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School,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=30.06,32.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at which he was selected for The Order of the Coif.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=32.58,35.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He practiced law in Sheraton during 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=62.55,63.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to introduce to you tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=63.7,65.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judge William C. Stewart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=65.21,66.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauses)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=68.306,71.389"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Judge William:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm a little short on one 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precedent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=172.61,174.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But after all, your education is not going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=177.7,180.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be complete, if you're exposed only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=180.74,183.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the brilliant minds of the theorists and scholars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=183.24,187.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You should also be aware of the 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time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=211.1,212.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to organize some random thoughts that have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=212.84,215.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floating around in my head, for some time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=215.81,218.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to try to get them organized and down on paper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=218.93,221.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although, much of what I 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systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=226.21,228.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am, of course, speaking from the experience,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=228.32,231.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and viewpoint of a federal trial judge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=231.61,235.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also want to say that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=237.62,239.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm speaking only for myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=239.56,241.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There may be as many different opinions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=242.28,244.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the matters that I'm going to speak about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=244.32,246.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as there are judges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=246.36,247.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After all, we are all 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aside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=260.66,262.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their prejudices and their past experiences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=262.74,266.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and deciding the case on the facts and the law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=266.65,268.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are presented to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=268.9,270.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a matter of 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temperament.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=274.81,276.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, a judge's personal philosophy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=278.87,280.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is formulated in the same manner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=280.7,282.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as that of all other persons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=282.34,284.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the dawning of the Black Robe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=285.01,287.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does not constitute a deification","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=287.6,289.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even a coronation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=289.8,292.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although, we are sometimes accused","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=292.2,294.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of thinking that it does.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=294.47,295.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I welcome the opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=297.66,298.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to share my thoughts with you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=298.84,301.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and whether you agree or disagree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=301.06,303.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=303.29,304.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I hope that my remarks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=305.87,308.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will give those of you, who are looking 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science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=313.05,315.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some insight about the genuine concerns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=315.69,318.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of at least one federal trial judge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=318.01,320.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before turning to those concerned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=323.19,325.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I feel I should tell you a little more about myself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=325.4,327.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to help you evaluate my remarks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=328.85,331.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the light of my background and 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issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=908.73,913.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On May 28, 1778,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=915.86,919.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexander Hamilton, in the Federalist No. 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bodies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1652.41,1655.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are in the long run,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1655.18,1656.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to be worth the element 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bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1662.26,1665.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quite the contrary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1665.33,1666.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of these opinions have brought 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convention.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1688.61,1690.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In appraising them as judicial rulings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1691.97,1694.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"however I find it necessary to 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adjudication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1703.7,1706.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chief justice Warren Burger's expressed concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1707.66,1710.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the dangers of using the courts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1710.25,1711.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bring about social change stating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1711.95,1714.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\" Young people who decide to go into the law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1714.733,1717.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primarily on the theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=1717.13,1718.