{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4m91834n3k/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Singh, Gurcharan, Minorities: The New Privileged or the Eternal Outcasts"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Minorities: The New Privileged or the Eternal Outcasts. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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(breathing heavily)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=20.059,25.059"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Last time I did this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=43.613,45.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I let the speaker talk for a whole hour","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=45.09,46.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not have any power on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=46.83,48.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I wanted to be sure that it's not my fault again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=48.1,50.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that any word is missed throughout this evening's lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=50.99,55.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to welcome you all on this very chilly cold 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brochures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=63.27,65.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that describes the activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=65.97,67.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are left in the rest of our week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=67.98,69.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'll also remind you that next Wednesday, the 14th,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=69.6,73.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under Secretary General's United nations narrows Simon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=73.4,76.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll be coming in conjunction with this institute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=76.58,79.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I invite you to attend his lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=79.9,82.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It will be be a Wednesday evening, December 14th.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=82.73,85.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tomorrow evening, the Sri Lankan Ambassador,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=85.68,88.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ambassador Kane Karani,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=88.57,89.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be our lecturer for Thursday evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=89.68,94.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would just like to mention that this afternoon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=95.56,98.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eleanor Elliott from Carlton college in Minnesota","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=98.42,101.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presented a very interesting and informative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=101.81,104.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slide lecture with commentary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=105.667,108.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she also then will be giving some commentary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=108.14,111.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and remarks after Dr. Singh presents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=111.63,114.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his formal remarks this evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=114.22,116.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few words about Dr. Singh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=118.61,121.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he is currently at the City University of New York","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=123.53,127.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he is a native of Punjab, India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=127.96,130.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's also presently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=130.91,132.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a member of the Political Science faculty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=133.84,135.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at city college, the City University of New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=135.78,138.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before teaching, Dr. Singh 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harmony,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=148.3,150.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which focuses on national minorities in South Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=150.97,155.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besides teaching, he's active in minority 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way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2820.41,2824.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a couple of times they were caught up in an elevator,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2825.63,2829.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though we have very few elevated 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Madam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2844.7,2846.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was the Minister of Culture of Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2846.82,2849.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I forgot her name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2849.68,2850.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, Madam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2850.81,2851.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, Madam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2854.439,2855.272"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was your experience of you visiting India?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2855.272,2858.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, well, people are very nice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2858.31,2860.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have been very hospitable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2860.25,2862.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a great country and we enjoyed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2862.04,2864.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of them said, that's all fine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2864.91,2868.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but tell us something real, hospitality nice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2868.84,2873.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2874.037,2875.234"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she said,you want something real?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2875.234,2876.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, wait a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2876.52,2877.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, we are communists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2877.77,2880.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we really don't believe in God,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2880.56,2882.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but after two weeks in India,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2882.69,2884.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I keep thinking there must be some God here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2885.62,2888.