{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/6d5p844b35/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Stoermer, Eugene F., The Long-Term Ecology of the Great Lakes"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203667 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Long-Term Ecology of the Great Lakes is an April 1, 1987 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Eugene Stoermer. Eugene Stoermer discusses the ecology of the Great Lakes over history.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203667"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["The Long-Term Ecology of the Great Lakes. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9qn5zh0k"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1987-04-01"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Stoermer, Eugene F., 1934- (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Lake ecology","Diatoms--Ecology","Water--Pollution","Lake sediments--Analysis"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Great Lakes (North America) (spatial)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["The Long-Term Ecology of the Great Lakes is an April 1, 1987 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Eugene Stoermer. Eugene Stoermer discusses the ecology of the Great Lakes over history.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only.","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/281/small/lecture.png?1627046026","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_a.mp3"]},"duration":1770.864,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/281/small/lecture.png?1627046026","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/281/original/AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_a.mp3?1627046026","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1770.864,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_a.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Testing, testing, one, two, testing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=6.94,9.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e of many of the other species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=21.68,23.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is what I'm going to talk some about tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=23.56,26.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a cyclotella comensis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=26.14,28.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is actually a reproductive cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=30.2,32.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cell is just divided,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=32.01,33.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diatoms because they're built like Petri dishes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=33.81,36.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get smaller each time they divide rather than larger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=36.63,40.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they have to go through sexual reproduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=40.33,42.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to return to their maximum size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=42.92,45.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This cell has just done this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=45.15,47.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although it's only about eight micrometers in diameter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=47.18,50.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we know something about the distribution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=52.07,55.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this particular taxon and hundreds of other species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=55.5,60.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Notice I said before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=60.49,61.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this Bay is quite heavily polluted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=61.57,64.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this region, the Lake up here, is quite pristine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=64.6,69.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular species tends to be most abundant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=69.0,73.421"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least in, during this period of the year in the region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=73.421,76.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the interface region between these two areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=76.88,81.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, it's sort of an ephemeral and develops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=81.61,84.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It happens at this time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=84.71,86.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had a very large upwelling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=86.09,87.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that brought up nutrients for the bottom waters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=87.65,90.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is an opportunistic species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=90.03,92.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tends to bloom under conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=92.21,94.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you get enrichment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=94.71,97.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of not severely polluted water, during the summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=97.33,102.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay. So that's the distribution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=104.0,105.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know a little bit about the observational response","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=105.85,109.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this species to serve nutrient parameters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=109.65,113.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For instance, this is a concentration again, Lake Huron,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=113.18,116.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data of this particular species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=116.45,118.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relative to nitrate concentration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=118.96,122.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you notice the peculiar thing about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=122.04,124.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it just does not occur at below about 200 micrograms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=124.62,129.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it should be micrograms per liter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=133.68,135.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of nitrate nitrogen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=137.79,139.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an interesting thing because the species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=140.07,142.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are based on historic records,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=142.14,143.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are becoming much more abundant in the lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=143.5,145.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and nitrate levels are rising in these large lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=145.89,150.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as indeed they are in many lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=150.387,152.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the world with the principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=152.26,155.737"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somewhat curious, to you conventional botanists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=157.096,159.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because people have been studying higher plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=159.52,164.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever since they came out of the caves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=164.01,166.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or probably before they went into the caves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=166.78,169.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These organisms only became available to study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=170.42,174.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in about 1880, effective study in about 1870,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=174.1,178.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the good optical microscopes were developed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=178.03,181.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That time, they were the cutting edge of science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=181.08,183.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at that time, the cutting edge of science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=183.84,185.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in the Royal Academies, wealthy gentlemen scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=185.68,189.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When this early surge collapsed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=189.95,192.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it did not reestablish itself in universities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=192.96,195.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for a long period of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=196.79,199.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the study of these organisms was carried out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=199.69,202.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainly by people who were essentially self-trained amateurs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=202.05,207.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And only since about 1960 has a study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=207.88,211.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these particular organisms grown up again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=211.35,214.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=214.39,215.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you will find that probably about 50% of the literature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=216.435,221.435"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this particular group that's published in North America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=223.3,226.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is published by people who were associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=226.63,229.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this Institute, with this institution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=229.29,232.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primarily students of John Dodd's and his students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=232.03,236.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can take the distribution of these various taxons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=236.34,241.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowing something about their ecology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=242.17,245.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the observational standpoint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=245.75,248.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we can essentially map out zones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=248.19,252.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of different chloristic influence in these lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=252.61,256.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This again is Lake Huron.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=256.11,257.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=258.77,260.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll notice that all the areas around shore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=260.03,263.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some exceptions up here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=263.39,265.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a separate type of flora","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=265.72,268.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from what you find in the open lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=268.74,271.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is about the flora you would find here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=271.21,275.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is what you would expect to find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=275.55,277.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a large oligotrophic lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=277.72,280.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in Lake Huron,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=281.327,283.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a wide area that's affected by outputs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=283.57,287.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from this polluted bay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=287.9,289.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here we find things we would not necessarily expect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=289.97,293.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find in a large oligotrophic lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=293.2,296.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Likewise, we've not expect to find them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=296.0,298.654"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around areas like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=298.654,301.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a great deal of regional and seasonal variation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=301.12,306.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is year average data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=306.64,309.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we took this every week or every month,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=309.4,312.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'd get a somewhat different picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=312.6,314.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because again, these are not like land plants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=314.89,317.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they don't root and grow in a spot,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=317.26,320.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they live in a viscous fluid flowing medium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=320.43,323.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so these boundaries change over time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=323.44,326.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning again, a little bit to our original story,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=330.77,333.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how this interacts with the chemical environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=333.14,336.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a plot of reactive silicate concentrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=337.32,342.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Great Lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=343.45,344.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two points I'd like to make,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=345.3,347.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one is winter versus summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=347.44,350.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you go down through the system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=350.66,353.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the difference between winter maximum and the summer minimum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=353.5,358.