{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/7h1dj59019/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Dimock, Michael, Endophytic Bacteria for the Delivery of Crop Protection Agents"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203845 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203845"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. 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Carolina","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=17.9,21.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"State University and his PhD is from Cornell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=21.04,23.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's done postdoc work at Cornell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=23.96,25.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at Boyce Thompson Institute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=25.78,28.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His research background is in plant-insect 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molecules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=636.93,641.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of gene products of interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=641.05,643.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He co-founded Crop Genetics International, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=643.57,646.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is based in Maryland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=646.29,647.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the company is developing a family 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Inside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=657.53,659.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kind of a capsule summary of the components","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=664.91,666.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Inside and how this thing will work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=666.99,669.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You take a naturally occurring gene, in this case...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=669.53,672.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that reasonably in focus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=675.2,676.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll stop playing with this thing because I don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=679.82,681.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think it's working very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=681.29,683.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this case, we're talking about Bt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=683.55,685.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are other gene sources out there and 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kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=890.907,893.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of helps them figure it out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=893.63,895.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you can probably guess here that we're not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=897.62,900.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about just insecticide delivery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=900.06,902.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The key point is we're talking about a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=902.97,904.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivery system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=904.41,905.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inside is just that, a delivery system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=905.86,908.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're first developing it with Bt as an insecticide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=908.97,911.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are other sorts of genes out there that could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=911.7,915.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be delivered by this sort of system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=915.88,919.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've been talking with people about, I 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that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=922.65,925.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have insecticidal activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=925.62,927.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fungicides would be a real, real big market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=927.27,931.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have some people who are exploring that option.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=931.21,933.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also, growth enhancers are, we don't really like to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=933.71,938.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"use the term \"plant growth regulators\" because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=938.08,940.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we're talking about is low molecular weight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=940.137,942.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compounds that appear to have enhancing effects on growth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=942.8,947.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're a little hesitant now to say that we're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=947.02,949.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to get into plant endocrinology, as you will.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=949.83,953.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're not really thinking about delivering things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=953.06,954.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like auxins and gibberellins and that sort of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=954.74,958.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More things like simple compounds, amino acids and things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=958.09,962.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that might have enhancing effects on plant growth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=962.12,965.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, a delivery system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=965.49,966.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The organism that we're starting out with here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=969.88,973.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a bit bacterium known as Clavibacter xyli,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=973.26,976.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subspecies cynodontisis, which I'll be referring to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=976.23,978.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as \"Cxc\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=978.55,979.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a fastidious coryneform bacterium that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=980.38,985.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very closely related to another species that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=986.25,989.962"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was isolated from sugar cane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=989.962,991.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It causes ratoon stunt in sugar cane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=991.68,994.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although this particular subspecies is not a plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=994.31,997.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pathogen, it's very closely related, which leads","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=997.28,999.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to some sticky problems with getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=999.54,1001.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"APHIS permits to shift this thing around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1001.83,1003.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because APHIS considers this a plant pathogen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1003.44,1006.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1006.49,1007.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well I'll show you here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1009.01,1009.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The natural host of this thing is Bermuda grass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1009.843,1012.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's found virtually anywhere Bermuda grass grows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1012.55,1015.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, where we run into problems with APHIS is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1016.25,1018.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you wanted to take a truckload of Bermuda","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1018.533,1020.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grass, it might be loaded with this organism, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1020.75,1023.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ship it from Tifton, Georgia, to Minneapolis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1023.21,1027.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something like that; No problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1027.41,1029.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you wanted to take a test tube full","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1029.55,1032.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Cxc the same route, we need permits up to here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1032.06,1036.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, this is the real education in regulatory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1036.21,1040.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"processes that go on here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1040.13,1042.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, Bermuda grass is the naturally occurring host","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1042.34,1045.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this beast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1045.16,1046.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It can be experimentally inoculated by an injection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1046.68,1049.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a quite a wide range of other plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1049.05,1052.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a list of just economically important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1052.06,1055.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crops species that have been tried as hosts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1055.45,1057.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see that corn is a good host, rice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1057.48,1059.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sorghum are very good hosts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1059.95,1061.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've got some other major crops that are fair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1061.17,1063.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hosts and some other groups that are not colonized at all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1063.37,1068.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"noticeably crucifers are not 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going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1175.46,1177.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see Inside varieties used when we release it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1177.76,1181.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we all know that we're probably not 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problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1189.66,1191.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in its primary corn-growing regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1191.84,1193.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, CGI has a rather close research arrangement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1194.65,1198.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with INRA, which is the French equivalent of the ARS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1198.6,1201.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have funded some research over there and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1203.66,1205.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a couple of scientists over there who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1205.81,1207.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are working on the biology of the bacterium in France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1207.46,1212.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, genetic engineering, that's what it's all about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1214.33,1216.832"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what everyone wants to see slides 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1221.69,1223.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genetic engineers spend most of their time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1223.4,1224.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at plates and not that much time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1224.91,1226.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, splicing genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1226.71,1228.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, like the rest of us, the glamor is what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1228.96,1232.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"catches attention but the drudgery is there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1232.65,1236.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we're talking about here, though, is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1236.15,1237.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genetic engineering of Cxc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1237.21,1238.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And important point is, CGI is not a Bt genetic shop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1238.857,1242.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're interested in genetic engineering of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1244.11,1246.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivery system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1246.2,1247.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We let other people go out and identify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1247.16,1249.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Bt genes or other genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1249.29,1251.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we go to them and say we've got a delivery system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1251.66,1254.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that's one of our strengths is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1254.62,1255.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't have a lot of people getting us into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1255.91,1260.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genetic engineering of the actual toxins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1261.05,1264.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we want to deliver what we're doing is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1264.41,1265.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting into the, into the endophyte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1265.85,1268.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is just a kind of comparison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1273.05,1274.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is Bt over here on the left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1274.76,1278.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way the engineering is done is they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1278.18,1280.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take the gene out of, it's actually a kurstaki,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1280.48,1284.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bt kurstaki HD73, and do the transformations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1284.423,1288.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in E. Coli, and then using vectors they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1288.53,1291.746"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take those things out and insert the genes into Cxc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1291.746,1295.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these were all taken the same magnification","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1295.537,1297.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you can see we're dealing with very small bacterium here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1297.59,1301.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also very slow growing bacterium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1302.35,1304.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the, another challenge we have is the doubling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1304.75,1307.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time on this thing is only about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1307.36,1308.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's up to about eight hours.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1308.98,1310.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we streak out your place and can take seven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1310.8,1313.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to eight days before you are able to come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1313.35,1315.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and read your plates and that's sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1315.54,1317.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a limitation on the whole thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1320.869,1322.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, if you look at Bt, the toxin genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1322.46,1325.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are containing these plasmids, just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1325.24,1327.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circular molecules of DNA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1327.71,1329.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the toxin coding region on this hypothetical Bt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1329.72,1333.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or let's let's call it HT73, is preceded 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geneticists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1344.45,1346.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at CGI are doing is taking out a truncated version","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1346.26,1348.