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they can change the world by 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better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2301.59,2304.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than I could, when he says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2304.07,2306.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No society can be healthy and 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benefits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2534.06,2536.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Supreme Court, so held.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2539.198,2541.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's see, not so much the Supreme Court 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Clause","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2588.19,2591.591"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the Equal Protection Clause,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2591.591,2595.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afford them a basis for certain rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2596.87,2598.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2598.78,2599.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they feel they're being deprived of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2599.94,2602.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2602.98,2605.265"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) you can always go to these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2605.265,2607.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anecdotal cases that are terrible examples,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2608.23,2612.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but one, that seemed to me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2612.44,2614.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the constitution was stressed considerably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2614.56,2617.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is when they decided that it was unconstitutional,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2617.51,2621.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to allow a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2622.58,2624.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"former male who had been operated on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2627.69,2630.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to play in the Women's National Tennis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2631.25,2633.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had, we have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2636.73,2637.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I shouldn't get too much into cases that are pending,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2637.82,2640.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we had one that gave us problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2640.61,2644.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where in similar lines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2645.68,2647.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an anatomical male,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2648.98,2650.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who claimed that she was psychologically female","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2652.07,2657.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought a case in court when she had been dis...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2660.71,2663.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he, she... he'd been discharged.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2663.68,2665.695"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2665.695,2668.695"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because he was using the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2669.8,2672.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she was using the ladies restroom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2672.67,2676.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of the female employees objected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2676.06,2678.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it goes a long ways, it goes a long ways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2680.22,2684.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my opinion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2685.68,2686.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e Where does one go against the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2687.426,2689.182"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=2689.182,2692.099"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21194/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/194/original/AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_a.vtt?1608542022","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/194/original/AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_a.vtt?1608542022"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21195","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453/transcript/21195/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Reed] Thank you for coming to the 1982 Law Day presentation. My name is Reed Crawford, and I'm a member of the Pre-Legal Education Committee. Problems facing the judiciary, including the growing activism of the courts is a subject to be addressed by this year's Law Day speaker, Our speaker was graduated from the University of Iowa Law School, at which he was selected for The Order of the Coif. He practiced law in Sheraton during which, he also served in the Iowa Senate for eight years. The judge served on the Iowa Supreme court for nine years, and in 1971, was appointed to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa, a position he currently holds. Recently, he was nominated to fill a vacancy in the US circuit Court of Appeals, the eighth circuit. It is a pleasure for me, to introduce to you tonight, Judge William C. Stewart.\r\n\r\n- [Judge William] I'm a little short on one end. Thank you, Reed. I'm pleased to attend the, Iowa State University lecture, this evening, and I'm glad to see that there has been a turnout, I understand that you are about to, embark upon your finals. So, I appreciate your taking this time to be here this evening. When Professor Shakeshaft was telling me about this event, he mentioned the names of several of the other previous guests. I was quite flattered to be offered the opportunity to have my name added to that list of distinguished speakers. However, my first reaction was to decline the invitation because public speaking is neither my greatest talent nor my favorite pastime. However, I did feel more comfortable about accepting the invitation when I reached the conclusion that my invitation was probably due more to inflation and recession, instead of my elevation to the rank of public speakers. I do understand, that I am following in the footsteps of several radical speakers, and I might as well tell you at the start we're about to break that precedent. But after all, your education is not going to be complete, if you're exposed only to the brilliant minds of the theorists and scholars. You should also be aware of the concerns, and thoughts of an ordinary trial judge, who faces problems confronting the court system daily, and has little time to theorize or philosophize. As a matter of fact, one of the main reasons I accepted this invitation was to put myself in a position, where I would have to take the time to organize some random thoughts that have been floating around in my head, for some time. And to try to get them organized and down on paper. Although, much of what I say, may be applicable to both the federal and state systems, I am, of course, speaking from the experience, and viewpoint of a federal trial judge. I also want to say that, I'm speaking only for myself. There may be as many different opinions about the matters that I'm going to speak about, as there are judges. After all, we are all products of our own background and experiences. I hasten to add, parenthetically, however that I feel that most trial judges do an excellent job with putting aside their prejudices and their past experiences, and deciding the case on the facts and the law that are presented to them. As a matter of fact, that is one of the major ingredients of the judicial temperament. However, a judge's personal philosophy is formulated in the same manner as that of all other persons. And the dawning of the Black Robe, does not constitute a deification or even a coronation. Although, we are sometimes accused of thinking that it does. I welcome the opportunity to share my thoughts with you, and whether you agree or disagree, is not important. But I hope that my remarks will give those of you, who are looking forward to a career in the law, government or political science, some insight about the genuine concerns of at least one federal trial judge. Before turning to those concerned, I feel I should tell you a little more about myself in order to help you evaluate my remarks in the light of my background and experiences. I come from a family of lawyers. When I went on the Supreme Court of Iowa, in 1962, I