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caused by algal productivity gets larger and larger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=358.2,362.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We explained that as as being the result","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=364.87,368.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of essentially diatom growth during the summertime","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=368.72,372.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the lakes are stratified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=372.13,373.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're not circulating from top to bottom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=373.98,377.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depleting the silicon in the surface waters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=377.16,380.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's another trend, and this is very obvious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=381.15,383.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's from, there's a decrease in the concentration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=383.55,388.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even during the winter circulation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=388.54,391.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the winter maximum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=391.31,392.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Lake Superior to Lake Ontario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=392.73,394.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as a matter of fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=396.26,398.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you go to the older limnology textbooks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=398.63,403.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll say limitation for algal growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=403.98,406.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begins at about 500 micrograms per leaf, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=406.88,411.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in this case, diatoms could grow here in the year round,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=413.93,418.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially without limitation from silicon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=419.95,422.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we go to Lake Michigan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=422.66,424.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can grow during the winter time without limitation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=424.75,428.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's some limitation during the summertime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=428.648,431.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we go to the eastern part of Lake Erie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=431.52,434.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to Lake Ontario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=434.83,437.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their reproductive potential is essentially limited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=437.4,441.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by lack of this particular element throughout the year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=441.35,444.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can look at that a different way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=445.95,448.642"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=448.642,450.338"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you turn that over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=450.338,451.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's shown here is a, about this time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=451.25,454.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we begin to be able to develop enough data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=454.9,458.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to show a crude mass balance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=458.06,462.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of silicon for the Great Lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=462.36,464.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=468.9,470.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You will notice this, these numbers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=470.45,472.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indicate the amount of this material entering the lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=472.82,477.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This indicates the amount leaving the lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=477.37,479.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In all cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=480.68,482.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you'll notice that about 50% of the silica input","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=482.47,486.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Lake Superior exits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=486.64,489.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as we go, but only well, 21 versus about 4,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=490.03,495.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a fifth of that enters Lake Michigan exits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=496.78,500.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as we go down through the system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=501.79,503.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll notice that both the upstream terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=503.63,507.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the downstream terms decrease and decrease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=508.88,513.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we go from a condition where here the growth of algae,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=513.59,518.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly diatoms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=520.53,521.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is primarily limited by phosphorous influence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=521.72,526.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To a situation down here, where diatom growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=526.5,530.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is limited by phosphorus year round,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=530.45,534.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=534.54,535.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other algae that do not require phosphorus take off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=535.53,539.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause things like blue-green algae,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=539.33,540.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those are generally less desirable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=540.74,543.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the standpoint of both what they pass up the food web","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=543.14,547.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what they do to people's water supply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=547.02,549.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this looks pretty reasonable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=549.52,551.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were very pleased with this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=551.677,553.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem was that when our colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=554.64,559.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked at the sediments of the Great Lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=562.631,564.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they said, we don't find any diatoms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=564.32,566.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when you consider that these figures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=568.25,572.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are in ten to the seventh kilograms per year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=572.67,576.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the average diatom weighs a few picograms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=576.69,580.394"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and every diatom frustule weighs a few picograms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=580.394,584.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would think that there should be a lot of diatoms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=584.03,588.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deposited the bottom sediments of these lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=588.47,590.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the people that went out didn't find them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=590.997,594.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then they begin to say, well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=594.38,596.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there must be other reasons for these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=596.44,598.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were curious about this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=598.93,601.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we went out and looked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=601.03,603.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the interim,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=604.07,604.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a lot of mapping of the sediment stone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=604.903,606.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found out another thing about the Great Lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=606.91,609.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is that their sedimentation basins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=609.03,611.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are fairly limited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=611.06,612.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our approach was to take short cores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=612.91,617.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we're interested in the pre-settlement history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=617.11,619.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these, post-settlement history of these lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=619.8,623.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what went on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=623.29,624.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We take the material from this and with luck, clean it up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=626.76,631.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So essentially what we have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=632.14,634.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the mineral fragments and the diatom frustules,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=634.14,638.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put them in these chambers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=639.62,641.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allow the material to settle, very evenly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=641.17,643.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If nobody turns on the compressor and everything,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=643.88,646.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get a perfectly distributed slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=646.356,648.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So then you can go back from the sediment layers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=648.57,651.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where deposited, at various states,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=651.46,654.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we can establish radiometrically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=654.41,658.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and find out what was going on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=658.0,660.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially with the algal flora at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=660.19,662.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the stuff I'm going to talk about tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=664.25,666.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be published, some of this unpublished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=666.2,668.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was already published and published in 85.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=668.49,670.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I've shown here is two profiles from Lake Ontario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=672.41,677.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is biogenic silica, primarily diatom frustules,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=678.12,683.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as measured by a chemical extraction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=684.51,689.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the total microfossils,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=689.22,691.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which in this case, siliceous microfossils,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=692.57,695.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which again are primarily diatoms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=695.11,697.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few chrysophyte, a few chrysophytean algal cysts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=697.09,700.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to point out a couple of features of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=702.54,704.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is that this part of the curves is relatively flat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=704.83,709.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we rise to a peak here and it declines again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=712.46,717.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's possibly another small peak here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=718.2,721.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turns out that this initial peak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=722.84,726.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurs soon after settlement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=726.49,729.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 1850 and about 1870 in this system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=731.752,733.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well we thought that the nutrient pollution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=736.078,739.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Great Lakes is a fairly recent phenomenon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=739.0,741.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This would indicate that what happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=742.89,746.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with soon after settlement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=746.07,749.069"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That this Lake, the diatoms grew to a point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=749.069,753.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they depleted the silicon supply in this Lake,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=753.0,757.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resulting in this pulse deposited in the sediments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=757.08,760.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since that time they've essentially been limited,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=760.21,763.