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this toxin coding region, and inserting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1348.61,1351.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it directly into the chromosome of Cxc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1351.03,1354.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cxc has no plasmids, all it has is a single","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1354.107,1356.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long strand of DNA that forms a chromosome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1356.89,1361.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's broadly defined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1361.06,1363.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this truncated toxin coding region is fused","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1363.35,1366.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to an antibiotic resistance marker,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1366.12,1368.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this case its resistance to kanamycin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1368.11,1370.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That allows us to track this thing, to use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1371.56,1373.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selective media to to isolate it both in the laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1373.74,1377.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also in greenhouse and field studies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1377.22,1381.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what what this thing is doing is producing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1381.1,1383.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the active fragment of that crystal protein,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1383.01,1386.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not, Cxc does not produce the crystal toxin itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1386.61,1390.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it doesn't even produce the protoxin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1390.9,1392.645"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular version produces just the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1392.645,1395.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activated toxin plus whatever junk tags","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1395.19,1398.498"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along from the kanamycin gene.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1398.498,1401.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, going on from the genetic engineering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1403.57,1405.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least the cartoon version of the genetic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1405.86,1408.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engineering that you're going to get from an entomologist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1408.25,1410.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to just talk a little bit about how we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=1410.44,1412.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screen new Cxc-Bt 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type,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2100.35,2102.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-recombinant version and no precautions are taken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2102.79,2105.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First we had to get into all sorts of 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a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2111.28,2113.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty realistic approach, just disposable suits,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2113.31,2115.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rubber booties and, whenever you 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Beltsville,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2137.287,2138.822"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then our farming in Ingleside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2138.822,2140.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It actually did not take as long as we 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woodchuck","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2150.93,2152.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crawling around in here, so it wasn't total containment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2152.69,2157.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this shows you the track plantings of corn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2157.14,2159.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Bermuda grass in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2159.57,2161.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The idea being that these plants were 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we'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2170.42,2172.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately begin sampling these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2172.54,2173.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeds growing outside the fence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2173.9,2175.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That never happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2175.91,2176.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't find anything in these in these trap 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adaptable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2190.99,2192.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or an organism adaptable to this purpose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2192.79,2195.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, of course, you want 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plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2200.06,2202.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cxc doesn't produce any visible symptomatology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2202.81,2207.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you inject it into corn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2207.25,2209.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some cases, in about one out of 10 of the field trials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2209.09,2212.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we've done in Maryland and other places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2212.32,2214.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with wild type and recombinant Cxc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2214.28,2216.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you do see a significant yield depression,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2216.53,2218.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"averaging, I think it's around, 4% to 6%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2218.98,2222.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, this is kind of a hit and miss 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with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2226.16,2227.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain varieties in certain locations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2227.29,2229.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last year, what happened in Beltsville","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2229.79,2232.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is we kind of serendipitously found out that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2232.74,2236.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it seemed to be associated with soil micronutrient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2236.8,2239.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"status and so a big function of the Beltsville","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2239.22,2241.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test this year is going to be looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2241.71,2243.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the interaction of Cxc and particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2243.82,2247.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"copper, seem to be the 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us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2250.77,2252.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The idea being, well, if this thing is a real phenomenon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2252.61,2256.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're not even sure it's a real 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plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2636.04,2637.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things like flea beetles, cucumber beetles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2637.07,2639.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The sharpshooter leaf hoppers transmit some bacterial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2640.44,2643.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact their xylem feeders that transmit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2643.78,2646.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"xylem-inhabiting bacteria that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2646.24,2648.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause Stewart's wilt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2648.15,2650.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or not Stewart's wilt, Pierce's disease in grapes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2650.17,2652.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also we wanted to try a couple of mandibula","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2653.7,2656.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insects to see if just the physical 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mandibles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2661.94,2663.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to inoculate another plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2665.617,2667.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not going to show any data 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beetles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2672.01,2675.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cucumber beetles, in particular,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2675.03,2677.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving the insects from plant to plant to plant to plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2677.01,2679.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never found any colonization in the target plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2679.76,2682.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, I'll talk a little bit more about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2682.57,2685.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this tomorrow in my entomology department seminar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2685.01,2688.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Corn flea beetles and spider cucumber beetles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2688.04,2690.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can acquire Cxc from a colonized plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2690.01,2693.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not that 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these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2702.52,2703.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insects and they don't transmit it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2703.68,2705.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cxc is not transmitted by sea, either in 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date.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2716.24,2719.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I said, it's a xylem inhabiter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2719.24,2721.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it just doesn't, there doesn't 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just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2725.68,2727.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't seem to occur with this organism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2727.4,2729.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an important point because the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2730.43,2733.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the thing doesn't persist in the environment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2733.79,2736.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is not seed transmitted tells us that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2737.26,2740.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it escapes and colonizes an annual weed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2740.91,2743.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's gonna be the end of it right there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2743.08,2745.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it colonizes a perennial, we might have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2746.15,2747.988"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat of a persistence problem, however,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2747.988,2752.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm backing up a little just show you that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2753.05,2754.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the technique used to test seed transmission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2754.84,2757.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Take seeds from colonized plants throughout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2757.5,2759.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the progeny and an assay for Cxc based on a real","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2759.29,2763.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high tech assay here this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2763.99,2765.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is what we call \"squish plating\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2765.29,2767.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You just take the seedling from that count,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2767.19,2770.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the seedling grown from seed taken from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2770.9,2772.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a mother plant that was colonized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2772.98,2774.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"squeeze it with sterilized pliers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2776.18,2777.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and squeeze sap out onto a selective medium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2777.72,2780.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then wait for colonies to come up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2780.94,2783.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is what some of the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=2783.17,2784.653"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25330/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/330/original/AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_a.vtt?1620124197","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/330/original/AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_a.vtt?1620124197"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25331","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201/transcript/25331/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Pray for the delivery of crop protection agents. Our speaker tonight was originally from, and raised, in upstate New York. Received his BS in biology from Le Moyne College in Syracuse. His MS is in entomology from North Carolina State University and his PhD is from Cornell. He's done postdoc work at Cornell and at Boyce Thompson Institute. His research background is in plant-insect interaction and host plant resistance. He's now working with the Crop Genetics International and plant delivery systems for insecticides. So I'm very proud to introduce Dr Michael Dimock.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Butch. I want to say I appreciate the chance to come and talk to you folks. The invitation by the entomology graduate students. It's kinda nice to come to a place and give a talk on an agricultural topic in a place where people tend to appreciate agricultural subjects more than they do around the Washington and Baltimore area. We get a lot of, I understand crop genetics has gotten a lot of press attention out here for our proposed field tests that we'll be conducting this summer in Nebraska, Illinois, Minnesota and also some testing in that of our genetically engineered projects, but some testing here in Iowa. We get a lot of attention, a lot of press attention in the Washington area but, since that place tends to be crawling with lawyers and environmentalists and such, that the tone of the newspaper articles tends to be a little different so. As Butch said, I'm an entomologist, and I don't want to disappoint who came expecting a molecular biology talk because I'm definitely not a molecular biologist. But I've been spending the last year and a half with crop genetics, immersed in the world of molecular genetics as applied to crop protection and it's kind of hard not to absorb a few things and so I think what I can give you here tonight is kind of an entomologist side view of what's going on in this world, particularly with CGI. And start out by saying that, at least from an entomologist's point of view, from my point of view, the state of the various arts of genetic engineering is such that the insertion of foreign genes into plants or microorganisms appears to be less difficult than actually finding useful genes to insert. The transformation techniques that these people use nowadays appear to be sufficiently well developed to allow direct manipulation of most, direct genetic manipulation of most major crops, at least on an experimental scale. The problem, from where I sit, seems to be finding stable, desirable traits, such as resistance to pests, that are actually controlled by only one or two genes and identifying those genes that are responsible for those desirable traits. So it's not so much a problem of the process of putting these things in, it's finding the raw material, and identifying raw material with which to do these sorts of things. The search, for this reason, is concentrated on microbial metabolites, particularly those of soil-dwelling microorganisms. The genetics of these organisms is relatively simple. Bacteria, for example, have a relatively small genome, consisting of a single chromosome and various plasmids. They're small, circular DNA molecules. Many of these organisms produce chemical toxins to ward off competitors or predators or to kill their own prey. So, genetic engineers aiming to endow crop plants which resistance to pests have paid particular attention to these groups of organisms and particularly Bacillus thuringiensis, or 'Bt', which I'm sure many of you are familiar with. If I could have the first slide, please? Bt is the darling nowadays of genetic engineers, at least in agricultural crop protection circles. It's a common