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"otherwise who takes care of this country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2888.91,2891.434"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2891.434,2893.684"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is just in clarification that God takes care of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2898.14,2901.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2902.534,2904.784"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible interruption)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2906.391,2909.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2909.465,2910.865"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is all I had to say and I'll welcome any questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2910.865,2914.517"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible conversation)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2916.487,2919.904"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2973.56,2974.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Often when we determine two different categories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2977.45,2981.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either class-based or ethnoculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2981.4,2984.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they might overlap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2986.23,2987.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, particularly referring to the word ethnicity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2989.202,2992.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The word ethno is derived from Greek","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2992.98,2995.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which means there are different translations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2996.61,2999.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In modern usage, they use them as a people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=2999.89,3004.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a nation, a country in the sense that anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3004.52,3009.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which gives a people, a people hold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3010.06,3012.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore the term ethnicity is a kind of 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majority,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3154.95,3158.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would squeeze them out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3158.0,3159.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the answer 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party,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3172.01,3174.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used language as a camouflage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3174.13,3176.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm using the word 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space,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3185.84,3188.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either language or religion or culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3188.39,3192.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can be a critical 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Latinos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3672.01,3674.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they are very insistent on this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3674.93,3677.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is a statement that they are not 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racism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3688.09,3690.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Carlton there's institutionalized racism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3690.32,3693.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there is no value of a plural society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3693.25,3697.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think this word that you use the minorities as wealth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3697.6,3700.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not as irritant is perhaps one of the most 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differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3712.87,3715.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of different ethnic groups be seen to add the color","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3715.97,3719.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wealth to the American 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this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3726.29,3727.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I always have to look at the Indian situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3727.83,3729.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and try to understand it, and then see what that tells me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3729.88,3733.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the culture that I live in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3733.27,3734.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much for talking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3734.74,3736.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope, I hope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3736.11,3737.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that some of our, our cultural problems can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3737.33,3740.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be solved as well as the Nagas and and the Sikhs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3740.14,3743.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that the, the incredible building up of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3744.343,3748.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into partition is something that a nation goes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3748.56,3751.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through perhaps only once and ever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3751.57,3754.879"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after that learns how to value its minorities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3754.879,3756.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how to cherish cultural differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3756.6,3759.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how to build a truly Pearl society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3759.01,3761.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll see if Marxism comes to (laughs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3761.78,3763.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Any other question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3770.74,3772.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3772.23,3773.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible conversation)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3774.442,3777.859"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Cultural diversity, but in many senses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3782.86,3786.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from an economic point of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3786.09,3788.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a great value to the uniformity communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3788.38,3792.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have a great diversity of languages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3793.95,3798.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the languages are fine because lines are clearly set.