{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/707wm1451h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Darity, William A., Jr., Race, Poverty and Inequality in the Managerial Age"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203736 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203736"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. 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gentlemen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=8.15,9.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and welcome to the Institute of National Affairs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=9.4,11.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=11.49,12.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to remind you, first of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=12.323,14.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that (indistinct) book is still available,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=14.15,17.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the corner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=18.02,19.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we would like to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=21.14,22.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excuse me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=23.39,25.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remind you to join us tomorrow at noon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=25.05,26.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Millard Fuller's talk in the Pioneer Room,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=26.83,30.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Visible and Invisible Homeless: A National Disgrace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=30.37,34.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And tomorrow evening with, at eight PM in the Sun Room","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=34.13,38.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=38.07,39.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Heritage at Risk: Native Americans in Poverty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=39.91,42.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I like to have you join me in welcoming William Darity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=44.37,48.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is a Professor of Economics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=48.53,49.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=49.96,52.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he is the author of the, author of 'The Loan Pushers'","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=52.68,56.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the editor of Labor Economics: Modern Views.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=56.067,59.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Darity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=60.08,61.435"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=81.678,85.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can try to do my best to keep you all interested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=86.943,90.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Keep myself from falling asleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=90.36,92.318"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=92.318,95.151"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've never been to (indistinct) before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=97.48,99.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and believe it or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=101.0,101.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to come back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=101.833,103.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a little colder here than what I'm accustomed to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=105.21,109.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Am a Southern man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=110.119,112.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm gonna start somewhat far field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=112.15,114.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my discussion tonight, I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=114.96,116.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not gonna be that far field,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=116.63,118.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'd like to conjure with you for a moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=118.29,123.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The mid-18th Century in England,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=124.84,127.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like you to contemplate for a moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=129.13,131.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world of the great mercantilist thinkers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=131.04,135.626"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) Floyd and Joshua with G.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=135.626,139.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like you to think about a mid-18th century England","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=139.36,142.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the expansion of the British economy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=142.37,145.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was fueled by the slave trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=145.36,147.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the operation of the Caribbean plantation 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Class.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=419.507,421.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The late Nicos Poulantzas called them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=421.73,423.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The New Petty 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history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=458.32,461.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to understand why the poor in America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=461.31,463.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are disproportionately black","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=463.3,465.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to understand the matrix","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=465.13,466.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that exists between race and 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issues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=471.5,473.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what may seem like a long period of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=473.28,476.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in terms of the issues I'm going to 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class,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1367.73,1370.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least the desire to preserve the 30s reforms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1370.81,1373.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of capital, a different answer surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1373.72,1376.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their solution has largely taken the form","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1376.02,1378.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what we may call industrial 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investment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1383.67,1386.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by public sector institutions, hence the basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1386.84,1389.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for completion of the managerial classes ascent to power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1389.48,1392.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and once again, the possibility of full employment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1392.45,1394.871"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Industrial policy has the potential to bring about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1394.871,1397.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the final transition from capitalist to managerial society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1397.58,1401.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just as the transition was reaped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1401.49,1403.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from feudalism to capitalism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1403.5,1405.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The final chapter in the history of capitalism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1405.5,1407.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need not auger the ascension of the proletariat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1407.62,1410.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially since the managerial class","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1410.63,1412.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is well on the road to power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1412.42,1414.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I wanna talk in some detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1415.27,1417.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this industrial policy outlook.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1417.11,1420.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I also wanna 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strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1429.99,1431.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to renew economic growth in The United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1431.91,1434.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in so far as growth reduces unemployment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1434.4,1436.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"higher employment may be one of its professed benefits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1436.85,1440.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is only certain versions of industrial 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employment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1450.41,1452.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nor do they make such claims.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1452.74,1454.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kevin Phillips, who you may have heard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1454.59,1456.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several times on national public radio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1456.27,1458.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's advanced a neo-mercantilist 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roundtable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1462.68,1464.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an apt example of sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1464.3,1465.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the conservative approach to industrial policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1465.93,1468.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Phillips makes clear the limits of his scheme,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1468.35,1470.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"owning that it is not far 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winning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1475.43,1477.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or losing industries or technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=1477.01,1479.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And his reason is, that is specifically, I 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America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2706.79,2709.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only now the trickle down benefits would emanate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2709.24,2711.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a national planning, engineered recovery,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2711.5,2713.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than a recovery engineer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2713.88,2715.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Reaganomics would have it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2715.5,2716.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the (indistinct) natural workings of the free market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2716.91,2720.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On rare occasions when proponents of industrial policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2720.12,2722.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advanced specific solutions to improve the black condition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2722.86,2725.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they merely echo the new deal, civil rights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2725.83,2727.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great society programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2727.84,2729.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suffice it to say neither path offers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2729.61,2732.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an authentic beacon of hope for the black underclass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2732.04,2734.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nor for the black population at large.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2734.63,2736.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ralph Bunche, when confronted with a similar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2736.95,2739.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on satisfactory fork in the road in the 1930s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2739.13,2742.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reached a similar conclusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2742.05,2744.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"For the Negro population,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2744.06,2746.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is before Ralph Bunche became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2746.46,2748.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considerably less radical than he was in the 1930s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2748.33,2751.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"For the Negro population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2751.13,2753.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the new deal means the same thing, but more of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2753.0,2756.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Striking it, no fundamental social conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2756.19,2758.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The new deal at best can only fix the disadvantages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2758.62,2761.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the differentials, the discriminations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2761.245,2763.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under which the Negro population has labored all along.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2763.5,2766.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New deal planning only serves to crystallize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2766.56,2768.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those abuses and oppressions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2768.91,2770.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which the exploited Negro citizenry of America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2770.32,2772.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have long suffered under laissez-fare capitalism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2772.59,2774.672"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for the same reasons, as in the past\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2774.672,2777.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The choice we're confronting now appears to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2777.59,2779.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between a refurbish laissez-fare capitalism and-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=2779.46,2782.397"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25073/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/073/original/AV203736_Race_Poverty_and_Inequality_in_the_Managerial_Age_a.vtt?1620062443","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/073/original/AV203736_Race_Poverty_and_Inequality_in_the_Managerial_Age_a.vtt?1620062443"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25074","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203736_Race_Poverty_and_Inequality_in_the_Managerial_Age_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063/transcript/25074/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Hello. