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evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=22.78,23.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We all wait for about three more people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=23.613,25.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or four more people to be seated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=25.83,27.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=27.36,30.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now introducing the beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=35.18,36.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Pier Memorial Lecture, is a privilege","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=36.98,39.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is truly one of a 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friends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=45.24,49.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have provided for us by their foresight and generous gifts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=49.04,52.696"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Iowa State University Achievement Foundation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=52.696,55.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This evening, I am particularly pleased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=57.75,59.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Mrs. Pier is with us for this beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=59.62,63.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because she, more than anyone else, has been instrumental","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=63.36,66.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in assuring that this lecture series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=66.85,70.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would come into existence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=70.49,72.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like Mrs. Pier to stand up and be 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Larson,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=84.515,87.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a good friend of Mrs. Piers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=87.31,88.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ruth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=88.83,89.686"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(woman's voice responds 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way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=96.81,99.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he was a principal architect of our department,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=99.32,103.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it was built from the relatively small number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=103.07,105.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of faculty members and graduate students back in 1938","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=105.13,107.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until 1964 when he retired as an administrator","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=109.84,114.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when the department had reached essentially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=114.48,116.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost its present and size and composition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=116.68,119.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if the State keeps on reverting money, we'll be back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=120.65,124.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that place we were 20 years 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Pier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=128.46,131.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was at the Milwaukee Municipal Auditorium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=131.817,135.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Tuesday afternoon, November of 1949.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=135.76,138.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The day when the tour of the Schlitz Brewery","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=139.99,141.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was on the schedule.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=141.75,143.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Needless to say he and I talked right through the departure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=145.45,148.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that tour and in the evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=148.19,150.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Pier was extremely intense in everything he did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=151.5,155.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even when interviewing a prospective assistant 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Lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=389.327,392.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As Dr. Pesach pointed out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=392.42,393.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Pier was my major 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man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=413.84,415.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now to address the subject that I chose tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=417.16,420.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since World war II, the volume of scientific 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said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=450.17,452.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The curse of fertilizers will never cross","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=452.847,455.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the Mississippi 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time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=458.02,462.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"A corn-oats metal rotation, lime and rock phosphate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=462.967,467.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"are the basis of a permanent 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today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=483.74,486.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If so the question for us is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=487.29,490.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what direction should we 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spanned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=500.21,502.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an exciting and productive time in our science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=502.4,505.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Soil Science Society of America had 192 members in 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development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=598.84,602.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"land tax assessment and evaluation and many others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=602.35,606.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soil science should be concerned with 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many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=620.2,623.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and very interests of today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=623.08,624.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this requires a review and a new 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future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=631.48,632.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is my thesis in this presentation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=633.63,635.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we need to mark increase in the study of the 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wetlands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=824.51,826.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well Americans are aware of soil resource problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=827.85,831.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their concerns are not always the ones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=831.43,833.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to which we give major attention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=833.41,835.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, in the highest poll, the following were listed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=836.77,840.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soil management for camp grounds, field sports,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=840.47,844.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"golf courses, picking carriers and trails.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=844.34,848.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uses of soils information for tax assessment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=848.16,851.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Urban development and transportation development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=851.57,854.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and many more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=854.36,855.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While it is comforting to know that Americans recognize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=856.53,860.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the need for better soil management,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=860.31,863.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's troubling to consider how we can meet all of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=863.73,866.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diverse needs for information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=866.5,869.