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their growth has been limited by silicon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=763.68,766.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small rise here, this is in the late 1940s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=766.02,769.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, initially this didn't look too reasonable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=771.45,774.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't think that the early settlement activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=775.95,779.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were probably large enough to effect this type of a change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=779.36,783.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we looked as part of this study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=784.865,788.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the signature of these of various species,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=788.39,791.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we already knew a fair amount about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=791.613,793.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from our other studies in the sediments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=793.67,795.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are absolute abundance, relative abundance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=797.086,801.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a this series of species of cyclotella.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=801.223,805.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of these would be considered as being indicative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=805.1,809.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of very oligotrophic, very high quality water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=809.62,813.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we see is that through most of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=814.44,818.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're low in abundance here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=820.283,821.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rise to a peak and then go to local extinction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=821.64,825.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What this probably says is the Great Lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=827.98,830.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in their original state were so low in nutrients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=830.75,835.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they did not even support maximum growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=835.98,839.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these populations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=839.31,840.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When human activities began, they first at first prosper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=840.68,844.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then ran into conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=844.85,846.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they eventually could not tolerate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=846.71,849.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and became locally extinct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=849.72,851.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These disappearances are absolute in this particular light,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=854.16,857.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=857.13,858.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these were major parts of the species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=858.7,860.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are some other populations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=860.72,863.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a species of stephanodiscus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=865.16,867.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grows, max it's temperature, maximum occurrence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=867.612,871.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is something on the order of two degrees Celsius.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=871.49,875.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know a lot about this population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=875.07,878.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is one, it's a very efficient clogger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=878.11,880.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of municipal water plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=880.96,883.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when it shows up in a lake,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=883.056,884.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in one of the Great Lakes, it's reported right away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=884.72,888.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of these other things could come and go,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=888.06,889.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'd never know about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=889.95,891.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a species here with a quite a different trend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=892.986,897.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's known from the Great Lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=897.06,899.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few Pliocene and early Pleistocene lakes around the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=899.12,903.312"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a very, very rare population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=903.312,904.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But quite abundant in these particular large lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=904.95,908.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, all of these are species of melosira,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=912.8,917.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grow during the winter time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=917.17,918.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"low, rise, either go to a local extinction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=918.93,923.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or are reduced in level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=923.21,925.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular species here changes its morphology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=926.97,930.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a particular level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=931.63,933.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and goes from one known form of morphology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=933.05,935.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to another form of morphology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=935.32,938.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are all sorts of records","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=938.07,941.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a number of populations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=942.12,943.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know quite a bit about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=943.88,945.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the distribution of physiological standards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=945.303,947.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's some odd things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=949.44,951.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the genus Nitzschia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=951.24,953.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as represented in the sediments of Lake Ontario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=953.37,956.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular genus is not usually abundant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=956.6,959.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the plankton of most lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=959.45,962.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is in a few like the African Rift Lakes, for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=962.01,966.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in Lake Ontario there are some populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=966.02,969.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are present through the record,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=969.67,971.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become much more abundant late,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=971.33,973.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are some populations that only become abundant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=973.58,976.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite late in the record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=976.35,977.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In general, the species in this genus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=978.45,981.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to thrive under conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=981.66,983.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with very, very high nitrogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=983.05,986.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or particularly ammonia nitrogen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=986.09,987.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=990.54,992.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we have several dozen taxon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=992.44,995.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have several different signatures up and down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=995.0,998.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through a column like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=998.48,1000.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Through the miracles of all the various statistics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1001.88,1006.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and digital computers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1007.31,1009.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can put large masses of this type of data together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1009.41,1013.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in various ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1013.53,1015.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've massaged this particular data set in more ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1015.483,1019.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than I care to recite here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1019.67,1022.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this is the story that eventually comes out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1022.21,1026.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all these analyses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1026.53,1028.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the story is the following one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1029.15,1031.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a period from the bottom of this core,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1032.32,1036.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is about 1704 to about 1815.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1036.54,1040.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When Lake Ontario was a very low productivity lake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1041.417,1046.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characterized by species that grow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1048.09,1050.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under extremely oligotrophic conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1050.15,1052.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not much changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1054.06,1055.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a very, very radical change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1057.66,1061.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a change that we did not expect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1061.013,1063.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between about 1830 and 1850, approximately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1064.27,1069.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the period during which Lake Ontario was settled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1070.15,1074.872"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the period during which the forests were cut,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1074.872,1079.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the slash was allowed to lie around,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1079.12,1081.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fires started to burn,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1081.86,1083.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only the forest, residual forests that were left,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1083.6,1088.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they actually burned the soil,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1088.14,1090.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the litter and the duff down to mineral soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1090.8,1094.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were fires that were not seen again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1094.53,1097.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until the Second World War","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1097.12,1099.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the burning of Dresden and the atomic bomb.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1099.72,1102.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These were things that did not occur,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1102.76,1106.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not occur in other parts of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1106.09,1109.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you go to Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1109.177,1110.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is no record of this type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1110.8,1113.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there, there was neolithic and paleolithic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1113.87,1116.954"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bronze age and iron age man,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1116.954,1119.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that slowly modified the landscape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1119.57,1123.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In North America, we went from a pre agrarian society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1123.13,1128.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many regions to a fully industrial society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1128.71,1132.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a matter of 40 to 50 years in some of these regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1132.74,1135.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a very large signal generated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1136.7,1141.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the original settlement of the region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1141.21,1144.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the destruction of the forest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1144.08,1145.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"releasing nutrients into the lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1145.4,1147.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then things settled down again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1148.07,1151.