had an opportunity to learn how to visit foreign countries by herself to do it scientific pursuits and she has led the way for lots of us now to provide an opportunity for people to be treated equally, when in the long time ago, they were not. It has been my pleasure to work with her, with the Fish and Wildlife Service, who has employed her for the last 10 years in Washington, DC related to the Smithsonian Institution where the Fish and Wildlife Service as her field station. She during that time has blocked all of the kinds of things that says, \"Fish and Wildlife Service employees \"and other interior employee not proud employees.\" She has continued to do her work over those fine obstacles and has provided an excellent scientific background for us and hence the fundamental question about how ecology and evolutionary biology has carried along in the manakins. Now, most of us think of manakins as plastic human life forms that are sitting in front of doctors, as you walk in and you have to look at it twice to make sure that somebody is not standing there, but the kind of manakins that she has been working with are only five inches tall or less and they have some interesting characteristics they're small, they're exciting, they're socially interesting and diverse. And one of the things we'd like to know is how do they get to be that way and what advantage does being that way and being different from other birds, have for them, in this process of continuing to evolve and to exist as particular group of birds on this world that we have. So this evening, without any additional information on my part I'd like to introduce you our 26th Paul L. Errington Memorial speaker Dr. Mercedes S. Foster, Dr Foster.\r\n\r\n- Thank you Paul, I guess Paul is a little bit taller than I am, so I'll pull this down. Before I begin, I'd really like to tell you what an honor it is for me to have been invited to be the 26th Paul L. Errington Lecture. I'm really delighted to be here and have this opportunity to talk to you all about my work. Now, as I'm sure you were all aware, this is earth week and when Paul and I set up this talk last year it didn't occur to either of us. Had it done so then perhaps I would have tried to orient my talk in a more environmentally or conservation oriented mode. Nevertheless I thought I would make a few beginning remarks to try and relate what I am going to talk about to conservation, to show you the ways that indeed almost everything we do does have some relationship to the environment and to conservation activities. Now, as I'm sure you are all aware, no, we aware perhaps, but as Paul mentioned, I do most of my work in tropical areas I have been doing so for nearly 23 years, Paul didn't mention that I began working in the tropics when I was six. And so really I was very precautious. In any event, I have been working in tropical areas for nearly 23 years. When I first started going there, I could go to areas that were relatively remote and see almost no sign of human presence. I go now to areas that are extremely remote and I do see human disturbance. In fact, in many areas where I have worked, where I do work now I see signs of wholesale destruction of tropical forest. These problems though they are very remote from us, do indeed have an impact on our lives if only through their effects on global climate change on the loss of species with potential importance to man through medicinal properties, through commercial potential and so forth. The loss of these areas, and these organisms will have an influence on our lives perhaps not now, but definitely at some later date. Now, ultimately of course, these problems are rooted in poor economic and political policies, they're rooted in a major population problem that exists in the world. Things that many of us, particularly as biologist won't deal with directly, but we do have our part to play in the conservation of these areas. In that we must strive to protect as many of these areas as we can, until the political and economic problems can be solved. And we must learn as much about these areas as we can so that we will be in a position to contribute to their restoration, should we reach that point. Now, one of the most effective ways that we can do this, that we can contribute to the conservation of areas is to identify economic values associated with undisturbed areas. And if I could have the first slide please. I will show you some of these areas and some of the kinds of things we might do. This is an area in Eastern Amazonian, Ecuador. It's really a magnificent place, the place I was camped several years ago. It's really a magnificent place until you turn exactly 180 degrees and see what is happening to the area. They're mining gravel in this area and clearing it for agriculture. This is not a terribly remote area, but a few years ago I was also working in very remote area of Southern Venezuela known as Cerro de la Neblina or Mountain of Mist and that very dark spot in the center is the peak of the mountain, peaking through the clouds. This area is the largest mountain outside of the Andes in South America, it's over 10,000 feet tall and it wasn't discovered until 1954. To get to this area, you fly by helicopter for several hours from the nearest village, which you reach by traveling several hours by canoe. And what was really discouraging about this was that although you cross many, many areas of untouched forest all of a sudden you would come across an area that looks like this, areas cleared strictly for subsistence agriculture. So if you wish to save some of these areas you must find alternative economic values of the areas that will support the people that live there. These are some Aguaruna Indians with whom I lived one time in Northern Peru, they subsistence hunt, they have small gardens with the gardens are grown on tropical soils they last only three to four years and then the individuals must clear more land, more gardens et cetera. But you can't tell them not to clear the forest because they have no alternative means of living. This is also true of colonists, who have moved into lowland areas largely from highland Andean areas, because the Andean areas hold no means for these people to live. And once again, when they're worried about feeding themselves and their children you can't very well tell them, \"You can't use the forest.\" Without providing them with any alternatives, so one of the major conservation activities lately has been to identify alternative uses of undisturbed forest. Well, these uses are generally combined under the term Sustainable Development. How can we use these forests without really disturbing them? But my talk tonight is not on sustainable development and so I'm not really going to mention that in any large way. I just thought that I refer to one type of sustainable development and that is ecotourism, because some of the bird work about which I would talk is related to ecotourism. Ecotourism is something of an eco speak term, which refers to tourism that stresses natural phenomenon. In other words, instead of a tourist going to a country and going to the museums and going to the government buildings and going to the tourist souvenir shops, he goes out into the forest and he watches birds and animals and this sort of thing. As a result money is spent on local guides, it's spent on guide books, it's spent on tourist lodges, associated of restaurants or at least eating facilities, transportation, and that sort of thing that tends to employ the local people so that they receive a direct benefit from forest that is left intact. This is an area of forest in Northern Peru, it's a beautiful place and it contains many what I call, many people call, \"Oh my species.