closed a four generation county-seat law practice that had been in existence for over 102 years. Three grade uncles, and an uncle left the Sheraton law practice to practice in Denver, San Francisco and Seattle. One grade uncle, became the first federal judge in the territory of Hawaii, under President Wilson. I tell you this, so that you will understand why I have a great deal of pride, in the legal profession, and a high respect for the law. I view the constitution, and its adaptability to change at least with awe, and perhaps even with reverence. It is with this background, and from this point of view, that I want to discuss with you, some of the problems that I believe are appearing in our system of justice, and our form of government. Our society, is the most litigious society in the world. The percentage of lawyers in the population of the United States, far exceeds that of any other country. I suppose, that it is debatable, whether the large number of lawyers is a cause or effect of the litigiousness, but at least it's here. These facts lead to two conclusions, one positive and one negative. And I think they are of equal validity. First, they illustrate that the American citizen does have free access to the courts to resolve their disputes. On the negative side, they also expose the inability of our citizens to resolve their problems in some less formal, and more expedient manner. Even though, there are too many disputes that end up in lawsuits, I am also concerned because there are several impediments to the confronting the ordinary citizen, when he must turn to the courts. The cost is sometimes prohibitive, and the delay so extended that justice is denied. Small claims courts, survey valuable function in this area, and experimentation with arbitration is continuing. Both remedies, promise to provide relief from the cost and delay of the separate kinds of cases. Delay results from too many cases, too much discovery, too few judges, outdated procedures, procrastination, and many other causes. You could make a speech or two about each one of those alone. But at this time, I'm going to make only a brief reference to one of those causes, which is the excessive caseload. Increased criminal activity, better law enforcement and public pressure for greater action to reduce crime have resulted in a greatly increased criminal load, all over the nation. Congress, in attempting to deal with the problems that plague our society, has passed legislation that places great additional burden, upon our federal court system, without considering the impact upon that system. The introduction of Social Security, and Black Lung Disability Benefits, has resulted in many appeals to the courts, when awards have been denied by the administrative process. The Freedom of Information Act, authorizes aggrieved persons to resort to the courts in efforts to obtain disclosure of information. It also requires the court to be resolved in overall questions concerning the content of files, and personal records of individuals. Laws relating to environment, equal opportunity, occupational safety, truth and lending, and various other areas, have fostered many types of cases that were unknown, a few years ago. The courts have exacerbated the problem by their own decisions. The rights of individuals to institute private lawsuits in antitrust and securities matters, have been expanded. These cases are highly complex, and require an enormous amount of judicial and lawyer time with astronomical cost to the clients for discovery, motions, and trial. Beginning with the war in court, the Supreme Court expanded the concept of individual rights under the constitution, and ventured into areas of social concerns that prior courts had avoided. As a result, many citizens and groups have gone to courts with real and imaginary wrongs, claiming their constitutional rights have been violated. Prisoners complain about the conditions of their confinement and challenge the constitutionality of those convictions. Law officers are frequently charged with brutality, and other improper conduct. Allegations of discrimination based on race, sex and age are quite common in employment cases. A high percentage of these cases upon trial appear to have little merit, but they involve important constitutional rights. So the court must sift through those cases filed very carefully, to avoid overlooking that needle in a haystack case. Congress has passed broader and broader statutory programs and left larger and larger areas of the law to be filled in by court decisions. Guidance is frequently found only in the stated legislative purpose. Congress has specifically provided access to the courts in areas which would seem to be more appropriate for administrative relief. The courts have been willing, and in some instances, eager to take on these additional chores and powers. The added caseload alone creates real problems for the court system. But my primary concern today is with the impact of the expansion of the areas, in which courts are expected to make decisions, and set policies in areas of social concern, in which the judges have no particular expertise. Some serious legal scholars have expressed similar concerns, and I have borrowed deliberately from the thoughts and language of articles by Judge Arlin Adams and Professor Robert Bork that attempts to give them credit for the quotes, would so disrupt this speech, that I'm not going to attempt to identify those quotes as I go through. Mr. Justice Snell, now deceased, with whom I served on the Iowa Supreme Court, used to say that, plagiarism is not only accepted, but it's encouraged in the legal profession. So I'm really, only extending a judge's prerogative from opinion writing to speechmaking. We're all familiar with the ingenious separation of powers that the founding fathers firmly embedded in our constitution, to prevent a strong central authority from becoming a threat to the rights of the citizens. The constitution specifies the limited powers of the National Government. It reserves all the other powers to the states and to the people. The powers and duties of the federal government are distributive among the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Congress, the elected representative of the people, enacts legislation, which establishes the policies that the government will pursue. Its members answer to the voters at the next election. The executive branch, in addition to attempting to influence congressional action, carries out the policies enacted by Congress. The chief executives, are also answerable to the voters. The judicial branch, not only has responsibility of making sure that the legislative, and executive branches each act, within the limits of its constitutional power, but also, protects the rights of the minority against the unconstitutional actions of the majority. Federal judges are appointed for life upon their good behavior, and are not answerable to the people at the polls. This is of course, an oversimplified theoretical description of our constitutional government, but I want to focus your attention on these basic matters that you learnt long ago. Admittedly, in actual practice, the lines of separation powers are not so clearly discernible, as they are in the model that I just outlined. Many adversarial positions are inherent in this system. Courts were established to resolve them. When the courts act as impartial referees, rather than participants, the system works well. Problems develop when the courts, for whatever reason, and with the best of intentions, enter into the political thicket on one side or the other of a major policy issue. On May 28, 1778, Alexander Hamilton, in the Federalist No. 78, while attempting to sell a proposed constitution to a less than enthusiastic citizenry, referred to the judiciary as follows, the judic... and I quote, \"The Judiciary from its nature of its functions will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the constitution, because it will be leased in a capacity to annoy or injure them. The judiciary has no influence over you, the sword or the purse, no direction of the strength of the wealth of the society, and can take no active resolution whatever. It may truly be said to have neither the force nor the will, but barely the judgment, and must ultimately depend upon the aid of the executive arm, even for the efficacy of its judgements.