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period from about 1860 to 1900,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1154.09,1157.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was progressive change but fairly small change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1157.69,1162.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depending on how you look at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1162.26,1163.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in Lake Ontario, by 1900,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1163.987,1168.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the dominant fish stocks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1168.27,1171.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had already been exterminated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1171.38,1173.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, whether they were exterminated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1173.33,1175.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the changing environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1175.58,1177.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or they were exterminated from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1177.71,1180.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"habitat destruction is an open question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1180.22,1183.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they were in fact exterminated, they were gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1183.147,1186.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, again, further progressive change until about 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1188.86,1193.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then things really went off the wall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1195.03,1198.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These samples deposited after 1945","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1198.95,1201.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are much, much different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1202.77,1204.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Much, much different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1204.62,1206.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The difference between, I don't know how to explain this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1206.4,1209.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a non phycologist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1209.843,1211.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the difference between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1211.317,1213.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a pristine rainforest or pristine forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1213.8,1216.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and say, a corn field,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1216.813,1219.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a phycological context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1220.96,1222.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there was a huge change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1222.97,1224.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was generated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1224.48,1225.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the big change came after 1945,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1225.72,1228.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the introduction of phosphorus detergents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1228.68,1231.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with putting all of the population on sewer lines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1232.83,1237.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burning down the outhouses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1237.34,1238.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"putting everybody on sewer lines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1238.61,1240.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and directing a very high loading of phosphorus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1240.66,1243.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1243.58,1244.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we knew this, we knew this had happened,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1245.47,1247.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we did not previously appreciate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1247.417,1250.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the impact that the original settlement had on the region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1250.918,1255.918"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We thought, you know, everybody thinks of the Great Lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1256.48,1258.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being quite oligotrophic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1258.53,1260.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this was, this was an argument that was blocked,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1260.927,1263.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the first change was really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1263.41,1266.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the most radical change that occurred in the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1266.63,1269.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And from, you know, from a theoretical standpoint,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1269.78,1272.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is perfectly reasonable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1272.95,1274.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is something we should have realized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1274.16,1276.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some interesting things happen with the diatoms themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1278.51,1282.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a species that was described","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1282.41,1284.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Falls of Niagara, Lake Eerie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1284.39,1287.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a students that worked on this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1287.15,1288.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when he went to the original collections,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1288.467,1290.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're still in East Germany,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1290.94,1292.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they looked like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1292.04,1294.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When he went to the lake, they looked like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1294.33,1296.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he was very distraught.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1296.9,1298.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said now what is this? Is this a different species?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1298.677,1301.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this a growth form?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1301.14,1302.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1302.9,1303.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you'll notice these little dots here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1304.57,1306.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which you're one of our taxonomic majors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1306.63,1308.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are much closer together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1308.97,1311.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, this is ed Terrio, he figured this out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1312.29,1314.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Went to lakes all over North America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1314.72,1317.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the different trophic statuses, stati,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1317.53,1320.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it turns up that there is a very excellent correlation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1320.62,1324.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the number of these little dots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1324.74,1327.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the linear measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1327.77,1329.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the silicon phosphorus ratio in a given lake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1329.61,1334.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at spring turnover.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1334.39,1335.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can measure essentially the availability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1336.757,1340.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of plant nutrients from how many of these puncti","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1340.16,1343.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are in this particular species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1343.72,1346.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This happens in other populations, too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1347.557,1349.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a paper in L\u0026amp;O a couple of years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1349.51,1352.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a melosira population that does the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1352.07,1355.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look at this at the SEM, LM,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1355.34,1358.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can see why this happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1358.81,1361.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a population grown on Northern Lake Huron","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1361.92,1366.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under silicon sufficient conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1366.49,1368.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a species from a population from Lake Ontario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1369.46,1373.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now silicon limited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1373.67,1375.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Notice how thickly salicified this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1376.15,1380.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how thin this one is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1380.46,1383.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And essentially this is the difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1383.313,1386.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if we looked at that particular parameter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1386.21,1389.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this core from Lake Ontario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1389.73,1393.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we get essentially the same result.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1393.9,1396.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the settlement horizon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1396.79,1399.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the settlement horizon, the number of these little dots,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1399.28,1403.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these are really in 10 micrometers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1403.63,1406.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begins to increase slowly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1406.36,1409.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is directly related to the phosphorus silica ratio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1409.27,1412.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After 1945, it increases very radically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1412.76,1417.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and comes to an equilibrium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1417.4,1419.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We thought that was interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1419.38,1420.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe this is the genetic winter, this, this thesis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1420.96,1423.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe this is all it can do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1423.64,1425.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Along with this, we always check,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1427.047,1429.462"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the number of these little really in 10 microns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1429.462,1433.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is, also related to the diameter of the species,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1433.58,1436.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we need to be able to see if there are any diameter effects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1436.88,1440.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Turns out in this case after 1945, we begin to decline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1441.13,1446.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there's a very radical excursion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1446.88,1449.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, remember I told you earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1450.49,1452.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these things have to undergo sexual reproduction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1452.67,1456.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to reach their maximum size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1456.99,1458.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the conclusion from this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1459.81,1461.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that this population can no longer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1461.2,1465.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complete its life cycle in Lake Ontario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1466.88,1469.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the populations that are now present at Lake Ontario","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1471.15,1474.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are those that are being washed down from Lake Erie,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1474.35,1477.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going through their last several divisions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1477.69,1481.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before they become so small","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1481.88,1483.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they can physically no longer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1483.58,1485.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support their cell machinery and die.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1485.76,1488.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is a ghost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1488.78,1491.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a population that still in a sense lives there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1491.307,1495.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in another sense, no longer lives there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1495.127,1498.312"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it can't complete its life cycle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1498.312,1501.729"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1502.75,1503.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to go up very quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1503.74,1505.