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Institute of National Affairs, this evening. I'd like to remind you, first of all, that book is still available, at the corner. And we would like to, excuse me, remind you to join us tomorrow at noon for Millard Fuller's talk in the Pioneer Room, The Visible and Invisible Homeless: A National Disgrace. And tomorrow evening with, at eight PM in the Sun Room with A Heritage at Risk: Native Americans in Poverty. And I like to have you join me in welcoming William Darity, who is a Professor of Economics at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. And he is the author of the, author of 'The Loan Pushers' and the editor of Labor Economics: Modern Views. Mr. Darity.\r\n\r\n- They just took me to a wonderful supper and it means my task is doubly hard tonight. I can try to do my best to keep you all interested. Keep myself from falling asleep. I've never been to before and believe it or not, I would like to come back. It is a little colder here than what I'm accustomed to. Am a Southern man. And I'm gonna start somewhat far field with my discussion tonight, I mean, it's not gonna be that far field, but I'd like to conjure with you for a moment. The mid-18th Century in England, like you to contemplate for a moment, the world of the great mercantilist thinkers, Floyd and Joshua with G. I'd like you to think about a mid-18th century England in which the expansion of the British economy was fueled by the slave trade and the operation of the Caribbean plantation system in the West Indies. Think of an ending, of an England in which there were the beginnings of the extension of the empire toward India. And an England, which was continuously engaged with commercial Wars with France and Spain. This is an effect of The England at the height of the mercantile age. But interestingly enough, by the end of that century in a sense, the mercantile age was over. The Industrial Revolution was consolidated in effect. We could then if we had been alive, witnessed the origins of modern capitalism. The transition in some sense had been completed, from the feudal era, through the passage, through the mercantile age, to modern capitalism. The question I'd like to raise is, who's standing in the mid-18th-century? Would have recognized that a major social revolution was underway, in which the relationships between the prevailing classes throughout British society would be fundamentally altered by the end the century. Moreover who could have been recognized the associated process of change leading to the origins of poverty. There was a thinker toward the end of that century, who did recognize an association between British economic development, and the beginning is of the existence of a continuous and perpetual class of poor individuals in England. Frederick Morton Eden, a disciple of Adam Smith, wrote a remarkable work in, that was published first in 1797, called \"The State of the Poor: A History of the Laboring Classes in England.\" And towards the beginning of that work, we find Eden making the following observation. The answer to Russo's inquiry. Why is it that in a thriving city the poor are miserable while such extreme distress is hardly ever experienced in those countries where there were no incidences of extreme wealth. Is that in cities, people are poor because they are more independent than in the country. It is one of the natural consequences of freedom that those who are left to shift for themselves must sometimes be reduced to want. Dr. Johnson's remarks on marriage and celibacy may perhaps be applied with propriety to freedom and servitude. The one has many pains, the other, no pleasures. The decrease of villainous seems necessarily to have been the era of the origin of the poor without therefore disparaging the benefits of commerce. The result of this investigation seems to lead to the inevitable conclusion that manufacturers in commerce are the true parents of the nations poor. Now with the advantage of hindsight, I'm going to argue this evening, that in the 1930s, in The United States, a social transformation of comparable significance was underway. A transformation that reached its height in the 1960s and a transformation that is now temporarily in remission. The guard was being changed again, as it was changed in late 18th-century, England. For in the 1930s, the industrial financial interest in The United States, Eden would have called them, \"The men of commerce,\" were politically in their weakest state since perhaps the civil war. Another social class emerged as a successful contender for dominance using the unstable circumstances of The Great Depression as a springboard for the pursuit of power. This successful contending class was not the proletariat, despite the romantic expectations of certain socialists. Although this rising in class did employ the energy and anger of the working class to hasten its own ascension. The 1930s gave America the revolution of what I choose to call after James Burnham, \"The managerial class,\" for America experience the empowerment of persons, not of money, wealth per se, but individuals of intellectual technical and administrative wealth. Here was the rise to dominance of the professionals. A social class that comes in many guises and possesses many labels. For example, Barbara, and John Ehrenreich, \"Professional-Managerial Class.\" The late Nicos Poulantzas called them, \"The New Petty Bourgeoisie.\" Alvin Goldener and Peter Birger separately refer to them as the \"New class.\" Now we must understand this transformation to understand first, what is happening to the poor? The poor born originally of the beginnings of capitalist society and pre-industrial England. And second, what is happening with poverty policy? In effect, we need to understand this transformation to locate the significance of the Charles Murray's, the Daniel Moynihan's, \"Welfare Reformers\" and the like. We also must understand these trends and developments and the specific character review S-class history to understand why the poor in America are disproportionately black and to understand the matrix that exists between race and class. In effect, I'm going to try to address the very broad sweep of issues, and what may seem like a long period of time. But in terms of the issues I'm going to address, it's going to be a relatively short period of time. And I'm going to try to tackle this from the standpoint of certain policy concerns that are predominant today. The issues of industrial policy and employment are going to provide the lenses through which we can view the issues at stake. Now, my starting point is going to be the question of the evolution of full employment as a policy objective in The United States. Full employment, is something that many of us think it must be an admirable objective. It's something that's enshrined in American Political Law. I wanna address first, the two major reasons why full employment became a key U S policy objective in the aftermath of World War II. Both of these reasons were magnified by the experience of The Great Depression. First, there was a perception of an immense waste of productive capacity associated with the massive unemployment of The Great Depression. But this in turn was only an extreme instance of the persistent phenomenon of an underutilized working class. A phenomenon, which became evident to Frederick Morton Eden in the 1790s in England. Second, poverty and financial insecurity we're in we're attendant on unemployment. Jobs were the primary virtually the only source of income for the overwhelming majority and without jobs, access to income was denied. Now in the thirties, the wastefulness of unemployment became one of the major indictments of capitalism by those on the left, who charged that socialist planning could in principle and in practice ensure work for everyone. The CA, the charge that capitalism always produces unemployment was coupled with the charge, that capitalism tends towards recurrent crises, which in turn, make the reserve of labor swell far beyond its normal proportions. Only a defender of capitalism is startlingly honest as Joseph Schumpeter, could concede the case made by the left and still endeavor to uphold the merits of capitalism. Schumpeter applauded capitalism's creativity and its capacity to raise productivity and living standards for the masses. A dynamism precipitated in his view by the \"Heroic Entrepreneur.\" But in the forties, even Schumpeter predicted that capitalism was doomed, owing to the increase in bureaucratization of business enterprises, as they steadily expanded and due to the growing web of restraints that were going to be imposed on entrepreneurship, as steps were taken to mitigate the ills of capitalism. In particular, it's perpetual or recurrent crises, it's perpetual impoverishment of a segment of the working class and the financial vulnerability of the employed who might soon become unemployed in the face of the downturn. Now, ironically, at the analytical level, Schumpeter's and Marxist's perspectives were not markedly dissimilar. Both crises, and the reserve of labor are necessary to the proper functioning of a capitalist economy. Marx argued that the reserve was necessary under capitalism for two reasons. First, the existence of a reserve of labor provided the capitalists with great flexibility. By drawing upon the labor surplus, they could avail themselves of the option of suddenly throwing great masses of men into the decisive areas, without doing any damage to the scale of production and other spheres. And second in Marxist's view, the existence of the reserve served as a lever against the demands on the lethargy of the employed fraction, of the working class. Marx wrote, \"The, overwork of the employed part of the working class swells the ranks of its reserves while conversely, the greater pressure that the reserve by its competition exerts on the employed workers, forces them to submit to overwork and subjects them to the dictates of capital.\" The reserve of labor and the persistence of unemployment, were less perceived as functional under capitalism. A functionality recognized by both Schumpeter and Marx. And for that function to be served, the linkage had to remain strong between unemployment and the potential for popularization. Such a strong linkage, virtually guaranteed that the reserve of labor would behave in a manner best suited to the interest of capital. In The U S though, this linkage was severely attenuated in the 1930s with the introduction of the Welfare State. Although the scheme of transfer payments did not by any means, assure those without work a high standard of living, it was at least, at least they cushion or a potential cushion against starvation. Now Ian Golf interprets the expansion of the state and state expenditure in the post Great Depression Western world, as concessions to the working class. Concessions designed to preserve the capitalist order in a Protel Revolutionary Environment. But an alternative and richer interpretation would focus attention, not on the gains of the working class, but I would argue instead on the gains of the middle class. The professional administrative white-collar strata, if you will, or what I'm already called, the managerial class. Lewis Corey, the suit of nominees, Lewis Corey, the person who appears as the figure, Louis Fraina in the movie, \"Reds\" argued that the shocks of The Great Depression had led to an abrupt ideological conversion of the Western middle-classes. The Western middle-classes were formerly champions of rugged individualism, and suddenly they became proponents of increasing state intervention and economic activity and the suppression of democratic rights. In much of Western Europe, the new sentiment among the intermediate class gave rise to fascism. In The United States that gave rise to comparable tendencies, although not as openly centrist in character. And as Corey added the swing from rugged individualism was so abrupt that not only do middle-classics people accept relief, they now demand relief as a right. The Welfare State assisted the middle-class in two ways. That, this is a very different point of view. I am suggesting that the primary beneficiaries of the Welfare state and not the poor, the middle-classes. First, it provided direct income support in time of need. And second, it opened up a new set of jobs in the public sector, relatively insulated from private hiring and firing decisions and the exigencies of the capitalist business cycle. The post-World War II state, thus became the institutional base for independence from capital on the part of this rising new class, a class that was situated between capital and labor. The new managerial class is independence is tied so intimately to the unlimited extension of the state is the class that I have referred to as the managerial class. This class offer, I'm sorry, this, this class offers an interesting insight into the particular importance of the new deal that somewhat different from the conventional story that we're told. The new deal brought the managerial class into power in The United States. And this was a change that amounted to much more than making concessions to the working class. It catapulted the intellectual administrative strata into a position of social authority. And the working class should then be seen more as incidental beneficiaries of these reforms rather than as primary recipients. For these will authentically revolutionary reforms from the standpoint of the middle-class that is they were empowering reforms for the managerial elite. And World War II produced conditions that if anything, accelerated the trends inherent in neo-dualism. The emergency circumstances led to the most extensive experiment with national planning in the country's history. Including the use of a full-scale incomes policy. Under the labels of war time rationing and targeting of strategic industries, The United States moved closer to a scheme of central planning than ever before. Despite the retreat from the war time arrangements in the aftermath of the Armistice in 1945, I think the economic history of the era 1940 to 1970, can be understood best as the period of the ascendancy, ascendancy of the managerial class. It is a class whose continued exercise of power depends upon expansion of the terrain of the state, whether it's through the new frontier, civil rights, the great society, the military industrial complex educational management, health and human services, et cetera. By the late 1960s, the Welfare State had expanded so dramatically that high employment prevail, and the connection between unemployment and popularization was much diminished in comparison with previous ethics. Now, interestingly enough, the rise of this managerial class did not, of course, vanquish capital as a class, eliminated. It left untouched, the final critical reservoir of capitalist influence. One that meant that while the managerial class could gain cultural hegemony, it could not take full control of The U S economy. For an embracing, an interventionist state that made social transfers to the poor and unemployed and attempting to moderate the business cycle through stabilization policies, the managerial class left the decision to invest, where, when and how much largely in the domain of capital. Investment remained a private decision. Neo-dualism and its various iterations, for example, The Great Society, stop short of nationalizing key industries or adopting a centrally directed national investment strategy. The emergence of the intervention of state marked a revolution on behalf of the managerial class, but it was fundamentally an incomplete or unfinished revolution. The failure to socialize the investment decision was less a failure to extinguish capitalism. Concomitantly, it was a failure to create the conditions under which a reserve of labor no longer would be necessary. It was a failure to create the conditions under which full employment could be achieved. For at any juncture, if capital went on strike, The U S economy could plunge into a downturn. In fact, deceleration and investment did actually occur throughout the 1970s. While real investment rose 40% between 1960 and 1970. It rose only 25% between 1970 and 1980. Measured productivity growth was relatively robust throughout the sixties. We're all familiar with the crisis of productivity that was proclaimed in the 1970s and thereafter. The recession years of 1974 and 1970, 75 marked particularly low points it's for real investment and economic growth during that decade. The end of the 70s also provide, provided evidence of a renewed slow down carrying over into the early years of the 1980s. That was not until the extensible recovery of 1983, 84, that real investment surpassed the levels that it had reached in 1978. Moreover, the radical economists Sweezy and Madoff have characterized this recovery as a strange one. Pointing out that the surge of real investment expenditure was accompanied by an ongoing industrial slump. When they disaggregate total fixed investment between expenditures on producer's durable goods and expenditures on structures, they find that only the former constitute the source of renewed investment. They also find that between 1979 and 1984, two years into the recovery, investment in manufacturing, machinery and equipment had fallen one eighth. Following vibrant distinction between pecuniary and industrial activities, Sweezy and Madoff warned that the fact that the rising sectors of investment have less to do with production than with finance, signals the continued vulnerability of the economy. Veblen observed that pecuniary capital can expand or contract independently for some time, at least of the industrial capital, since the former is subject to market values, while the latter is a matter of mechanical efficiency. Thus the growth in the pecuniary capital could only be a hollow indicator of economic growth. Now during the 1970s, measured unemployment rates rose to levels unparalleled since the 1930s. This touched off a protracted debate among the economist over the voluntariness versus the involuntariness of unemployment and the extent to which unemployment was structural cyclical or frictional. Marx partitioned the reserve of labor into its floating, latent and stagnant components. The latter containing the popularized element or what in modern parlance, we now refer to as the \"Underclass.