\" Which are the ones that tend to attract tourists. Oh my species are ones that are so beautiful that everybody says, \"Oh my that's wonderful.\" Such as these very colorful frog, giant anacondas creeping through the grass, even insects can be, oh my, and you can tell I don't have insect orientation, this is a mounted fungi and of course birds. The major, one of the most popular types of ecotourism focuses on bird watching and naturally visitors strive to see the most beautiful and exotic. This is a royal flycatcher, actually from Costa Rica, lives in Central America and when you have the male in the hand, he opens and flashes that crown at you in most spectacular way. Most of the people who are on bird watching tours or eco type tours are interested not only in seeing organisms, but in learning about their ecology and behavior, people wanna know something about what they're seeing just as they want to know the history of a public building or something about the life of the painter and so forth, the birds that I study members of the manakins family Pipridae and you'll notice that manakins here is spelled a little bit differently from the plastic models to which Paul referred. In any way birds that I study members of manakins family Pipridae are among the most exotic and truly beautiful birds of the new world tropical forest, therefore, they're high on the list of ecotourists. It's one of the groups of birds that people particularly want to see. And so I like to feel that in part by studying these birds and describing their behavior, which I will in a moment, which is most peculiar and that I am indeed providing some information that can be used to contribute to ecotourism. All right, this is a painting of long tail manakins that occur in Central America, it's some of these are pictured on one of the programs that you will receive. There are some where in the neighborhood of 50 species of manakins they're found from Southern Mexico to Northern Argentina, but they're concentrated in Neotropical areas. They tend to feed on fruit as it's pictured here, though they also take varying amounts of insects. The birds are usually small, seven and a half grams to maybe 25 or more like your familiar warbler size to say house sparrow size. And the females tend to be drab green and that's to provide camouflage while they're sitting on the nest, the males are among the most spectacular birds of the tropical forest. Here we have a wire-tailed manakin male, you see that he's obviously brightly colored. He also shows some other characteristics that are characteristics of the males of this family and that is the adornment with odd morphological structures either plumes or pressed elongated tail feathers or any other manner of eye-catching structures, this particular male it's called wire-tailed manakin you can see that his tail feathers over on the right of the screen are very long, very narrow. He uses these in his displays to take over those of the female. So they aren't just exotic structures they're used in exotic ways. In fact, one might even refer to manakins as manakins in the sense that Paul mentioned the store form mannequins, because these elaborate the plumed males display their finery, display their colors, display their structures by performing very complex acrobatic dances, sometimes alone, sometimes in pairs here we have the drawing again of the long-tail manakins that I showed you before that was red, blue, black diagraming one of their courtship display advances in which a female might be seated here at the end of the display branch and the males in pairs dance for her. In this particular dance, they go through a backward cartwheel, where one male is up front and he flies up backwards and he lands back where the other male was while the other male runs up to the place the first one was, and then he leaves up quiet backwards and they begin to make this circle, one around the other and it hits the faster, faster, faster, faster and faster till they all falling all over each other, and it's really quite marvelous to watch. This is a diagram of a variant in that same display which instead of making a cartwheel the males simply bounce up and down on the branch in front of the female, the female gets all excited she jumps up and down. And it's obviously one of the popular interesting kinds of things that people want to see. They don't just wanna see it, they wanna know why is this happening? Why don't the Robbins do this when am looking through the kitchen window? In any event in addition to being beautiful and an exotic, manakins are beautiful in another sense in that scientifically they are extremely interesting. They have very unusual social systems and really studies of these social systems are providing us with a great deal of insight into the ways that evolution shapes the structure of animal societies. And through the study of these groups we are trying to understand how ecological and environmental factors influence this process. So what I want to do now is to introduce you to this kind of bizarre social system that is displayed by most manakins, and then consider some of the evolutionary questions that arise from it. The peculiar kind of social system, oh sorry, there's a slide I forgot. This is another species of manakin, it's called the swallow-tailed manakin. It's very closely related to the long tail manakin that we just saw in the diagrams. It has a series of dances similar to the long tail manakin, and I just wanted to show you an actual photograph instead of the diagram of one of these dances and the three blue birds of course are males they're in the process of making one of these cartwheel displays in front of the drab green female on the right. So they really do do it, it's not just something that you see in a drawing. All right, manakins have a special kind of social system, which is called the lek social system or arena based social system. Lek is a term that is derived from the Swedish word leka, which means to play. And presumably refers to the fact that when these males are dancing around they kind of look like they're playing, at least I assume that the basis for the use of the term. All right, this is a complex social system that is widely distributed in the animal world, but is also very rare. And by that, I mean that there aren't so many species that have lek social systems, as far as we know I'd say probably fewer than a hundred, but of course there are lots of insects that we don't know anything about so maybe the number could be greater. There are very many species with this social system, but it occurs in lots of groups. You