soil bacterium that's been around for a long time. It's insecticidal properties have been known since about the turn of the century. Last time I checked, there were about 30 subspecies recognized, hundreds of strains all with different levels of spectrum of activity. And this stuff's been around in commercial use for 50 years, over 50 years. It's been used in this country for the last 30 years under various forms. The reason people like it is because of its remarkable environmental safety. It's highly specific to larval Lepidoptera, although there are some strains and some subspecies that have activity against Diptera and/or Coleoptera. And there's also a certain amount of specificity within the Lepidopteran-active strains. And also, this stuff doesn't tend to hang around. It's very easily degraded in the environment, which is one strike against it from an efficacy stand point but, from an environmental safety stand point, it's a desirable trait to have. This kind of a cartoon view of what happens. I feel a little nervous talking about this with Les Lewis sitting out here because he could probably tell you more about this than I can. Late in the vegetative stage, late in the logarithmic phrase of colony growth, that the vegetative cells of Bt sporulate and produce a spore and also this parasporal crystalline inclusion. And then the cell lysis is releasing the spore and the crystal into the environment, and that environment could be the cadaver of an infected caterpillar or it could be a fermentation tank at Abbott Labs. A caterpillar coming along, feeding on a contaminated leaf or one that's been sprayed with DiPel that came from Abbott Labs, ingests that the spore and the crystal and the crystal is degraded in the alkaline gut of the caterpillar, releases a protoxin which is then digested in the midgut of the caterpillar, attacks the midgut epithelial cells. I won't get too much into the actual mechanism in this talk. This is a scanning EM shot of the crystal. The point I want to make here is that the reason genetic engineers like this piece so much is because the proteins that go into making those crystals are, in most cases, controlled by one or two genes that have been cloned, identified, sequenced, cloned. There's a lot of genetic libraries out there, people have identified the genes responsible for producing these catchings. So, there's a lot of excitement in commercial genetic engineering of Bt nowadays and there are a lot of different approaches. I've kind of divided them up into two general applications, or approaches, the first being external application where people like Ecogen in Pennsylvania are trying to produce more toxic strains, or strains that have a broader spectrum of activity. For instance, they have a Bt product now called Foil that is a product made by natural conjugation. A conjugation product. There's no recombinant DNA technology at all. It's a Bt that produces toxins that are active against Lepidoptera as well as Coleoptera. And they're marketing right now a product for Colorado potato beetle and European corn borer control on potatoes. So what they've done is increase the spectrum of activity of one particular isolate through through bacterial conjugation. You got people like Mycogen working on improved persistence with a product they're working on called MCap which is basically the Bt toxin encapsulated in a dead bacterium as a way of reducing the UV degradation of this thing when it's applied to the external surface of a plant. And then we have plants as delivery systems. Everybody's heard about the transgenic plant work that's being done at places like Monsanto. Plant genetic systems in Belgium, and several other places, where Bt genes are actually being inserted directly into the genome of the plants, tobacco and tomato and there's some work on cotton, and then these things are rendered resistant to the pest insects, the target insects. In most cases it's caterpillars. Monsanto has been doing some work. I think they've scaled back on it somewhat and I think there are a few other people working on epiphytic microorganisms, particularly the ones that colonize the roots systems of some plants as a means for delivering toxins, whether they be Bt toxins or other microbial metabolites. And then down here at the end you've got endophytes. Endophytes, if we want to give it a broad definition, can just be called microorganisms that live within the tissues of their host plants. Now, that's a pretty broad definition and plant microbiologists tend to distinguish between the pathogenic and parasitic microorganisms that inhabit plants and those that are either mutualistic or commensal with their host plants. Of course, most of the study in plant microbiology is concentrated on pathogens. In most cases in the past, if a bacterium doesn't do anything to its host plant, nobody's bothered to look at it. Nobody would fund research on a bacterium that doesn't do anything to the host plant. However, there's been a lot of interest in endophytes in plant-herbivore interactions, particularly from the people who work with these fungi. There are a couple of species of fungi that have attracted attention in recent years because they produce metabolites, alkaloids in particular, that protect, or appear to protect, their host plants from either grazing herbivores, grazing mammals or, in some cases, they've been shown to have effects on insects. Well, there are also a whole slew of bacterial endophytes that either show up in plant tissue culture as contaminants or have been isolated by various means by host plants that have been pretty much ignored. But round about 1981 or so, this man, Dr Peter Carlson, who was a co-founder and chief scientist at crop genetics, realized that these things presented a tremendous opportunity. Here was something that was sitting here, not having any effect on the host plant. It might be something, that through genetic engineering, we could use to deliver molecules of gene products of interest. He co-founded Crop Genetics International, which is based in Maryland. And the company is developing a family of bio and genetically engineered bio pesticides under the trade name Inside. Kind of a capsule summary of the components of Inside and how this thing will work. You take a naturally occurring gene, in this case... Is that reasonably in focus? I'll stop playing with this thing because I don't think it's working very well. In this case, we're talking about Bt. There are other gene sources out there and there are plenty of gene-jockeys who can manufacture analogs, if you will, of genes. But the idea is to take a gene, insert it into an endophyte and have that endophyte colonize the host plant and produce a product. In this case, Bt. The way we intend to deliver this is through seed inoculation. We've got, part of our proprietary technology right now is a vacuum, or not a vacuum, a pressure differential technique whereby the endophyte is forced into whatever openings it can get into the seed. In fact, one of the things we'll be testing this summer in our field tests is the seed inoculation technology on a larger scale than we have in the past. Essentially you bathe the seed in a suspension of the bacteria, apply a pressure differential, this can be done either by vacuum infiltration or pressure infiltration. And it forces the bacteria in through whatever openings, cracks due to drying, up through the pedestal of the seed, and it results in colonization of the seed. And as the embryo grows, it itself is colonized by the endophyte. Like I said, this will be produced and marketed through seed companies as a seed inoculation. A seed inoculant. We're cooperating this summer with several seed companies which I'll list towards the end of the talk. The idea is that we'll come up with an Inside treatment facility, or a piece of equipment, that will be able to fit right into the line at a conditioning plant. Somewhere, I've been told, probably between the sizing operations and the chemical treatment where they apply all their antifungal and, in some cases, insecticides, to cut down on storage loss. So the goal here is to come up with a piece of equipment that will fit right in the line in a seed processing plant. We're currently working on, right now we've got this on a research size scale. We're cooperating with seed companies in coming up with the equipment we need to put this into a larger scale and fit it right into their line. So the components, the sort of three technologies involved here are the genetic engineering of an endophyte to produce a gene product of interest, the seed inoculation and then what we've been kind of calling \"plant vaccination\". It's more of an analogy, of course plants don't have immune systems so it's not a totally accurate analogy. But to less technical audiences this gets presented as a plant vaccine. We're producing the first plant vaccine. The idea is then, the endophyte colonizes the plant as it usually would and produces the gene product and then an insect, in this case a Lepidopteran, then comes and feeds on that plant and gets the Bt punch. This is a good way, if you're trying to explain how Bt works to a group of potential investors or Madison Avenue types, they don't want to hear about midgut epithelium and all that. They know what ulcers are so this kind of helps them figure it out. But you can probably guess here that we're not talking about just insecticide delivery. The key point is we're talking about a delivery system. Inside is just that, a delivery system. We're first developing it with Bt as an insecticide. There are other sorts of genes out there that could be delivered by this sort of system. We've been talking with people about, I mean there's a lot of excitement about things like neuropeptides, other microbial metabolites that have insecticidal activity. Fungicides would be a real, real big market. We have some people who are exploring that option. And also, growth enhancers are, we don't really like to use the term \"plant growth regulators\" because what we're talking about is low molecular weight compounds that appear to have enhancing effects on growth. We're a little hesitant now to say that we're going to get into plant endocrinology, as you will. We're not really thinking about delivering things like auxins and gibberellins and that sort of thing. More things like simple compounds, amino acids and things that might have enhancing effects on plant growth. Again, a delivery system. The organism that we're starting out with here is a bit bacterium known as Clavibacter xyli, subspecies cynodontisis, which I'll be referring to as \"Cxc\". This is a fastidious coryneform bacterium that is very closely related to another species that was isolated from sugar cane. It causes ratoon stunt in sugar cane. Although this particular subspecies is not a plant pathogen, it's very closely related, which leads to some sticky problems with getting APHIS permits to shift this thing around. Because APHIS considers this a plant pathogen. So, well I'll show you here. The natural host of this thing is Bermuda grass. It's found virtually anywhere Bermuda grass grows. Now, where we run into problems with APHIS is that if you wanted to take a truckload of Bermuda grass, it might be loaded with this organism, and ship it from Tifton, Georgia, to Minneapolis, or something like that; No problem. But if you wanted to take a test tube full of Cxc the same route, we need permits up to here. So, this is the real education in regulatory processes that go on here. Anyway, Bermuda grass is the naturally occurring host of this beast. It can be experimentally inoculated by an injection into a quite a wide range of other plants. This is a list of just economically important crops species that have been tried as hosts. You can see that corn is a good host, rice and sorghum are very good hosts. We've got some other major crops that are fair hosts and some other groups that are not colonized at all, noticeably crucifers are not colonized. And bellifers are not very well colonized. No woody perennials are colonized at all. Now, I want to point out that we're talking about injecting this thing with a needle, directly into the plants. These things, you won't find them colonized in the field unless we've inoculated them. There are also some wild plants, some weeds that are experimental hosts and, at certain times, if you find them growing in close proximity to colonized Bermuda grass that has been mowed repeatedly, you can find it in these hosts. And I'll be getting into it, a little later, some environmental studies that we've done to look at transmission of this thing in the field. One question is, okay we inoculated into a target crop, is it going to get out of that target crop? Well anyway, once we inject it into these hosts, it colonizes the xylem. It doesn't occur anywhere in the plant except where there's xylem. So there's no colonization of seeds or silks, in the case of corn plants, or pollen. But you'll find it in the leaves, in the stems, the roots, the husks. Any place there's xylem. The is a scanning electron micrograph of the inside of a xylem element. And you can see the rod-shaped bacteria here. They tend to be a little sticky and stick end-to-end. As is very characteristic of elongated shape. This is our first target, I don't think this guy needs any introduction around here. European corn borer. The next slide is kind of our marketing department's dream, with 80 million dollar Inside market. This is our marketing vice president, like's to tell people while this, this is where you're going to see Inside varieties used when we release it. I think we all know that we're probably not going to see that for a while. And also, there's a pretty large market for this sort of thing in France. France has a significant European corn borer problem in its primary corn-growing regions. In fact, CGI has a rather close research arrangement with INRA, which is the French equivalent of the ARS. We have funded some research over there and we have a couple of scientists over there who are working on the biology of the bacterium in France. Well, genetic engineering, that's what it's all about. That's what everyone wants to see slides of. It comes down to genetic engineers. What I've learned in the last year, or so, is genetic engineers spend most of their time looking at plates and not that much time, actually, splicing genes. So, like the rest of us, the glamor is what catches attention but the drudgery is there. What we're talking about here, though, is genetic engineering of Cxc. And important point is, CGI is not a Bt genetic shop. We're interested in genetic engineering of the delivery system. We let other people go out and identify the Bt genes or other genes. And we go to them and say we've got a delivery system. And I think that's one of our strengths is that we don't have a lot of people getting us into genetic engineering of the actual toxins we want to deliver what we're doing is getting into the, into the endophyte. This is just a kind of comparison. This is Bt over here on the left. The way the engineering is done is they take the gene out of, it's actually a kurstaki, Bt kurstaki HD73, and do the transformations in E. Coli, and then using vectors they take those things out and insert the genes into Cxc. And these were all taken the same magnification so you can see we're dealing with very small bacterium here. It's also very slow growing bacterium. One of the, another challenge we have is the doubling time on this thing is only about, it's up to about eight hours. So, we streak out your place and can take seven to eight days before you are able to come back and read your plates and that's sort of a limitation on the whole thing. Well, if you look at Bt, the toxin genes are containing these plasmids, just circular molecules of DNA. And the toxin coding region on this hypothetical Bt, or let's let's call it HT73, is preceded by a promoter which controls transcription. It's in a ribosome binding site which is an initiation site for translation. What we're doing, what molecular geneticists at CGI are doing is taking out a truncated version of this toxin coding region, and inserting it directly into the chromosome of Cxc. Cxc has no plasmids, all it has is a single long strand of DNA that forms a chromosome. It's broadly defined. And this truncated toxin coding region is fused to an antibiotic resistance marker, in this case its resistance to kanamycin. That allows us to track this thing, to use selective media to to isolate it both in the laboratory and also in greenhouse and field studies. So what what this thing is doing is producing just the active fragment of that crystal protein, it's not, Cxc does not produce the crystal toxin itself, it doesn't even produce the protoxin. This particular version produces just the activated toxin plus whatever junk tags along from the kanamycin gene. Well, going on from the genetic engineering, or at least the cartoon version of the genetic engineering that you're going to get from an entomologist. I'd like to just talk a little bit about how we screen new Cxc-Bt constructions. These things go into a standard diet bioassay where we just mix it with Bioserve European corn borer diet. One challenge we have, though, is we're talking about very very small amounts of material. These things don't come out of a fermentation tank. At the most, we should put them in 500 milliliter shake flasks, and then mix them. We've kind of settled for a while on using these tissue culture, multi-well plates because we could do all our mixing and everything right in there, just inject the bacterium in and stir it around with a sterile toothpick in an infested diet. We've done some modification of this, we've gone to using little diet cups for some of our studies but the approach is generally the same. They get mixed into the diet and then infested with neonate corn borers. And the rate that we're giving them, we get results like this if we carry them on. Usually for our screenings we carry them on only for about four days. And then we measure growth reduction, as well as any mortality. But if we carry these things out a little farther, these are the kind of long term effects we get. MT69A is a wild type strain of Cxc. CG525 is a recombinant, the genetics of which I just showed you. The low rate here is five times 10 to the ninth. CFU's colony forming units per gram of diet, high rate is one times 10 to the 10th. Those levels are a little bit higher than what we normally find in colonized plants, plants that have been injected with the endophyte. However, they're not totally outlandish, they're higher than the average levels but we do see occasional levels that high, and you'll find out why we're using a little bit higher rates than in the current plan in a minute here. What I just want to show you here is that we do, this thing is producing insecticidal protein. Molecular geneticists will run gel electrophoresis on these things when they can identify Bt proteins but then the proof of the pudding here is that, when we mix them in the diets, we actually do get, at least at the higher rate, we get significant mortality among the larvae. I'll be talking a little more on these results, these sorts of results, tomorrow in terms of growth rates, larval durations, pupil weights, things like that. Some of the chronic effects that we see. Anyway, anything that looks good in a diet screening assay we take up to the greenhouse and we've played around with a lot of different vaccination, if you will, techniques and also infestation techniques. Here we're using little clip-on cages to put corn borers on. We've done a lot of these things, like drilling holes in corn stalks and putting corn borers in, using Eppendorf microcentrifuge tubes and jamming them into the stalk. What it all comes down to is, it's better just to go up there and use a bazooka and dump them in a whirl. Like everybody else told us to begin with that we should be doing so. Anyway, anything that looks significant in that screening as it goes up into a state of the art containment greenhouse, that we have on our roof in Maryland, and gets tested in plants. To date, we have not seen any implant efficacy. The endophytes we're working with now are prototype versions of these things and they're only producing about one 10th of 1% of their protein is recognizable Bt protein. And, on the one hand, that's been sort of a blessing because that makes EPA breathe a lot easier when we try to take this thing out in the field. But other thing as well, it's not dangerous, because it doesn't work work anyway. But, on the other hand, it's enough so we can measure