\" Hamilton went on to state, that the general liberty of the people can never be endangered by the judiciary for so long as, quote, \"The Judiciary remains truly distinct from both the legislative and the executive, for I agree that there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers\", end of quote. At that time, Hamilton was concerned about the natural feebleness of the judiciary, and its continual jeopardy of being overpowered by its coordinate branches. He was at that time, defending the constitution provisions for lifetime appointments, as a means of securing for the courts, the firmness and independence that is necessary. Alexander Hamilton did not foresee the possibility that the judicial branch would ever exert a substantial impact on our society by direct action. Yet, if you will reflect upon the significant social and political changes that have been made in the past 20 years, you will realize that most of them have resulted from court decisions, judge-made law, rather than any enactments of Congress. The concentration of powers of the distributed powers which Hamilton warned, has tended to take place in the judicial rather than either the legislative or the executive branches. But the threat to our constitutional balance of power is present, regardless of which branch tends to infringe upon the powers of the others. The judicial branch has not yet been overpowered by its coordinate branches. Rather, as I said, the courts have taken on to themselves, legislative and executive responsibilities. However, Congress is considering action at the present time, which if enacted into law, could result in the overpowering of the third branch and the destruction of our constitutional government. That prospect is no less dangerous because it may have resulted, from prior judicial infringement upon the branches, the other two branches. In 1954, the Supreme Court in Brown versus Board of Education, overruled the court created doctrine of separate but equal schools. And held that it was unconstitutional to operate racially-segregated schools. This obviously correct decision, was well within the constitutional function of the court, as was the negative mandate, don't operate segregated schools, and the affirmative order to make change with all deliberate speed. However, as the years passed, and the states with segregated school systems either ignored the mandate or use dilatory tactics to evade it. The court found it necessary to take the initiative, and prescribe affirmative plans to give meaning to the Supreme Court broad pronouncements. Because of the eminent rightness of that cause, presidents, Congress, and the people generally, accepted the courts assumption of this power. As other branches of the federal state, and local government fail to respond responsibly to the needs of the citizens as perceived by society in the courts, the courts began making policy decisions on political and social issues, basing the authority to do so on the principle that various constitutional rights were being violated. As the areas that were opened up in this manner, were without statutory guidance, broad pronouncements of the courts were not enough. The opinions began to include guidelines, which would give some direction to the litigants as to the paths they must follow under the court decision. The courts acted to fulfill a void that had been created because the legislative and executive branches had not acted. The entry of the courts into policy matters has evoked the ire and disapproval of partisans on one side of the issues involved, and the support and praise of partisans, on the other side, When Supreme court decisions were more closely following the liberal line, the liberals were in favor of judicial activism, and the conservatives espouse judicial restraint. As there appears to be a shift in philosophy of the court, the partisans are tending to reverse their positions. As Anthony Lewis, said recently, in the New York Times, \" Conservatives are not the only people who talk hypocritically about judicial activism and restraint. Liberals too tend to find reasons for the decisions they like. The just happens to be especially thick on the conservative side these days.\" I'm not sure that Lewis' last statement is accurate. Because at the present time, there are many resolutions and bills in Congress. Most of them sponsored by lawmakers carrying conservative labels that threaten the independence of the judiciary, and would limit its jurisdiction . Between the 90th and the 96th Congress, there have been 188 joint resolutions to amend the Good Behavior Clause of the constitution that is applicable to Article III judges. They reflect some 50 different approaches, some have called for terms between 6 and 12 years with or without confirmation or reappointment. Others set a mandatory retirement age. So far, six joint resolutions of a similar nature have been introduced in the 97th Congress, the present one. Though only one of these resolutions has ever reached the hearing stage, repeated efforts to weaken the independence of the Judiciary, reveal the displeasure of some of the members of Congress with the operation of the court system. There have also been bills introduced, which would deprive the Supreme Court of jurisdiction over certain controversial matters such as the right to an abortion or mandatory busing. Congress has also become involved in developing standards for the removal, and disciplining of judges. This attitude of Congress, combined with the court's recent activist approach to the constitution, the nature of the litigation in federal courts, inadequate compensation, and the tremendous workload, and administrative duties that deprive a judge of the time for considered reflection, are in my opinion, going to have a profound influence upon the kind and quality of applicants for judgeships in the future. There's no time to develop these concerns more fully tonight. But I will point out, that there is evidence that such concerns are real, because of the number of highly competent judges who have recently resigned to return to private practice. And the fact, that there are very few of the more highly qualified lawyers willing to accept federal judgeships at the present time. If the activist philosophy, continues to predominate, I believe, persons who are more interested in being administrators and executives than in being impartial judges, will be attracted to the bench. Those of either liberal or conservative persuasion, may view the court system as the most expedient means of bringing about the governmental, and social changes that they advocate. I wanna spend the rest of my time, commenting more fully upon the expanded role of the judiciary in our government and society. The Warren court, bought the activist philosophy in the full bloom. And depending upon your point of view, it deserves the credit or the blame for the emergence of that philosophy. I have already indicated to you my concerns. I certainly did not mean to question the motives or the intentions of the court or of Chief Justice Warren, personally. He was a highly honorable man, with a fine sense of fairness, and is entitled to the respect and admiration of the American people. But I can admire him as a person without agreeing with his activist approach to the constitution. I believe his approach can easily be understood by examining his background and his experience. His private practice of law was limited. He spent some time in the District Attorney's Office, and the State Attorney General's Office before he became Governor of California. He had had no judicial experience prior to his appointment as Chief Justice. He had had a brilliant career as an executive, and as a administrator, while Governor of California. Chief Justice Warren was able to see what changes were necessary in society, and had the ability to bring them about. He carried this attitude, and capability with him to the court. And was willing to lead the court out of its traditional role to achieve the results that he felt were desirable. While listening to the legal arguments of his brother, and he would impatiently interject, \" Yes, yes, but is it right? Is it good?\" Although this is a basic philosophical question, and one which each person must answer for himself. It remains a relative concept. Not all agree on what is right and what is good. Serious constitutional questions involve not one basic principle or value to which to apply that ultimate test, but several conflicting principles and values that must be weighed in deciding constitutionality. Finally, our legal system, including constitutional law is grounded on enlightened and uniformly applied legal principles, not on ad hoc notions of what is right or what is wrong, in a particular instance. You may feel that the changes in society which have resulted from Warren Court's approach to constitutional law are worth the impact that that approach has had on the separation of powers. But if you feel as I do. That the trend established, for the judicial branch of this court, has created a serious threat to our system of government. You may entertain some doubts as to whether the changes brought by the courts, rather than the legislative bodies, are in the long run, going to be worth the element cost. These comments should not be taken to mean that I believe the results were bad. Quite the contrary. Most of these opinions have brought about changes that were long overdue. As Archibald Cox said in his book, The role of the Supreme Court in American government, as follows, quote, \"I would support nearly all these rulings as important reforms if proposed in a legislative chamber or a constitutional convention.\" In appraising them as judicial rulings, however I find it necessary to ask whether an excessive price was paid by enlarging the sphere, and changing the nature of constitutional adjudication. Chief justice Warren Burger's expressed concern about the dangers of using the courts to bring about social change stating, \" Young people who decide to go into the law primarily on the theory, that they can change the world by litigation in the courts, I think may be in for some disappointments. That is not the route, by which basic changes in a country like ours should be made. That is a legislative and policy process, part of the political process. And there is a very limited role for the courts, in this respect.\" The point is, that under our system of government, it is not the prerogative of the court to make major policy decisions. The courts cannot remedy every social evil. Of course, the courts must, as Justice Holmes said, \"Legislate interstitially, or between the tissues of legislation enacted by legislative bodies.