find it in addition to manakins, in humming birds, in certain species of sandpipers, in grouse, in turkeys you find it in birds of paradise as well as in fishes, certain species of fishes certain species of frogs, bats, a couple of species of antelopes, moths, and even the fruit flies. And if you see where the arrow is in the left-hand part of the slide, we're going to blow that up, and here is a fruit fly male dancing for a female. I realize it's hard to tell on this slide, but that's what he's supposed to be doing. In any of event, this social system is found through a wide variety of animals, but in just a few species of each in the simplest terms, we characterize lek social systems or leks, by certain criteria. The first being that males aggregate during reproduction. Well, what does that mean? It means if you go into an area of habitat, occupied by a species during the reproductive period the males will only be found in a few small areas in that habitat and they will all be grouped together. This is a map of my Caribbean study area, it's repeated three times, for different years, but basically the shaded area is the appropriate area of habitat for one of the species of manakin that I've been studying. The dots represent groups of males, and so what I want you to see here is that there are large areas of habitat where there are no males and then small areas where there are groups of males, and the males are all clustered very close together, I'll have some slides a little later on. So that's the first characteristic of leks is that the males are not distributed through an area, but they're grouped very closely together. Within this area where the males are grouped each occupies his own special court, and it's this court area where the male displays for female and tries to get her to come in and mate with him. These courts are characteristically non resource based. And by that i mean, when the female comes in and mates with a male on his court, she doesn't get anything but the male. She doesn't get any food, she doesn't get a place to put her nest, she doesn't get a place to sleep she just come in and mates and leaves. So the only thing she gets from him are his genes basically. So there are no resources on the court. The lek species are characterized by high mating skew, what do I mean by this? Basically what I mean is that you will have a whole group of males together, female will come in and she'll mate with a male and leave another female will come in and she'll mate with the male and leave and so forth. But, it turns out that all females are mating with the same male, so there is a high skew in the distribution of males maybe one male or maybe two males do all of the mating and then were all the rest of the males don't mate at all during the entire reproductive period. And even in some species, there are lots of males that don't make at all year after year. So there's a high mating skew. Now this is a picture of of Cock-of-the-rock, which is a cotingid, it's a different tropical family. You see each one of these orange birds is a male, they're all grouped together, close to each other and basically probably only one of them or occasionally two will mate at all. Finally, the fourth characteristic of leks, for the lek social system is male emancipation. And basically what this means is that males don't contribute to reproduction beyond the insemination of the female. The female builds the nest, the female incubates the eggs the female feeds the young, the female takes care of fledglings. She comes in, mates with male and then goes off and rears young by herself. So one says that the males are emancipated from any nest duties and as soon as they mate with one female, then they start displaying like crazy to try and attract another female with who to mate. So basically these are the characteristics that define leks. Now, this raises lots of very fascinating questions about the evolution of this bizarre social system. The questions about its operation how it appeared in the first place and so forth. Some of the more interesting evolutionary questions are listed on this slide, and I'd like to mention each of them briefly. The first and most obvious is why do the males congregate? In an evolutionary sense, you measure the success of an individual by the number of offspring that he leaves behind. But when you had all of these males together in an aggregation, there's tremendous competition among them and as I indicated earlier only one or two males are successful. So why indeed do all of the other males hang around? If the males are distributed through the habitat, more or less regularly, one assumes that a female could only visit one or two males, and so indeed matings would be more evenly distributed among them. So given this scenario why is it that the males all group together? It's obviously or at least it seems disadvantageous to some of them. The second question is the basis of mate choice, how is mate choice effective? In species with which we are more familiar, species in North America, most birds are monogamous. The male and female form a pair bond, they live on a territory, they nest and rear the young together. Females when they come in to choose a mate, can you use lots of characteristics to try and evaluate the various males, they can check out the territory and see whether it seems to have lots of food whether it has good nest sites, whether it has good places to hide from predators and obviously if it's a good territory the male can defend it, then he must be a vigorous male et cetera, et cetera. But when female visits a male lek, she is only there for a few minutes and really to the human eye, all of the males look alike, they're extremely difficult to distinguish and the female isn't going to get anything from the male or his territory anyway, she doesn't feed there or nest there or lives there. So what are the criteria that a female might use to distinguish among the males that she sees? What is the basis of mate choice? Well, there an alternative school that suggests maybe the female isn't doing the choosing, maybe the males are sorting it out among themselves, maybe there's a dominant male who's controlling what's going on amongst the group. Right, so anyway this is another interesting evolutionary question, how does mate choice occur? Another interesting question is whether or not there is a unifying theory of lek evolution. Now, basically you recall, I said that you can't read that, I can't read that. It doesn't matter, what this is, is a list of various groups of organisms that have leks, and it covers the branch that I mentioned before, that's of antelopes and birds and fishes. Given so many different kinds of animals that have leks is it possible that there is a single explanation for the evolution of this kind of behavior? Or is it just kind of coincidental that all these different groups ended up with the same system? Right, there was one other interesting evolutionary question associated with leks that wasn't listed on that slide and I'm going to mention it briefly and that is, what is the basis of male emancipation? How is it that some species require both the male and