\" Marx was not however concerned with fine tuning the reserve and would not have had an interest in the statistical magnitudes of these components only in so far, as the data shed light on capitalism's tendencies, would he have had an interest. Modern economists on the other hand are concerned with managing the reserve in a detailed sense. This is so both from the standpoint of lowering its size and from the standpoint of applying appropriate policies to each component of the reserve of labor. For example, modern economists will talk about having manpower and training programs to cope with so-called structural unemployment, counter cyclical or macroeconomic stabilization policies to cope with cyclical unemployment, and labor exchanges to lower frictional unemployment. Of course, for those economists in the 70s who were closely aligned with the business viewpoint, unemployment regardless of its magnitude was by assumption voluntary in character. The secular upturn in the measured unemployment rate was attributed to demographic changes that brought more persons with weaker labor market attachments into the workforce and to the growth and transfer payments alleged to make it easier for people to choose not to work. I think this is an argument, you may well have heard yesterday. Thus, the high rates of measured unemployment could be dismissed as a mirror rise in the natural rate of unemployment. Now a careful statistical study by indicated that the rising measured unemployment rate could not be explained by such considerations, but his finding had little impact. The gauntlet had been thrown. The real issue was the failure of the reserve to perform its disciplining function. If the Welfare State could be rolled back, which would cause the population to become presumably better motivated capitalism could provide fuller employment. The case made by the supply-siders was in effect an argument for repeal of the new deal and repeal of The Great Society. It was a case that could be expected to resonate with that segment of the working class, which was at work, but for less than spectacular wages. It was a case that was consistent with growing fears over an unmanageable, unmanageable fiscal deficit and desires to curb the scale of government. Perhaps only slightly overstated, it was a case for a capitalist counter-revolution. In essence, capital was announcing the terms under which it would re, it would end its own strike the environmental desired in order to renew its expenditure on expansion of plant equipment and machinery. These terms involved contraction of the state, precisely the opposite of the requirements of the managerial class for its sustained independence from capital as a class. But for those economists and policy makers in the 70s, committed to an expanding province for the managerial class, or at least the desire to preserve the 30s reforms of capital, a different answer surface. Their solution has largely taken the form of what we may call industrial policy. Within many of the proposed policies live the slide, the seeds for a thorough going socialization of investment by public sector institutions, hence the basis for completion of the managerial classes ascent to power and once again, the possibility of full employment. Industrial policy has the potential to bring about the final transition from capitalist to managerial society just as the transition was reaped from feudalism to capitalism. The final chapter in the history of capitalism need not auger the ascension of the proletariat, especially since the managerial class is well on the road to power. Now, I wanna talk in some detail about this industrial policy outlook. Now, I also wanna observe since I've been talking largely about unemployment, that the goal of industrial policy is not necessarily to alleviate the problem of unemployment. It's typically been introduced as a strategy to renew economic growth in The United States. And in so far as growth reduces unemployment, higher employment may be one of its professed benefits. It is only certain versions of industrial policy, which makes strong explicit statements about achieving permanent full employment. Self-styled conservative industrial policy formulations cannot be expected to produce full employment, nor do they make such claims. Kevin Phillips, who you may have heard several times on national public radio, he's advanced a neo-mercantilist strategy for industrial development on behalf of the business roundtable. This is an apt example of sort of the conservative approach to industrial policy. Phillips makes clear the limits of his scheme, owning that it is not far reaching and does not involve industrial re redevelopment banks or mechanisms for picking winning or losing industries or technologies. And his reason is, that is specifically, I mean, he's explicit about this. He says, that would mean too much interference in the marketplace. Likewise, it would mean, that in Phillip's preferred world, there is no prospect for full employment. This might not be a serious concern for Phillips since he might also acknowledge the necessity of a reserve of labor to sustain capitalism. At minimum, the types of industrial policy schemes that offer the possibility of full employment must involve extensive public direction of investment. They could take the form of Thoreau's endorsement of selective public sector investment and leading or sunrise industries. If they could involve Reich's reindustrialization plan, the L-pair of its file plan to guarantee all citizens, basic necessities. The Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf's strategy to bring industrial democracy to The United States or The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers proposal to rebuild America. The latter two proposals are quite similar and seek to overcome simultaneously the problems of unemployment inflation, and de-industrialization. There's somewhat less jingoistic in term, in tone than I, the right plans. And you may have heard on \"60 Minutes\" the other night, it takes a fairly anti-Japanese kind of vision of the world. But both of the latter, nevertheless make overtures toward restoration of us product competitiveness and international markets. And that's sort of the key last word now is we've gotta be more competitive. Most important, all of these plans by requiring concentration of the investment decisions in the hands of public authorities, they factor completely the empowerment of the managerial class, Such a step finalizes the shift in control of the economy from capital to the professional administrative class. This completion occurs even if the industrial policy scheme specifically calls for democratic management of the economy as do the Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf plan. A close examination of these schemes reveals that even in these cases, the proposals mean consolidation of managerial domination. It's fruitful to explore this matter by inquiring, how such plans might produce full employment, if at all. Presumably it could be done by selecting the composition, direction and magnitude of public sector investment to maximize employment. For example, at the heart of one of these proposals to achieve full employment is the selection of the right mix of targeted industries. Presumably if the private sector goes into full scale retreat, in response to this invasion, the groundwork would be laid for development of public sector enterprises in The United States or outright nationalization of existing private enterprises. However, would those doing the selection of targeted industries necessarily choose those industries most likely to absorb the greatest number of workers. It depends on the objectives of those making the decisions. Dare we call them national economic planners. The Bowles, Gordon,and Weisskopf plan, calls for decisions to be made democratically in some sense. They would not concentrate investment subsidies and in industries with either the most rapid recent growth histories or the most glittering balance sheets. They advocate instead identification of target industries from a direct assessment of popular needs. And they call for financial support to enterprise that promotes workplace democracy because it's their belief that worker participation raises productivity. They argue in effect for a democratization of investment. Unfortunately though there's many a slip between cup and the lip. We can't expect the planners always to be such good spirited individuals as Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf themselves, and the quality of a strategy should not depend so precariously on who is in charge. Assuming that the planners themselves are subject to a recall procedure, a needs assessment may not identify full employment as a popularly held priority, or it may be one of many priorities with a relative weight that could be high or low. So it's ambiguous as to whether or not this will be a goal that will be truly pursued. But more interesting are the political institutions with the potential to block popular sentiment. Even if the assumption is left uncontested, that popular sentiment is revealed through voting mechanisms. Certainly of these institutions are especially well suited for the managerial age. Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf were especially nervous about the Federal Reserve Board, for example. The FEB is fully capable of conducting its own industrial policies should it so desire through its capacity to manage credit allocation in the economy. The FEB could either support or undermine an investment strategy undertaken by a democratic National Planning Agency. And then there's the Supreme Court. The court almost blocked the ratification of the new deal, and there's nothing to guarantee that it would not endeavor to block or alter the course of a new, new deal. Moreover, given the inherent potential for arbitrariness and judicial review, even a court sympathetic to the democratic socialist variant of industrial policy could give it a different character, from that intended by the National Planning Board. There's a problem with industrial planning, but it is a policy that has the potential to complete the empowerment of the managerial class. Now, in the context of this view, I wanna come now to the question of the role of race and intra-racial inequality in the managerial age. I've discussed a society in which there are three major social classes, the capitalist class, the managerial class and the working class and the broad lines of class division that exists in America as a whole. That is those lines of class division between capital, labor and the managerial class are replicated in Black America. The black middle-class consists of an intellectual professional element as well as a business element. The business element is a far less importance than the former, but the two combined comprise in some sense, a black elite. The black business element is notorious for the relative smallness of its enterprises, as well as its insignificance in the operation in The U S economy at large. Romantic notions of black capitalism, not withstanding the black businessman, never has been a serious claimant as a force to produce substantial economic progress in Black America. When E Franklin Frazier, wrote his classic study of the black middle-class, he referred accurately to the myths of Negro business. Those myths still are promulgated by some who fantasize about a Black American entrepreneurial heyday, mostly in the pages of a magazine called Black Enterprise. Despite the marginal position of black business and the waning of the business age, the black businessman's wealth may be large relative to other blacks, but it is small relative to the wealth of white owners and directors of the nation's major corporations. So the black businessman's position may even be more act, anachronistic than that of the white industrialism. And the second major element of the black elite is the intellectual professional group, inclusive of doctors, lawyers, ministers, educators, professors like myself, social workers, et cetera. And this is what we may call the managerial of the black community. Its functional role largely has been historically the supervision and social management of the black working class. It is the class that is the source of the ideological stamps attributed to Black America in general, by the media deeply attached to the idea of achieving racial equality. It's historical origins are quite similar to those of the managerial class in general. As Frazier observed from the beginning, the Negro intelligentsia or what Dubois called, \"The Talented Tenth\" was created by philanthropic foundation supported by Northern industrialists. This class serves today as a third party advocate for the black masses. And there's some ambiguity concerning the size of the black middle-class. Some people identify it in strictly pecuniary terms, for example, by characterizing as middle-class all families of four with $20,000 or more in income in 19 $80. And folks who do that find that about 20% of the black population is now middle-class. But my approach is to identify class position by social function rather than by mere income. And I think it is educational credentials that separate the black men managerial class from the black working class in the same manner that educational credentials separate the managerial class in general, from the mass of the population. And based upon this approach, the black middle class may be smaller still numerically, perhaps only seven to 10% of the black population. The pri, precise numbers, not what really matters. What counts is that the black managerial class, despite substantial growth in the 1960s is small as a proportion of the overall black population and especially small when compared with representation of the managerial class in the non-black majority or other narrower ethnic groups in The United States. Therefore native Black Americans are overwhelmingly part of the working class. But native Black Americans are also disproportionately part of the inactive portion of the working class. For among their numbers are a large percentage of persons, rarely able to obtain employment, deeply entrenched in poverty, most likely to be imprisoned most likely to be the military split soldiers and least likely to have a sense of optimism about the opportunities offered to them by the society at large. This extensive and most deprived fraction of the black working-class, comprises what I will now refer to as the \"Black Underclass.\" Now a sharp divergence exists between the lifestyles, attitudes, perceptions and material wellbeing of the members of the black managerial class and the black underclass. It's as if they are planets spinning on opposite sides of the sun. But at the same time that they're contrasting experience experiences push these two elements of the black community further and further apart, the structure of post new deal, social programs joins them at the hip like Siamese twins. The gap between the black managerial class and the black underclass has statistical manifestations nearly as pronounced as the gap between blacks as a whole and the non-black majority. For not only is there an interracial gap in America, but there is also an intraracial gap of major significance. And I'm going to explore why, why, why this matters as, as, as I go on. To give you some instances of the depths of these differences, consider the following observations. First, the black underclass is the site of the most fragile family circumstances. By 1981, 46%, barely half of all of the approximately 6.4 million black families in The United States were headed by women. The problem here is not so much that they were headed by women, but these families were extremely poor. Families with absent fathers form the heart of the black underclass, 68% of such families with children under 18 years of age received incomes below the poverty line in 1981. The experiences of these women heading families contrast sharply with those of the proportionately smaller group of black professional women who have children late in life, or have no children at all. Both groups face declining prospects for black male mates, black poor women because of the low relative numbers of marriageable black men and black professional women because of their desires, typically for comparably educated black men. And this problem is going to be aggravated even further because black women are now enrolling at major universities at two times, the rate of black men. Second major observation. Court decisions related to family life progressively have pushed female-headed families toward reliance on social transfer programs, as a means of support. The welfare crisis can be identified justifiably with the crisis in black family life. Economist, Richard Koo, using longitudinal data from the panel study of income dynamics at Michigan, found that more than half of the recipients of welfare for eight or more years, between 1969 and 1978 were black. In addition, co-found that nearly 60% of all black females who were heads of households or wives in 1970, received welfare at some point between 1969 and 1978. Third observation. In a broader sense, the black underclass is heavily dependent on federal transfer programs as a source of income. A 1983 report in the Washington Post revealed one out of every four blacks in America is now enrolled in Medicaid, the largest federal welfare program. One in four gets Food Stamps, the second largest program. One out of every five receives Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the largest welfare program that pays cash. And one out of every seven lives in federally subsidized housing. Now, what is less well understood though, is the degree to which the black managerial class is heavily dependent on these same programs from the other side of the fence. For all though, the black middle classes income is recorded in the census, statistics, wages and salaries rather than public charity, those earnings are received in large measure from public sector positions that involve administration of the social programs. The recent growth and progress of the black managerial class can be traced directly to the expansion of social welfare programs under the rubric of The Great Society. The following lengthy observation from political scientists, Brown and Erie, especially pertinent. Now this is a long quote, but I wanna share it with you. This is very it's very, it's very telling. They point out. \"Expanding public social welfare employment has served as a major port of entry for the new black middle-class. 