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3798.34,3801.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then perhaps your communication is only a profit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3801.18,3804.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the top levels of culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3804.54,3807.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those who are economically advantage, whereas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3808.059,3810.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a place like this company, we have many levels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3810.093,3815.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot of the stranger pretending to be a transfer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3815.027,3818.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of certain techniques and technologies in fields","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3818.76,3821.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as farming business over and over a much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3821.75,3824.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"larger area where you don't have this commonality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3824.81,3829.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It becomes very, very difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3829.34,3830.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is serious the absurdity it points out to the 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same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3856.47,3860.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It depends, how can we use it profitably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3860.78,3863.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that the 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3892.83,3895.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that we have the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3895.55,3899.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are certain national forces like fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3899.07,3902.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can use it for heating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3902.3,3903.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can use it for cooking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3903.9,3905.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can also burn ourselves in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=3905.94,3908.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same applies to the 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capable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4003.57,4007.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of absorbing the stresses and trying to resolve them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4007.72,4012.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two extreme examples of Nagus in Punjab.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4012.12,4015.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There have been others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4015.73,4017.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not have the time to refer to 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building","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4042.56,4045.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a library in Pakistan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4045.35,4047.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the same round material can be useful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4047.65,4050.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a factor, it can break the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4052.27,4056.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any other questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4061.52,4062.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4072.499,4075.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'd like to thank Dr. Singh and Illinois","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4078.301,4080.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for your informative comments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=4080.51,4082.01"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29679/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/679/original/AV167987_a.vtt?1624892554","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/679/original/AV167987_a.vtt?1624892554"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29680","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167987_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394/transcript/29680/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Testing one, two, three. Testing one, two three.\r\n\r\n- I guess I'll be speaking for everybody here though. Test.\r\n\r\n- Last time I did this, I let the speaker talk for a whole hour and not have any power on. So I wanted to be sure that it's not my fault again that any word is missed throughout this evening's lecture. I'd like to welcome you all on this very chilly cold night to our world effect bears the lecture and invite you to pick up one of the green brochures that describes the activities that are left in the rest of our week. And I'll also remind you that next Wednesday, the 14th, under Secretary General's United nations narrows Simon we'll be coming in conjunction with this institute and I invite you to attend his lecture. It will be be a Wednesday evening, December 14th. Tomorrow evening, the Sri Lankan Ambassador, Ambassador Kane Karani, will be our lecturer for Thursday evening. I would just like to mention that this afternoon Eleanor Elliott from Carlton college in Minnesota presented a very interesting and informative slide lecture with commentary. And she also then will be giving some commentary and remarks after Dr. Singh presents his formal remarks this evening. A few words about Dr. Singh, he is currently at the City University of New York and he is a native of Punjab, India. And he's also presently, a member of the Political Science faculty at city college, the City University of New York. Before teaching, Dr. Singh served in the Indian diplomatic missions to the United Nations at Geneva and New York. He's currently working on a second publication, Minority cultures discord and harmony, which focuses on national minorities in South Asia. Besides teaching, he's active in minority affairs and literary writing and is the founding fellow of the Ski Renaissance Institute New York and chief editor of its monthly journal. Without further ado, then I'd like to introduce Dr. Singh.\r\n\r\n- Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. It's a great pleasure, indeed a privilege for me to be amongst you this evening and to have an opportunity to share my thoughts on minorities in South Asia. Coming from a very small town in a remote corner of South Asia and having become a refugee amongst millions of them, it was a long quest to rediscover our identity and to resurrect our dignity. It was not easy, to say the least. In fact, it was very difficult and a long struggle. And in a way is a struggle or a tryst with destiny to borrow Jawaharlal Nehru's phrase. When speaking on minorities, the first question which comes to one's mind is how to define a minority. The very rich and the very privileged people, very small minority in every country. They are also a very small minority in South Asia. The poor peasants, underprivileged and dispossessed masses of people, the outcast or the untouchables. They are a vast majority in South Asia. In fact, one of the most alarming facts of today's world, perhaps ultimately more menacing than nuclear overkill, is the gross disparity of material wealth between the poor majority and the rich minority. Almost two thousand years ago, the Greek philosopher, Plato, observed that even in the smallest city, there are two cities. A city of the rich and a city of the