the female to rear the young, whereas in lek species the females can do it all by themselves? And that's a whole different subject, male emancipation is requirement for the evolution of a other lek behavior, but just because male emancipation occurs doesn't mean that that behavior also occurs. So that's a separate subject and something that we really won't deal with anymore tonight. Well, let it be known for more than 80 years they were first described in ruffs in Europe and also in ruffs introvert. And then for the next, probably 70 years people studied one species or another in actually relatively superficial ways, but they would make observations about behavior and mating and then after they've made these observations they would attempt to explain them. Well, it was a very interesting field of endeavor, but theoretically it didn't go very far. Then in 1981, Dr. Jack Bradbury of the University of California at San Diego published a very thought provoking theoretical paper, in which he tried to explain, to hypothesize how lek behavior must have evolved. And he called this his female prefrence model. Basically he said that females preferentially visit males who are grouped as opposed to males that are dispersed through the habitat, solitarily. He suggested that females preferentially visit males in groups since this allows them to compare lots of males all at once, quickly and easily, and then to pick out the best one, thus because females would only visit males that are clustered, males in fact have a cluster in order to have any contact with females. So basically it was the female generated kind of behavior. Right, two years later, the same Dr. Bradbury and one of his postdoctoral students, Dr. Robert Gibson published another paper with another alternative hypothesis for the evolution of lek behavior, which they call the hotspot model. In this instance, they suggested that females, or excuse me, that yes the females aggregate in response to some external stimulus, for example, a great place to feed or a good place to put nests or something there was something in the environment that caused the females to group. And so the female, I mean, the males simply went where the females were and actually grouped independently. They simply went to settled where they could have the contact with the most females. So in this particular incident it was a male generated behavior, the males were going where females were. All right, both of these models when they were published caused a great deal of excitement. Not only were they intellectually stimulating, but they were the first attempt by anyone to try and provide a theoretical underpinning to the kinds of behavioral studies that were being done. These models actually provided predictions that individuals could go out and test. Well, anyway, it caused a lot of excitement, a lot of consideration, everybody who worked on lek species immediately tried to fit their own data to these models, to see how the explanations held up. I did that with my studies of manakins and the colleague of mine, Dr. Bruce Beeler, who's also at the National Museum of Natural History and who studies lek behavior in birds of paradise, this is a bird of paradise, and you will note that it is a male that it is exotically colored and has exotic adornments on its head. In any event, he tried to fit the data that he had from studying birds of paradise to these models. And of course, we got together and compared notes and argued and discussed and whatever. And what we found was that various facets of the models didn't really fit our theory. So as a result we through attempted to develop our own model to explain like behavior, and we called our model the hot shot model. And in large part it differs from the two of Bradbury of Bradbury Gibson by emphasizing the importance of male-male interactions in structuring a lek rather than emphasizing male-female interactions. What we proposed was that certain males, because of behavioral attributes, morphological attributes or whatever, are particularly successful at attracting females and mating with them. And now we all do know that because of empirical observations. We secondly said that all of these males who are unsuccessful at attracting females and essentially don't have any contact with them cluster around the successful males and by doing so improve their mating success. Now how can they do this? You have a very successful male attracting lots of females, you have unsuccessful males all clustering around this male. They might improve their reproductive success in a number of ways. They can watch what the successful male does and maybe learn from him how to deal with females, how to attract them, how to court and so forth. They might steal populations when they hot shot male is off feeding or doing something else, or they might inherit his court which could be particularly good for one reason or another. In any event, we felt that this seemed to best fit what we had observed and manakins and birds in paradox. Now let me go on the beauty of having models about how a lek system works or about how any system works is that using these models you can make predictions, things that should be true if indeed your explanation is true. And so we attempted to task all of the models with our own data or with data that were available in the literature. Now, at this point, I should enumerate all of these predictions, provide the data to evaluate them and then tell you what model is correct Unfortunately, what we found out was that there typically were insufficient data available to test models. There were more things that we didn't know about lek birds than things that we did. So with this in mind, several years ago I began a comparative study of four species of manakins in South Eastern Peru. This is the blue crown manakin, they are the first kind of exotic. The blue crowned manakin, the band tail manakin, actually I like reading \"Flycatcher\", \"The Door of Tyrant\", and I liked reading the particularly \"The Screaming Pee hoff\" And it really does scream. In any event, I selected these birds, because they're all common, they're easy to observe, they represent a larger range of sizes, diets, plumage types, behaviors, et cetera. And I thought I could get data on all four species that then I would have some insight into how a lek system worked in different groups. The work was done in Manu National Park, which is one of the very remote areas that I was talking about. To get there you fly to Viva and then to Cusco, where you purchase all the supplies for your stay in the field. It is a remote area, so you have to carry everything with you, you carry your food, you carry fuel for your boat motors, you carry tents, you carry batteries you try and anticipate everything that you are going to loose. Like you know you're gonna drop your toothbrush in the lake so you take an toothbrush, you know your shoelaces are gonna break, so you take a few extra pairs. You do all the shopping in Cusco, you load everything into a truck, including yourself, and then you travel for a day and a half or two days over the mountains on a very rough road or road by definition, until you