\" And that, legislating by the courts must be on the basis of broad constitutional principals. Otherwise, the constitution and the law, would not be viable and timely as the founding fathers intended. Traditional improvisation transfers a substantial lawmaking power to the courts. Judges are ill-suited to lawmaking because judicial authority depends in part upon aloofness from the political arena. Judges who should be beholden to no one for their conscientious conduct, lack the day-to-day responsibility to the electorate. That is the real basis for a workable reform. Nor do judges have the background experience or investigative means to evaluate the effect of a particular decision on related procedures or problems. Courts can decide only the matters that are in issue in the case before it. Judicial activism also erodes the legislative process, because it tends to relieve legislators from accountability for social reconstruction, and constitutional propriety. Judicial restraint, simply urges that the judge bear in mind, the value of deference to democratically elected officials and lawmakers, as well as the value of uniformity and predictability. In addition, the philosophy urges against innovation for the sake of innovation, and against substitution of the judge's own moral, and political values and sociological theories, for those of the elected representatives. It charges a judge with the humility to recognize his or her personal limitations. It seeks to restrict litigation to those disputes best resolved by litigation. A consequence of judicial restraint is that the courts will not be able to write every genuine wrong. We must rely on the abilities of the states, and other branches of the federal government to handle many of the evils that are beyond the proper reach of the courts. It is true that they may fail, and if they continue to do so, some wrongs may never be righted. Some may ascribe to this, to the human condition, but if it occurs, it is a price that we must pay for a system that does a better job overall of preserving our fundamental values, and with a system making use of judicial activism's result-oriented philosophy. In the long run, society will be the victor if the fundamental constitutional values are preserved, even if the democratic deliberative process is sometimes slower than you might desire. On the eve of the Constitution's Bicentennial, we should remember that the moorings of that great document are sure and safe. Courts should not construe every bit of unfairness or slight infringement upon a person's rights as a matter of constitutional dimension. In my opinion, it is demeaning to the constitution, to have it used to decide highly emotional matters of little general importance. These matters usually re... I know it can be argued that these are, that there are important individual rights involved, which the court should vindicate. But I agree with Judge Adams when he said, quote, \"Too frequent invocation of the constitution tends to debase it.\" Popular respect for judicial decisions stems to a considerable extent from the belief that the decision represents the practical application of neutral principles of adjudication. But frequent recourse to the constitution may render it a convenient weapon for partisan debate, and may cast judges in the role of interested manipulators of that document. If that is to be the status of the constitution in the courts, it becomes more difficult to see them as arbiters in times of crisis, and guardians of liberty, in times of need. The court's damage our philosophy in separation of powers when they blur the distinction between their duties, and those of the other branches of the federal government, the states, by broad pronouncements of constitutional right unaccompanied by an examination of the ramifications of that pronouncement upon other areas of society. It may be a compliment to the judiciary that many well-meaning people feel that judges rather than politicians will provide timely solutions to our pressing social needs, but it is not in accordance, with our constitutional separation of powers. The judicial system of this democracy is experiencing an erosion of confidence from its assumption of legislative powers, it is not suited to exercise. Judges in the judicial system, as well as lawyers in the practice of law are losing public favor. At the same time, they are playing a never increasing role in resolving societal's problems. I do not believe it is merely coincidental that the drop in public confidence in the courts has accompanied their increased involvement in policy matters. We need more thought and greater sophistication in distinguishing between the kinds of issues that can be profitably referred to the formal legal process, and those that ought to be left to other processes. If dissatisfaction with the legal system reaches a stage where the courts, and their decisions do not command the respect of a substantial portion of the citizenry, both the system and our democracy in danger. There is no constitutional provision imposing any limitation on the power of the Supreme Court to interpret the constitution. Only the court, by exercising its own restraint, sets the boundaries of human activities that are under the ages of the constitution. The distinction between what may be just, fair, desirable, and good, on the one hand, and the rights that arise to constitutional dimensions, on the other hand, should be more closely examined. This would not only keep the courts within their constitutional authority as envisioned by the forefathers, but it would also discourage the other branches of the government from attempting to alter or limit those constitutional powers conferred upon the judicial branch and, would make it less likely that they would encroach upon the courts' independence. Returning to Hamilton, in the Federalist No. 78, quote, \"The complete independence of the courts of justice is peculiarly essential than a limited constitution.\" By a limited constitution, as I understand, is one which contains certain specific exceptions to legislative authority. Limitations of this kind, can be preserved in practice, no other way. And through the medium of courts of justice, whose duty it must be to declare all acts contrary to the manifest tenor of that constitution void. Without this, all reservations or particular rights or privileges would amount to nothing. If the courts continue on the present course, one of two results appears to me to be inevitable. If the people accept the role of the courts as a policy-making body, the basic policies of this government will be established by the majority decision of a body, not answerable to the people, and our ostensibly democratic government would be functioning only as a matter of form. If however, the people object to the point that they amend the constitution, and thereby deprive the judicial branch of its independence, our entire system of constitutional government will collapse. I will conclude with, one more quote from Professor Bork, who expresses my concerns much better than I could, when he says, \"No society can be healthy and effective. If all of its disputes are drawn into the legal processes, the spread of law throughout human relations signals not only a decline of individual freedom, but also a weathering of community, traditional modes of accommodation and informal authority.\" A healthy society requires that there be considerable play in human relations, a degree of trust in the good faith of others, confidence that things can be worked out tolerably, a willingness, not to insist on every right, one may think one should ideally possess, and a large amount of self-reliance. The attempt to define all rights of individuals, and enforce them by legal processes, signifies the diminution or the disappearance of these virtues. The increasing legalization of our culture is a sign of the deterioration of that culture. And again, quoting, \"Should law in its present form fail us. It will ultimately be replaced by other forms of law. Why does that is not law itself, but rather democratically made law allowing for a wide scope of individual freedom.\" This is worth preserving, thank you.\r\n\r\n- [Reed] Thank you, Judge Stewart. Judge Stewart has agreed to answer any questions or respond to any comments, which members, those of you in the audience would care to ask at this time, are there any questions or comments?\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] Judge Stewart, Raoul Berger at Harvard has given a laundry list of what he considers excesses of use of the both Due Process Clause... Could you give this group an example or two of what you think has been excess judicial activism under either of those clause?