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the resources we have available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=869.27,871.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over a period of time, I think we can best provide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=872.67,875.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these answers by a greatly increased effort in studying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=875.74,879.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the behavior of soil as a natural body in itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=879.49,883.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let's take it minute and go through some slides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=884.5,887.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to look at a wide variety of landscapes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=887.64,891.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and think briefly as to what the problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=891.24,894.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for soil management people are on those landscapes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=894.74,899.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fast, here's an aerial view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=899.21,900.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the familiar landscape of Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=900.82,902.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this landscape can be damaged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=903.98,907.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and become quite different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=907.15,909.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a landscape in Minnesota","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=910.44,912.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where erosion has essentially ruined the land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=912.77,915.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for cropland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=915.8,918.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is what can happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=918.61,920.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a different type of agricultural 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Ireland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=930.15,932.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An ariel view of the land use pattern in Ireland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=932.8,936.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it looks quite different than in Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=936.04,938.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a lot of dry land areas over the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=940.85,943.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular scene happens to occur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=943.05,945.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Southeast Australia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=945.63,947.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This field is probably the most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=950.28,952.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"famous research field in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=952.47,954.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a shot of the Broadbalk Field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=954.96,956.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Rohamsted in England.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=956.63,958.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here is another even yet quite different land 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near","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=966.61,968.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ICRISAT in near Hyderabad, India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=968.87,971.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of our lands of course are not used for cropland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=973.23,976.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a grazing picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=977.19,978.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, taken near Adelaide, Australia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=978.53,981.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showing the green hills and the many sheep on the landscape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=981.32,985.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an irrigated pasture land in the West.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=987.18,989.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And dry land, range land, near the Badlands of South Dakota.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=993.067,998.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also have, as we pointed out, over 600 million acres","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1000.05,1004.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of forest lands, and probably in the future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1004.1,1007.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they will require considerably more of our attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1007.53,1010.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as our forest become used up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1011.71,1013.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another shot of forest lands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1015.02,1017.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then in much of the U.S. and over the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1017.94,1021.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"land use for urban development is a prime 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soil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1306.68,1308.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a specific points on the landscape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1308.76,1311.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But soil survey reports have been only 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thick,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1318.0,1321.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all the required maps and interpretive information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1321.68,1325.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is indeed an overwhelming 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1332.93,1335.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the storage and recall of this massive soil survey data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1338.18,1342.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and means for its use has changed dramatically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1342.23,1345.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the development of modern computers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1345.57,1348.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many states now have soil maps with some counties digitized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1349.32,1354.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and available for instant recall on a computer screen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1354.44,1358.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular slide shows a small computer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1359.28,1363.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the soil map displayed on the screen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1363.32,1367.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the top of the picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1367.69,1368.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With rapid access to soil survey information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1371.89,1375.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we now need to add all the other basic soils information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1375.29,1378.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this merging will provide exciting new opportunities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1379.57,1383.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our field of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1383.12,1384.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An example of what can be done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1386.12,1387.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in the field of soil fertility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1387.52,1389.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have information currently available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1390.43,1393.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from thousands of field 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yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1408.14,1413.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it could be done with relative ease I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1413.1,1416.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A field with an average corn yield of 110 bushels per 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Minnesota","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1480.39,1483.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is being developed so that as you move over a field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1483.33,1487.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could vary the amount of liquid fertilizer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1487.01,1491.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or herbicides or pesticides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1491.0,1493.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recently heard a futurer a say that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1495.61,1497.