it, measure activity in these diet assays, but it's not high enough to give us activity in the greenhouse yet. The big push this year in the molecular genetics group is to get expression levels up by working with different promoters, different parts of that gene cassette. And the target being this summer, we should be able to see pretty soon at least a tenfold increase in expression. The idea is to get it up there to where it might be something similar to what you see in Bt where like a third of the way of an exporulated cell is crystal protein. It's probably not all that, all that outlandish to think that some of these genetically engineered E. colis that are pumping out human insulin, they produce, you know, 20, 30% of their protein as the product. The thing, the limitation we have to worry about is that we don't want to compromise colonization ability of things so it's kind of an, an optimization scheme more than anything else. Anyway, let's talk some about, I'd like to talk for the rest of the session here about field testing of endophyte Bt constructions. CGI wants to do field tests on these things, of course, and there are a lot of hoops you have to jump through to do field releases of recombinant organisms. Regulation of agricultural biotechnology comes under three principal acts. The Federal Plant Pest Act, which is administered by USDA APHIS, FIFRA by EPA, and then also TSCA, the Toxic Substances Control Act. As I was saying before, we come under the Federal Plant Pest ACT because Cxc is classified as plant pest by APHIS. This is just because of its close, well because of its close relationship with the sugar cane disease and also because, in Bermuda grass, there have been reports in the past that Cxc can cause a stunting disease under conditions of low light intensity and very high moisture in the greenhouse. When you put those things in the normal white levels and cut the moisture back somewhat, the stunting symptoms disappear, so there's some discussion as to whether, I think what's happening is if it grew any faster, if it was a faster growing bacterium, we would be talking about plant pathogen but it just doesn't grow fast enough to have any, any kind of pathogenic symptoms, other than occasional stunting. Anyway, these are the people who regulate field releases of just sorts of things. The field testing of Inside has kind of followed this general plan. In 1987, summer of 1987, the company conducted extensive field tests with wild type Cxc in Maryland at various locations, looking at the environmental fate and spread of the organism in corn and in Bermuda grass. The population dynamics of the organism in corn. The effects, if any, that that organism would have on corn. Interaction that it might have with pathogens in the corn system. And also just general endophyte biology, getting used to working with this organism. Last year, we got an EUP from EPA, an experimental use permit, to go to the field with a Cxc-Bt recombinant, this prototype construction that I showed you before that incorporates HT73 gene. The objectives were the same as with the wild type except we also wanted to look at efficacy against European corn borer. We didn't really think, based on our greenhouse results, we would get any. But, you know, the test was was going on, we had very good corn borer populations in Maryland last year. In our company farm in Ingleside, on the eastern shore, we also did a study in conjunction with the USDA ARS in Beltsville, involving some of their researchers there, looking at mostly endophyte interactions with soil, soil dwelling mycorrhizal organisms, final plane, or microorganisms, things like that. In this summer, 1989, in fact next week, these studies will be planted. We're going to look at the same Cxc-Bt recombinant, the prototype, only the main focus is going to be looking at testing our seed inoculation technology. We're doing this in conjunction with several seed corn companies with their hybrids, looking at are these things colonized well by the organism? Will the pressure injection techniques screw up their elite hybrids? And does the endophyte itself screw up the hybrids at all? Our results from last year seem to indicate that that's not the case. But of course, nobody should expect a seed company, whose bread and butter is the quality of their germ plasm to come in and take our word for it, so they're going to be testing that this year. Also, we'll be looking at environmental spread on a smaller scale, compared to last year and the year before. This will be done in three sites in Nebraska, one site in Minnesota, one site in Illinois, our own farm in Maryland, as well as two locations in Beltsville with the USDA. But the general idea is that 1990, next summer, we'll go to the field with an active strain that will hopefully come out of this this round of molecular genetics work this summer, where the primary test will be efficacy against European corn borer in the same locations, if not more. Of course this right now and depends on EPA, whether they're going to let us take an active strain out of that. A lot of that is going to depend on what results we get this year. This is just a slide to show you the sorts of precautions that had to be taken last year with our recombinant release. This is a map of the plots we had in Beltsville, the plot was surrounded by woodland, it was kind of a nice isolated spot. We had a deer fence, six foot tall deer fence with barbed wire on top. And then we had a fallow zone in here. This area had complete vegetation control, meaning we went in there and just sprayed the living daylights out of it with Roundup about every week. And then this fallow zone, we had a zone of track plants and a dike to contain any runoff water. There's another fence here to keep people out. Obviously we're not going to keep the bacteria in with a chain link fence but all these dots and dashes are corn and Bermuda grass track plants which were monitored on a regular basis for escape from the main plot area. You have a 20 foot buffer here where this was all cultivated, and then these were blocks of corn plants, and the different blocks are just, some of them were looking at yield effects somewhere, USDA studies and CGI studies in Beltsville were looking at things like insect transmission of Cxc. Also looking at natural spread of Cxc. A couple other things. I mentioned the seed inoculation technology. Well, that wasn't scaled up sufficiently last year that we could use in the field. We had to go and take little cryo tubes full of Nifil suspensions. This is an inverted sewing needle stuck into a probe, a dowel, so that the eye would fill up with the suspension and then you could stab it into a clamp. So we really really were vaccinating plants in the field last summer. This is the way it's done with just the wild type, non-recombinant version and no precautions are taken. First we had to get into all sorts of garbage. At least we didn't have to go into the frost van, moon suit type approach, I think we had a pretty realistic approach, just disposable suits, rubber booties and, whenever you were working with suspensions of the bacterium, a surgical mask to prevent inhalation. This thing has no mammalian toxicity so, in some respects, a lot of this is for appearances. Anyway, you can imagine how fun it was inoculating a full cornfield like that. We had a crew out there, both here and this is in Beltsville, and then our farming in Ingleside. It actually did not take as long as we thought. This is just to show you what the plot looked like later in the season. Chain link fence, barbed wire. Don't tell EPA, but we had a woodchuck crawling around in here, so it wasn't total containment. But this shows you the track plantings of corn and Bermuda grass in here. The idea being that these plants were all sampled periodically for Cxc but also these plants were sampled, and they would provide the red flag. If Cxc was found in any of these trap plants we'd immediately begin sampling these weeds growing outside the fence. That never happened. We didn't find anything in these in these trap plants. But the main purpose of these tests were to see if Cxc would fit into what I've listed here as characteristics of a good endophyte, something that would be adaptable or an organism adaptable to this purpose. First of all, of course, you want something that's not going to kill your host plant or have pathological effects on the host plant. Cxc doesn't produce any visible symptomatology when you inject it into corn. In some cases, in about one out of 10 of the field trials that we've done in Maryland and other places with wild type and recombinant Cxc, you do see a significant yield depression, averaging, I think it's around, 4% to 6%. Again, this is kind of a hit and miss thing. It seems to be, at first we were kind of baffled, it seemed to be associated with certain varieties in certain locations. Last year, what happened in Beltsville is we kind of serendipitously found out that it seemed to be associated with soil micronutrient status and so a big function of the Beltsville test this year is going to be looking at the interaction of Cxc and particularly copper, seem to be the one. USDA researchers are going to be looking very closely at that for us. The idea being, well, if this thing is a real phenomenon, we're not even sure it's a real phenomenon at this point because, like I say, nine out of 10 of those instances there's no significant difference in yield or any other plant characteristics between the inoculated plots. But if it is a real phenomenon, it's not a very big one and it's something that we might be able to take care of by selective addition of micronutrients. So anyway, it's not like we're injecting stalk rot into the corn. The second characteristic is we don't want something that's going to persist in the environment and host residue and serve as a source of inoculum for subsequent crops or for weeds or, you know, you just don't want this thing hanging around, both for environmental reasons but also for economic reasons. I mean, one thing a company wants is repeat sales. You know, we don't want to just sell a farmer a soil inoculant that's going to take care of him for the next 20 years. I mean it's the greedy capitalistic approach but that's life. So a lot of our tests last year were looking at things like persistence in standing stalks. Every week we'd come out and clip a little more off some plants and take it back to the lab, grind it up, plate it out, look for the bacterium. Looked at fallen stalks, down, laying in the rows at various times during the season, to check for how long the endophyte persisted in that debris. Chopped up a whole bunch of corn debris and then Matt just left it laying on the ground, we just dissed it in with a rotor tiller, and then came back and sampled. This is colonized corn, come back and sampled the green debris in the soil and also come back and look at volunteer plants coming up to see if colonized green debris could serve as a source of inoculum for the volunteers. This thing here is a runoff collector. After any heavy rainstorm or, since it was kind of dry last year, we'd come in and heavily irrigate these plots even with a lot of green debris laying on. Collect the runoff water in these polyethylene bottles sunk into the ground and sample that after every major irrigation or rainfall event to look for spread of this thing in runoff water. Also persistence of, you know, artificially inoculating water samples and then looking at end-of-pipe populations over time. And also, inoculated soil columns in these PVC pipe columns and then periodically coming back and sampling survival in the soil. Just to give a capsule summary of the results. Looking at persistence of the endophyte in the environment. We couldn't detect this thing beyond one week on leaf surfaces, spraying it out in water or buffer right on the leaf surfaces. Two weeks was the limit in field soil. Three weeks in soil-incorporated green plant residue Four weeks in soil in the laboratory, that's above five degrees centigrade. Temperatures at or below freezing, what we're doing is preserving the cells and so they lasted longer. They still showed a decline but they didn't decline as rapidly. Freezing or refrigerating is a very good way of storing these things. After five weeks it was lost in buried sections of corn stalks that were just chopped up and buried in mesh bags. Six weeks was the detection limit in samples from natural water sources taken from the field. In seven weeks in those standing corn stalks in the field after harvest. It was not detected at all in plants growing in inoculated soil in the greenhouse even when we ran knives through the flax to injure the roots to simulate cultivation damage. The bacterium was poured in the soil, plants grown in soil and then the roots cut with knives to simulate cultivation damage. Never found colonized plants. Never found it in volunteer plants from the dissed under debris of colonized plants in the field or in irrigation runoff water or in buried root debris. So what this is saying, at least these first two points, an important thing here is that the soil in which inoculated plants are growing in or in which colonized debris is distant to can't self serve as a colonization source or inoculum source for the subsequent crop. And that's an important point because one, like when you start talking about some of these plant pathogenic bacteria, a very important reservoir of these things is plant debris in the soil or on the soil, carrying it over to the next year and that just doesn't seem to happen. Cxc has no dormant phase or no soil cycle. It's totally plant-dependent, it can't live for very long outside of the vascular tissue of its host plant. Well, another characteristic that we'd like to see is this thing doesn't disperse from inoculated hosts. I alluded a little bit earlier to these trap plants as a sort of a barrier or a detection barrier. We had, not only in the trap plants, but within the plots, we had some special blocks where we had Bermuda grass entwined around the bases of colonized corn plants. The best evidence to date that there's no natural dispersal in this thing is none of these plants were colonized even though they would twine themselves in the root to interdigitate. There's just no natural dispersal from one plant to another without some kind of external means. None of these plants, none of these trap plants showed up positive for the endophyte, even though they were extensively damaged by insects, especially flea beetles but also other insects. And just to go in and confirm, or to look a little more closely at insects as possible vectors. We tested, I think there's actually a couple that aren't on this list, about 10 different species of insects for possible transmission of Cxc and we tended to concentrate mainly in insects that are known, or related to known, vectors of bacterial pathogens and plants. Things like flea beetles, cucumber beetles. The sharpshooter leaf hoppers transmit some bacterial, in fact their xylem feeders that transmit xylem-inhabiting bacteria that cause Stewart's wilt. Or not Stewart's wilt, Pierce's disease in grapes. And also we wanted to try a couple of mandibula insects to see if just the physical damage of a colonized leaf could, if they could just carry enough on their mandibles to inoculate another plant. I'm not going to show any data for these because it was all negative. We spent a lot of time with flea beetles and cucumber beetles, in particular, moving the insects from plant to plant to plant to plant, never found any colonization in the target plants. However, I'll talk a little bit more about this tomorrow in my entomology department seminar. Corn flea beetles and spider cucumber beetles can acquire Cxc from a colonized plant, which is not that surprising. If you pull them off of a colonized plant, you can find the bacterium in the gut of that insect but we've done very detailed transmission studies with these insects and they don't transmit it. Cxc is not transmitted by sea, either in corn or in Bermuda grass or in the 15 or so other weeds that the company has tested to date. As I said, it's a xylem inhabiter, and it just doesn't, there doesn't seem to be any, whatever the plant analog of transovarial transmission is just doesn't seem to occur with this organism. This is an important point because the fact that the thing doesn't persist in the environment, and is not seed transmitted tells us that, if it escapes and colonizes an annual weed, that's gonna be the end of it right there. If it colonizes a perennial, we might have somewhat of a persistence problem, however, I'm backing up a little just show you that the technique used to test seed transmission. Take seeds from colonized plants throughout the progeny and an assay for Cxc based on a real high tech assay here this is what we call \"squish plating\". You just take the seedling from that count, the seedling grown from seed taken from a mother plant that was colonized, squeeze it with sterilized pliers and squeeze sap out onto a selective medium and then wait for colonies to come up. This is what some of the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112201#t=0.0,2788.85878"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_b.mp3"]},"duration":1236.79347,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/202/small/lecture.png?1620124201","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/202/original/AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_b.mp3?1620124201","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1236.79347,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e We had some plots in there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=6.81,7.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were the weediest looking' corn plots in Maryland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=7.93,10.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We purposely planted plants that we knew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=10.48,13.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were potential hosts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=13.55,14.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least we could inoculate them in the greenhouse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=14.66,17.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next to colonized corn plants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=17.09,19.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not only did we not find natural dispersal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=19.65,22.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to those plants, but you could,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=22.28,23.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we hooked up a cultivator and just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=23.82,25.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dragged it through the colonized corn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=25.84,27.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right into the weeds, and didn't find anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=27.46,31.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The recombinant did not end up in these weeds at all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=31.44,33.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though, particularly, like velvet leaf","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=33.65,35.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a very good host for CXC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=35.73,37.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colonizes it very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=37.43,40.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did similar experiments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=41.37,42.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we dragged a cultivator through colonized corn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=42.48,44.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into some other non-colonized corn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=44.56,47.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farther down the row, an in these cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=47.46,49.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least with the wild type organism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=49.72,51.