\r\n\r\n- [Judge William] Those two clauses are of course, by their very nature and very vagueness, those that have recently been used by the courts to expand, in my opinion, the breadth of the constitution. The primary case, that I would say that opened up the expansion of the Due Process Clause was Goldberg versus Kelly. Which was a case involving a welfare recipient in New York, which the department decided was not entitled to receive benefits. The benefits were stopped, and he was entitled to postdoc stopping. After they were stopped, he was entitled to a hearing. But he did not believe that that process was constitutional, and brought an action claiming that he should have been given the right to have a hearing prior to the termination of his welfare benefits. And the Supreme Court, so held. Let's see, not so much the Supreme Court decisions that give me trouble, as it is the opinions of the Circuit Court, and the various District Courts. That based upon that concept have expanded both the Due Process and the Equal Protection clauses into several areas, and lawyers are full of ingeniousness. Some of the cases that are coming into our courts in which they claim that either the Due Process Clause or the Equal Protection Clause, afford them a basis for certain rights that they have, they feel they're being deprived of. One of the cases, you can always go to these anecdotal cases that are terrible examples, but one, that seemed to me that the constitution was stressed considerably is when they decided that it was unconstitutional, not to allow a former male who had been operated on, to play in the Women's National Tennis. We had, we have, I shouldn't get too much into cases that are pending, but we had one that gave us problems. Where in similar lines, an anatomical male, who claimed that she was psychologically female brought a case in court when she had been dis... he, she... he'd been discharged. Because he was using the, she was using the ladies restroom, and some of the female employees objected. So, it goes a long ways, it goes a long ways, in my opinion.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] Where does one go against the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103453#t=0.0,2697.48245"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_b.mp3"]},"duration":868.70204,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/454/small/lecture.png?1608542025","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/454/original/AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_b.mp3?1608542025","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":868.70204,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=6.965,9.882"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I am not sure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=11.63,13.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=13.88,14.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=15.72,16.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel strongly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=17.8,18.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can't look at the result we want,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=19.97,23.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make our decision as to what the courts ought to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=25.82,30.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you have to depend upon either that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=32.2,35.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you have to take position that our system of government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=35.13,37.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not right, not gonna work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=37.73,39.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it is not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=44.25,45.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the traditional role of the courts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=48.09,50.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to step into these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=50.84,52.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emotional policy matters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=53.23,54.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as a matter of fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=54.97,56.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my opinion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=56.27,57.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributes greatly to the weakening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=59.96,62.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the position of the court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=62.03,63.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=64.55,66.079"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=66.079,69.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as I'm concerned, activism and judicial restraint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=196.66,200.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are not matters of philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=201.354,204.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that activism on the part of conservatives is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=204.87,209.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should no more be tolerable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=210.86,212.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than activism on the part of the liberals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=212.27,215.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Matter of fact, going clear way back to Brown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=215.15,220.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the its predecessor opinion where the court held","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=220.41,225.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a separate but equal schools were constitutional.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=225.27,229.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That in my opinion is a good example of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=229.45,232.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of activism right there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=232.46,234.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you can't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=236.24,237.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can't,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=237.073,237.906"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"determine what the courts should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=241.38,243.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or should not do depending upon whether or not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=243.7,247.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you agree with the particular court that is sitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=247.75,252.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that present time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=252.7,254.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=255.66,257.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=258.14,259.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government by man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=259.55,261.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not government by law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=262.95,265.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the makeup of that Supreme Court,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=265.91,268.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly in the other courts also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=268.01,270.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going to determine not upon their judicial abilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=271.1,274.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their judicial temperament,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=276.65,278.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their knowledge of the law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=278.58,280.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but whether or not that person has the philosophy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=280.94,284.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will bring about the results that I think is proper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=285.84,288.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that might been in as the, real danger of activism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=289.88,294.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it can go from one extreme to the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=295.551,298.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is going to go from one extreme to the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=298.63,301.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=302.132,305.049"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The courts have the prime responsibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=314.257,318.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to look after the rights of the minorities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=318.4,320.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is, what do you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=321.6,324.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how far you wanna go and saying what the rights are?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=324.34,327.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly the very basic rights should be protected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=329.41,333.