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We are on the edge of information.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1497.487,1500.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"We have just gone through the sub age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1500.26,1502.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of broadcast information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1502.467,1504.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and are now going into the age of narrowcast 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exploded,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1511.57,1515.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that it has not always been directed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1516.14,1519.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at any particular target.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1519.51,1521.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now users of information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1522.41,1524.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want it directed to their particular use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1524.02,1526.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this illustration applies to soil science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1527.62,1530.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have had a great deal, more 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technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1544.25,1545.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soil scientists can look with excitement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1547.24,1549.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they move into the age of narrowcasting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1549.2,1551.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But with the easy access of soil survey information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1552.787,1556.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will come tremendous surge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1556.41,1557.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in demand for interpretive data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1557.87,1559.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We in Iowa And Minnesota","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1561.18,1562.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have commonly aggregated our recommendations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1562.65,1565.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by soil associations or land resource areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1565.95,1569.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Recommendations have usually been developed and given","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1570.61,1573.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the major soils in each soil association.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1573.96,1576.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But now if a computer map tells a farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1578.1,1580.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he has relatively obscure soil,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1580.5,1583.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that farmer will want information about his soil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1585.21,1588.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not about a more prominent soil that's associated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1588.78,1592.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the enormity of our job is illustrated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1593.64,1596.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the fact that in Minnesota, we have about 600 soil types.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1596.05,1601.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I presume you have about the same here in Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1601.11,1604.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let's move on to prediction of soil behavior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1606.86,1609.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we can no longer take the attitude","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1611.01,1613.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the yield of a crop is the best measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1613.22,1616.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how well we manage soil resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1616.08,1618.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many cases, crop yield is the important 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economics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1627.15,1630.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other things also need to be considered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1630.36,1632.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We as soil scientists are currently being asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1634.0,1636.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to develop models to predict what might result","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1636.31,1639.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a host of alternative practices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1639.54,1641.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Examples of current models include,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=1644.48,1646.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prediction of sediment and water 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forth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2092.69,2094.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working alongside our colleagues from their departments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2097.173,2100.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly I do not hold to the 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up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2118.69,2121.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to our more basically trained colleagues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2121.63,2124.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I 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audience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2478.38,2481.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not the scientific audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2481.9,2484.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But surely to achieve the priorities and 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itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2492.33,2495.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm often asked what impact that workshop had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2496.4,2499.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of our reports was quoted in the Congressional 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requests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2509.21,2511.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in congressional hearings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2511.85,2514.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it did help 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needs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2520.83,2522.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the minds of our own scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2522.83,2524.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I strongly feel in our complex American 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responsibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2540.76,2543.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our efforts must be increased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2544.47,2546.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Major Research Needs Workshop in 1981","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2547.56,2551.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the only one ever held by the Soil Science Society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2551.4,2554.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The needs enumerated in 1981 largely included,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2555.56,2559.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soil and water resource management","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2559.83,2561.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that was a concern at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2561.63,2564.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But concerns changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2564.6,2566.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Research needs assessments are a continuing process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2566.9,2571.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to be sure that we emphasize the continuing thread","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2571.07,2575.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of working on soils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2575.52,2577.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think these workshops should be conducted every few years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2577.68,2581.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the follow up of dissemination and the results","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2581.167,2584.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need to be accelerated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2584.73,2587.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, my crystal ball is probably no better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2588.97,2593.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe not as good as yours","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2593.55,2595.