55% of the 1960 to 1976 increase in black professional managerial and technical employment occurred in the public sector compared with 34%, 34% for whites. Social welfare programs accounted for nearly one half of the black middle-class increase compared with one quarter for whites. As of 1976, 45% of all black professionals, administrators and technicians were in public social welfare programs compared with 19% of comparably situated whites. It is true that at least since the new deal, black professionals and administrators have been more likely to be employed in the public sector than whites. In this regard developments in the 1960s represent merely the extension of a, extension of a historical trend. But if the attractiveness of public employment among the black middle class has not changed something else has. Prior to 1960 black professionals and administrators were concentrated in education, and at the federal level in the post office. The significant shift in the 1960s is that middle-class blacks moved into non-educational social welfare agencies at the state and local level. Moreover, prior to 1960, the black middle-class was relatively small between 1960 and 1976, the size of the black middle-class roughly tripled.\" They conclude, \"The principle economic legacy of The Great Society for the black community has been the creation of a large scale social welfare economy of publicly funded middle-income service providers and low income service and cash transfer recipients.\" And here we find precisely how these two classes within Black America are joined at the hip while their daily lives gravitate in opposite directions. So The Great Society can be seen as a set of policy initiatives, which much like the new deal benefited the managerial class broadly. The specific impact on the black middle-class was quite dramatic and post points to a host of disturbing implications. The first disturbing implication concerns the black middle-class, is dream of racial equality. To the extent that racial inequality amounts to the black middle-class being too small in number relative to the non-black majority middle-class then the obvious prescription is to expand further the black middle-class. But if the expansion is conducted on the basis of increasing social welfare employment, there must be clients to be served. Therefore, the black middle-class has constituted at present needs a black underclass to justify its own occupational status. Too much racial equality undermines the service provider's own reason for being. On the other hand, the alternative reform offered by the business interests, abolition of the welfare state threatens to leave only the private charities to assist the poor while other options offered by social managers, for example, Senator Moynihan are unremittingly punitive in character. The second related disturbing implication concerns the tendency of a black managerial class, like the managerial class broadly, to support programmatic initiatives, alleged to uplift all blacks, when in fact they are the main beneficiaries. If we take the entire nexus of policies adopted in the 1960s as a whole, I do not believe one can be found to have had a net positive impact on the condition of the black underclass. Charles Brown has found that if affirmative action has had an effect on the behalf of blacks, the effect appears to be concentrated among blacks at the upper end of the skill distribution. Individuals are relatively well-trained or have had a high level of educational credentials, balancing and busing to achieve school desegregation left unaddressed the more fundamental issue of quality education. Anti-discrimination laws for housing were largely irrelevant for those financially unable to buy a new home. Manpower training programs, prepared participants for non-existent or marginal jobs. The general expansion of transfer programs have reinforced the dependent status of the black underclass dependent on federal but it has also nurtured the growth of the black managerial class. Okay? Yeah. Yeah, this is sort of the contradictions of the civil rights movement, in some sense. The peculiar vulnerability of the black middle-class now becomes clear in the content of this greater class war that's going on between capital and managers. The Reagan Administration's budget cutbacks, especially those aimed at social welfare programs amount to a direct assault on the occupations obtained by members of the black elite during the recent period of dramatic progress. So no surprise then that the black middle-class stands in opposition to the Reagan agenda. As well they might for a number of reasons. But their tendency is to revert back to endorsement of the social programs that have given them their brief moment in the sun, despite the question of whether or not those programs have indeed uplifted the condition of the black masses. And this reversion carries some still deeper dangers. Corporate Capital's mission, which finds a strategic expression and Reagan policies is to curb the pretensions of the managerial class. To make some members of that class efficient functionaries on behalf of business once again, and to cast the others back into the herd. Back into the working class where they may be made over into productive laborers. But corporate capital sees a potential usefulness to all elements of the managerial and working class, if they can be mobilized to work for capital, once again. On the other hand, the broader non-black element of the managerial class will find less and less reason to retain the excess population. For its rational view of production, and motivated by the pursuit of profit, leads it to see no major reason to maintain a reserve of unemployed workers. Over the longer term, it will move to eradicate superfluous layers of the working class. And since those layers, most likely to be deemed superfluous or disproportionately black, then one can argue that the fates have times in store for the black underclass. Moreover, if the black underclass is deemed altogether unnecessary, then the segment of the black population, the black managerial class, that ministers to the underclass also will have no social function. What purpose is there for service providers, if there are no longer service recipients. The superfluity of the black underclass is reinforced not only by the technological developments that reduce the social necessity of all labor inclusive of black labor. The issue that was raised from this afternoon's lecture, the micro-electronics, electronics com robotics revolution, the reorganization of workplaces. But it's aggravated further by the new immigrants is standards replacements for the new immigrants are less jaded, more enthusiastic, less rebellious, and potentially cheaper workers. In the short term, the broader managerial class make promise and deliver. A renewed expansion of the social programs to garner the political support in both the black managerial and underclass. But the longer term tendency is for the broader managerial class to prune away superfluous elements of other classes. Once power is consolidated, the voting support of Black Americans no longer will be required. And the cost of maintenance of the disruptive and nonaccommodative black poor may come to be viewed in some circles as too expensive. Steps will be taken to prune away the black underclass and subsequently a superfluous, superfluous, weaker fraction of its own class, the black social managers. While capitalist society seeks to make every black a laborer managerial society calls into question existence of the race. Managerial society more than any before we'll declare the Negro obsolete. Corporate capital threatens the class status of the black elite, but then managerial revolution threatens the existence of Black American as a cultural entity. The message is implicit in the subtle silence of the new managerial economic policy strategy, on the race question. I've talked about industrial policy. What does it have to say about the race question? Well, the industrial policy crowd typically gives us an idea about what's to be done about racial inequality, that amounts to nothing more than a trickle down argument for the benefits forthcoming for Black America. Only now the trickle down benefits would emanate from a national planning, engineered recovery, rather than a recovery engineer, as Reaganomics would have it by the natural workings of the free market. On rare occasions when proponents of industrial policy advanced specific solutions to improve the black condition, they merely echo the new deal, civil rights, great society programs. Suffice it to say neither path offers an authentic beacon of hope for the black underclass, nor for the black population at large. Ralph Bunche, when confronted with a similar on satisfactory fork in the road in the 1930s, reached a similar conclusion. He said, \"For the Negro population,\" and this is before Ralph Bunche became considerably less radical than he was in the 1930s. He said, \"For the Negro population, the new deal means the same thing, but more of it. Striking it, no fundamental social conditions. The new deal at best can only fix the disadvantages, the differentials, the discriminations under which the Negro population has labored all along. New deal planning only serves to crystallize those abuses and oppressions, which the exploited Negro citizenry of America have long suffered under laissez-fare capitalism. And for the same reasons, as in the past\". The choice we're confronting now appears to be between a refurbish laissez-fare capitalism and-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112063#t=0.0,2787.29143"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Section of my talk, I wanna address the question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=5.14,8.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of discrimination in the managerial age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=8.07,10.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The mechanisms that continue to perpetuate inequality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=10.28,13.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've argued that the necessity of labor in the aggregate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=14.99,18.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is continuing to decline in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=18.41,20.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as that occurs it's natural for the struggle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=20.7,22.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to secure the remaining places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=22.96,24.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the occupational ladder to intensify.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=24.55,27.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Racial and ethnic conflict will continue a pace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=27.93,30.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as groups seek to secure niches along the hierarchy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=30.42,33.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of positions cast up in managerial society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=33.85,36.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm going to argue that it is the hierarchical nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=36.57,39.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our society that provides the material basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=39.27,41.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for such struggles in the first 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Obviously blacks as a group,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=127.83,130.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just as individuals, constituted a class of victims","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=130.61,133.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who could not develop seniority 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expertise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=166.04,167.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question I want to pose in this concluding portion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=167.83,169.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my talk is how the native blacks fair in obtaining 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levels?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=192.387,195.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The example of the city of Chicago is revealing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=195.01,197.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I understand there's a significant number of 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curriculum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=213.66,214.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a student isn't even eligible for college admission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=214.87,218.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The University of Illinois in Chicago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=218.01,219.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with primarily a regional undergraduate student body,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=219.76,222.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has undergone an overall enrollment decline since 1979.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=222.67,226.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the decline in black student enrollment has been 40%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=226.52,229.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considerably more than the overall drop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=229.54,231.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moreover, among black students actually matriculating there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=231.97,234.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the attrition rate is 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1982,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=249.64,251.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while 25% of the white students had graduated by 1987,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=251.82,255.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only 4.4% of the black students had done so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=255.4,258.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this may be a somewhat extreme example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=258.55,260.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it signals the national trend. At my home university,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=260.16,263.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=263.37,265.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black undergraduates experience academic suspension rates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=265.71,268.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three times as high as those of white students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=268.71,271.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although students of both races finish programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=271.07,273.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in much higher proportions than those at Illinois, Chicago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=273.57,276.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's also a growing nationwide discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=276.69,278.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about declining enrollment and completion rates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=278.61,280.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for black students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=280.8,282.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The limited capacity of native blacks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=282.37,284.