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to some of the other lakes now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1505.11,1506.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is data from Lake Michigan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1506.84,1509.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is where the whole argument started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1509.23,1511.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you'll notice this again is total cells, total diatoms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1511.727,1515.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that here, this peak,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1517.63,1520.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we saw very early in the Lake Ontario record","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1520.29,1525.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurs quite near the surface of the core.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1525.07,1528.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it does not go down and stabilize,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1528.63,1531.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's going down at the top of the core,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1531.36,1533.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's not another level of where it's flat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1533.47,1537.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, and this would date out here about 1964, 1965.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1537.03,1541.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it turns out we did our experiments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1544.28,1548.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we interpret this data correctly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1549.818,1551.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Lake Michigan at a very critical time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1551.09,1554.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we'd done them earlier in the record,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1554.34,1556.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we probably wouldn't have seen this effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1556.78,1558.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we'd done them later, after this had already occurred,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1558.667,1561.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the effect would not have been so obvious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1561.15,1563.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you'll notice another thing I'll point out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1565.055,1567.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for my colleagues who have read stories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1567.38,1570.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about there not being any sediment diatoms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1570.33,1572.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sediments or the Great Lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1572.61,1574.985"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Below this, there is a record that extends down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1574.985,1579.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as we have cored.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1579.43,1581.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And below about this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1581.61,1583.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's very little change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1583.64,1584.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this particular point here intrigues us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1585.968,1587.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's an excursion upward we can't explain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1587.69,1591.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well before human effects occurred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1591.097,1594.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this region for a large scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1594.05,1596.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, if we look at the populations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1596.49,1598.822"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them are going,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1598.822,1601.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is the sensitive populations that go,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1601.71,1603.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them are going to down in abundance, near removal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1603.77,1608.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're still present in the record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1608.05,1612.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that what occurred in about 1920, 1900 to 1920,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1612.7,1617.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Lake Ontario is now beginning to happen in Lake Michigan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1620.26,1624.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we put this together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1625.73,1628.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please don't look at these dates, they're wrong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1628.03,1630.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our dating wizards have just come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1630.34,1632.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a set of new dates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1632.29,1633.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is actually about 1880, this is 1964.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1633.34,1637.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But again, we have the same period, a pristine period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1638.36,1641.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moderately disturbed period, very highly disturbed period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1641.43,1645.895"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is relative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1645.895,1647.305"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not as disturbed in Lake Michigan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1647.305,1649.588"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it was in Lake Ontario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1649.588,1651.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, some of this is forced on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1651.37,1652.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by this clustering technique,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1652.93,1654.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you cluster you always get a certain number of clusters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1654.01,1657.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you've got reasonable data at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1657.39,1659.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the periodicity is the same,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1659.72,1662.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the level of effect is not necessarily the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1662.21,1665.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we go in to Lake Huron,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1667.54,1670.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look at some of these sensitive populations again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1672.07,1674.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, the trend for most of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1674.98,1678.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is still upward at the surface of the core.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1678.18,1681.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although a few of them have began to decline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1681.19,1684.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, here our effect starts about 1900 intensely,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1684.32,1688.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the largest change is after about 1964.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1689.157,1691.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This strange thing about Lake Ontario","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1694.02,1696.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've emphasized a good deal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1696.21,1698.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this highly eutrophic area of the lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1698.0,1701.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even out in the middle of the lake,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1701.33,1704.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of species which grow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1704.37,1707.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the most grossly polluted conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1707.14,1709.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found in the Great Lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1709.64,1711.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find their eventual burial place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1711.683,1714.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"200 kilometers away from any place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1715.31,1718.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they could conceivably grow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1718.09,1720.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this probably has some implications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1720.18,1722.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for both interpreting cores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1722.87,1726.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some implications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1726.16,1728.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the distribution of certain toxic materials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1728.34,1731.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are bound to find particulate matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1731.24,1733.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is transported from a very highly polluted area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1733.89,1737.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it eventually finds its way all over the lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1737.357,1740.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, this is a cluster analysis from that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1741.65,1744.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we see essentially the same sort of periodicity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1744.86,1748.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a pristine period, slightly disturbed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1748.7,1751.615"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"highly disturbed, again after about 1964.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1751.615,1755.032"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is data from Lake superior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1758.624,1760.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is again, the past two are not yet published.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1760.247,1763.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This one is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=1763.41,1764.307"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31440/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/440/original/AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_a.vtt?1627046028","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/440/original/AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_a.vtt?1627046028"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31441","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281/transcript/31441/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Testing, testing, one, two, testing.\r\n\r\n- of many of the other species. This is what I'm going to talk some about tonight. This is a cyclotella comensis. This is actually a reproductive cell. The cell is just divided, diatoms because they're built like Petri dishes get smaller each time they divide rather than larger. And they have to go through sexual reproduction to return to their maximum size. This cell has just done this, although it's only about eight micrometers in diameter. So we know something about the distribution of this particular taxon and hundreds of other species. Notice I said before, this Bay is quite heavily polluted, this region, the Lake up here, is quite pristine. This particular species tends to be most abundant, at least in, during this period of the year in the region, the interface region between these two areas. In other words, it's sort of an ephemeral and develops. It happens at this time, we had a very large upwelling that brought up nutrients for the bottom waters. So this is an opportunistic species that tends to bloom under conditions where you get enrichment of not severely polluted water, during the summer. Okay. So that's the distribution. We know a little bit about the observational response of this species to serve nutrient parameters. For instance, this is a concentration again, Lake Huron, data of this particular species relative to nitrate concentration. And you notice the peculiar thing about this is it just does not occur at below about 200 micrograms, it should be micrograms per liter, of nitrate nitrogen. This is an interesting thing because the species are based on historic records, are becoming much more abundant in the lakes, and nitrate levels are rising in these large lakes as indeed they are in many lakes around the world with the principle. Somewhat curious, to you conventional botanists, because people have been studying higher plants ever since they came out of the caves or probably before they went into the caves. These organisms only became available to study in about 1880, effective study in about 1870, when the good optical microscopes were developed. That time, they were the cutting edge of science, and at that time, the cutting edge of science was in the Royal Academies, wealthy gentlemen scientists. When this early surge collapsed, it did not reestablish itself in universities. And for a long period of time, the study of these organisms was carried out mainly by people who were essentially self-trained amateurs. And only since about 1960 has a study of these particular organisms grown up again in the United States, and you will find that probably about 50% of the literature on this particular group that's published in North America is published by people who were associated with this Institute, with this institution, primarily students of John Dodd's and his students. So we can take the distribution of these various taxons knowing something about their ecology, from the observational standpoint. And we can essentially map out zones of different chloristic influence in these lakes. This again is Lake Huron. In this case, you'll notice that all the areas around shore, with some exceptions up here, have a separate type of flora from what you find in the open lake. This is about the flora you would find here, is what you would expect to find in a large oligotrophic lake. But in Lake Huron, there is a wide area that's affected by outputs from this polluted bay. So here we find things we would not necessarily expect to find in a large oligotrophic lake. Likewise, we've not expect to find them around areas like this. So there's a great deal of regional and seasonal variation. Now, this is year average data. If we took this every week or every month, we'd get a somewhat different picture. Because again, these are not like land plants, they don't root and grow in a spot, they live in a viscous fluid flowing medium, so these boundaries change over time. Returning again, a little bit to our original story, of how this interacts with the chemical environment. This is a plot of reactive silicate concentrations in the Great Lakes. Two points I'd like to make, one is winter versus summer. As