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found a very, very low level of transmission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=51.2,53.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the recombinant we didn't find anything at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=53.92,56.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether that means the BT gene","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=56.32,58.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is holding it back,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=58.13,61.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or slowing it down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=61.747,65.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=65.45,66.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About the only way we could get transmission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=68.2,70.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a high frequency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=70.53,71.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to do ridiculous things like chop through,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=71.46,74.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with electric trimmers, colonized corn,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=74.41,76.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keep the trimmer blades nice and wet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=76.79,78.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they don't dry out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=78.527,80.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then take that thing and chop through some weeds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=80.4,83.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And lo and behold, in a situation like this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=83.0,85.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get a low level of colonization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=85.19,87.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last summer we found that probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=89.12,91.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way CXC is transmitted in Bermuda grass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=91.34,93.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most commonly is by lawnmowers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=93.76,95.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it's a very good way to transmit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=97.23,99.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You go mow your lawn, your colonized Bermuda grass lawn,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=99.07,103.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that seems to perpetuate it very well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=103.26,105.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that patch of Bermuda grass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=105.9,108.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So anyway, we don't see this dispersal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=110.95,113.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from inoculated hosts at a level that we're worried about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=115.44,120.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The last characteristic here that I'm gonna talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=120.27,122.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is you don't wanna see transmission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=122.72,124.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of recombinant genes to other microorganisms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=124.37,126.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CXC, like I said, doesn't have any plasmids,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=126.27,129.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't have any detectable phage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=129.2,131.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or any of these viral transduction mechanisms or anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=131.3,135.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that other bacteria use to exchange genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=135.19,140.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This BT gene is inserted directly into the chromosome","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=140.71,144.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of CXC, and it seems to be extremely stable there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=144.38,147.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as the insertion itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=147.38,150.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The gene just doesn't jump around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=150.71,152.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact the CXC-BT recombinants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=152.23,154.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't pass the gene back and forth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=154.74,156.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between their conspecifics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=156.35,157.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They just don't seem to have any mechanism in doing that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=159.12,161.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And kind of our ace in the hole here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=161.77,166.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if anything like that was going to happen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=166.61,170.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the genes themselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=170.13,172.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the CXC-BT strains, have this load.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=172.41,176.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're getting results in now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=177.45,178.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't have a data slide for this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=178.78,180.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is actually pretty new stuff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=180.227,182.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we've been working on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=182.56,184.291"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The recombinant itself reverts back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=184.291,186.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the wild type after a certain amount of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=186.64,189.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduced genes seem to be a load,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=189.1,190.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they don't confer any advantage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=190.87,192.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the organism itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=192.35,193.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the genes are lost at a low rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=193.91,196.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That rate is something like .6 percent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=196.12,199.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ten, I think it's ten to the minus fifth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=199.56,203.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per cell per generation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=203.43,204.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the reversion rate itself is very low,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=204.9,207.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what happens is the revertants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=207.61,209.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once they kick out that BT gene,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=209.08,211.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are more fit than the intact recombinants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=211.41,213.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they out-compete them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=213.47,214.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've tested this by injecting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=214.47,217.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mixtures of recombinant and wild type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=217.0,218.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into plants and coming back and sampling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=218.89,220.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at various times, and finding that you get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=220.79,222.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rapid shift to wild type.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=222.79,226.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, the recombinant is out-competed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=226.55,229.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With pure cultures of recombinant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=229.16,231.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"injected into those plants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=231.18,233.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the shift is less rapid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=233.29,235.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ramifications of this are that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=237.16,239.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not rapid enough to affect product performance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=239.36,241.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"short-term efficacy doesn't change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=241.73,243.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the end of the season in corn,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=244.689,245.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we see about a 1-2% reversion rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=245.95,248.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, 1% of the colonies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=248.54,251.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isolated from those corn plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=251.15,253.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are reverted to wild type.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=254.549,256.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rest are still carrying the BT gene.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=256.44,259.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But loss is an advantage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=260.56,261.686"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a long-term environmental standpoint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=261.686,264.659"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One concern among the environmental groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=264.659,269.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that this BT gene could get out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=269.31,271.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and colonize weeds and either affect the food source","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=271.82,274.855"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of an endangered lepidopteron,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=274.855,276.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or affect biological control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=276.61,280.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of weeds by lepidoptera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=280.12,281.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not gonna get into an argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=281.97,283.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over that last one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=283.9,285.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there are a lot of arguable points there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=285.45,287.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at any rate, the loss over the long term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=287.9,291.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is an advantage because that gene, the BT gene","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=291.6,294.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isn't gonna persist indefinitely in the environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=294.39,297.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we think we've got kind of an environmental","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=297.0,299.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suicide mechanism there, whereas this thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=299.35,303.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not hang around and be active.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=304.45,308.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, at this stage like I say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=308.33,310.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't have something ready to sell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=310.42,312.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a seed company or to a farmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=312.22,313.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're still in the prototype phase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=313.75,315.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So our recombinant-containing corn plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=317.74,319.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look just like a regular corn plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=319.59,322.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after it's been loaded up with corn bores.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=322.22,324.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This summer, we're working like I said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=326.066,328.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with seed companies in the corn belt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=328.81,331.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dekalb-Pfizer Genetics is our cooperator","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=331.914,334.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at two sites, in Hastings, Nebraska","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=334.25,335.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Illiopolis, Illinois.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=335.98,337.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NC+ Hybrids, that's the major company","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=337.86,340.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=340.84,341.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're also working with two regional companies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=341.673,343.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NC+ Hybrids out of Hastings, Nebraska,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=343.68,346.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hoegemeyer Hybrids in Hooper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=346.36,348.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then also a sweet corn company,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=348.38,350.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rogers Brothers, up in Stanton, Minnesota.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=350.1,352.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually the work is being done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=352.55,353.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly in cooperation with Norfolk King.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=353.94,355.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess both of those companies are owned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=357.401,358.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Sando, so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=358.61,359.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those are our cooperators.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=363.32,364.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These tests will be planted next week,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=364.93,368.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hopefully by the end of the summer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=368.29,371.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll have a little more information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=371.533,373.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the seed inoculation technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=373.23,375.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the environmental issues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=375.96,378.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and be ready to go next year with an efficacy trial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=378.88,382.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I'll stop there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=382.8,384.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I've gone a little longer than I intended,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=384.28,387.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'll take any questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=387.81,389.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that anybody has.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=389.48,390.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=392.6,393.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e You have any idea yet at all what the systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=393.433,395.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the endophyte will be in seed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=395.397,397.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looked like you were inoculating the seed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=397.6,398.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prior to bagging them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=398.89,400.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A bag of seed could be carried over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=400.34,401.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in storage and (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=401.83,403.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm not involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=404.98,405.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the seed inoculation group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=405.813,408.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all I can tell you is what I've got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=408.08,410.