reach the river. And this is not always an easy trip, because you have to forge rivers to get to this place. This is actually us stuck in the river on another trip trying to get pulled out and you eventually get to the river, you unload the truck and you load the canoes. Canoe is the term that's used, but these canoes are usually about 45 feet long and they run with the 55 horsepower outboard motor. You travel by canoe for anywhere from two to three days, depending upon the level of the water and how many times you have to jump out and move the canoe over sandbars. But eventually you get to the study site in the park, set up camp, and then you really get to work. I am not known as Simon Legree for nothing. my assistants of which I have had many, and without who's help I couldn't have done none of this work very hard. But the work is fun, believe me, it's great getting up at 3.30 in the morning, and walking a mile or several to the place where you're going to work for the day. What we do is we make lots of observations at male courts of individual birds. We need to know not what the species is doing but what individuals are doing. And to do this, we net the birds, we take a certain amount of data from them, we mark each with a unique combination of colored bands. This is a female long tail manakin, and you can see on her leg that she has little colored bands. Each bird has a different set of color of bands so when we see a bird in the forest, we know who we're looking at. Ah, this is white, red, purple one, this is left black, blue, green et cetera. So then we can keep records of the behaviors of individuals we would.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116088#t=0.0,2841.0"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e From the radio transmitter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=5.16,6.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our transmitters weigh less than a gram,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=6.94,9.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we were unfortunately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=9.98,11.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unable to track all of these species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=11.27,13.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because those radios are too big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=13.49,16.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for some of the species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=16.66,18.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with which we work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=18.02,19.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here is one of my assistants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=20.52,22.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"following words this past year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=22.35,25.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right, we now have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=26.39,27.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four years worth of data on lake size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=27.29,29.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and dispersion on male fidelity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=29.68,32.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=32.35,33.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on movement patterns,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=33.34,34.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"male relations and mating success","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=34.68,38.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for most of these four species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=38.02,41.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though the data certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=41.15,42.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aren't evenly distributed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=42.41,44.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The data are also not all analyzed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=46.41,49.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I can't give you definitive answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=49.46,52.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the support of different models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=52.59,55.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and different explanations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=55.27,57.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the evolution of lake behavior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=57.11,60.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can point out however","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=60.27,62.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's not going to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=62.24,63.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a nice, clear, neat, and tidy picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=63.46,66.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of our evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=67.69,69.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support the hotshot model, thank goodness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=69.93,73.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of our evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=75.02,76.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supports the hotspot model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=76.53,79.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of our evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=79.84,81.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in conflict with the hotshot model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=81.49,84.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some is in conflict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=84.77,86.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the hotspot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=86.76,87.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what does this mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=87.99,90.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically, I am not sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=92.37,96.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we are going to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=96.22,98.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a single unifying theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=98.1,100.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of lake evolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=100.65,102.