poor, eternally at war with each other. If we don't recall Plato, many people would believe it was Carl Marx. But in fact these observations are made much earlier. Now again coming back to the minorities, there are two broad categories that we can determine which minority we are dealing with. One would be based on socioeconomic and class-based factors. The other, identification based on ethno-cultural identification. The focus of my presentation this evening is on the second category. The ethno-cultural minorities in South Asia. While analytical importance of class-based socio-economic identifications in the modern industrial societies cannot be minimized, ethno-cultural identity still remain powerful catalytic agent in group mobilization. It is more true in the South Asian setting where religious pluralism is a basic feature of group identity. In fact, major political privileges occur along ethno-cultural lines. And affinities of basic loyalty tend to be separated rather sharply by religious, language and cultural values. Therefore, the reference in this presentation to ethnocultural identities encompasses language or religion, ethnicity, culture. The emphasis varies from time to time but more often religion may be the most critical variable in ethno-cultural identifications. Nathan Glazer and Daniel Moynihan in a very perceptive study, made some interesting observations. One of them is that the ethnocultural identities were formerly seen as rivals from an earlier age, as something tribal, as something provincial. To be treated variously with tolerance, annoyance or mild celebration. There is now a growing sense that they may be forms of social life that are capable Of social life that are capable of renewing and transforming themselves. Therefore, they find a very surprising persistence of the ethnic based forms of social identification as well as conflict. Marxists believed that ethnic groups would disappear. But more often than not, ethnic identities involve a certain disadvantage or advantage. And at the same time, these are the ethnic groups through which we human beings can overcome those disadvantages. This may be troublesome both to those who wish to emphasize the primacy of class and those who wish to emphasize the primacy of a nation. Nevertheless, the ethnocultural diversity is so important. Let us have a look at the magnitude of the ethnocultural diversity in South Asia. South Asia,the second most populous region of the world, next only to China, is inhabited by the people of different religions, cultures, languages, and races. The subcontinent is rich in cultural diversity but poor in material resources relative to the population, which is increasing pretty fast despite very ambitious family planning programs especially in India. This complex multinational and polyethnic sub continent is politically divided into four major territorial States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. There are three main religions dominant, Hinduism in India, Islam in Pakistan and Bangladesh and Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Each of these religions constitute a minority, in one or the other territorial state in the area. India, where Hinduism is preponderant with 460 million followers constituting almost 83% of total population has a large Muslim minority of approximately 60 million which is 11% of India's total population. Besides, there are other religious minorities in India, roughly 16 million Christians, 12 million Sikhs, 5 million budhists, 10 million Jains and other smaller communities like Parsis ,the Jews, the Anglo Indians and the tribals. There are almost 85 million untouchables. They constitute 18% of India's total population. Looking across the frontier, Pakistan has small Christian and Hindu minorities but a large and more volatile Pakhtun minority also known as Pathans. Roughly about 10 million of them concentrated in North Western tribal areas of Pakistan, demanding a separate homeland or Pakhtunistan. Bangladesh has a large Hindu minority, about 10 million, constituting 9% of the total population and much smaller Christian and Buddhist minorities. In Siri Lanka, there are almost 65% of the people profess Buddhist faith who constitute the Sinhalese speaking majority has a Hindu, Tamil speaking minority of about 11% and the Christian minority of about 9%. I'm using these figures based on 1971, 72 Census but applying the escalation during last 40 years. Now, most modern state are polyethnic You may be surprised that out of about 149 members of the UN only 14 States are mono ethnic. And even there, there are small pockets of minorities. Competition and conflict among individuals and the groups is as old as human history, but the magnitude of this phenomenon has assumed new dimensions in recent times. The changing social technology, fast means of communications and visual mass media have transformed this world into a global village. As such many problems traditionally within the domestic jurisdiction of a nation often spillover the national frontiers and assume international ramifications. The subject of poly-ethnicity and multinational character. The subject is so vast and complex, the historical raw material quite voluminous. And we observed this disturbing phenomenon of ethno-cultural conflict long enough. We must outline conceptual devices and determine the parameters for the resolution of this conflict. The following hypotheses are suggested, one, the struggle of the minorities for preservation of their distinct ethnocultural identity and independent growth is not necessarily incompatible with the territorial integrity of a country. On the contrary, it may be the lack of recognition of the rights of a minority and arrogance of a majority which might intensify the conflict. Bangladesh is a classic example of that. Even though Bangladesh had a larger population than West Pakistan. But in analytical terms, even a small minority can oppress a large majority. We assign it a status of a minority in terms of power reconfiguration. In this perspective, the white minority regime in South Africa and Southern Rhodesia placed the black majority in a situation of minority. Two, the psychological dimensions of the conflict in terms of the divergence of perceptions may often be more critical and dangerous in certain situation than even the socioeconomic and political factors. Third, the fear of extinction perceived by a minority and the lack of sensitivity including absence of empathy on the part of a majority can be crucial factor in breaking the bonds of coexistence. These divergent perceptions often lead to endless human misery and dislocation of population and viable political and economic units are broken up. Four, depending upon social systems capacity to absorb the shocks and to deal with the ethno-cultural problems and the quality of its performance in terms of conflict resolution can lead to one of the following consequences. One, they can be the partition of the country based on mutual agreement, which could be tacit or formal. It might involve some violence but basically it's mutual agreement. The second consequence could be, it can be a disintegration of an existing state as a consequence of a violent and bloody war involving enormous loss of human life, property, and material resources. The third consequence can be the recognition of a genuine rights of a minority and try to rectify the imbalance. Now, salty Tisha provides the kind of workshop experience of all these consequences in the sense that the basic problem is to try to manage the conflict. In the first category, I said, one of the consequences of an ethno-cultural conflict can be the partition of a country. And that is what happened in South Asia back in 1947. Although the roots of this cultural conflict can be traced back in history but the legacy of contemporary minority problem is traced back to the colonial rule and national movement for independence. This movement culminated in the partition of the subcontinent, which was a single geopolitical unit under the British rule. During the independence movement more or less all the communities in this multi-religious multilingual and multiracial society participated together and invested their fortune in a shared future full of dreams and aspirations. At one point, the