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming out of them, from what I've been told.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=410.34,412.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one thing they're looking at is shelf life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=412.89,415.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't seem to be...what happens is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=416.21,419.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me put the screen up here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=419.52,421.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(motor whirring)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=423.53,426.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've got studies now that have been going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=428.72,430.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for, I think, 13 months or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=430.44,433.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you just look at time down here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=435.35,439.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 13 months is the last I heard of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=439.99,444.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They get colonization, if they inoculate the seed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=445.73,449.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then test the seedlings for colonization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=449.58,452.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can get up to something like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=452.03,454.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 90 to 100% colonization, depending on variety.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=454.8,459.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are some varietal differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=459.31,460.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in success of colonization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=460.74,462.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, this scale is frequency of colonization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=463.26,466.765"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(chalk scraping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=466.765,468.861"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, inoculate a hundred seeds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=468.861,471.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grow 'em up, how many of those hundred plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=472.69,474.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have detectable levels of endophyte in them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=474.92,477.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another scale we can look at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=477.61,480.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over here is the amount of inoculum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=480.25,483.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, CFUs per seed, viable inoculum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=484.597,487.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the CFUs per seed tends to drop down, and it drops down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=488.886,493.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Up here they've got something like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=495.07,496.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well they're getting in something like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=498.849,499.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten to the ninth, ten to the tenth, or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=499.78,501.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after 13 months it drops down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=503.13,505.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to ten to the sixth or ten to the seventh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=505.05,509.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about a thousandfold drop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=509.45,510.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in recoverable CFUs per seed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=510.8,513.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, you only get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=513.01,514.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe down to 60% or so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=516.84,520.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a 40% drop in frequency of colonization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=522.23,525.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's happening here is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=525.76,526.812"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it doesn't require all those cells to inoculate that seed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=526.812,531.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, theoretically, it only takes one cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=531.24,533.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So although the shelf life of the bacterium drops,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=533.64,538.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the viability, the number of viable cells drops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=538.18,540.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a factor of 100 or 1,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=540.73,543.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that doesn't really reflect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=543.72,544.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the colonization efficiency of that inoculant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=544.84,548.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one of the things that they're very concerned about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=549.58,553.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our seed inoculation group is not having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=553.72,556.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a system where that seed's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=556.01,557.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gotta be planted immediately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=557.44,558.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they seem to be successful to date.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=559.866,562.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't hear if you said or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=565.49,566.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are you using, when you insert your BT gene,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=566.5,570.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are you using the promoter from the BT then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=570.11,571.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or are you using the CXC's promoter and RDS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=571.97,575.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e We've been trying both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=575.85,577.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've got several groups in our molecular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=577.75,579.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genetics department that are kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=579.53,581.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in quasi-competition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=581.793,584.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some are looking at BT promoters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=584.67,586.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some are looking at carving up the CXC genome","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=586.3,589.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and just looking for anything there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=589.39,591.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we've got phage libraries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=591.37,594.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's just buckets and buckets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=594.37,597.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these potential promoters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=597.78,599.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a lot of respects it's kind of like a slot machine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=599.07,602.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're just looking for the right combination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=602.73,605.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, I'm not a molecular geneticist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=606.87,608.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I can't really comment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=608.53,612.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a lot of the details involved in there, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=612.21,614.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a matter of getting the flow-through and volume","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=617.8,620.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up high enough so we can screen as many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=620.72,622.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"promoters as possible in a short amount of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=622.39,624.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they've taken the approach of looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=624.39,628.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at CXC promoters, looking for proteins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=628.22,630.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are highly expressed in CXC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=630.77,632.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then trying to identify those promoters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=632.63,635.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They call that the rifle approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=635.55,637.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've also been taking the shotgun approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=637.9,640.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is just basically, cut up the genome","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=640.04,642.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in as many different pieces as you can,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=642.68,645.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and just see what happens, just literally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=645.04,648.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Roulette wheel, I guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=648.87,651.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=654.358,655.191"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e John:\u003c/strong\u003e When you get your endophyte","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=656.258,657.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to colonize the corn plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=657.71,660.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that uniform, or is it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=660.06,663.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e It's not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=663.32,664.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least, all of the data we have to date","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=666.18,669.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is based on stem stabbing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=669.02,671.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The stem inoculation, and what we see there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=671.53,675.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is levels as high as ten to the tenth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=675.56,679.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CFUs per gram of tissue in some areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=679.47,682.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the basal stem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=682.64,684.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But a more reliable average would be about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=684.38,686.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten to the eighth, ten to the ninth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=686.67,688.517"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Agan there's some varietal effect on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=689.383,692.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some varieties are more highly colonized than others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=692.82,694.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you move up the stalk and the xylem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=694.93,698.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up near the tassels is colonized at one or two logs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=698.49,703.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lower than that, the leaves tend to be around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=703.01,704.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten to the sixth, ten to the seventh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=704.87,706.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The husks are chock full of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=706.36,708.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably just because it's got a lot of xylem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=708.96,711.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the seeds and the silks don't have anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=712.495,714.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The roots are about slightly lower than the basal stem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=714.2,719.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But again that is all based on inoculating it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=719.87,722.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by stabbing it into the stem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=722.33,723.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are, right now, just trying to find out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=723.78,726.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how the seed inoculation affects that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=726.01,728.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because right away, what happens is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=728.72,730.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're giving the thing a head start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=730.79,732.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The plant is colonized as soon as it germinates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=732.43,734.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we know you get detectable levels in the plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=736.05,738.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right now if you stab it into the stem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=738.26,741.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it takes about three weeks before you get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=741.63,744.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colonization of all the tissues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=744.05,745.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are gonna be colonized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=745.51,746.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it reaches plateau populations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=746.59,748.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With seed inoculation, as soon as the thing germinates,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=749.43,753.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we usually give it about two weeks to come up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=753.47,755.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you can assay that right away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=755.85,757.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you've got high populations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=757.17,759.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, when I started, I kind of naively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=760.81,763.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to the endophyte studies group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=763.67,765.846"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the company and said, what I'd like to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=765.846,767.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is come up with a nice little map of the corn plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=767.88,772.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that shows frequency of encounter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=772.74,776.735"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here's where corn bore is likely to be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=776.735,778.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here's what the endophyte populations are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=778.163,779.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in those plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=779.94,780.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they screamed at me because they were nowhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=780.773,784.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near that level of precision in identifying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=784.56,786.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"microareas on a plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=786.93,788.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can talk about leaves versus stem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=789.99,792.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basal stem versus top of the stem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=792.22,795.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roots versus stem, things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=795.42,797.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Part of the problem is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=798.93,799.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's just such a tough organism to grow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=799.763,802.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's kind of got a narrow niche","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=802.69,804.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the xylem of its host plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=804.77,806.