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rights against discrimination are certainly embedded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=334.82,339.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the constitution and should be protected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=339.45,343.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the extension of those rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=346.13,348.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only minorities, but anyone else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=348.24,351.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who happens to feel that they're not being treated fairly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=351.73,356.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's one of the problems where we're getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=357.12,359.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure that we look at the constitution, not on a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=359.52,363.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what is a constitutional right to be protected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=363.92,366.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but as this result that we see is that fair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=367.49,370.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if it's not fair,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=370.29,371.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we scream that it is not constitutional.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=372.65,375.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that as far as I'm concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=375.43,377.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exceeds the bounds of the constitution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=377.22,379.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=379.19,380.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=381.126,384.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly, a court is not immune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=415.875,418.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from controversy and conflict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=418.55,420.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think your Roosevelt situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=424.49,427.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"natural attrition took care of that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=427.3,429.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there was enough objection that he wasn't able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=429.95,434.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increase the number on the court to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=434.52,436.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get the majority he desired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=436.5,438.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Dred Scott case is that what you have in mind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=439.8,443.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=444.29,445.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That if court has made a wrong decision,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=445.29,447.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no question about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=447.36,448.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No question about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=448.8,449.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll make some more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=451.334,453.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=457.15,457.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=458.823,461.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That may come before me at some time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=471.66,473.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'm not going to make any answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=473.88,476.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until that actual case is presented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=476.43,479.126"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=479.126,481.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am speaking only for myself tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=481.52,483.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=486.73,488.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly 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constitutional.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=515.86,518.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, that is something that might be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=518.6,522.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might eventually come before the court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=522.18,524.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I certainly use within the court's power to deal with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=524.576,527.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=530.04,530.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a hunch as to the way it would be 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=577.99,582.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if they amended it, so be it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=582.0,583.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I certainly 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paramount.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=589.85,592.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=593.85,595.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I personally would be opposed to any sort of a 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under.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=609.47,611.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=611.29,612.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=613.57,614.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as I'm concerned the independence of the judiciary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=617.01,619.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is more important than the fact that I may not 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taken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=626.69,628.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly 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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=642.464,645.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by telling you what I think of the constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=645.02,647.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's a remarkable document.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=647.52,650.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because of its generalities and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=650.61,653.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lack of specificity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=654.95,656.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it makes it flexible so that it can be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=656.22,659.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kept up to date and the courts can operate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=659.84,662.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within that framework.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=662.75,664.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=664.223,665.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think many of the issues that you've just mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=667.81,672.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be more susceptible to statutory rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=673.11,676.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a unconstitutional action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=677.347,679.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=681.568,682.659"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=705.068,707.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a question of what you define","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=707.74,709.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being a constitutional violation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=709.63,712.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would be, as I indicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=713.03,714.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little more circumspect in deciding what really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=714.78,718.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reaches constitutional dimensions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=718.63,720.