entire country was awakened under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and people belonging to different communities, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhist, Jains and Parsis all followed the Mahatma in a struggle for independence, but then the tragic even followed. There was a chairs in the national movement. And the major factor again was ethno-cultural conflict between Islam and Hinduism where the Muslims demanded a separate homeland for the Muslim majority. There was no war but there was a quite a bit of violence and bloodshed. And eventually the long cherished independence came to the subcontinent with a mixed blessing. The joys of freedom were tempered by the scars of partition common rights and bloodshed. Colonialism took a Bon voyage, leaving these countries torn into pieces and bleeding. Since then, minority politics have been central issues in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In a way Pakistan was created to resolve one minority problem. It did not resolve it. In fact, the partition of India and creation of Pakistan and mass migration of minorities from both sides of the frontier aggravated the ethno-cultural conflict and intensified the minority problem rather than resolving it. While Muslims accomplish their dream of a national homeland with a dominant Muslim majority of 65 million. This is a figure back in 1947, but more than 45 million Muslims stayed back in India. The Kashmir problem was another outcome of the tragic partition of the subcontinent in 1947. In this regard, Nehru, in his discovery of India, made an observation. Some kind of dream of unity has occupied the mind of India since the dawn of civilization. This was probably Nehru's ideal dream but the realities took a different direction in the sense where there was one British India, now there are four countries. But despite partitions, India did not declare Hinduism as a state religion. Indian national Congress in conformity with its longstanding ideological commitment continued a secular policy, where different religious communities could enjoy the freedom. In fact, Congress Party government despite the partition included prominent nationalist Muslims like Maulana Azad, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, and Shani Vashikaran in the central cabinet. The constitution of Indian Republic, contains elaborate safeguards for the minorities. It prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth. It prohibits discrimination in public employment, It abolishes on untouchability, guarantees freedom of religion, so on and so forth, and therefore the secular philosophy reflects in the constitutional guarantees. It may, however, be pointed out that the constitutional provisions and legal norms are significant point of reference but political realities often diverge not only from the language, but also the spirit of the constitution. While the Congress Party remain committed to secularism, discrimination based on religion and interference in the religious affairs of the minorities has been a common feature at local levels even though the national policy was not in their direction. So Jennings is of the opinion that the Congress party leaders have minimized the importance of minority interest. In the absence of institutional framework that there were provisions in the constitution but there was no institutional framework to safeguard the minority interest. Fortunately, in India, where Hindu culture is preponderant, it has the tradition of religious tolerance, flexibility and acceptance of diversity. It is a common pattern of political institutions which have deep impact of Hindu culture to be less dogmatic. The process may be slow, but Hinduism is open to change and often absorbs the shocks and the stresses. Some people suspect the Hindu prudence and flexibility has a very shrewd strategy to outflank their adversary rather than confront it openly. As they say that somebody else knew whether India would go communist, once you are gone. And I would say, gee, I cannot tell you that but I can tell you one thing, if India goes communist, that would be enough communism. That is a reference to the flexibility of Hindu culture. That it's true that Hindu culture doesn't fight, but it outflanks. And Nehru's indcation was that it can outflank even communism. That it would lost its vitality or radicalism once it is there in India. In a wider regional perspective, Muslim minority in India is not only numerically strong, It's power is enhanced because of the Hindu minority in Pakistan as well. Political leaders cannot ignore that any ill treatment of the Muslim minority in India can be retaliated by Pakistan over the Hindu minority. When we make a reference to Pakistan, there are two periods in time and space. There was a large Muslim minority in Pakistan but after the breakaway of Bangladesh, now there is a large Hindu minority in Bangladesh rather than in Pakistan. And there are contributing forces in the sense that in all these areas, there are minorities. In a way, minorities provide cushion to each other. And therefore these are kind of contributing forces. Nevertheless, the Muslim minority has had to make some difficult emotional adjustment. The Indian Muslims have had to learn to regard his co-religionists in Pakistan as a foreigner. The Hindu neighbor is a fellow citizen with whom he must take up arms if need be against the Pakistanis. Even this radical psychological reorientation, if achieved, may not be enough to ensure him the goodwill of the majority. On the other side of the frontier in Pakistan, the Hindu minority also had to make similar emotional adjustment. In view of the conflict relations between the two countries, it was not easy for the Muslims in India to take up arms against Pakistan and vice versa. In Ceylon or Sri Lanka, which attained independence quite painlessly as a byproduct of India's freedom struggle. The Buddhist majority 65% of the total population constitutes a vital component of the national life. The Tamil speaking Hindu minority and Sinhalese speaking Buddhist majority often fought many battles over the language issue, over citizenship, and of course underlying currents for economic and social. Nevertheless, the Sinhalese speaking Buddhist majority is a dominant factor in national life in Ceylon. I previously mentioned that as a consequence of this minority-majority conflict, if the system has the capacity to resolve this conflict or not, depending upon its efficiency, key consequences could follow. I'll briefly discuss some of those. The first instance I mentioned that as a consequence of dominant Hindu majority and a vulnerable Muslim minority in India, when it was united, it brought chaos in the national movement as a result the country was partitioned. But despite the partition, the problem could not be resolved. It became more intensified. The next stage came that both within India, as well as within Pakistan, there were separatist tendencies. I mentioned already that a small but volatile Pakhtun minority in Pakistan is seeking self determination and threatening territorial integrity of Pakistan. On the other side, East Pakistan and West Pakistan, even though it was the same Islamic culture, but there are other diversity in terms of language, race, their way of living and a long physical distance in the two wings, which eventually broke the union apart. But in this case there was a violent breakdown of communication, and only as a consequence of a long bloody warfare Pakistan was dismembered in total and Bangladesh emerged as a new country. This was a third off shoot of the British Empire. Even that doesn't resolve all the problems. Within India, I would say two major examples which threaten the territorial integrity of India because of the ethno-cultural conflict. One was in Punjab and the other what we call it Nagaland. And how the Indian political system try to deal with both these situations. In Punjab, the Sikh community happened to be before creation of Punjab speaking state, a minority, which was roughly about 30%. But ever since the fall of the Sikh Commonwealth back in 1848, the Sikhs have been getting on a struggle to reestablish their national identity. During that time, the Muslims demanded a separate homeland, the Sikhs also talked in terms