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not ruling it out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=102.02,103.699"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm not sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=103.699,106.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're going to find it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=106.91,109.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing is that each of the models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=109.09,112.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have and probably some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=112.55,114.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that haven't been developed yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=114.55,116.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were developed on the basis of studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=117.48,120.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of different groups of organisms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=120.6,123.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bruce Beehler and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=125.03,126.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studied birds of paradise and mannequins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=126.3,128.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Bradbury, and Robert 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studying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=136.69,138.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fishes and insects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=138.33,141.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so what I 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conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=147.72,150.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may have favored the evolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=150.86,154.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the same type of system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=154.0,156.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all of these groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=156.41,158.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the pathways that they followed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=158.23,160.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get there were probably different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=160.69,164.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I would hope that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=165.099,166.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe I can come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=166.81,168.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and give another Errington lecture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=168.16,170.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in about 2005","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=170.02,172.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at that time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=172.76,174.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe I would have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=174.07,175.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a more definitive answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=175.74,178.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing I can say for sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=178.18,179.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that this problem is certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=180.76,183.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to provide us with a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=183.09,184.832"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting intellectual challenges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=184.832,187.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a lot of years to come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=187.037,188.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=188.97,190.548"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=190.548,193.715"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27986/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/986/original/AV203925_Social_Systems_in_Manakins__Jewels_of_the_Tropical_Forest_b.vtt?1622564913","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/986/original/AV203925_Social_Systems_in_Manakins__Jewels_of_the_Tropical_Forest_b.vtt?1622564913"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27987","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203925_Social_Systems_in_Manakins__Jewels_of_the_Tropical_Forest_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089/transcript/27987/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Presenter] From the radio transmitter, our transmitters weigh less than a gram, but we were unfortunately unable to track all of these species because those radios are too big for some of the species with which we work. And here is one of my assistants following words this past year. All right, we now have four years worth of data on lake size and dispersion on male fidelity, we have information on movement patterns, male relations and mating success for most of these four species though the data certainly aren't evenly distributed. The data are also not all analyzed, so I can't give you definitive answers about the support of different models and different explanations of the evolution of lake behavior. I can point out however that it's not going to be a nice, clear, neat, and tidy picture. Most of our evidence support the hotshot model, thank goodness, some of our evidence supports the hotspot model. Some of our evidence is in conflict with the hotshot model and some is in conflict with the hotspot. So what does this mean? Basically, I am not sure that we are going to have a single unifying theory of lake evolution. I'm not ruling it out but I'm not sure that we're going to find it. The thing is that each of the models that we have and probably some that haven't been developed yet were developed on the basis of studies of different groups of organisms. Bruce Beehler and I studied birds of paradise and mannequins. Jack Bradbury, and Robert Gibson studied groups in birds. Other people are studying fishes and insects. And so what I suspect that we're going to find is that although the same ecological conditions may have favored the evolution of the same type of system in all of these groups, the pathways that they followed to get there were probably different. Well, I would hope that maybe I can come back and give another Errington lecture in about 2005 and at that time maybe I would have a more definitive answer. The only thing I can say for sure is that this problem is certainly going to provide us with a lot of interesting intellectual challenges for a lot of years to come. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43257/file/116089#t=0.0,197.208"}]}]}]}