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it takes a while to grow it up on plates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=806.78,811.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have contamination problems we have to be careful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=811.42,814.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it's out-competed by almost anything else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=814.11,816.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will get on that plate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=816.07,818.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they haven't really been able to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=818.14,819.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kind of tightly divided areas on the plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=819.36,824.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I'd kinda hoped they had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=824.83,826.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Showers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=828.77,829.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dr. Showers:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, let's assume you get it into the seed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=831.38,834.265"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you're gonna move this forward now to germination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=834.265,838.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I recall, you said that in a standing plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=838.28,840.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it was effective, or at least present,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=840.94,843.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven weeks after harvest, is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=843.99,847.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way you're doing it now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=847.47,848.478"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, those were plants that were,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=848.478,850.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the stalks were just left in the field,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=850.9,852.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standing stalks in the field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=852.92,854.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, well let's move this forward to germination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=854.45,857.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, at the time that the second generation bore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=857.86,861.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going to hit during silking and tasseling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=861.67,863.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is your persistence going to be great enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=865.9,867.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to affect that animal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=867.82,870.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Well yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=871.58,872.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the population levels of the endophyte","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=872.413,875.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay at peak levels with some fluctuation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=875.21,879.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as long as the plant's green.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=879.55,881.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't really start declining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=881.51,883.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until the plant itself dies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=883.07,884.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, when the plant starts drying down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=885.93,887.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is when it really starts to decline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=887.69,890.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But as long as you've got green plant material,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=890.91,892.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can recover viable populations of the endophyte,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=892.99,896.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the point of those studies were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=896.34,898.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for up to seven weeks after that plant is dried down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=898.55,903.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you've just got the stalk standing in the field,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=903.41,905.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can still recover detectable levels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=905.47,908.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the endophyte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=908.25,909.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the detection limits are such that I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=909.083,912.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for that technique they're around ten to the 4th","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=912.68,915.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or so CFUs per gram of tissue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=915.66,917.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so after seven weeks we can't detect it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=917.84,922.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can't say for sure that it absolutely isn't there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=922.32,924.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just below our detection limits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=924.6,926.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The detection limits vary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=928.52,930.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depending on where you're isolating from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=930.07,931.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're much lower from greenhouse-grown plant material","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=931.42,934.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than they would be from soil samples in the field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=934.67,936.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you've got a lot of other competing organisms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=936.64,939.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dr. Showers:\u003c/strong\u003e Second question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=940.57,941.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what level do you hope to attain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=943.61,946.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as mortality of the insect?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=946.26,951.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Say, coral (indistinct) and uh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=952.32,955.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Right now I'd just like to see something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=955.21,956.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can measure in a plant in a greenhouse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=956.53,958.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's something that's gonna require input","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=961.044,965.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from folks like yourself and our own entomologists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=965.55,970.185"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's really something our marketing people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=970.185,973.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are gonna have to be educated on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=973.56,975.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before entomology existed as a science at CGI,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=977.718,982.718"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had people out there touting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=983.14,984.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is something that corn bores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=984.93,986.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were gonna take one bite and then drop dead,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=986.11,988.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like we're injecting a pyrethroid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=988.07,989.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something, in the corn 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executives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=995.25,997.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that what we're talking about here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=997.77,999.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is probably gonna be something on the order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=999.53,1000.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a good resistant variety.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1000.95,1003.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just the nature of the toxin is such that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1003.31,1006.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not gonna kill 'em outright real fast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1006.11,1008.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't really need high levels of mortality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1011.024,1015.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visible very quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1015.07,1016.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reducing damage through growth reduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1018.06,1020.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or cessation of feeding will give us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1020.11,1023.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a large part of what we're looking for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1023.24,1025.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and just coming down to educating these people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1025.19,1028.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on pest management concepts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1028.84,1030.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dr. Showers:\u003c/strong\u003e You're going to be much safer also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1030.67,1032.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you can leave a good part of that population out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1032.33,1034.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they don't become resistant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1034.77,1036.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure, I'll be talking a little bit tomorrow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1036.343,1038.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on potential for resistance development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1038.47,1041.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this sort of 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nicely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1045.66,1048.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into some potential resistance-management strategies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1048.03,1051.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of ways for leaving refugia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1051.56,1053.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for non-selected individuals out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1053.55,1055.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through things like less than 100% colonization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1056.74,1060.986"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inoculation efficiency, or the fact that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1060.986,1065.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the colonization is tissue-specific.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1065.8,1068.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's not really a constituitive sort of thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1070.36,1073.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like some of these transgenic plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1073.83,1075.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are out there, that every single cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1075.5,1077.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is producing BT toxin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1077.48,1078.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dr. Showers:\u003c/strong\u003e You should have been in Las Vegas last week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1081.25,1084.381"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a lot of discussion on those lines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1084.381,1086.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you people could address.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1086.13,1088.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e You won't get any argument from me there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1088.611,1091.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1091.07,1093.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1093.95,1094.889"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e You indicated that there were other (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1094.889,1098.094"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the BT gene that were pathogenic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1098.094,1099.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that this one did cause some stunting the CXC did,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1100.138,1103.396"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but only under low-light conditions or whatever,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1103.396,1107.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or reduced-light, and you thought that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1107.07,1109.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or concluded that was probably because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1109.902,1110.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was too slow-growing to be pathogenic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1110.9,1112.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under (indistinct) good light conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1112.94,1115.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a non-plant pathology explanation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1115.447,1119.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what's going on, but -","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1119.91,1120.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e It seems to me that you also earlier expressed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1120.81,1123.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one shortcomings of the CXC was that it had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1123.14,1126.744"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a long doubling time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1126.744,1128.494"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a marketing or optimization process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1129.648,1132.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in producing CXC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1132.32,1135.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would like to reduce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1135.2,1136.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the doubling time so you can get faster","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1136.24,1138.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or larger production rates and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1138.35,1140.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there a danger there of producing a strain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1140.51,1143.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be a pathogen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1143.17,1144.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think so, and we're definitely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1144.8,1146.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not taking the approach of fiddling around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1146.51,1148.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with CXC biology to increase its doubling time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1148.55,1152.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because although it is slow-growing, like I say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1152.42,1155.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a seed-inoculated plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1155.78,1156.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can detectable levels of endophyte very quickly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1156.98,1161.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's just a matter of, will it attain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1161.43,1163.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the plateau levels before...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1163.73,1165.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The root question is will it attain those levels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1167.42,1170.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the plant's gonna be susceptible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1170.29,1172.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to corn bore damage?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1172.39,1174.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the answer seems to be yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1174.15,1176.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really those initial few weeks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1176.27,1179.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it requires for colonization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1179.17,1181.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we would just as soon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1183.52,1186.229"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not mess around with the colonization levels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1186.229,1189.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're already talking, I mean, anything...