you go down through the system, the difference between winter maximum and the summer minimum caused by algal productivity gets larger and larger. We explained that as as being the result of essentially diatom growth during the summertime when the lakes are stratified and they're not circulating from top to bottom, depleting the silicon in the surface waters. There's another trend, and this is very obvious. And that's from, there's a decrease in the concentration, even during the winter circulation, during the winter maximum, from Lake Superior to Lake Ontario. And as a matter of fact, if you go to the older limnology textbooks, they'll say limitation for algal growth begins at about 500 micrograms per leaf, okay? So in this case, diatoms could grow here in the year round, essentially without limitation from silicon. If we go to Lake Michigan, they can grow during the winter time without limitation, but there's some limitation during the summertime. If we go to the eastern part of Lake Erie or to Lake Ontario, their reproductive potential is essentially limited by lack of this particular element throughout the year. We can look at that a different way. If you turn that over. What's shown here is a, about this time, we begin to be able to develop enough data to show a crude mass balance of silicon for the Great Lakes. Okay? You will notice this, these numbers, indicate the amount of this material entering the lake. This indicates the amount leaving the lake. In all cases. So you'll notice that about 50% of the silica input to Lake Superior exits. And as we go, but only well, 21 versus about 4, about a fifth of that enters Lake Michigan exits. And as we go down through the system, you'll notice that both the upstream terms and the downstream terms decrease and decrease. So we go from a condition where here the growth of algae, particularly diatoms, is primarily limited by phosphorous influence. To a situation down here, where diatom growth is limited by phosphorus year round, but of course, other algae that do not require phosphorus take off, cause things like blue-green algae, those are generally less desirable from the standpoint of both what they pass up the food web and what they do to people's water supply. So this looks pretty reasonable, and we were very pleased with this. The problem was that when our colleagues looked at the sediments of the Great Lakes, they said, we don't find any diatoms. And when you consider that these figures are in ten to the seventh kilograms per year. And the average diatom weighs a few picograms, and every diatom frustule weighs a few picograms, you would think that there should be a lot of diatoms deposited the bottom sediments of these lakes, but the people that went out didn't find them. And then they begin to say, well, there must be other reasons for these things. We were curious about this. And we went out and looked. In the interim, there was a lot of mapping of the sediment stone, we found out another thing about the Great Lakes. And that is that their sedimentation basins are fairly limited. Our approach was to take short cores because we're interested in the pre-settlement history of these, post-settlement history of these lakes, what went on. We take the material from this and with luck, clean it up. So essentially what we have is the mineral fragments and the diatom frustules, put them in these chambers. Allow the material to settle, very evenly. If nobody turns on the compressor and everything, you get a perfectly distributed slide. So then you can go back from the sediment layers where deposited, at various states, which we can establish radiometrically, and find out what was going on, essentially with the algal flora at that time. Some of the stuff I'm going to talk about tonight will be published, some of this unpublished. This was already published and published in 85. What I've shown here is two profiles from Lake Ontario. This is biogenic silica, primarily diatom frustules, as measured by a chemical extraction, and the total microfossils, which in this case, siliceous microfossils, which again are primarily diatoms, a few chrysophyte, a few chrysophytean algal cysts. I'd like to point out a couple of features of this. One is that this part of the curves is relatively flat, we rise to a peak here and it declines again. And there's possibly another small peak here. It turns out that this initial peak occurs soon after settlement, between 1850 and about 1870 in this system. Well we thought that the nutrient pollution of the Great Lakes is a fairly recent phenomenon. This would indicate that what happened with soon after settlement. That this Lake, the diatoms grew to a point that they depleted the silicon supply in this Lake, resulting in this pulse deposited in the sediments. And since that time they've essentially been limited, their growth has been limited by silicon, small rise here, this is in the late 1940s. Well, initially this didn't look too reasonable. We didn't think that the early settlement activities were probably large enough to effect this type of a change. So we looked as part of this study at the signature of these of various species, that we already knew a fair amount about from our other studies in the sediments. These are absolute abundance, relative abundance of a this series of species of cyclotella. All of these would be considered as being indicative of very oligotrophic, very high quality water. What we see is that through most of them, they're low in abundance here, rise to a peak and then go to local extinction. What this probably says is the Great Lakes in their original state were so low in nutrients they did not even support maximum growth of these populations. When human activities began, they first at first prosper and then ran into conditions that they eventually could not tolerate and became locally extinct. These disappearances are absolute in this particular light, they're gone. And these were major parts of the species. These are some other populations. This is a species of stephanodiscus, grows, max it's temperature, maximum occurrence is something on the order of two degrees Celsius. We know a lot about this population. This is one, it's a very efficient clogger of municipal water plants. And when it shows up in a lake, in one of the Great Lakes, it's reported right away. Some of these other things could come and go, and we'd never know about it. This is a species here with a quite a different trend. It's known from the Great Lakes, a few Pliocene and early Pleistocene lakes around the world, it's a very, very rare population. But quite abundant in these particular large lakes. Again, all of these are species of melosira, grow during the winter time, low, rise, either go to a local extinction or are reduced in level. This particular species here changes its morphology at a particular level, and goes from one known form of morphology to another form of morphology. So there are all sorts of records for a number of populations. We know quite a bit about from the distribution of physiological standards. There's some odd things. This is the genus Nitzschia as represented in the sediments of Lake Ontario. This particular genus is not usually abundant in the plankton of most lakes. It is in a few like the African Rift Lakes, for instance, but in Lake Ontario there are some populations that are present through the record, become much more abundant late, and there are some populations that only become abundant quite late in the record. In general, the species in this genus tend to thrive under conditions with very, very high nitrogen or particularly ammonia nitrogen. Well, okay, so we have several dozen taxon that have several different signatures up and down through a column like this. Through the miracles of all the various statistics and digital computers, you can put large masses of this type of data together in various ways. We've massaged this particular data set in more ways than I care to recite here, but this is the story that eventually comes out of all these analyses. And the story is the following one. There was a period from the bottom of this core, which is about 1704 to about 1815. When Lake Ontario was a very low productivity lake characterized by species that grow under extremely oligotrophic conditions and not much changed. There was a very, very radical change, a change that we did not expect, between about 1830 and 1850, approximately. This is the period during which Lake Ontario was settled. This is the period during which the forests were cut, the slash was allowed to lie around, fires started to burn, not only the forest, residual forests that were left, but they actually burned the soil, the litter and the duff down to mineral soil. They were fires that were not seen again until the Second World War with the burning of Dresden and the atomic bomb. These were things that did not occur, did not occur in other parts of the world. If you go to Europe, there is no record of this type because there, there was neolithic and paleolithic and bronze age and iron age man, that slowly modified the landscape. In North America, we went from a pre agrarian society in many regions to a fully industrial society in a matter of 40 to 50 years in some of these regions. So there's a very large signal generated by the original settlement of the region, the destruction of the forest, releasing nutrients into the lake. Then things settled down again, period from about 1860 to 1900, there was progressive change but fairly small change, depending on how you look at. But in Lake Ontario, by 1900, some of the dominant fish stocks had already been exterminated. Now, whether they were exterminated from the changing environment or they were exterminated from habitat destruction is an open question. But they were in fact exterminated, they were gone. Then, again, further progressive change until about 1945. And then things really went off the wall. These samples deposited after 1945 are much, much different. Much, much different. The difference between, I don't know how to explain this to a non phycologist. This is the difference between a pristine rainforest or pristine forest and say, a corn field, in a phycological context. So there was a huge change. This was generated, the big change came after 1945, with the introduction of phosphorus detergents with putting all of the population on sewer lines, burning down the outhouses, putting everybody on sewer lines, and directing a very high loading of phosphorus into the lake. So we knew this, we knew this had happened, but we did not previously appreciate the impact that the original settlement had on the region. We thought, you know, everybody thinks of the Great Lakes as being quite oligotrophic. And this was, this was an argument that was blocked, but the first change was really about the most radical change that occurred in the system. And from, you know, from a theoretical standpoint, this is perfectly reasonable. This is something we should have realized. Some interesting things happen with the diatoms themselves. This is a species that was described from the Falls of Niagara, Lake Eerie. I had a students that worked on this and when he went to the original collections, we're still in East Germany, they looked like this. When he went to the lake, they looked like this, and he was very distraught. He said now what is this? Is this a different species? Is this a growth form? What is it? As you'll notice these little dots here, which you're one of our taxonomic majors are much closer together. Well, this is ed Terrio, he figured this out. Went to lakes all over North America, the different trophic statuses, stati, and it turns up that there is a very excellent correlation between the number of these little dots in the linear measure and the silicon phosphorus ratio in a given lake at spring turnover. So we can measure essentially the availability of plant nutrients from how many of these puncti there are in this particular species. This happens in other populations, too, there's a paper in L\u0026O a couple of years ago, about a melosira population that does the same thing. If you look at this at the SEM, LM, you can see why this happens. This is a population grown on Northern Lake Huron under silicon sufficient conditions. This is a species from a population from Lake Ontario, now silicon limited. Notice how thickly salicified this is and how thin this one is. And essentially this is the difference. So if we looked at that particular parameter in this core from Lake Ontario, we get essentially the same result. This is the settlement horizon. At the settlement horizon, the number of these little dots, these are really in 10 micrometers, begins to increase slowly. And this is directly related to the phosphorus silica ratio. After 1945, it increases very radically and comes to an equilibrium. We thought that was interesting. Maybe this is the genetic winter, this, this thesis, maybe this is all it can do. Along with this, we always check, because the number of these little really in 10 microns is, also related to the diameter of the species, we need to be able to see if there are any diameter effects. Turns out in this case after 1945, we begin to decline. And then there's a very radical excursion. Now, remember I told you earlier that these things have to undergo sexual reproduction, to reach their maximum size. Well, the conclusion from this is that this population can no longer complete its life cycle in Lake Ontario. So the populations that are now present at Lake Ontario are those that are being washed down from Lake Erie, going through their last several divisions before they become so small that they can physically no longer support their cell machinery and die. So this is a ghost. This is a population that still in a sense lives there, but in another sense, no longer lives there because it can't complete its life cycle. Okay. I'd like to go up very quickly up to some of the other lakes now. This is data from Lake Michigan. This is where the whole argument started. And you'll notice this again is total cells, total diatoms, that here, this peak, that we saw very early in the Lake Ontario record occurs quite near the surface of the core. And it does not go down and stabilize, it's going down at the top of the core, but there's not another level of where it's flat. So, and this would date out here about 1964, 1965. So it turns out we did our experiments, if we interpret this data correctly, in Lake Michigan at a very critical time, if we'd done them earlier in the record, we probably wouldn't have seen this effect, if we'd done them later, after this had already occurred, the effect would not have been so obvious. But you'll notice another thing I'll point out for my colleagues who have read stories about there not being any sediment diatoms in the sediments or the Great Lakes. Below this, there is a record that extends down as far as we have cored. And below about this point, there's very little change. At this particular point here intrigues us. There's an excursion upward we can't explain, well before human effects occurred in this region for a large scale. Again, if we look at the populations, some of them are going, this is the sensitive populations that go, some of them are going to down in abundance, near removal, but they're still present in the record. So that what occurred in about 1920, 1900 to 1920, in Lake Ontario is now beginning to happen in Lake Michigan. And if we put this together, please don't look at these dates, they're wrong our dating wizards have just come back with a set of new dates. This is actually about 1880, this is 1964. But again, we have the same period, a pristine period, moderately disturbed period, very highly disturbed period. But this is relative. It's not as disturbed in Lake Michigan as it was in Lake Ontario. Of course, some of this is forced on by this clustering technique, if you cluster you always get a certain number of clusters, if you've got reasonable data at all. So the periodicity is the same, but the level of effect is not necessarily the same. If we go in to Lake Huron, look at some of these sensitive populations again. Here, the trend for most of them is still upward at the surface of the core. Although a few of them have began to decline. Again, here our effect starts about 1900 intensely, the largest change is after about 1964. This strange thing about Lake Ontario I've emphasized a good deal, this highly eutrophic area of the lake. And even out in the middle of the lake, some of species which grow under the most grossly polluted conditions found in the Great Lakes, find their eventual burial place 200 kilometers away from any place they could conceivably grow. So this probably has some implications for both interpreting cores and some implications for the distribution of certain toxic materials that are bound to find particulate matter. This is transported from a very highly polluted area and it eventually finds its way all over the lakes. Again, this is a cluster analysis from that, and we see essentially the same sort of periodicity, a pristine period, slightly disturbed, highly disturbed, again after about 1964. This is data from Lake superior. This is again, the past two are not yet published. This one is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120281#t=0.0,1770.864"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_b.mp3"]},"duration":472.656,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/282/small/lecture.png?1627046031","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/282/original/AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_b.mp3?1627046031","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":472.656,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e If we look at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=8.02,8.899"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the sensitive populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=8.899,11.952"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this Lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=11.952,13.