of a separate Sikh state but the idea was not pushed very far. However, after the partition of the country, then Congress, in terms of its commitment, established a commission to reorganize the States based on language, the purpose was to make each state as possible as a unilingual. Even though States the lines were redrawn, The Sikh community in Punjab demanded a separate unilingual Punjab. Even though the main controversy was over language but basically the Sikh community was looking for a place where they could be in a dominant majority. The problem was that the demand of a small minority which was roughly about 30%, there was a problem how to translate it into action. Even those members of the Congress who were sympathetic, they would tell the Sikh community look here you are a small minority 70% Hindus in Punjab don't want that. Then eventually it was a long struggle spread over 20 years. But what is more significant about this struggle, that eventually after 20 years, the Sikhs accomplished and achieved their demand that the Punjabi speaking state has been created but it was a long struggle but no major loss of human life, no major loss of property, no loss of material resources in the sense that it was more or less a semi non-violence struggle. Yet, ultimately the objective was achieved. That was that a minority's basic demand was recognized without breaking India. That mean India's territorial integrity was kept. And at the same time, a minority's demand has been granted. In this way, India took care of the vulnerability or the fear of - Who lived in the outer fringes of the modern civilization but a distinct tribal group. During the British time, they enjoyed complete freedom. These are the people who do not have the modern comforts, who do not have the material benefits. They are not literate in terms of modern education but they love their freedom. As new India tried to establish its control in the outer fringes, particularly even there was a border dispute with China. The problem was how to bring these Nagas into the mainstream of Indian life. As the Indian administration tried to extend itself, the Nagas resented. As a result, there was a long, violent struggle. The Nagas, trying to keep their freedom and not let the Indian administration interfere, at the same time, the Indian system trying to extend its jurisdiction in this kind of no man's land. This was another example, even though there was a loss of human life. There was a long struggle. Violence was involved. Nevertheless, the political system resolved this problem within certain parameters, maintaining the integrity of India, yet eventually meeting the Nagas halfway, granting them autonomy, eventually asking Nagas to elect their own representatives to form a government, recognizing their complete autonomy and respecting their sensitivity. That why they would love freedom more than modern comforts, modern schools, modern hospitals and that sensitive was recognized. This again is an indication of the health of a system, that in any multiethnic, multicultural society, the conflict is inherent, but the question is whether the system can absorb that stress. The Indian political system tried to deal with this, on one end with more or less in a non violent way, and the other side in the Nagaland, they created a separate state. So in a way, these are just two examples. The separatist tendencies amongst the Sikhs in Punjab and the freedom loving Nagas. In both cases, the situation has been at least resolved within the territorial integrity of India. In case of Pakistan, I mentioned one example where initially there was a demand for autonomy in East Pakistan. Their demand could not properly be processed, as a result, the things went out of control. As a result of bloodshed and violence eventually, Pakistan was dismembered. That shows in a way, it's not a value judgment. That shows the capacity of a system to absorb the shock, to deal with the stress. In case of Pakhtunistan, the demand by a 10 million Pathan minority for a separate homeland, there are certain analogies between Nagaland and Pakhtunistan. Both are tribal people, both are freedom loving, both live away from the fringes of modern civilization, both would resent modern comforts but try to keep their independence. Again, the government of Pakistan tried in a similar way as initially India tried to do, to extend its jurisdiction in kind of area which was no man's land. And the Pathans they retaliated. But the problem is still there. It's premature to say whether the Bangladesh model would repeat in Pakhtunistan or whether based on earlier experience, the political system in Pakistan would be able to resolve the conflict in Pakhtunistan and maintain the territorial integrity of Pakistan. I did mention earlier, I suggested that the recognition of the rights of minority within certain parameters need not necessarily be incompatible with territorial integrity of any state. There are two paradoxical developments in modern time. On the one hand in Western Europe, we see the old adversaries, Germany, France, Britain and other countries finding it functionally useful to integrate. Initially in Africa, we are facing another development that where the existing units are breaking up. Even centuries past when India was not a unified political unit it was a compact economic unit in the sense that the people could move freely across the subcontinent or to use the modern concept that the goods and services could move across the subcontinent freely. Now we have created artificial barriers, which in a way stand in the way of economic development and is not beneficial to any of these countries which emerged from the British empire. Often the dangers are, in this kind of ethno-cultural conflict, If it is not resolved that there is a generally the behavior pattern of the ethnic minorities in certain situation resembles the behavior pattern of many small states. Prolonged non resolution of an inter-ethnic conflict might involve external intervention. As for instance it happened when there was internal conflict between West Pakistan and East Pakistan, eventually India's intervention proved to be a critical factor. Convergence of inter-ethnic tension into a conflict of international magnitude. This highlights the importance of any political system trying to resolve inter-ethnic conflict. On the one hand, there is a feeling that the minorities or nationalities are a kind of irritant within a system because they create political instability, Soviet scholar and Nobel prize winner, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, he says that ethnic minorities are the wealth of humanity. They are its crystallized personalities. Even the smallest among them, has its own special colors and hides within itself a particular facet of God's design. And therefore he says, this should be encouraged. These forces of multicultural nature can neither be wished away nor steamrolled to non-existence. These new political systems which are polytechnic have to work out in modus vivendi to reconcile the two conflicting, but valid claims. The quest of a national minority for the recognition and maintenance of its distinct identity at the vertical level has to be reconciled with the struggle of a preponderant majority to maintain the territorial integrity at the horizontal level. Political innovations may have to be worked out in the forms of loose federations, confederacies and commonwealth, where national minorities would enjoy freedom in their own little ethnocultural republics while remaining an integral part of the larger commonwealth. It may not provide a universal solution but polyethnic federalism is a possible way of easing inter-ethnic tensions. Nationalism often becomes synonymous with the dominant culture and even genuine demands of minorities are labeled as parochial. That is the danger. Communal or even anti national. Therefore national mechanism for conflict resolution should be supplemented by an impartial arbiter to avoid the conflict situation reaching a point of no return. Some kind of international recognition of the minority rights and establishment of an institutional mechanism is needed, so the minorities grievances could find an outlet. Often, there is a communication problem that the communication between the