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I listed in this next slide just a few of the 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today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2601.6,2603.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first one is relating physical behavior of soils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2604.847,2608.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the composition of the clay French.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2608.35,2611.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erosion, soil tillage, many of these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2611.17,2614.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are important concerns today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2614.32,2616.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we really know very little about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2616.007,2618.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the physical behavior of soils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2620.255,2622.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't think we ever will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2622.55,2623.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until the chemists and the physicists get together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2623.98,2627.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and work more closely as a team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2627.0,2629.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A second one is the improving microbial behavior in soils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2630.49,2634.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think with modern genetic engineering techniques,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2634.63,2638.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are some real opportunities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2638.18,2640.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for breeding if you like improve microbes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2640.09,2644.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly for nitrogen fixation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2644.74,2646.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Developing management systems for our soil landscapes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2648.02,2650.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've spoken about that earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2650.88,2653.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Developing complete soil management","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2653.27,2654.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information delivery systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2654.92,2657.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, with the modern computer, I think this can be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2657.18,2661.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the fifth one is the nutrient fluxes in untilled soils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2661.7,2666.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seem Arkansas and Minnesota at least that we're kinda having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2666.07,2668.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to rewrite our fertilizer recommendation book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2668.68,2673.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for some of the new tillage systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2673.62,2677.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, these ones I've listed are not meant to be complete","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2677.21,2682.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they include both disciplinary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2682.76,2686.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and applied research items.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2686.34,2688.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I'm right in predicting that soil science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2690.84,2693.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will play a more prominent role in plant production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2693.21,2695.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and natural resource management in the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2695.287,2698.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What should our responsibilities be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2698.92,2700.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in universities and in professional societies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2700.68,2703.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We must improve communications with the broad base","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2705.2,2708.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of scientists as well as with the public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2708.53,2710.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's exactly why CAST,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2712.06,2714.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2714.15,2716.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was created.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2716.57,2717.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But let's don't expect CAST to do it all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2718.59,2721.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After the soil and water resources workshop,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2722.5,2725.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research priorities for the nation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2725.75,2727.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Gus and I called a number of congressional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2727.7,2730.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and government leaders and officers in Washington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2730.38,2733.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was impressed by the comment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2734.81,2736.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of one long time congressional assistant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2736.39,2738.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We met him, we offered our society's technical assistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2740.5,2744.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if Congress needed it and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2744.54,2746.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, quote,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2746.96,2748.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We're happy to get to know you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2749.867,2751.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and we do want your help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2751.477,2752.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We often see representatives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2753.887,2755.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"from other professional societies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2755.637,2757.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"but we have not heard much from Soil Science Societies.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2757.933,2761.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that quote illustrates maybe we're--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=2761.79,2766.79"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22905/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/905/original/AV203394_Soil_Science_1984_Pier_Lecture_a.vtt?1613512146","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/905/original/AV203394_Soil_Science_1984_Pier_Lecture_a.vtt?1613512146"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22906","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203394_Soil_Science_1984_Pier_Lecture_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822/transcript/22906/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good evening. We all wait for about three more people or four more people to be seated and we can start. Now introducing the beginning of the Pier Memorial Lecture, is a privilege which is truly one of a kind. It's a humbling experience to set in motion what Dr. Pier, his wife and family and friends have provided for us by their foresight and generous gifts to the Iowa State University Achievement Foundation. This evening, I am particularly pleased that Mrs. Pier is with us for this beginning because she, more than anyone else, has been instrumental in assuring that this lecture series would come into existence. I would like Mrs. Pier to stand up and be recognized by our friends. Please Mrs. Pier. And is also an opportunity to present Ruth Larson, a good friend of Mrs. Piers. Ruth? Great. It is fitting that we honor Dr. Pier in this way, because he was a principal architect of our department, as it was built from the relatively small number of faculty members and graduate students back in 1938 until 1964 when he retired as an administrator and when the department had reached essentially almost its present and size and composition. And if the State keeps on reverting money, we'll be back to that place we were 20 years ago. I was looking for a job when I first met Dr. Pier. And that was at the Milwaukee Municipal Auditorium that Tuesday afternoon, November of 1949. The day when the tour of the Schlitz Brewery was on the schedule. Needless to say he and I talked right through the departure of that tour and in the evening. Dr. Pier was extremely intense in everything he did even when interviewing a prospective assistant professor for a soft money position. I felt very close to him for almost 32 years. The brochure in your hands, thoughtful describes his origins and his distinguished career at Iowa State University. I hope that each of you takes the time read it, but in case you don't, I wish to quote the last paragraph to you. And I quote, \"A kind and gentle