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to gain from the Academy and to influence the Academy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=284.18,286.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also is demonstrated by the drop in black enrollment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=286.96,289.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in graduate schools. After peaking in the 1970s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=289.43,292.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blacks as a percent of all graduate students fallen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=292.66,295.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 5.1% in 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4.6%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=301.376,303.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the professional school population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=303.55,305.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's some of us argue that too many black 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programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=309.14,311.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sociologists Gail Thomas has offered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=311.2,312.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the following explanations for these phenomena.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=312.99,315.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She says first, the low quality of elementary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=315.46,317.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and secondary schools in predominantly black areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=317.44,319.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"channel black youths away from access","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=319.83,321.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to an interest in higher education. Guidance counselors fail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=321.66,325.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to encourage black kids to pursue advanced degrees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=325.25,328.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the screening methods used to select students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=328.22,330.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hamper blacks given the traditionally poor performance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=330.58,333.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of blacks on SAT test and the GRE and this intern is due","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=333.59,337.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to test bias us and the lack of early inadequate exposure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=337.61,340.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to standardized tests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=340.54,341.994"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And personally, I think it's the latter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=341.994,343.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the most more important 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Within the Academy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=373.21,375.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is the PhD holders who are the decisive agents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=375.56,379.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of securing the next round or the next generation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=379.64,382.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of individuals or credentials. Fields such as engineering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=382.93,386.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the physical sciences, and mathematics now consistently have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=386.0,388.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less than 2% black representation among their doctorates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=388.68,392.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cumulative effect of negligible black representation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=392.1,395.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these fields is a complete dearth among blacks of control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=395.29,398.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the dissemination of knowledge, credentials,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=398.47,400.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"status and authority. It reinforces the marginal status","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=400.5,403.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the native black population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=403.81,405.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the era of science and 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Nationally in 1980 to 1981,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=491.84,495.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blacks received only 3.3%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=495.35,497.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of undergraduate engineering 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Not only will the question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=788.26,791.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Who needs the Negro?\" likely be voiced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=791.167,793.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with greater frequency, but the question will be applied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=793.92,796.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more broadly across the entire population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=796.91,799.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who is needed and who is not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=799.34,801.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in a moral and ethical sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=801.42,803.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No one should have the right to ask that question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=803.22,805.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=807.061,810.061"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do we do this thing? I take questions? Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=818.89,821.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=822.728,823.561"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e If you look at Richard Freeman's book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=830.135,832.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think he published around 75 or 76,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=832.45,835.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it seemed to be particularly 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noises)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=841.983,845.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black salaries, professional salaries--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=850.069,852.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Talking about the book, The Black Elite?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=852.163,854.081"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=854.081,854.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it seems almost ironic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=855.9,859.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you look at what happened since then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=859.01,860.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, almost at the time that book was published,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=860.52,863.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black enrollments at universities started to decline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=864.9,869.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of these other things you were talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=869.03,872.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the other (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=873.44,876.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened in the midst of these?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=884.377,887.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean is it the recessions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=887.75,890.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black (indistinct) finding it harder to continue on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=892.65,896.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with college at that time? What was it hat happened?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=896.34,899.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The expansion was born of changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=899.637,902.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in federal expenditure policy. It's expansionary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=902.29,905.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, that's what provided subsidies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=905.2,906.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for black kids who could not have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=906.64,908.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"otherwise, gone to university.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=908.21,909.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what provided the occupational positions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=909.7,911.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that grew for the black middle-class, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=911.69,914.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when that process was altered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=914.16,915.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there was a retreat from that type of expansion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=915.89,918.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then there was a retreat in terms of what the consequences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=918.73,921.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were for the black community. And interestingly enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=921.41,924.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say that there still was always a situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=924.17,929.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was relatively distressful for the black underclass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=930.64,934.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through all of that process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=934.72,937.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the visibility of that distress was downplayed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=937.01,940.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by people like Freeman who paid attention, primarily,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=940.47,943.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the growth in the black middle-class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=943.63,945.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to share something with you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=945.84,947.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=947.47,949.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's actually, by the early eighties, came to pay attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=949.52,953.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that portion of the black population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=953.44,955.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he had been ignoring altogether before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=955.22,958.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1973, he hypothesized that there was a virtual collapse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=958.15,962.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in traditional discriminatory patterns in the labor market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=962.3,965.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was extremely optimistic about what was going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=965.18,967.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be happening in terms of prospects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=967.69,970.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for convergence in black incomes with white incomes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=970.4,972.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the issues I'm raising is what does that mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=972.97,975.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's another issue. But by 1983, he was talking about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=975.33,980.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, let me read you what he said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=981.07,982.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"The 1970s was a period of severe economic plight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=982.587,985.707"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"for inner city black youth that went beyond","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=985.707,987.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the worst nightmares of even pessimistic social analysts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=987.917,991.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Rates of unemployment of young black men rose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=991.487,993.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to unprecedented levels. Labor participation rates fell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=993.777,996.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"And as a consequence, the ratio of employment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=996.947,998.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to population plummeted to extraordinary low levels.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=998.887,1001.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1983, he shift his focus of attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1001.39,1005.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the strata of the black population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1005.14,1006.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that appears to be achieving economic gains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1006.91,1008.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the group of the black population that was much larger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1008.892,1012.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was left behind in some sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1012.61,1014.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I would say that the effects that you observe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1014.55,1018.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Freeman's work that can be characterized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1018.02,1020.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as evidence of economic progress have to be tied primarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1020.28,1023.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to federal expenditure policy, which altered in the 1960s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1023.01,1026.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"substantially over what it had been before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1026.41,1028.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when those policies went into retreat or were reversed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1028.55,1032.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you get the kinds of reversals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1032.08,1033.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're describing here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1033.52,1035.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there's also a set of circumstances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1035.52,1039.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are in some sense, cumulative historically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1039.37,1041.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, if you have generation after generation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1041.56,1043.