minority and majority breaks down. This proposed international mechanism or an agency should have the authority to hear complaints or see petitions from the minorities and to investigate and publish reports and make recommendations. It is kind of a middle level, not the authority to dictate, but to make make recommendations to the respective governments. It would alert the ruling regimes and dominant majorities in respect of their obligation towards minorities and provide a psychological sense of security to the minorities. This proposal for international recognition of the rights of national minorities is not an entirely new idea. The treaty of Berlin in 1878 contained clauses relating to protection of minorities. Under the League of Nations, all newly created states in East Central Europe Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia and Poland were induced to sign the so-called minority treaties. The purpose of these treaties was to protect national minorities against discrimination and assimilation. Besides, special sections were inscribed in the peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Turkey, again relating to the protection of minorities. The observance of the obligations enshrined in these treaties depended basically upon the good faith of these countries. Therefore, there is a need to supplement with the international institutions as a part of the UN that which could oversee the treatment of minorities. In a way it might somewhat limit the role of majority in different ethnocultural situations but at the same time, it might save the breakdown in the existing states, where the internal conflict might reach a point of no return. And there is a major danger in Asia that if these various forces of separatism of disintegration cannot be taken care of within the parameters of these systems, there may be more partitions in offing which would involve greater loss of human life, major economic, social, and cultural dislocation which in a way, must be avoided. But in case I pictured, too gloomy a profile of South Asia. Let me add a note of optimism at the end. And that is that it appears that God takes care of South Asia. And even communists have acknowledged that. They say that some twenty years ago, the first cultural delegation came to India from Soviet Union. When they arrived at the Palam Airport in New Delhi, it was raining very heavily. In India, either it doesn't rain, or it rains too heavily. And the plane could not land. And they diverted the plane to another airport which was 300 miles away. And then they put the delegation in a train and the train broke down. And all the arrangements for reception had to be changed. And then they were to meet a Minister of Culture and his car broke down on the way. And a couple of times they were caught up in an elevator, even though we have very few elevated buildings. During two weeks of their stay in India, they had many kinds of mishaps like that. When they were going back, the journalists as usual went to the airport saying them goodbye. And one of them asked Madam, She was the Minister of Culture of Soviet Union. I forgot her name. She said, Madam, She said, Madam, what was your experience of you visiting India? She said, well, people are very nice, they have been very hospitable, it's a great country and we enjoyed. And one of them said, that's all fine but tell us something real, hospitality nice and all that. And she said,you want something real? Okay, wait a minute. She said, we are communists, we really don't believe in God, but after two weeks in India, I keep thinking there must be some God here, otherwise who takes care of this country? This is just in clarification that God takes care of us. That's right. This is all I had to say and I'll welcome any questions. Good question. Often when we determine two different categories, either class-based or ethnoculture, they might overlap. However, particularly referring to the word ethnicity. The word ethno is derived from Greek which means there are different translations. In modern usage, they use them as a people, a nation, a country in the sense that anything which gives a people, a people hold. Therefore the term ethnicity is a kind of elusive. Many people identify it with race but it has nothing to do with race. But basic, whatever may be crucial in a given situation, whether religion, language or culture and in certain situation, all of them may be combined. Like for instance the basic conflict between the Buddhist majority in Ceylon and the Tamil speaking Hindu minority was on the surface over language but undercurrent was that small community of the Christians and the Hindu minority Tamil speaking were occupying positions of prominence in Ceylon. But later on the Sinhalese speaking Buddhist majority used Buddhism as a slogan, that Buddhism is the mainstream of Sinhalese life, and therefore, but the basic problem was economic and social. In case of India, it's true that's it's a kind of mixture of many races. However, in certain situation, religion happens to be the dominant critical factor in determining the ethnicity of a certain people. It's true that Punjabi Muslims may have more common with me than the South Indian Muslims with the Punjab Muslim, but nevertheless, in this case at a given time in history, religion became a critical factor and it disintegrated India. And therefore, the term ethno-cultural is being used very widely in which case either language or religion happens to be critical. In case of the Sikhs demand for autonomy in Punjab, the controversy started over language but language was only a camouflage. Basically the Sikhs were looking for a place where they could be in a majority and they used the language as a tool to accomplish a certain goal, and that was when Nehru told the Sikhs, that you are a small 30% minority, I sympathize with you but how can I do it? Because 70% Hindus they are scared that if you people already in a majority, you would squeeze them out. And the answer was, we are only 30% and we are not scared of you. If we are only 51%, why the Hindu should be scared of us. And eventually as a result of long struggle, mustard passing in a Collie party, used language as a camouflage. I'm using the word figuratively but the basic purpose was to have a place where the Sikhs could be in a majority. Therefore, I'm saying it depends in a certain time and space, either language or religion or culture can be a critical factor. If tomorrow we try to unify India then we would say that there is a some vague concept of the Indian culture that is in Nehru's discovery of India. That's a dream, that dream is there. It's an idea. It can be realized, but a lot of homework has to be done. I mean, that there's a chance that the whole of Indian subcontinent can reunite again while remaining the distinct political unit as they are. But in functional terms like what is being done in Western Europe. And then you can call that there's a kind of dream of common Indian culture. Then religion and language becomes less important but the dominant Indian culture becomes preponderant. But right now we talk in terms of Islamic culture because in that case, religion is dominant. Just again, it's a question of time and space. It depends how close we are looking at a situation. Even amongst the small Sikh community, there is a cultural diversity, the Jatts and non Jatts. And then people who know them very closely, you can see and recognize a Jatt and the non Jatt but all of them wear a turban, they have a beard, they speak the same language. So I'm saying these are kind of the subtleties of an analytical categories that we established. I introduced an hypothesis saying that certain group identification survive that either we suffer certain disadvantages by being a Mexican, by being a black, by being an Italian, by being a Sikh or Muslim. And therefore we for growth that we fight to overcome those disadvantages, and that's why these identities survive at a given time either because we suffer certain disadvantages or we are getting on a struggle to overcome those disadvantages and mobilize our strength as a group identity. So once again, whether it's a sociologist or political scientist or an international scholar, it depends from which perspective we are looking at it. To me, as a student of international politics, ethnocultural conflict is the most explosive situation in many countries than even the nuclear energy. Because it is this ethno- conflict, if not taken care of that it can explode and break the countries. And once again, how do you make these identification? It depends upon situation. Again, one or the other factor can dominate and at a different situation, it can disappear. Language may be dominant in Ceylon in a certain time and space, it can disappear after 10 years. And then the economic class-based categories might become more important in any kind of conflict. Any other?