person, \"Dr. Pier always had time for those who needed \"counsel guidance and help. \"He was proud of and dedicated to his family. \"His zeal for his work was unsurpassed. \"For those who knew him and for his family, \"this lecture is a fitting reminder of Dr. Pier's \"standard of excellence. \"With this in mind, we are most fortunate in having \"Dr. William E. Larson, professor of soil science and Head of the Department at the University of Minnesota, to deliver the 1984 Pier Lecture which addresses the topic, the changing role of soil science. Now Bill Larson is no stranger to many of us because he really is one of us. Hailing from Nebraska, where he received his BS and MS degrees at the university of Nebraska. He came to Iowa State where he received the PhD degree under Dr. Pier in 1949. And joined the faculty briefly as an assistant professor before joining what is now the Agriculture Research Service of USDA and serving as a research soil scientist at Montana State University. Now I always liked BPISA much better than USDA ARS but president Eisenhower changed all that. He returned to Iowa State in 1954 and remained until the USDA transferred him to the University of Minnesota in 1967. He became Head of Soil Science Department there in 1982 after retiring from Federal Service. Dr. Larson has made major contributions in soil management research, especially with regard to soil factors which affect tillage, soil erosion, water conservation and related topics. He's been a prolific writer and is a nationally and internationally recognized soil scientist and has long been active in the Soil Science Society of America, the American Society of Agronomy and the International Society of Soil Science to name the major societies. He has served his scientific field, his profession and his colleagues with dependability and diligence. Only a few agronomists have the opportunity to serve one of their societies as president. And he was president of the Soil Science Society of America in 1980. Even fewer have had an opportunity to serve in the highest office of two of our societies. Dr. Larson is now president elect of the of the American Society of Agronomy and shall assume presidency on December 5th, to serve during 1985. I thank and command the Pier Lecture Committee consisting of, Doug Scott, John Hanway, Reggie Boss, John Schaffer, Fred Blackmer and Mike Thompson, under the able chairmanship of Jack Remnick for it's inspired selection of our speaker to present the 1984 Pier Lecture. I'm proud to present Dr. Larson and the changing role of soil science. Bill?\r\n\r\n- It is indeed an honor to be the first W H Pier Lecture. As Dr. Pesach pointed out, Dr. Pier was my major professor. And during that time and until his death, he was most helpful to me as a teacher and as a colleague one who I can always depend on for good advice and for good counsel. I am indeed most grateful for having the opportunity to work with this great man. Now to address the subject that I chose tonight. Since World war II, the volume of scientific literature and knowledge has doubled about every 15 years. It has increased eight times since Dr. Pier arrived at Iowa State to assume the Head of the Department of Agronomy. An eight fold increase in that time sounds incredibly high. But consider that in the 1930s the director of the Agricultural Experiment Station here at Iowa State, allegedly said, \"The curse of fertilizers will never cross \"the Mississippi river.\" Our friends in Illinois, we're saying at that time, \"A corn-oats metal rotation, lime and rock phosphate \"are the basis of a permanent agriculture.\" Those statements saying sound kinda ridiculous today, but were the state of the knowledge 40 to 45 years ago. By the turn of the century our scientific literature should double again over what it is today. If so the question for us is, what direction should we take in our research teaching and extension and what actions are needed now to provide the most productivity? Dr. Pier's career at Iowa State spanned an exciting and productive time in our science. The Soil Science Society of America had 192 members in 1938. and today he has 6,230, a 32 fold increase. The Soil Science staff here has more than doubled in that period of time. Since 1950, 48% of the presidents of the Soil Science Society of America either spent time here as students or as staff at Iowa State under Dr. Pier's direction. I think that's an incredible statistic. Other equally impressive statistics could be given. Certainly much of the credit must go to Dr. Pier in shaping our profession. It is our responsibility as soil scientists, to be sure we continue the progress in soil science that Dr. Pier and his colleagues charted so well for us. Prior to the last two decades, soil science was concerned largely with agricultural production, with lesser emphasis on forest reproduction and the soil is a natural resource. Now soil scientists are concerned with a wide array of land uses and concerns, including agriculture forestry and energy crop production. Uses of land for recreation and aesthetics. Uses of soil for waste utilization and disposal. Concerns for the interaction of soil with the environment. Uses of land for urban and transportation development, land tax assessment and evaluation and many others. Soil science should be concerned with soil as a natural resource and in its use and conservation no matter what that use may be. New demands for basic knowledge concerning soils are being expressed to meet the many and very interests of today. I think this requires a review and a new blueprint for development of research in educational programs for the future. It is my thesis in this presentation that we need to mark increase in the study of the properties and behavior as a soil as an entity in itself. This body of information can then be used as a database to solve the wide array of soil applied problems. Let's first look at the soil resources of the nation. In the past, we in America often thought that our soil resources were almost unlimited. Now we realize they are finite and indeed there may be inadequate amounts of soil for some uses by the turn of the century. The non-federal soil resources of the United States are summarized in the first slide and if someone would turn the projector on please? About 2/3 of our lands is non-federal and 1/3 is federally owned. Agricultural land comprises about 1.4 billion acres of which 413 million acres are cropland, 414 million acres are range land and 376 million acres are forest land. The USDA estimates that in addition to the 413 million acres of cropland, another 127 million acres could be converted to cropland for a total potential cropland base of 540 million acres. The 127 million acres of potential cropland is now in pasture land about 51 million acres, range land about 39 million acres, forest land 31 million acres and other land comprising about 6 million acres. In addition to the 376 million acres of non-federal forest land, an additional 368 million acres of forest lands are federally owned. Americans believe use and management of soil resources are a prime national concern. As a part of the 1980 RCA analysis, the USDA commissioned Balloo House and Associates to take a poll as to what were considered by the public the most serious natural resource problems in America today. They found that half of all Americans considered the misuse of soil and water resources be serious. Of the 20 most serious concerns, eight dealt with soil resources, six with water and six with social and other related concerns. Of the 20, the three most serious concerns were one, soil erosion, soil for food and fiber production and land use. Others mentioned included, loss of prime farm land and management of recreational lands, mine lands and wetlands. Well Americans are aware of soil resource problems, their concerns are not always the ones to which we give major attention. For example, in the highest poll, the following were listed. Soil management for camp grounds, field sports, golf courses, picking carriers and trails. Uses of soils information for tax assessment. Urban development and transportation development and many more. While it is comforting to know that Americans recognize the need for better soil management, it's troubling to consider how we can meet all of these diverse needs for information with the resources we have available. Over a period of time, I think we can best provide these answers by a greatly increased effort in studying the behavior of soil as a natural body in itself. Now, let's take it minute and go through some slides just to look at a wide variety of landscapes and think briefly as to what the problems for soil management people are on those landscapes. Fast, here's an aerial view of the familiar landscape of Iowa. But this landscape can be damaged and become quite different. This is a landscape in Minnesota where erosion has essentially ruined the land for cropland. And this is what can happen. This is a different type of agricultural use. This is an irrigated field in the Western United States. And this is the land use pattern in Ireland. An ariel view of the land use pattern in Ireland it looks quite different than in Iowa. We have a lot of dry land areas over the world. This particular scene happens to occur in Southeast Australia. This field is probably the most famous research field in the world. It's a shot of the Broadbalk Field at Rohamsted in England. And here is another even yet quite different land use. It's for agricultural production, this picture was taken near ICRISAT in near Hyderabad, India. All of our lands of course are not used for cropland, this is a grazing picture, again, taken near Adelaide, Australia showing the green hills and the many sheep on the landscape. This is an irrigated pasture land in the West. And dry land, range land, near the Badlands of South Dakota. We also have, as we pointed out, over 600 million acres of forest lands, and probably in the future, they will require considerably more of our attention as our forest become used up. Another shot of forest lands. And then in much of the U.S. and over the world, land use for urban development is a prime concern. This particular scene shows a again a shot of a landscape near Adelaide or in Adelaide Australia but a similar scenes could be shown for many places. Many of our citizens are interested in soil for gardens, flower gardens, vegetable gardens and various uses for aesthetic purposes. This is an important use of soil too. Horticultural crops are an important issue. This is apple. And this is quite a different use of land. I've put this in because most of us are not familiar. This is a cranberry