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is subjected to a particular pattern of exclusion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1043.56,1047.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then that's going to manifest itself in certain ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1047.09,1050.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I also may have mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1050.511,1051.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the role of judicial decisions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1051.91,1053.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the nature of social policy in some broad sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1054.8,1057.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of creating a climate where you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1057.84,1060.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the perpetual deterioration of black family life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1060.72,1063.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of that continued to go on in the midst of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1063.27,1065.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so-called progress that was taking place in the 1960s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1065.71,1068.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1070.73,1071.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1073.03,1075.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Mentioned the role of human (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1076.87,1078.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also in the case of the United States that there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1078.163,1081.321"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) wage rights and there were workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1081.321,1083.524"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and manufacturers risen by more than a factor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1083.524,1086.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of five and a half since 1990.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1086.07,1089.291"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. I don't know what that has to do with anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1089.291,1090.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the argument I've constructed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1090.95,1092.768"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think you constructed an argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1092.768,1095.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the major role of managerial plans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1095.8,1098.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I fail to see the importance of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1098.37,1100.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a great bulk of the population in terms of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1100.27,1102.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as soon as they made the required skills","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1102.72,1105.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that sells to the market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1105.07,1107.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I don't know how the two facts that you sited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1107.88,1112.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demonstrate that the managerial class is irrelevant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1113.4,1116.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the majority of the population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1116.03,1118.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you wanna explain I'll try and address it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1118.5,1121.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I would view that there is a supply of labor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1121.14,1123.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to demand relation. Demand for labor may be by the firms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1123.3,1127.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the workers provide supply of labor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1127.28,1129.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with variety of skill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1129.15,1130.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's not a one sided (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1131.33,1133.909"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I still don't see the point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1133.909,1135.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not using the analytical apparatus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1135.48,1137.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with simple supply and demand analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1137.68,1139.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm talking about broad historical patterns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1139.34,1141.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not claiming that real wages have fallen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1141.77,1143.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never said anything to that effect, nor was I saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1143.99,1146.704"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the private sector doesn't hire workers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1146.704,1148.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not really sure what that has to do with anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1148.91,1151.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the context of the argument I construct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1151.31,1153.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm not trying to be defensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1155.244,1156.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just don't know what the point is you're trying to air.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1156.31,1159.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, when you (inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1159.914,1164.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't remember what the data (inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1164.944,1169.944"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e About whether or not you could explain earnings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1173.1,1175.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differentials, on the basis of some things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1175.53,1178.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we might call human capital characteristics. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1178.47,1181.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I mean, you are incorporating (inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1181.05,1184.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. But it's so peripheral to the thrust","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1186.44,1188.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what I talking about. Yeah. I mean, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1188.22,1190.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, if you feel more comfortable talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1190.75,1192.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about human capital models, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1192.59,1193.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's not at all the analytical framework","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1193.73,1195.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm trying to use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1195.63,1196.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not denying that people get certain characteristics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1197.99,1200.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from being educated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1200.25,1201.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's sort of central to the argument that I'm making.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1202.79,1204.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The credentials are kind of crucial in the type of society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1204.99,1207.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think is unfolding today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1207.89,1209.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1211.54,1212.604"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct) Ask you a very unsophisticated question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1212.604,1216.558"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But let me say this first before I get to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1216.558,1220.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, I think, in my mind, the most thought provoking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1220.502,1225.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the point you make that people should really chew on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1227.473,1232.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that most of the of the programs that people have tried","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1232.04,1236.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really have not helped the poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1237.69,1239.951"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but have created a class that is parasitic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1239.951,1243.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a harsh--\nWhich is not the poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1246.135,1248.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah. That is a harsh (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1248.78,1251.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1251.693,1254.026"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The alternative (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1255.922,1260.922"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We either continue by (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1261.413,1264.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we have to do something more valid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1264.131,1266.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never really understood very well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1266.767,1269.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how that your (indistinct) would be undertaken (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1269.017,1274.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Far be it for me to know how one creates a revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1275.52,1278.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't really know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1279.26,1280.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I mean, that is, I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1281.9,1283.371"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the problem is rooted in the hierarchical structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1283.371,1287.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of (indistinct), maybe this will address the questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1287.26,1289.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that my economist scholars are pointing to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1289.18,1291.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think economists think that social class structures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1292.26,1294.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are generated out of individual choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1294.96,1297.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An individual start with a set of constraints","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1298.83,1301.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a set of preferences and tastes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1301.1,1305.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they make certain choices based upon their motivation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1305.25,1307.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ambition and that sort of locates them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1307.5,1309.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along a class position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1309.81,1311.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm taking a very different position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1311.78,1313.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm saying that there's a pre-existing hierarchy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1313.04,1315.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and somebody has to be poor given the nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1315.36,1317.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the society that we live in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1317.64,1319.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we are going to have a situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1319.47,1321.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we eradicate poverty, at least in a relative sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1321.23,1324.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if not in an absolute sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1324.76,1326.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it requires a leveling of hierarchy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1326.32,1329.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that requires a revolution, in some sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1329.31,1333.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I don't know how to build a revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1333.12,1336.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am a cloistered academic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1336.92,1339.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a fairly cowardly one at that. And I'm not really sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1339.37,1342.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you go about building a revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1342.75,1344.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I mean, if that's not what people are going to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1344.84,1348.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they have to accept the hierarchy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1348.19,1350.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then try to get a fair share of it, whatever that means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1350.42,1354.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I see those as the only two options short of letting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1354.02,1357.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the thing go on the way it is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1357.36,1359.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and having more and more distress imposed on those people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1359.51,1363.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the bottom of the society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1363.16,1364.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1367.187,1369.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)\n(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1371.412,1376.412"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1387.067,1387.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1388.815,1391.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Would be perceived as unnecessary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1397.471,1400.388"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and (inaudible) might be eliminated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1401.457,1404.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I, most of the-- If someone's up (indistinct) ladder","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1404.78,1408.996"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible) But if you're at the bottom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1408.996,1413.288"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are you suggesting they might be exterminated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1413.288,1416.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Or\nYeah","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1416.62,1417.