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1190.61,1193.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The highest I've ever seen in a plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1193.3,1195.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about two times ten to the tenth CFUs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1195.96,1198.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per gram of tissue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1198.74,1199.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you start getting up there, and plant pathologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1199.68,1202.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start getting a little nervous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1202.42,1203.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anything higher than that and it's gonna start","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1203.56,1205.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gumming up xylem elements and behaving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1205.29,1207.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like Stewart's Whirled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1207.55,1209.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Ratoon stunt sugarcane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1209.17,1211.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Facilitator:\u003c/strong\u003e Further questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1218.43,1219.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd just like to remind everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1220.6,1221.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there will be another more in-depth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1221.433,1223.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presentation tomorrow at 9:00 in Room 115, Science 2,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1223.93,1228.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and refreshments at 8:45 before the talk starts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=1228.56,1231.333"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25332/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/332/original/AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_b.vtt?1620124203","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/332/original/AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_b.vtt?1620124203"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25333","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203845_Endophytic_Bacteria_for_the_Delivery_of_Crop_Protection_Agents_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202/transcript/25333/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Presenter] We had some plots in there that were the weediest looking' corn plots in Maryland. We purposely planted plants that we knew were potential hosts, at least we could inoculate them in the greenhouse, next to colonized corn plants, and not only did we not find natural dispersal to those plants, but you could, we hooked up a cultivator and just dragged it through the colonized corn right into the weeds, and didn't find anything. The recombinant did not end up in these weeds at all, even though, particularly, like velvet leaf is a very good host for CXC, colonizes it very well. We did similar experiments where we dragged a cultivator through colonized corn into some other non-colonized corn farther down the row, an in these cases, at least with the wild type organism, we found a very, very low level of transmission. With the recombinant we didn't find anything at all. Whether that means the BT gene is holding it back, or slowing it down, I'm not sure. About the only way we could get transmission at a high frequency was to do ridiculous things like chop through, with electric trimmers, colonized corn, keep the trimmer blades nice and wet, so that they don't dry out, and then take that thing and chop through some weeds. And lo and behold, in a situation like this you get a low level of colonization. Last summer we found that probably the way CXC is transmitted in Bermuda grass, most commonly is by lawnmowers. Because it's a very good way to transmit. You go mow your lawn, your colonized Bermuda grass lawn, and that seems to perpetuate it very well in that patch of Bermuda grass. So anyway, we don't see this dispersal from inoculated hosts at a level that we're worried about. The last characteristic here that I'm gonna talk about is you don't wanna see transmission of recombinant genes to other microorganisms. CXC, like I said, doesn't have any plasmids, doesn't have any detectable phage, or any of these viral transduction mechanisms or anything that other bacteria use to exchange genes. This BT gene is inserted directly into the chromosome of CXC, and it seems to be extremely stable there, as far as the insertion itself. The gene just doesn't jump around. In fact the CXC-BT recombinants can't pass the gene back and forth between their conspecifics. They just don't seem to have any mechanism in doing that. And kind of our ace in the hole here, if anything like that was going to happen, is that the genes themselves, the CXC-BT strains, have this load. We're getting results in now, and I don't have a data slide for this because this is actually pretty new stuff that we've been working on. The recombinant itself reverts back to the wild type after a certain amount of time. Introduced genes seem to be a load, and they don't confer any advantage to the organism itself. And the genes are lost at a low rate. That rate is something like .6 percent. Ten, I think it's ten to the minus fifth per cell per generation. So the reversion rate itself is very low, but what happens is the revertants, once they kick out that BT gene, are more fit than the intact recombinants. And so they out-compete them. We've tested this by injecting mixtures of recombinant and wild type into plants and coming back and sampling at various times, and finding that you get a rapid shift to wild type. In other words, the recombinant is out-competed. With pure cultures of recombinant injected into those plants, the shift is less rapid. The ramifications of this are that it's not rapid enough to affect product performance, short-term efficacy doesn't change. At the end of the season in corn, we see about a 1-2% reversion rate. In other words, 1% of the colonies isolated from those corn plants are reverted to wild type. The rest are still carrying the BT gene. But loss is an advantage from a long-term environmental standpoint. One concern among the environmental groups is that this BT gene could get out and colonize weeds and either affect the food source of an endangered lepidopteron, or affect biological control of weeds by lepidoptera. I'm not gonna get into an argument over that last one, I think there are a lot of arguable points there. But at any rate, the loss over the long term is an advantage because that gene, the BT gene isn't gonna persist indefinitely in the environment. So we think we've got kind of an environmental suicide mechanism there, whereas this thing will not hang around and be active. Well, at this stage like I say, we don't have something ready to sell to a seed company or to a farmer. We're still in the prototype phase. So our recombinant-containing corn plants look just like a regular corn plant after it's been loaded up with corn bores. This summer, we're working like I said, with seed companies in the corn belt. Dekalb-Pfizer Genetics is our cooperator at two sites, in Hastings, Nebraska and Illiopolis, Illinois. NC+ Hybrids, that's the major company we're going with. We're also working with two regional companies, NC+ Hybrids out of Hastings, Nebraska, Hoegemeyer Hybrids in Hooper, and then also a sweet corn company, Rogers Brothers, up in Stanton, Minnesota. Actually the work is being done mostly in cooperation with Norfolk King. I guess both of those companies are owned by Sando, so, those are our cooperators. These tests will be planted next week, and hopefully by the end of the summer we'll have a little more information on the seed inoculation technology, the environmental issues, and be ready to go next year with an efficacy trial. So, I'll stop there. I think I've gone a little longer than I intended, but I'll take any questions that anybody has. Yes.\r\n\r\n- [Man] You have any idea yet at all what the systems of the endophyte will be in seed? It looked like you were inoculating the seed prior to bagging them. A bag of seed could be carried over in storage and .\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] I'm not involved in the seed inoculation group. So all I can tell you is what I've got coming out of them, from what I've been told. And one thing they're looking at is shelf life. It doesn't seem to be...what happens is, let me put the screen up here. They've got studies now that have been going on for, I think, 13 months or so. If you just look at time down here, and 13 months is the last I heard of this. They get colonization, if they inoculate the seed and then test the seedlings for colonization, they can get up to something like between 90 to 100% colonization, depending on variety. There are some varietal differences in success of colonization. Okay, this scale is frequency of colonization. In other words, inoculate a hundred seeds, grow 'em up, how many of those hundred plants have detectable levels of endophyte in them? And another scale we can look at over here is the amount of inoculum, you know, CFUs per seed, viable inoculum. And the CFUs per seed tends to drop down, and it drops down. Up here they've got something like, well they're getting in something like ten to the ninth, ten to the tenth, or so. And after 13 months it drops down to ten to the sixth or ten to the seventh. It's about a thousandfold drop in recoverable CFUs per seed. But, you only get maybe down to 60% or so, about a 40% drop in frequency of colonization. What's happening here is, it doesn't require all those cells to inoculate that seed. You know, theoretically, it only takes one cell. So although the shelf life of the bacterium drops, the viability, the number of viable cells drops by a factor of 100 or 1,000, that doesn't really reflect the colonization efficiency of that inoculant. So one of the things that they're very concerned about in our seed inoculation group is not having to have a system where that seed's gotta be planted immediately. And they seem to be successful to date.\r\n\r\n- [Man] I didn't hear if you said or not, are you using, when you insert your BT gene, are you using the promoter from the BT then, or are you using the CXC's promoter and RDS?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] We've been trying both. We've got several groups in our molecular genetics department that are kind of in quasi-competition. Some are looking at BT promoters, some are looking at carving up the CXC genome and just looking for anything there. And we've got phage libraries and there's just buckets and buckets of these potential promoters. In a lot of respects it's kind of like a slot machine. You're just looking for the right combination. Again, I'm not a molecular geneticist, so I can't really comment on a lot of the details involved in there, but it's a matter of getting the flow-through and volume up high enough so we can screen as many promoters as possible in a short amount of time. And they've taken the approach of looking at CXC promoters, looking for proteins that are highly expressed in CXC, and then trying to identify those promoters. They call that the rifle approach. We've also been taking the shotgun approach, which is just basically, cut up the genome in as many different pieces as you can, and just see what happens, just literally a Roulette wheel, I guess. John?\r\n\r\n- [John] When you get your endophyte to colonize the corn plant, is that uniform, or is it?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] It's not. At least, all of the data we have to date is based on stem stabbing. The stem inoculation, and what we see there is levels as high as ten to the tenth CFUs per gram of tissue in some areas, like the basal stem. But a more reliable average would be about ten to the eighth, ten to the ninth. Agan there's some varietal effect on that. Some varieties are more highly colonized than others. As you move up the stalk and the xylem up near the tassels is colonized at one or two logs lower than that, the leaves tend to be around ten to the sixth, ten to the seventh The husks are chock full of it, probably just because it's got a lot of xylem. And the seeds and the silks don't have anything. The roots are about slightly lower than the basal stem. But again that is all based on inoculating it by stabbing it into the stem. We are, right now, just trying to find out how the seed inoculation affects that. Because right away, what happens is you're giving the thing a head start. The plant is colonized as soon as it germinates. So we know you get detectable levels in the plant. Right now if you stab it into the stem, it takes about three weeks before you get colonization of all the tissues that are gonna be colonized, and it reaches plateau populations. With seed inoculation, as soon as the thing germinates, we usually give it about two weeks to come up, and then you can assay that right away, and you've got high populations. So, when I started, I kind of naively went to the endophyte studies group in the company and said, what I'd like to do is come up with a nice little map of the corn plant that shows frequency of encounter, here's where corn bore is likely to be, and here's what the endophyte populations are in those plants. And they screamed at me because they were nowhere near that level of precision in identifying microareas on a plant. They can talk about leaves versus stem, basal stem versus top of the stem, roots versus stem, things like that. Part of the problem is, it's just such a tough organism to grow, it's kind of got a narrow niche in the xylem of its host plant, and it takes a while to grow it up on plates. We have contamination problems we have to be careful. Because it's out-competed by almost anything else that will get on that plate. So they haven't really been able to do the kind of tightly divided areas on the plant that I'd kinda hoped they had. Dr. Showers?\r\n\r\n- [Dr. Showers] Now, let's assume you get it into the seed. And you're gonna move this forward now to germination. As I recall, you said that in a standing plant, that it was effective, or at least present, seven weeks after harvest, is that right? The way you're doing it now?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Yeah, those were plants that were, the stalks were just left in the field, standing stalks in the field.\r\n\r\n- Okay, well let's move this forward to germination. Now, at the time that the second generation bore is going to hit during silking and tasseling, is your persistence going to be great enough to affect that animal?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Well yeah, the population levels of the endophyte stay at peak levels with some fluctuation, as long as the plant's green. It doesn't really start declining until the plant itself dies. Well, when the plant starts drying down is when it really starts to decline. But as long as you've got green plant material, you can recover viable populations of the endophyte, and then the point of those studies were that for up to seven weeks after that plant is dried down and you've just got the stalk standing in the field, that you can still recover detectable levels of the endophyte. Now the detection limits are such that I think for that technique they're around ten to the 4th or so CFUs per gram of tissue, so after seven weeks we can't detect it. We can't say for sure that it absolutely isn't there. It's just below our detection limits. The detection limits vary depending on where you're isolating from. They're much lower from greenhouse-grown plant material than they would be from soil samples in the field where you've got a lot of other competing organisms.\r\n\r\n- [Dr. Showers] Second question, what level do you hope to attain as far as mortality of the insect? Say, coral and uh...\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Right now I'd just like to see something I can measure in a plant in a greenhouse. That's something that's gonna require input from folks like yourself and our own entomologists, it's really something our marketing people are gonna have to be educated on. Before entomology existed as a science at CGI, we had people out there touting, this is something that corn bores were gonna take one bite and then drop dead, like we're injecting a pyrethroid or something, in the corn stalks. I think we've done a good job at educating our own marketing and executives, that what we're talking about here is probably gonna be something on the order of a good resistant variety. Just the nature of the toxin is such that it's not gonna kill 'em outright real fast. We don't really need high levels of mortality visible very quickly. Reducing damage through growth reduction or cessation of feeding will give us a large part of what we're looking for, and just coming down to educating these people on pest management concepts.\r\n\r\n- [Dr. Showers] You're going to be much safer also, if you can leave a good part of that population out there, so that they don't become resistant.\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Sure, I'll be talking a little bit tomorrow on potential for resistance development to this sort of thing. I didn't get into it tonight, but there's some things about this system that make it fit very nicely into some potential resistance-management strategies. A lot of ways for leaving refugia for non-selected individuals out there, through things like less than 100% colonization inoculation efficiency, or the fact that the colonization is tissue-specific. So it's not really a constituitive sort of thing, like some of these transgenic plants that are out there, that every single cell is producing BT toxin.\r\n\r\n- [Dr. Showers] You should have been in Las Vegas last week. There was a lot of discussion on those lines that you people could address.\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] You won't get any argument from me there. Yes.\r\n\r\n- [Man] You indicated that there were other on the BT gene that were pathogenic, and that this one did cause some stunting the CXC did, but only under low-light conditions or whatever, or reduced-light, and you thought that, or concluded that was probably because it was too slow-growing to be pathogenic under good light conditions.\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] That's a non-plant pathology explanation of what's going on, but -\r\n\r\n- [Man] It seems to me that you also earlier expressed that one shortcomings of the CXC was that it had a long doubling time. As a marketing or optimization process in producing CXC, you would like to reduce the doubling time so you can get faster or larger production rates and things like that. Is there a danger there of producing a strain that would be a pathogen?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Well, I think so, and we're definitely not taking the approach of fiddling around with CXC biology to increase its doubling time. Because although it is slow-growing, like I say, with a seed-inoculated plant, we can detectable levels of endophyte very quickly, and it's just a matter of, will it attain the plateau levels before... The root question is will it attain those levels before the plant's gonna be susceptible to corn bore damage? And the answer seems to be yes. It's really those initial few weeks that it requires for colonization. And we would just as soon not mess around with the colonization levels. We're already talking, I mean, anything... The highest I've ever seen in a plant is about two times ten to the tenth CFUs per gram of tissue, and you start getting up there, and plant pathologists start getting a little nervous. Anything higher than that and it's gonna start gumming up xylem elements and behaving something like Stewart's Whirled or Ratoon stunt sugarcane.\r\n\r\n- [Facilitator] Further questions? I'd just like to remind everybody that there will be another more in-depth presentation tomorrow at 9:00 in Room 115, Science 2, and refreshments at 8:45 before the talk starts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40532/file/112202#t=0.0,1236.79347"}]}]}]}