bog in Minnesota, Northern Minnesota, where and at this particular time, they're harvesting the cranberries from this bog. All of these are important uses of land. We also have a lot of interests, a lot of concerns about uses of soils and land for recreational purposes. This is Hyde Park in England, in London. Scenic State Park in Minnesota. Erosion around our campgrounds, around our recreational areas is a prime problem in much of the U.S. There's considerable interest in man-made soils. This is the old Memorial Stadium at the University of Minnesota. This soil was all hauled in and mixed in the proper proportion of sand silt and pit. The design was made by Dr. George Blake and . And this too is an important use of soil. Soil resources have an important bearing on the environment, particularly on water quality. And we think across in Minnesota we had 10,000 lakes and more of that we must manage our landscapes to maintain water quality for recreation for domestic purposes and other uses. The uses of land for cleaning up wastewaters is an important issue. This shows the outlet of a small wastewater treatment plant at Apple Valley, Minnesota. And you can see that the water that's going back into that stream is really not quite of drinking water quality. We had a large experiment trying to determine how we can clean up that water and use it in agriculture successfully. And this is another use of land for waste disposal or utilization. This particular water shade, we designed for some experiments on the use of sewage sludge. The soil types vary over a landscape. In addition, variations occur within a soil type or mapping unit. Seems to me, we must increase our efforts to deal with these variations and learn to manage the entire landscape. Perhaps we need to get the idea of treatments out of our minds and develop new approaches that consider all differences among soils, in a landscape, whether these differences were applied as treatments or whether they occur as natural variations. Traditionally, our field research has have been conducted on small replicated plots. Researchers carefully selected an area to be specially uniform as possible with little regard as to how the characteristics of that experimental site were related to the entire landscape. We're learning new techniques to monitor fields and watersheds. These are the natural management unit units that we must learn to deal with in the future. You can see in this landscape that it's obvious that the soils differ and that they should be treated in many cases quite differently. Additional emphasis must be given to new statistical techniques that are applicable to analyzing the spatial variability in soil characteristics over a landscape. Seems to me, there's a great future for the merging of soil survey information with the wealth of other soil interpretive data and particularly with data banks that consider the soil as an natural body. This can now be done very effectively with modern computers. Soil surveys are made to inventory soil resources and to identify the quality of soil at a specific points on the landscape. But soil survey reports have been only used to a fraction of their potential. A county soil survey report, two centimeters thick, with all the required maps and interpretive information is indeed an overwhelming document. So overwhelming that few people except soil classification experts really use them. But the storage and recall of this massive soil survey data and means for its use has changed dramatically with the development of modern computers. Many states now have soil maps with some counties digitized and available for instant recall on a computer screen. This particular slide shows a small computer with the soil map displayed on the screen at the top of the picture. With rapid access to soil survey information, we now need to add all the other basic soils information. I think this merging will provide exciting new opportunities in our field of science. An example of what can be done is in the field of soil fertility. We have information currently available from thousands of field experiments. I predict that microcomputers will be installed on combines and will essentially construct an accurate crop map as that combine moves over the field. This can be done, as far as I know, it's not been done yet but it could be done with relative ease I think. A field with an average corn yield of 110 bushels per acre may have some areas with yields of less than 100 bushels and the other areas where the yield is greater than 120 or even greater variations. This could be monitored with a computer or some kind of a data logger on the combine and a map like this one prepared. This map together with soil survey and other chemical and physical information, will be a powerful tool for the future soil mapper. We need to be able to adjust nutrients amounts to the needs of every acre of land, just as nutrient inputs for dairy cattle is adjusted depending on the production of the animal. This shows the computer, an experimental type computer developed by a commercial company in Minnesota that is being developed so that as you move over a field you could vary the amount of liquid fertilizer or herbicides or pesticides. I recently heard a futurer a say that \"We are on the edge of information.\" She said, \"We have just gone through the sub age \"of broadcast information \"and are now going into the age of narrowcast information.\" Her point was that during the last decade, new research and information has virtually exploded, but that it has not always been directed at any particular target. Now users of information want it directed to their particular use. I think this illustration applies to soil science. We have had a great deal, more information in soil science than we are using effectively now. Now can give site-specific information because of better soil surveys and modern computer technology. Soil scientists can look with excitement as they move into the age of narrowcasting. But with the easy access of soil survey information, will come tremendous surge in demand for interpretive data. We in Iowa And Minnesota have commonly aggregated our recommendations by soil associations or land resource areas. Recommendations have usually been developed and given for the major soils in each soil association. But now if a computer map tells a farmer he has relatively obscure soil, that farmer will want information about his soil not about a more prominent soil that's associated. I think the enormity of our job is illustrated by the fact that in Minnesota, we have about 600 soil types. I presume you have about the same here in Iowa. Now let's move on to prediction of soil behavior. I think we can no longer take the attitude that the yield of a crop is the best measure of how well we manage soil resources. In many cases, crop yield is the important parameter. But conservation and best use of that resource, water management and quality and that economics and other things also need to be considered. We as soil scientists are currently being asked to develop models to predict what might result from a host of alternative practices. Examples of current models include, prediction of sediment and water transport through and across soil surfaces. Transport of agricultural chemicals through and over soils and behavior of plant nutrients heavy metals and pesticides in soils. Certainly these predictive procedures are needed to guide legislators, public agencies, industry and private individuals in the consequences of alternative land use practices. Development of predictive models while desirable has sometimes been less than a satisfactory science. Well much is known about our science, there are often huge gaps in our knowledge that is required in the development of these models. It's often tempting to fill these gaps with judgment approximations. These approximations may include coefficients that can be adjusted to make the predictions agree with measurements. While your approximations may be necessary and desirable, they are often not labeled as such. If not, they may be intellectually dishonest. In our training of young scientists, we must insist insist that they have the rigorous research training. They must be able to tell the difference between an intellectually honest and dishonest approximation. This will come only through training in the scientific method of developing hypothesis and testing that hypothesis with critical examination. Let's talk about, a minute about emphasis in areas of soil science. With the ever increasing demand for soils information, there's a strong temptation to increase research on practical problems at the expense of more basic research. Currently about 14% of the total federal research budget is dedicated to fundamental research, at 14%. I don't know what the percentages are for soil science research, but I believe the proportion of the total spent on fundamental research is decreasing. Consider the data given in this next slide. Plot in this figure is the ratio of numbers of papers published in the Soil Science Society of America journal, in what I term basic and applied divisions since 1963. Here, we've assumed that division one soil physics, division two, soil chemistry and division nine, soil mineralogy represent the more basic areas of our science. While divisions four, soil fertility, division six, soil management and conservation and division eight, fertilizer technology represent the more applied areas. But by this classification, the basic area of soil physics, increased in relative numbers. Is true. Increased in relative number of papers until about 1968. While the applied area decreased. Since about 1970s though, that trend has changed and soil management has increased and the basic soil physics areas have decreased. Relative numbers of papers in soil chemistry and mineralogy divisions one and nine, increased over those in soil fertility as four and as eight, until about 1972 when the Journal of Environmental Quality was started. And that curve is similar. This dotted curve is similar to this curve up till about 1972. Starting at that time, many applied papers were published in the Journal of Environmental Quality. If we consider both the papers in the Soil Science Society Journal and the Journal of Environmental Quality, the curve for soil chemistry fertility would look very similar to the one for soil physics and management. I think this curve, while those classifications are rather arbitrary, I think it does illustrate very strongly that the research in our basic areas of soil science has been decreasing. Changes in the relative emphasis on basic versus applied appear to be related to