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We see the beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=13.44,15.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of precisely the same sort of trend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=15.653,18.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we've seen in the other lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=18.486,22.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Water chemistry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=22.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't records do not demonstrate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=23.0,26.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any change in the nutrient chemistry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=26.22,28.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Lake superior,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=28.11,29.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the exception","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=29.43,30.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a recent increase in nitrogen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=30.85,32.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if we look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=33.7,34.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the micro fossil record,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=34.533,36.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we see what began","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=36.43,39.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same sort of trend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=39.0,40.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that began in Lake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=40.13,40.978"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ontario was settlement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=40.978,44.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now beginning after say about 1870","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=44.71,48.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then accelerating after about 1950","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=48.923,51.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Lake superior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=52.288,53.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A superior has been affected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=55.383,57.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by human activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=57.244,58.748"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has been substantially affected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=58.748,59.988"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by human activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=59.988,62.068"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=62.068,63.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we do the same sort of statistical no cure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=63.28,66.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we again find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=67.71,69.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an early group of samples,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=70.93,71.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much alike,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=71.92,72.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a later group of samples,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=73.85,75.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat for turf,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=75.127,76.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then after 1950,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=76.445,78.796"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another type of record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=78.796,81.188"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So our idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=81.188,82.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Lake superior is pristine body of water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=82.593,85.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has not been modified.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=85.46,87.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It feels even less well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=87.58,92.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we attempt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=94.53,96.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put all of this data together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=96.084,99.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assess these lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=99.804,101.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warm a common,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=101.13,102.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense they are not widely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=105.2,107.732"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just placed latitude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=107.732,110.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We would expect that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=110.36,112.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are a number of populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=114.6,116.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could exist in all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=116.59,117.759"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the lakes and would show similar trends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=117.759,120.252"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all of those lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=120.252,122.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what we've done here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=122.24,123.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is essentially put together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=124.86,126.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these data from all the studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=126.98,128.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've talked about here tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=128.61,130.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into one sort of grand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=130.06,131.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=131.65,132.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see how it all fits together sort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=133.34,135.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And part of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=136.15,137.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is this fairly intuitively reasonable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=137.07,139.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=139.41,140.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most different set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=141.53,144.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the samples from Lake Ontario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=144.7,146.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is demonstrably,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=146.95,149.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most grossly grossly food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=149.03,150.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a great lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=150.98,153.031"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the other things Lake Michigan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=153.031,155.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the 1940s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=155.94,157.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 19 hundreds Lake Ontario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=157.457,160.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 1704 and 1860","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=160.03,162.749"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together in an intuitively reasonable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=162.749,165.924"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=165.924,167.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the surprises is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=167.36,168.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the only lakes superior samples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=168.87,171.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=171.38,172.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the early Lake Ontario samples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=172.213,174.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is apparently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=174.83,175.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just on the basis of symmetry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=175.72,177.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Lake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=177.91,178.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their drainage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=178.743,179.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are the most similar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=179.81,181.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=182.02,183.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we do get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=183.19,184.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a progressive rating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=184.42,186.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which falls in reasonably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=186.07,187.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=187.97,188.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasonably expect considering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=189.77,192.442"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the settlement history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=192.442,193.991"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=193.991,194.824"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the degree of known effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=194.824,196.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The really hard thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=197.97,200.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that fell out about this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=200.32,202.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you notice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=202.69,203.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This cluster here, the second,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=203.523,205.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=205.82,207.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set of samples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=208.52,209.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after Lake Ontario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=209.87,212.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that's from the surficial sediments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=212.96,216.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the post 1957 of Lakes superior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=216.682,221.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this says","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=221.91,223.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that modern Lake superior,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=223.75,226.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not only changing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=228.73,230.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's going in a different direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=230.44,233.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than we have seen in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=233.84,235.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of the lakes previous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=235.7,238.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if I could this well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=238.49,240.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a couple of reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=240.54,241.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why is this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=241.69,243.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One reason is that for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=243.55,246.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=246.43,247.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning of the fifties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=247.27,248.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and terminating sometime about 1980,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=248.64,252.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were huge amounts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=252.5,253.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of finely ground taconite rock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=253.68,257.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discharged in this way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=257.74,258.912"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to ground rock flour,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=258.912,260.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rich and trace metals discharged chemical measurements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=260.33,265.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don't pick this up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=265.61,266.734"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's there might be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=266.734,267.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an effect on the album.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=267.973,269.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This we can demonstrate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=271.986,273.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other possibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=273.27,274.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that this way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=276.443,278.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amongst all the great lakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=278.61,280.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because patient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=280.29,281.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is most sensitive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=283.54,286.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to inputs from the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=286.04,288.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this inputs from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=289.45,290.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atmosphere is becoming a very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=290.69,292.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very scary business","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=292.54,294.325"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's something that would be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=294.325,295.158"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"huge and difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=295.158,296.458"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=296.458,297.949"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it is affecting .