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1417.453,1418.286"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, no, no, no. Exterminated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1418.286,1422.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harsh word.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1422.11,1423.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is where I converge with Pat Robertson. (laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1424.3,1428.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's probably the only place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1428.05,1429.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I converge with Pat Robertson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1429.0,1431.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think there is some substance to the argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1431.31,1433.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is a new eugenics that's directed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1433.2,1435.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at particular strata of the population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1435.54,1437.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's through population control measures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1437.38,1439.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you would have the progressive extermination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1439.34,1441.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of certain layers of the population that are viewed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1441.86,1443.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by those in social management positions as an outcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1443.75,1447.622"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1447.622,1449.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I mean, you could do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1451.27,1453.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's obviously a little too visible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1453.38,1455.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you're more likely to do is to try to encourage people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1455.85,1459.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to have kids who are poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1459.64,1461.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to make the case that they'll be less poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1462.72,1464.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or considerably less poor if they don't have kids.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1464.82,1467.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's sort of the Malthusian kind of solution once again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1468.071,1471.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The poor should have less kids","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1471.47,1473.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the rest of the population. Well, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1473.18,1476.415"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1476.415,1478.748"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(light cough)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1482.617,1485.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1485.917,1488.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You should ask professor Bergman about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1491.537,1496.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (inaudible)\nYeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1496.193,1497.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you see (inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1500.873,1503.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that would be more benign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1510.63,1511.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than some of the other possibilities. Yeah. (laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1511.94,1514.425"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (inaudible) We have the largest share of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1514.425,1517.359"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the labor force working in the United States now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1517.359,1519.415"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than we've ever had since the mid 1800s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1519.415,1522.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The largest share or the largest absolute amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1522.62,1525.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the labor force?\n(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1525.47,1528.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e In terms of hours of work time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1528.08,1530.515"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1530.515,1531.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, no, no. I don't mean just the number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1531.41,1532.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of persons relative to the amount of the labor force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1532.93,1535.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I mean, in terms of the number of hours people work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1535.53,1539.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a relative sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1539.04,1540.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, in a working day, the working day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1541.508,1544.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the typical working day, the number of part-time workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1544.4,1546.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is considerably higher than it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1546.53,1547.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The working day is shorter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1547.787,1549.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the number of part-time workers is considerably higher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1549.5,1551.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm not sure about that statement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1551.47,1553.179"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1553.179,1555.512"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that's absolutely true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1557.01,1558.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no question about that. But, I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1558.32,1561.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think that that's really quite true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1561.37,1564.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We start looking at particular lines of industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1566.03,1569.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If anything, we find that the amount of workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1569.1,1571.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are being employed is actually declining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1571.94,1573.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a relative sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1573.8,1574.998"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. But what about the service industry?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1574.998,1576.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yeah. You should have heard professor Bergman's talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1576.64,1579.364"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this afternoon. (laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1579.364,1583.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah. That's the panacea of the service industry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1583.22,1585.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which he argues is something that can only have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1585.78,1587.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a temporary effect in deterring this longer-term trend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1587.77,1590.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, well, they're grounds for differences of opinion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1592.824,1596.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)\n(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1600.032,1604.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Inaudible)\n(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1610.238,1614.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e By the way social security is about go,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1614.767,1617.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pensions will probably be zero.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1617.31,1618.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)\n(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1620.566,1622.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (students applaud)\nThank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1622.687,1626.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have much of a voice left now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=1626.68,1628.58"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25075/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/075/original/AV203736_Race_Poverty_and_Inequality_in_the_Managerial_Age_b.vtt?1620062449","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/075/original/AV203736_Race_Poverty_and_Inequality_in_the_Managerial_Age_b.vtt?1620062449"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25076","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203736_Race_Poverty_and_Inequality_in_the_Managerial_Age_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064/transcript/25076/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Section of my talk, I wanna address the question of discrimination in the managerial age. The mechanisms that continue to perpetuate inequality. I've argued that the necessity of labor in the aggregate is continuing to decline in America. And as that occurs it's natural for the struggle to secure the remaining places in the occupational ladder to intensify. Racial and ethnic conflict will continue a pace as groups seek to secure niches along the hierarchy of positions cast up in managerial society. And I'm going to argue that it is the hierarchical nature of our society that provides the material basis for such struggles in the first place. In such an environment, racial discrimination will continue as well because that's why racial discrimination can be a persistent phenomenon. The dimensions of discrimination by race are vast, ranging from the exclusion of black youths from college preparatory tracks and school to channeling and black youths away from hard sciences to soft sciences, to outright exclusion from positions. Particularly striking is the changing character of exclusion following the introduction of federal anti-discrimination measures. These measures did not address the power base of other ethnic contestants for occupational turf nor the incentives that exist for turf preservation. In effect, only the decorative exteriors of discrimination were attacked, not the brick and mortar. Thus the decorative exteriors could change, the laws merely induced new procedures to perpetuate exclusion. In a recent study on returns to individual characteristics, Taylor, Mortney Gibbs, and Farley find no sector of the U.S. economy devoid of significant discriminatory earnings differentials in the aftermath of anti-discrimination legislation. In many different occupations, including a variety of jobs in the public sector such as in police and fire departments, white workers were able to begin their climb on the seniority ladder precisely because non-whites were systematically excluded from competition for the jobs. Various union seniority systems were established at a time when racial minorities were barred from employment and union membership. Obviously blacks as a group, not just as individuals, constituted a class of victims who could not develop seniority status. A seniority system launched under these conditions and inevitably becomes the institutionalized mechanism whereby whites as a group are granted racial privilege. But now what I want to address is the question of the nature of discrimination and the unfolding managerial age and the class of occupations that matter in the managerial age, and the question of how the mechanisms of exclusion now operate. In particular, in the age of science and technology, it is the Academy, or the University System that assigns credibility, credentials and the imprimatur of authority and expertise. The question I want to pose in this concluding portion of my talk is how the native blacks fair in obtaining access to quality institutions of higher education. Fact, we can pose the question as to whether or not blacks should oppose rise of managerial society, or whether blacks should seek to participate fully in it. In either case, one might say it might be necessary to have access to knowledge and information. One could just as well ask, \"How do blacks fair in obtaining \"quality educational experiences at all levels?\" The example of the city of Chicago is revealing. I understand there's a significant number of students at this institution from Chicago. I bet that most of them did not go to the schools that I'm about to talk about. Nearly one half of the students from Chicago's public schools don't even finish high school and those students are overwhelmingly black. Of course, without a high school diploma and the requisite curriculum, a student isn't even eligible for college admission. The University of Illinois in Chicago, with primarily a regional undergraduate student body, has undergone an overall enrollment decline since 1979. But the decline in black student enrollment has been 40%, considerably more than the overall drop. Moreover, among black students actually matriculating there, the attrition rate is astonishing. I was amazed when I came across these figures. Whereas 30.4% of white students entering the University of Illinois Chicago in the fall 1981 had graduated by 1987, only 7.4% of the black students had. For the class entering in 1982, while 25% of the white students had graduated by 1987, only 4.4% of the black students had done so. And this may be a somewhat extreme example, but it signals the national trend. At my home university, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, for example, black undergraduates experience academic suspension rates three times as high as those of white students. Although students of both races finish programs in much higher proportions than those at Illinois, Chicago. And there's also a growing nationwide discussion about declining enrollment and completion rates for black students. The limited capacity of native blacks to gain from the Academy and to influence the Academy also is demonstrated by the drop in black enrollment in graduate schools. After peaking in the 1970s, blacks as a percent of all graduate students fallen from 5.1% in 1976 to 4.2% in 1982. And blacks remain a stable 4.6% of the professional school population. There's some of us argue that too many black students are opting for professional schools rather than graduate school programs. Sociologists Gail Thomas has offered the following explanations for these phenomena. She says first, the low quality of elementary and secondary schools in predominantly black areas channel black youths away from access to an interest in higher education. Guidance counselors fail to encourage black kids to pursue advanced degrees and the screening methods used to select students hamper blacks given the traditionally poor performance of blacks on SAT test and the GRE and this intern is due to test bias us and the lack of early inadequate exposure to standardized tests. And personally, I think it's the latter that's the most more important consideration. Consistent with the broader things of this report, Thomas Warren, similar to the warning that I am trying to issue. She says, \"Blacks are at a dangerous point in terms \"of becoming disempowered as a result of \"what I see as a disturbing trend in higher education.