national budgets and emphasis. In the 1960s for example, crop surpluses were present and basic soil physics was involved. It was popular to a hire mathematically inclined soil physicist and this resulted in the soil physics papers in the 1960s. Then in 1970s, the Environmental Movement came. And in 1977, the passage of Soil and Water and Related Resources Act, soil and water conservation research was suddenly popular again, resulting in more papers in division S6 at the expense, at least partly at the expense of the more basic. Some of them cycling and the productivity in areas of science is due to the breakthroughs that research discovers. For example, the basic work in soil physics of Richards, Philips and Kirkham to name a few, in the period from about 1931 to 1960, concerning water flow through soils, stimulated a tremendous amount of research and progress was rapid for a time. However, more recently, the work on water flow has declined as new advances have been slowed. It seems to me, one of the current needs in soil physics is some new breakthroughs. Whether that be in water flow, evapotranspiration, soil structured or whatever. I think similar examples could be given for the other areas of emphasis. Now recently, there have been calls recently for more emphasis on basic basic research in agriculture. Notable, was the winner Art Work Shop in Science in agriculture held in Arkansas. Bonen has classified agricultural research into three categories. The first one he calls disciplinary knowledge, subject matter knowledge and problem-solving knowledge. Under disciplinary knowledge he lists research in basic chemistry, physics, mathematics and related sciences. Research for subject matter knowledge is the development of the implications related to that particular field of disciplinary knowledge. Problem-solving knowledge as a self-explanatory. Bonen list the last two as applied research and this one is basic research. It seems to me that soil science department should be involved in all three categories of this research. We should have chemists, physicists, mathematicians, geologists and so forth, working alongside our colleagues from their departments. Certainly I do not hold to the rationale that all basic chemistry should be done in chemistry departments. I think we have just as much of an obligation to do some of that in our departments. the Windrock Workshop strongly urges agricultural scientists to open the field up to our more basically trained colleagues. I agree. But I also think that we should do some of that disciplinary knowledge research in our own departments. This will give us the needed interdisciplinary context we need. The downturn in fundamental soils research, basic research, or disciplinary research is disappointing. It will take more than 10 years to train new students and for them to become productive. In the meantime, our science will not progress as rapidly as it should, other sciences will take over some of our responsibilities and the public good will not be served as well as it should be. Now, if I could turn for a moment to graduate training in soil science. If soil scientists are to work in the future on the wide array of production, natural resource and environmental problems, what then should our graduate training be like? Should one segment of our program concentrate on soil management for agronomic crop production? Another for forest production? Another for soil related environmental sciences? Another for soils for recreational uses and so forth. Dr. G Edward Schuh, a chairman of the Head of the Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics at the university of Minnesota says within the field of economics, and I quote, \"Applied work is evolving \"as separate self-contained disciplines \"and in many cases as separate academic departments.\" He argues further that, \"This is an inevitable \"consequence of the evolution and growth of knowledge. \"I think to some extent, this is happening in soil science.\" Dr. Schuh's comments were directed at areas of research not graduate training. But graduate training follows research areas in agriculture, because that is how our graduate training programs are funded. We need more sources of funds in agriculture independent of the research application. Only in this way, will we be able to allow students to do the disciplinary research we so badly need. Traditionally soil science department offer programs in areas of specialty. For example, in our department we recognized five areas of specialization. Soil physics and management, soil fertility and chemistry, microbiology classification and genus and agricultural climatology. We have about 30 staff members on our graduate school faculty, which is probably about average for most land grad schools in the North Central Region and it's probably larger than many schools in other parts of the country. With limited staffs can we give the in depth training in all of the many facets of soil science? Or should we stick to what I call the basics? Chemistry, physics, mathematics, black physiology and so forth. While I have no quantitative data I get the strong impression that in our efforts to train and give students experience in the wide array of soil science applications, we have allowed some students to get advanced degrees with limited training in basics. Perhaps less training than in the past. Perhaps that partially explains the recent downturn in proportion of basic papers published in the Soil Science Society of America journal. I argued earlier in this manuscript that we must widen our horizons of applications in soil science. I would also argue that we must not getaway from the in-depth training in these basic sciences. How then can we give students both a wide array of choices in training and experience and still gain in the strong basic trainings. Students have limited time and our graduate staffs are limited in numbers. My answer to that question is, first to be certain students received strong training in the basic sciences. If they have the strong training in the basics I think they can pick up the experience on the job or as they go along. Let's talk a minute about research priorities. It is our obligation as soil scientists to point out to decision makers and the public the research needs and contributions our profession can make. The passage of the RCA Act in 1977 and the subsequent study raised many questions about the sustainability of production from our soil and water resources. In response to that in 1979, the officers of the Soil Science Society decided to invite other societies to join with us in hosting a Soil and Water Resources Research Priorities for the Nation Workshop. This workshop was held in February, 1981 and an executive summary and the proceedings were published soon thereafter. A plan was carried out to bring the results of the workshop to the attention of a wide array of congressmen, administrators and the public. The six top research priorities as listed in that publication were, sustaining soil productivity. Two, developing conservation technology. Three, managing water in stressed environments. Protecting water quality. Improving and implementing conservation policy and assessing soil and water resources. The priorities are worded for the broad public audience not the scientific audience. But surely to achieve the priorities and research that we list here, would require a disciplinary research which looks at the soil as an entity in itself. I'm often asked what impact that workshop had. Some of our reports was quoted in the Congressional Record, the Farm Bill of 1983 and speeches by several congressmen in various government research funding requests and in congressional hearings. I think it did help funding. Equally important, the workshop help in sharpening and defining the research needs in the minds of our own scientists. I strongly feel in our complex American society, it is our obligation and indeed a necessity to tell decision makers and the public what our profession can contribute. We do have a public relations responsibility and our efforts must be increased. The Major Research Needs Workshop in 1981 was the only one ever held by the Soil Science Society. The needs enumerated in 1981 largely included, soil and water resource management because that was a concern at that time. But concerns changed. Research needs assessments are a continuing process. We need to be sure that we emphasize the continuing thread of working on soils. I think these workshops should be conducted every few years and the follow up of dissemination and the results need to be accelerated. Now, my crystal ball is probably no better and maybe not as good as yours but I listed in this next slide just a few of the things that I think we should consider maybe if we had a research needs workshop today. The first one is relating physical behavior of soils to the composition of the clay French. Erosion, soil tillage, many of these things are important concerns today but we really know very little about the physical behavior of soils. And I don't think we ever will until the chemists and the physicists get together and work more closely as a team. A second one is the improving microbial behavior in soils. I think with modern genetic engineering techniques, there are some real opportunities for breeding if you like improve microbes, particularly for nitrogen fixation. Developing management systems for our soil landscapes. I've spoken about that earlier. Developing complete soil management information delivery systems. Again, with the modern computer, I think this can be done. And the fifth one is the nutrient fluxes in untilled soils Seem Arkansas and Minnesota at least that we're kinda having to rewrite our fertilizer recommendation book for some of the new tillage systems. Now, these ones I've listed are not meant to be complete and they include both disciplinary and applied research items. If I'm right in predicting that soil science will play a more prominent role in plant production and natural resource management in the future. What should our responsibilities be in universities and in professional societies? We must improve communications with the broad base of scientists as well as with the public. I think that's exactly why CAST, the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, was created. But let's don't expect CAST to do it all. After the soil and water resources workshop, research priorities for the nation, Dr. Gus and I called a number of congressional and government leaders and officers in Washington. I was impressed by the comment of one long time congressional assistant. We met him, we offered our society's technical assistance if Congress needed it and so forth. And he said, quote, \"We're happy to get to know you \"and we do want your help. \"We often see representatives \"from other professional societies, \"but we have not heard much from Soil Science Societies.