\r\n\r\n- an Indian and often go to India, and I think one thing that appeals to Americans is the variety. We come from a rather monochromatic culture and we see a Sikh in an orange shirt, an orange turban and orange socks. And we think that's great. Or we see a naked giant priest striding proudly down the street followed by a lot of very fat Sikh sari clad women and we think why isn't life in America like this? We see a little girl and he's Christian and the miniskirt followed down the street by a completely covered Muslim woman from head to foot. The variety in India is striking. It's open, it's clear. And we have to look at, and we have to think about it. And like so many things in India, it is so clear and so vivid that we really do have to think and about this idea of a plural society, about ethnic groups based on whatever language, religion, and I think I would add the word you used very effectively, perception, is something I have been enormously aware of ever since I discovered India in 1951. I can understand the passion of the split in Northern Ireland, where you see a country torn by a religion combed, historical combed, economic, ethnic perception of the difference. You can see Lebanon split in pieces. You can see Canada shaking at times whether it's French Catholic minority and its perception of its own ill treatment at the hands of the British based majority. In other words, the visibility of Indian groups makes one very conscious of the passion of and the differentness of ethnic groups. So that one really perceives it more clearly in other countries. I have talked to my Marxist friends about this because I have said how does communism come to a country that is genuinely plural? It hasn't done it yet. Russia, the Soviet union is the only communist nation that has large groups that are different than the Muslims of central Asia. As far as I know are totally quiet and are just waiting until they outnumber the white Russians in the west. And we can see if a communist state can be truly plural. There does not seem to be Marxist ideology that deals with pluralism and nationality. Like so many other things in India, seeing this very rich life. So clearly enables one to take a different look at one's own culture. And I am enormously conscious of two things in American life. One is that our two basic words integration and majority, work against our perception of the richness and the rights of what you have called minorities or ethnic groups Carleton college now, which is a small college. And one that is basically quite conservative is in the throws of acceptance of the term third world peoples instead of minority peoples for blacks for Asian Americans, for Latinos. And they are very insistent on this. And it is a statement that they are not minorities to a dominant culture. They are people with a perception that their own culture as different than is worthwhile. And they say, of course, there's no blatant racism at Carlton there's institutionalized racism and there is no value of a plural society. And I think this word that you use the minorities as wealth and not as irritant is perhaps one of the most important of these things. It's not majority rule, perhaps that we should be so much concerned on is how do people perceive themselves and how can the marvelous differences of different ethnic groups be seen to add the color and wealth to the American scene? Because we do have them that we sometimes see in India I can't help doing this. I always have to look at the Indian situation and try to understand it, and then see what that tells me about the culture that I live in. Thank you very much for talking. I hope, I hope that some of our, our cultural problems can be solved as well as the Nagas and and the Sikhs. And that the, the incredible building up of this into partition is something that a nation goes through perhaps only once and ever after that learns how to value its minorities and how to cherish cultural differences and how to build a truly Pearl society. And we'll see if Marxism comes to .\r\n\r\n- Any other question? Yes, please.\r\n\r\n- Cultural diversity, but in many senses from an economic point of view there is a great value to the uniformity communication. If you have a great diversity of languages the languages are fine because lines are clearly set. Then perhaps your communication is only a profit at the top levels of culture. Those who are economically advantage, whereas in a place like this company, we have many levels. There's a lot of the stranger pretending to be a transfer of certain techniques and technologies in fields such as farming business over and over a much larger area where you don't have this commonality. It becomes very, very difficult. It is serious the absurdity it points out to the business community becomes quite uniform, linguistically.\r\n\r\n- The advantage in this situation is that once again many of these identities do overlap. I did mention that often the problem is to reconcile the vertical identities for the hotties until uniformity did our material is the same. It depends, how can we use it profitably in the sense that the country with many different kind of identities can be destroyed. If those identities do not contribute to its richness. Or on the other hand if a country tries to destroy that kind of diversity you know, it could to accomplish is uniformity. It might destroy the country itself. So the problem is that there is certain raw material which is given we have to use it, in the sense that we have the... There are certain national forces like fire. We can use it for heating. We can use it for cooking, but we can also burn ourselves in it. Same applies to the water. We can turn in it but we can use water for many constructive. So similarly, this diversity in any society is a given raw material and it needs human in January, not only to recognize but at the same time to appreciate that diversity and to work within that and turn it into a rich material rather than treating it as an irritation, as an annoyance, as something intolerable. Because once again, I'm saying that there are certain forces, we cannot wish them away. So therefore the alternative is to try to use them recognizing the autonomy of the various segments in a society, but at the same time to integrate those autonomous forces at the horizon into level keeping the territorial integrity of the country in mind. So there's a kind of resi broker relationship between a minority culture and a majority culture, majority culture it's focuses to keep the territorial integrity. Minority culture is more focused on its own identity at the vertical level, which applies in any situation. But the problem is to reconsult both of them. And that depends upon the health, the performance and the quality of it. Total culture, we call it a social culture. And that I mentioned in case of India, appears to be capable of absorbing the stresses and trying to resolve them. There are two extreme examples of Nagus in Punjab. There have been others. I do not have the time to refer to that. And I just made a contrast in case of Pakistan, where despite having a common religion, Bangladesh broke apart and that mean that diversity could not be integrated or the system could not benefit despite the unity at Hardee's inter level, that unity was a common Islamic culture, which was the basic bond and their most critical variable in nation building became a library in Pakistan. So the same round material can be useful, a factor, it can break the country. Any other questions, we'd like to thank Dr. Singh and Illinois for your informative comments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45436/file/118394#t=0.0,4088.0849"}]}]}]}