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly 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ruling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=755.48,760.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Brown vs board of education?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=760.28,761.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I did not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=761.75,762.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it was well within its constitutional powers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=762.583,766.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as a matter of fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=766.76,768.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"corrected a previous piece of improper judicial activism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=769.15,774.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly 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decides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=808.318,809.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without any limitation in the constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=809.31,813.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to what they can decide to be constitutional.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=813.65,816.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why it's important that they exercise some restraint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=817.43,821.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and don't attempt to solve all of our social problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=823.79,827.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by giving it a constitutional label.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=828.27,830.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=835.818,837.328"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=837.328,840.328"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Judge Stewart, thank you for your time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=845.39,846.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and your thoughts and your consideration and coming tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=846.97,849.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you for attending.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=849.24,850.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is to be a cash bar immediately outside the door","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=850.92,853.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which say you're welcome to stay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=853.93,855.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to visit with Judge Stewart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=855.47,857.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and continue any discussion which you may have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=857.55,859.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you for coming tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=859.54,861.15"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21196/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/196/original/AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_b.vtt?1608542027","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/196/original/AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_b.vtt?1608542027"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21197","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203259_Is_our_Judicial_System_in_Trouble_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454/transcript/21197/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I am not sure, but I, I, feel strongly that we can't look at the result we want, to make our decision as to what the courts ought to do. I think you have to depend upon either that, or you have to take position that our system of government is not right, not gonna work. Because it is not the traditional role of the courts to step into these emotional policy matters and as a matter of fact, my opinion contributes greatly to the weakening of the position of the court. Yes sir. As far as I'm concerned, activism and judicial restraint are not matters of philosophy. I think that activism on the part of conservatives is should no more be tolerable than activism on the part of the liberals. Matter of fact, going clear way back to Brown and the its predecessor opinion where the court held that a separate but equal schools were constitutional. That in my opinion is a good example of of activism right there. But you can't you can't, determine what the courts should or should not do depending upon whether or not you agree with the particular court that is sitting at that present time. If you do that, you have, government by man and not government by law. And the makeup of that Supreme Court, particularly in the other courts also, is going to determine not upon their judicial abilities, their judicial temperament, their knowledge of the law, but whether or not that person has the philosophy that will bring about the results that I think is proper. And that might been in as the, real danger of activism. And it can go from one extreme to the other and is going to go from one extreme to the other. The courts have the prime responsibility to look after the rights of the minorities. The question is, what do you how far you wanna go and saying what the rights are? Certainly the very basic rights should be protected. Rights against discrimination are certainly embedded in the constitution and should be protected. It's the extension of those rights not only minorities, but anyone else who happens to feel that they're not being treated fairly. I think that's one of the problems where we're getting sure that we look at the constitution, not on a question of what is a constitutional right to be protected but as this result that we see is that fair. And if it's not fair, then we scream that it is not constitutional. And that as far as I'm concerned exceeds the bounds of the constitution. Yes, sir. Certainly, a court is not immune from controversy and conflict. I think your Roosevelt situation natural attrition took care of that, but there was enough objection that he wasn't able to increase the number on the court to get the majority he desired. The Dred Scott case is that what you have in mind? That's right. That if court has made a wrong decision, there's no question about it. No question about it. And we'll make some more. Yes, sir. That may come before me at some time so I'm not going to make any answer until that actual case is presented. I am speaking only for myself tonight. Yes, sir. The court certainly has the power to determine what is or is not constitutional. Again, that is something that might be might eventually come before the court. I certainly use within the court's power to deal with it. And, I have a hunch as to the way it would be decided. Yes. Of course, if the constitutional process is followed to amend the constitution, that's the will of the people and if they amended it, so be it. I certainly would, as I've indicated in what I said tonight, I feel the independence of the judiciary is paramount. And, I personally would be opposed to any sort of a statute or an amendment that would tend to infringe upon the independence of the judiciary even though, I have some quarrel also with some of the decisions I've been under. But rather than, as far as I'm concerned the independence of the judiciary is more important than the fact that I may not agree with the approach that some have taken, some might have taken. Constitution, I think as I started out by telling you what I think of the constitution I think it's a remarkable document. And because of its generalities and lack of specificity I think it makes it flexible so that it can be kept up to date and the courts can operate within that framework. And, I think many of the issues that you've just mentioned should be more susceptible to statutory rather than a unconstitutional action. Yes, sir. If it's a constitutional violation the court of course should deal with it. It's a question of what you define as being a constitutional violation. And I would be, as I indicated a little more circumspect in deciding what really reaches constitutional dimensions. The question was do I think that the court overstepped its proper constitutional position in ruling on Brown vs board of education? No, I did not. I think it was well within its constitutional powers. And as a matter of fact, corrected a previous piece of improper judicial activism. The Supreme Court. The Supreme Court decides without any limitation in the constitution as to what they can decide to be constitutional. That's why it's important that they exercise some restraint and don't attempt to solve all of our social problems by giving it a constitutional label. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Judge Stewart, thank you for your time and your thoughts and your consideration and coming tonight. Thank you for attending. There is to be a cash bar immediately outside the door in which say you're welcome to stay and to visit with Judge Stewart and continue any discussion which you may have. Thank you for coming tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34601/file/103454#t=0.0,868.70204"}]}]}]}