\" I think that quote illustrates maybe we're--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105822#t=0.0,2771.784"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct) along with others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=5.257,7.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a state chapter of the Soil Science Society of America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=7.91,11.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this example illustrates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=12.04,15.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the need professionals feel for contact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=15.18,19.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with other scientists and their disciplines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=19.69,21.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we as soil scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=24.26,25.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are to make the contributions needed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=25.47,28.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, I think we must unite as a profession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=28.01,31.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to communicate with each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=31.55,33.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as communicate better with the public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=33.39,36.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=37.995,39.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in summary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=39.52,41.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soil scientists represent about 0.1% of the US population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=41.01,46.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"0.1.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=46.32,47.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That sounds like a tremendously small number.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=48.21,50.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet, by any measure, soil and water resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=51.48,56.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the production and management soil and water resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=59.162,61.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a terrific responsibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=64.16,66.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We as profession should be the prime guardians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=66.65,69.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the nation's soils and the soils of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=69.3,72.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our responsibility is not limited to today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=73.63,77.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to be sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=77.44,78.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these food shelves continue to be well stocked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=79.6,82.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here and over the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=82.82,84.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout this century and for centuries to come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=84.5,87.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, Dr. Peers professional career","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=88.67,90.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started over 50 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=90.5,93.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His contributions are everywhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=93.11,95.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evident today in our profession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=95.02,96.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From his research, his training of students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=97.76,100.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his professional leadership.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=100.65,102.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly his example should be an inspiration to all of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=103.21,107.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=107.16,108.564"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=108.564,111.564"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Dr. Laursen for living the first peer lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=125.292,129.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is evident from the applause","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=129.34,132.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that your words were deeply appreciated and heard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=132.32,136.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From time to time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=139.18,140.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it is good to reflect upon where we've been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=140.02,144.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we are and where we're going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=144.02,145.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To a great extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=146.68,148.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the life Dr. Peer represents where we were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=148.23,151.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill and I and a few others here represent where we are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=152.71,157.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a lot of young faces here give us hope for the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=157.06,161.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would thank all of you for being here tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=164.24,167.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Laursen will be pleased to greet all of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=168.84,172.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over refreshments for the rest of the evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=172.2,176.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I hope that all of you will stay for a while","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=176.32,179.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you see fit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=179.09,180.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, thank you Dr. Laursen, and Ruth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=180.8,184.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mrs. Peer and friends that made this possible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=184.34,187.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the rest of you that made it real.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=187.96,190.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=190.13,191.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=192.055,195.222"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22907/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/907/original/AV203394_Soil_Science_1984_Pier_Lecture_b.vtt?1613512168","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/907/original/AV203394_Soil_Science_1984_Pier_Lecture_b.vtt?1613512168"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22908","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203394_Soil_Science_1984_Pier_Lecture_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823/transcript/22908/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- along with others, in a state chapter of the Soil Science Society of America. I think this example illustrates that the need professionals feel for contact with other scientists and their disciplines. If we as soil scientists are to make the contributions needed, well, I think we must unite as a profession. We need to communicate with each other as well as communicate better with the public. Now in summary, soil scientists represent about 0.1% of the US population. 0.1. That sounds like a tremendously small number. Yet, by any measure, soil and water resources the production and management soil and water resources is a terrific responsibility. We as profession should be the prime guardians of the nation's soils and the soils of the world. Our responsibility is not limited to today. We need to be sure that these food shelves continue to be well stocked here and over the world throughout this century and for centuries to come. Well, Dr. Peers professional career started over 50 years ago. His contributions are everywhere evident today in our profession. From his research, his training of students, and his professional leadership. Certainly his example should be an inspiration to all of us. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Dr. Laursen for living the first peer lecture. Is evident from the applause that your words were deeply appreciated and heard. From time to time, and it is good to reflect upon where we've been, where we are and where we're going. To a great extent, the life Dr. Peer represents where we were. Bill and I and a few others here represent where we are. And a lot of young faces here give us hope for the future. I would thank all of you for being here tonight. Dr. Laursen will be pleased to greet all of you over refreshments for the rest of the evening. And I hope that all of you will stay for a while as you see fit. Again, thank you Dr. Laursen, and Ruth, Mrs. Peer and friends that made this possible, and the rest of you that made it real. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36667/file/105823#t=0.0,205.536"}]}]}]}