\" It's not clear to me that blacks have ever been empowered, but the issue of the presence of blacks in American society is indeed at stake. And in the sense, blacks are already disappearing from certain occupational ranks. They're disappearing altogether from the ranks of PhD holders. Within the Academy, it is the PhD holders who are the decisive agents of securing the next round or the next generation of individuals or credentials. Fields such as engineering, the physical sciences, and mathematics now consistently have less than 2% black representation among their doctorates. The cumulative effect of negligible black representation in these fields is a complete dearth among blacks of control over the dissemination of knowledge, credentials, status and authority. It reinforces the marginal status of the native black population in the era of science and technology. If we go back to the Chicago case across all Chicago area universities, less than 3% of the faculties are black. And these blacks are disproportionately untenured. It's been suggested that the lower tenure ratios for blacks are due to age 'cause the average age of black PhDs is typically younger than white PhD recipients, And perhaps due to the greater difficulty in obtaining tenure today. But the gap would persist even if the age distribution was the same and tenure criteria had not stiffened because a greater percent of blacks are on non tenure track appointments in the first place. For example, in Illinois, Chicago, 32.7% of black and Hispanic faculty are not on tenure track compared with 17% of whites. Further difficulties involved the concentration or crowding of black academics and history, sociology or Afro-American studies. Moreover, less credibility is accorded research by black scholars doing work on the black experience than white specialists on racial research. Black administrators disproportionately are not faculty members making them more vulnerable to job loss if they take strong stands on controversial issues. They're less able to protect those black faculty members faced with tenure denial. Blacks are more absent the more prestigious the university. For example, in Chicago, while 14.9% of the faculty at Northeastern Illinois is black, only 2.6% of the faculty at Northwestern university is black. And the current trends seem to be locked in place for the near term. Nationally in 1980 to 1981, blacks received only 3.3% of undergraduate engineering degrees and a mere 1.6% of master's degrees. Less than 1% of engineering PhDs were black. In 1980 to 81, blacks received 5.2% of the undergraduate degrees in biological sciences, largely from predominantly black schools, but only 2.9% of the master's degrees and 1.7% of the PhDs. And we can go on and on. The American council of education reports on the stock of black academics. American colleges and universities are estimated to have 18,827 full-time black faculty, 4% of the total. And this is a drop from 1977. Blacks constitute only 2.3% of the faculty at predominantly white institutions. 8,200 black educators still are concentrated at 100 predominantly black college campuses. The phenomenon of black exclusion from the Academy is a special significance in the managerial age and indicates how widely the social dimensions of discriminatory practices stretch. The relative absence of blacks from the Academy begins with the differential opportunities afforded by family resources and the differential quality of schooling in the early years. It continues with the deflecting of black college students from fields with greater technical quantitative requirements and concludes with the ghettoization of the residual of black academics and a handful of less respected sub fields of research and less respected academic institutions. Ultimately blacks have negligible influence on the standards and procedures that govern access to the Academy. Other groups can then fix them to ensure that blacks remain largely outsiders. Anti-discrimination laws have not and cannot exercise much effect on these circumstances. Competition between ethnic and racial cliques if anything, perpetuates the tendency toward racial discrimination rather than its elimination. We are witnessing the historical outcome for the group that was viewed by other contesting groups in the United States as unworthy or not requiring major entry into the ethnic social compromise over the allocation of occupational turf. Black workers consistently would be relegated to worse jobs or denied jobs altogether. Matters only become worse when the range of available well-paid blue collar occupations narrow with structural changes in the U.S economy. After all, the discriminatory nature of the process of educational credentials acquisition inherently limits the positions available to blacks. And so it is, in the managerial age I would argue, race continues to matter. Discrimination persist. The intrinsic nature of American society is geared toward ethnic racial competition. The struggle to carve out social turf for one's own group. The background class structure produces the incentives to carve out turf and the conflict works itself out in the classic form of American tribalism. Blacks enter the turf wars with various disadvantages. Per capita income and wealth are relatively low among blacks. Professional level blacks frequently have supervisory or quasi supervisory positions in social welfare administration so that there's no significant basis for blacks to act independently of public sector helping positions. The relative deterioration of schooling, family life, health conditions, et cetera, all reinforce the disadvantage in racial ethnic competition. Plus blacks have been the group to lose many previous rounds of turf wars since contesting groups all could agree not to compromise with blacks leading to a cumulative disadvantage. Class cleavages among blacks compound the difficulties in being successful competitors. Familial in schooling crisis, of course, are not uniquely black problems. These same symptoms of deterioration now appear among other groups. But among blacks, these conditions are more acute and more visible, both anecdotally and statistically. And they layer on top of the inferior black competitive position in America's ethnic racial struggles. If a black presence has to continue in the United States, the options are straightforward. Either the compromise finally must be struck, formally or informally, to grant native blacks an appropriate set of legitimate slots and managerial societies social structure, or a struggle must be waged against the structure itself. The former route means blacks lose any lingering reservations about the nature of success, In quotes, in America and not fully for a representative share of the general inequality of American society. The latter route means a far more radical course of action and would require calling into question the values necessary for competitive success in a hierarchical society. Just as troubling as the prospect that a continued black presence is by no means inevitable. For in the transition from capitalism to managerialism, those relegated to the surplus population will find their very existence threatened. In fact, to the extent that blacks are viewed as the social problem and hence objects of social management rather than the social managers themselves being viewed as the social problem, the danger should be clear. What is happening in black America today merely foreshadows the full effects of the rise of managerial society. Not only will the question, \"Who needs the Negro?\" likely be voiced with greater frequency, but the question will be applied more broadly across the entire population. Who is needed and who is not. And in a moral and ethical sense, No one should have the right to ask that question. How do we do this thing? I take questions? Okay. Yes.\r\n\r\n- If you look at Richard Freeman's book, I think he published around 75 or 76, and it seemed to be particularly optimistic in terms of black progress and... Black salaries, professional salaries--\r\n\r\n- Talking about the book, The Black Elite?\r\n\r\n- Right. And it seems almost ironic when you look at what happened since then. I mean, almost at the time that book was published, black enrollments at universities started to decline and some of these other things you were talking about. Some of the other What happened in the midst of these? I mean is it the recessions? Black finding it harder to continue on with college at that time? What was it hat happened?\r\n\r\n- The expansion was born of changes in federal expenditure policy. It's expansionary. I mean, that's what provided subsidies for black kids who could not have, otherwise, gone to university. That's what provided the occupational positions that grew for the black middle-class, et cetera. And when that process was altered, when there was a retreat from that type of expansion, then there was a retreat in terms of what the consequences were for the black community. And interestingly enough, I would say that there still was always a situation that was relatively distressful for the black underclass through all of that process. But the visibility of that distress was downplayed by people like Freeman who paid attention, primarily, to the growth in the black middle-class. And I'd like to share something with you because it's very interesting. He's actually, by the early eighties, came to pay attention to that portion of the black population that he had been ignoring altogether before. In 1973, he hypothesized that there was a virtual collapse in traditional discriminatory patterns in the labor market. He was extremely optimistic about what was going to be happening in terms of prospects for convergence in black incomes with white incomes. And one of the issues I'm raising is what does that mean? But that's another issue. But by 1983, he was talking about, well, let me read you what he said. He said, \"The 1970s was a period of severe economic plight \"for inner city black youth that went beyond \"the worst nightmares of even pessimistic social analysts. \"Rates of unemployment of young black men rose \"to unprecedented levels. Labor participation rates fell. \"And as a consequence, the ratio of employment \"to population plummeted to extraordinary low levels.\" In 1983, he shift his focus of attention from the strata of the black population that appears to be achieving economic gains to the group of the black population that was much larger. It was left behind in some sense. But I would say that the effects that you observe in Freeman's work that can be characterized as evidence of economic progress have to be tied primarily to federal expenditure policy, which altered in the 1960s substantially over what it had been before. And when those policies went into retreat or were reversed, then you get the kinds of reversals that we're describing here. But there's also a set of circumstances that are in some sense, cumulative historically. I mean, if you have generation after generation that is subjected to a particular pattern of exclusion, then that's going to manifest itself in certain ways. And I also may have mentioned of the role of judicial decisions, the nature of social policy in some broad sense in terms of creating a climate where you have the perpetual deterioration of black family life. All of that continued to go on in the midst of this so-called progress that was taking place in the 1960s. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Mentioned the role of human Also in the case of the United States that there were wage rights and there were workers and manufacturers risen by more than a factor of five and a half since 1990.\r\n\r\n- Yeah. I don't know what that has to do with anything in terms of the argument I've constructed.\r\n\r\n- Well, I think you constructed an argument about the major role of managerial plans, which I fail to see the importance of for a great bulk of the population in terms of, as soon as they made the required skills that sells to the market.\r\n\r\n- Well, I don't know how the two facts that you sited demonstrate that the managerial class is irrelevant for the majority of the population. If you wanna explain I'll try and address it.\r\n\r\n- Well, I would view that there is a supply of labor to demand relation. Demand for labor may be by the firms but the workers provide supply of labor with variety of skill. And it's not a one sided\r\n\r\n- Yeah, I still don't see the point. I'm not using the analytical apparatus with simple supply and demand analysis. I'm talking about broad historical patterns. I'm not claiming that real wages have fallen, I never said anything to that effect, nor was I saying that the private sector doesn't hire workers. I'm not really sure what that has to do with anything in terms of the context of the argument I construct. And I'm not trying to be defensive. I just don't know what the point is you're trying to air.\r\n\r\n- Well, when you I can't remember what the data\r\n\r\n- About whether or not you could explain earnings, differentials, on the basis of some things that we might call human capital characteristics. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Well, I mean, you are incorporating\r\n\r\n- Yeah. But it's so peripheral to the thrust of what I talking about. Yeah. I mean, yes. I mean, if you feel more comfortable talking about human capital models, okay. But that's not at all the analytical framework I'm trying to use. I'm not denying that people get certain characteristics from being educated. That's sort of central to the argument that I'm making. The credentials are kind of crucial in the type of society that I think is unfolding today. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Ask you a very unsophisticated question. But let me say this first before I get to that. I mean, I think, in my mind, the most thought provoking that the point you make that people should really chew on, is that most of the of the programs that people have tried really have not helped the poor but have created a class that is parasitic. That's a harsh--\r\n\r\n- Which is not the poor. Yeah. That is a harsh\r\n\r\n- The alternative We either continue by or we have to do something more valid. I never really understood very well how that your would be undertaken\r\n\r\n- Far be it for me to know how one creates a revolution. I don't really know. But I mean, that is, I mean, if the problem is rooted in the hierarchical structure of , maybe this will address the questions that my economist scholars are pointing to. I think economists think that social class structures are generated out of individual choice. An individual start with a set of constraints and a set of preferences and tastes and they make certain choices based upon their motivation and ambition and that sort of locates them along a class position. I'm taking a very different position. I'm saying that there's a pre-existing hierarchy and somebody has to be poor given the nature of the society that we live in. And if we are going to have a situation where we eradicate poverty, at least in a relative sense, if not in an absolute sense, then it requires a leveling of hierarchy. And that requires a revolution, in some sense. Now, I don't know how to build a revolution. I am a cloistered academic and a fairly cowardly one at that. And I'm not really sure how you go about building a revolution. But I mean, if that's not what people are going to do, then they have to accept the hierarchy and then try to get a fair share of it, whatever that means. And I see those as the only two options short of letting the thing go on the way it is and having more and more distress imposed on those people at the bottom of the society.\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Would be perceived as unnecessary and might be eliminated. And I, most of the-- If someone's up ladder But if you're at the bottom, are you suggesting they might be exterminated? Or\r\n\r\n- Yeah\r\n\r\n- No, no, no, no, no. Exterminated. Harsh word. This is where I converge with Pat Robertson. It's probably the only place where I converge with Pat Robertson. But I think there is some substance to the argument that there is a new eugenics that's directed at particular strata of the population and it's through population control measures that you would have the progressive extermination of certain layers of the population that are viewed by those in social management positions as an outcome.\r\n\r\n- No, I mean, you could do that, but that's obviously a little too visible. What you're more likely to do is to try to encourage people not to have kids who are poor. And to make the case that they'll be less poor or considerably less poor if they don't have kids. That's sort of the Malthusian kind of solution once again. The poor should have less kids than the rest of the population. Well, yeah.\r\n\r\n- You should ask professor Bergman about that. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Do you see\r\n\r\n- Well, that would be more benign than some of the other possibilities. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- We have the largest share of the labor force working in the United States now than we've ever had since the mid 1800s.\r\n\r\n- The largest share or the largest absolute amount of the labor force?\r\n\r\n- In terms of hours of work time?\r\n\r\n- The\r\n\r\n- No, no, no, no. I don't mean just the number of persons relative to the amount of the labor force. But I mean, in terms of the number of hours people work in a relative sense. I mean, in a working day, the working day, the typical working day, the number of part-time workers is considerably higher than it was. The working day is shorter, the number of part-time workers is considerably higher. So I'm not sure about that statement.\r\n\r\n- No, that's absolutely true. There's no question about that. But, I don't know. I don't think that that's really quite true. We start looking at particular lines of industry. If anything, we find that the amount of workers that are being employed is actually declining in a relative sense.\r\n\r\n- Yeah. But what about the service industry?\r\n\r\n- Oh yeah. You should have heard professor Bergman's talk this afternoon. Yeah. That's the panacea of the service industry which he argues is something that can only have a temporary effect in deterring this longer-term trend. Yeah, well, they're grounds for differences of opinion.\r\n\r\n- By the way social security is about go, pensions will probably be zero. Thank you. I don't have much of a voice left now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40454/file/112064#t=0.0,1633.61959"}]}]}]}