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=297.949,298.829"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we know in some cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=298.829,299.958"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is this and the asked sensitive legs in the Adirondacks for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=299.958,304.958"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. There's no,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=305.1,306.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no arguments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=306.12,307.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that those lakes you've been changed by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=307.05,309.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"materials are being discharged.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=309.86,312.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The atmosphere tens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=312.39,313.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or hundreds of thousands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=313.508,315.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of kilometers away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=315.24,316.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So our latest adventure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=318.046,320.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a trip to break slave Lake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=320.25,323.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I've already candidates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=325.102,327.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a Lake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=327.4,328.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is closed to commercial fishing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=328.98,332.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's only a 60 kilometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=332.612,335.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the beginning of the barren","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=335.31,336.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=336.61,337.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can flip a dime","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=337.76,338.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the water and watch it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=338.96,341.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over 20 or 30 seconds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=341.24,343.374"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=343.374,344.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just transparencies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=344.207,345.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nearly 30 meters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=345.25,346.506"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nearly a 100 feet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=346.506,347.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=349.7,350.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things are coming in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=350.54,352.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=352.45,354.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This light could possibly show up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=354.37,357.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there are no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=358.69,359.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demonstrable effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=359.78,361.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from human activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=361.02,362.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the total population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=362.12,363.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Northwest territory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=363.23,364.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only about 50,000 souls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=364.72,366.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're now analyzing our data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=367.33,369.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And low and hope,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=369.32,371.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we do have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=371.01,371.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're a little bit, the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=373.587,376.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both the abundance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=376.29,377.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of salicious microfossils increases quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=377.72,380.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radically near the surface of the core,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=380.576,383.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which might be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=384.51,385.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we might be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=385.61,386.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to argue just to dissolution rabbit fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=386.443,388.656"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resolving.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=388.656,390.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other thing that happens of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=390.24,391.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there is a quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=391.94,393.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a radical change in species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=393.88,396.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"composition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=396.02,396.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which can not be explained","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=396.89,398.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by that mechanism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=398.14,399.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only problem of it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=400.03,400.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can't explain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=400.96,404.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these changes because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=404.15,405.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't have the develop basic data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=405.91,410.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the species of the together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=410.31,411.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are major dominant populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=411.823,413.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that Lake or species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=413.44,415.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are unknown.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=415.34,416.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=418.13,419.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we know we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=419.46,421.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a chain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=421.97,422.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We suspect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=422.93,423.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it comes from the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=423.763,425.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we suspect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=425.42,426.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although it's not a huge change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=426.95,428.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the change is probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=428.82,430.269"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affecting not only our lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=430.269,432.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in North America and the great lakes region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=432.91,436.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're particularly interested,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=436.21,438.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but quite possibly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=438.15,439.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a subtle way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=439.52,440.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perfecting lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=440.95,441.958"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all over the continent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=441.958,443.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps all over the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=443.46,446.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, at sometime later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=446.06,447.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope maybe I can come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=447.75,449.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tell you what this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=449.02,450.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the story turns out to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=450.91,453.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at this time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=453.03,454.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's led to a point where we've gone from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=454.38,456.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other great lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=456.39,458.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the great lakes of North America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=458.137,460.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to perhaps looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=460.78,461.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the great lakes to the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=461.73,463.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you. (audience clapping hands).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=463.45,464.843"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31442/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/442/original/AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_b.vtt?1627046033","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/442/original/AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_b.vtt?1627046033"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31443","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203667_The_Long_Term_Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282/transcript/31443/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- If we look at some of the sensitive populations in this Lake. We see the beginning of precisely the same sort of trend that we've seen in the other lakes. Water chemistry don't records do not demonstrate, any change in the nutrient chemistry of Lake superior, with the exception of a recent increase in nitrogen. But if we look at the micro fossil record, we see what began the same sort of trend that began in Lake Ontario was settlement. Now beginning after say about 1870 and then accelerating after about 1950 and Lake superior. A superior has been affected by human activity. It has been substantially affected by human activities, And in fact, if we do the same sort of statistical no cure, we again find an early group of samples, much alike, a later group of samples, somewhat for turf, and then after 1950, another type of record. So our idea that Lake superior is pristine body of water. It has not been modified. It feels even less well. If we attempt to put all of this data together to assess these lakes, warm a common, sense they are not widely just placed latitude. We would expect that there are a number of populations that could exist in all the lakes and would show similar trends in all of those lakes. So what we've done here is essentially put together, all these data from all the studies I've talked about here tonight into one sort of grand. Well, let's see how it all fits together sort. And part of this is this fairly intuitively reasonable, for instance. The most different set are the samples from Lake Ontario. And this is demonstrably, the most grossly grossly food. It is a great lakes. Then the other things Lake Michigan, between the 1940s and 19 hundreds Lake Ontario, between 1704 and 1860 together in an intuitively reasonable way. One of the surprises is the only lakes superior samples. Our group with the early Lake Ontario samples. This is apparently just on the basis of symmetry of the Lake to their drainage, which are the most similar. So we, again, we do get a progressive rating which falls in reasonably Well, reasonably expect considering the settlement history of these lakes and the degree of known effect. The really hard thing that fell out about this. Did you notice? This cluster here, the second, most different set of samples after Lake Ontario, is that's from the surficial sediments, the post 1957 of Lakes superior. So this says that modern Lake superior, it's not only changing, but it's going in a different direction than we have seen in any of the lakes previous. And if I could this well, there's a couple of reasons why is this way. One reason is that for a number of years, beginning of the fifties and terminating sometime about 1980, there were huge amounts of finely ground taconite rock discharged in this way to ground rock flour, rich and trace metals discharged chemical measurements. Don't pick this up. What's there might be an effect on the album. This we can demonstrate. The other possibility is that this way, amongst all the great lakes, because patient is most sensitive to inputs from the atmosphere and this inputs from the atmosphere is becoming a very, very scary business because it's something that would be, huge and difficult to control if it is affecting . we know in some cases, is this and the asked sensitive legs in the Adirondacks for them. There's no, there's no arguments that those lakes you've been changed by materials are being discharged. The atmosphere tens or hundreds of thousands of kilometers away. So our latest adventure was a trip to break slave Lake. So I've already candidates. This is a Lake that is closed to commercial fishing. It's only a 60 kilometers from the beginning of the barren ground. You can flip a dime into the water and watch it over 20 or 30 seconds. Second, just transparencies, nearly 30 meters, nearly a 100 feet. Yeah. Things are coming in from the atmosphere. This light could possibly show up where there are no demonstrable effects from human activities, the total population of Northwest territory, only about 50,000 souls. And we're now analyzing our data. And low and hope, we do have. we're a little bit, the, both the abundance of salicious microfossils increases quite radically near the surface of the core, which might be, we might be able to argue just to dissolution rabbit fact resolving. The other thing that happens of course, is that there is a quite a radical change in species composition, which can not be explained by that mechanism. The only problem of it is, and we can't explain these changes because we don't have the develop basic data on the species of the together, there are major dominant populations in that Lake or species that are unknown. So at this point, we know we have a chain. We suspect it comes from the atmosphere and we suspect, although it's not a huge change. If the change is probably affecting not only our lakes in North America and the great lakes region, we're particularly interested, but quite possibly in a subtle way, perfecting lakes all over the continent, perhaps all over the world. Well, at sometime later, I hope maybe I can come back and tell you what this, what the story turns out to be. But at this time it's led to a point where we've gone from the other great lakes to the great lakes of North America, to perhaps looking at the great lakes to the world. Thank you. .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46875/file/120282#t=0.0,472.656"}]}]}]}