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later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=277.16,278.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think there will be such a volunteer today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=279.84,283.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in the next two weeks or so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=283.39,285.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is a problem that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=285.26,287.106"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has reached the scientific conclusion that is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=287.106,292.106"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm actually going to talk about two subjects tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=292.64,295.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of them have to do with ozone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=295.46,298.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first one is stratospheric ozone depletion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=298.0,301.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the second one is ozone down at the ground 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atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1024.13,1026.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that causes that molecule to break apart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1026.95,1029.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that takes about 15 months on the 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atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1036.64,1038.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but trichlorofluoromethane is transparent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1038.41,1042.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the visible and transparent in the near 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it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1060.02,1063.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the slow process is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1063.11,1064.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now you start having to ask questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1064.456,1067.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the rest of the atmosphere and that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1067.29,1070.652"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here I'm indicating for you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1070.652,1073.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have the visible radiation in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1075.19,1079.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we go beyond the red, we get to infrared 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ultraviolet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1085.85,1089.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The energy involved in radiation increases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1089.13,1092.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we go across this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1092.71,1094.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ultraviolet radiation carries a lot of energy per unit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1094.54,1098.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrared radiation does not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1098.71,1101.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infrared radiation is very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1101.71,1105.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the global climate discussion, the Greenhouse Effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1105.65,1110.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but is not very important in the ozone depletion case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1110.52,1113.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, what's over there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1113.73,1115.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's important is the ultraviolet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1115.53,1117.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And ultraviolet radiation, some of 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atoms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1124.67,1127.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each of which usually finds an oxygen, an O2 molecule","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1127.55,1131.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make O3.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1131.81,1133.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so this is the origin of the ozone that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1133.33,1135.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the atmosphere that in the stratosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1135.85,1138.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's ultraviolet radiation breaking up molecular oxygen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1138.8,1142.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and forming the triatomic form of oxygen or ozone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1142.05,1145.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as soon as you have ozone in the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1145.817,1147.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it can absorb ultraviolet radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1147.89,1150.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what that does is usually split it up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1150.64,1154.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gives you an oxygen atom that usually 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enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1573.16,1574.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we ought to quit producing these molecules.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1574.57,1577.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was, 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atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1606.93,1608.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe that was a little too fast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1608.61,1610.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe there are some processes that go on 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molecules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1622.18,1623.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been put in the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1623.67,1625.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"measure how much is there and see how well they agree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1625.11,1628.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If most of it isn't there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1628.05,1630.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then there probably is a process that's taking it 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atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1635.2,1637.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that means you have to start making measurements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1637.02,1639.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've forgotten that I put in here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1639.81,1641.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the chemistry, chlorine oxides are removing ozone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1641.24,1645.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are these temporary reservoirs, which delay the 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thousand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1661.96,1664.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it comes back about a hundred times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1664.55,1666.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's where you get this total of 100,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1666.34,1669.179"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is the distribution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1669.179,1670.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see that very little chlorine atom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1670.09,1672.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they react so rapidly with ozone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1672.39,1674.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you slip chlorine oxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1674.33,1675.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then all these other molecules here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1675.47,1677.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And eventually when it comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1677.57,1678.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the atmosphere, it's hydrogen chloride.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1678.81,1682.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, in order to measure how 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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1688.23,1690.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and make measurements in remote locations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1690.77,1694.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is me 20 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1694.103,1697.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the West Indies, collecting an air sample.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1697.75,1701.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We weren't funded to do this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1701.63,1703.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so all of these were bootlegged on to other trips.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1703.21,1707.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was lecturing in Florida","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1707.79,1710.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I had a ticket that allowed me to go to the West Indies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1710.17,1713.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I was collecting air samples there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1713.22,1716.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we put them through an analysis, which is the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1716.21,1719.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same analysis that Lovelock had invented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1719.84,1723.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We used the electron capture detector,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1723.89,1726.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is an air sample collected in Amsterdam in 1988.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1726.23,1729.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These peaks here are all very tall ones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1730.89,1734.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've cut them off here to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1734.4,1736.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that with this technique we could measure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1736.23,1738.284"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are 40 or 50 compounds that you could measure here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1738.284,1742.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The green ones that are shown here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1742.53,1745.285"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the ones that are the chlorofluorocarbons of interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1745.285,1748.801"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, if you're trying to find out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1748.801,1750.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much is in the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1750.98,1752.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't go to a city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1752.28,1753.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you do is you go to a remote location","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1753.94,1756.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that nothing's being put in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1756.05,1759.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one such remote location is Beryl, Alaska.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1759.15,1762.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now when you make a measurement here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1762.51,1765.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then a lot of the short live molecules have disappeared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1765.09,1768.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the chlorofluorocarbons are still there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1768.15,1771.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was a sample collected in 1983,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1771.21,1773.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you look at this peak right here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1773.87,1776.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we'll look at 1988 and you see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1776.7,1778.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by that time, there was a lot more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1778.83,1781.045"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by following these measurements over the years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1781.045,1784.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one can see what is happening to that molecule","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1784.73,1787.319"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and find out what the lifetime is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1787.319,1790.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the original Lovelock measurements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1791.1,1793.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the measurements that we had in 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North,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1803.79,1806.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the amount doesn't vary very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1806.51,1808.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they mix back and 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up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1813.48,1815.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the South and vice versa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=1815.04,1817.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, even though it goes in all up 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satellite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2214.4,2216.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that looks at the ozone, stuff coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2216.67,2218.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up through the ozone layer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2218.73,2220.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the TOMS instrument showed again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2220.49,2222.544"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this was a very widespread effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2222.544,2225.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was about 100,000 measurements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2227.748,2229.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were made by TOMS on this particular day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2229.093,2232.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the Southern hemisphere on October 3rd of 1979,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2232.73,2236.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's right at the.. Just after spring Equinox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2236.39,2239.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as spring has just begun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2239.36,2241.719"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is Halley Bay right here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2241.719,2243.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well this is the whole Southern hemisphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2243.96,2246.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's South America, over here's Africa, here's Australia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2246.5,2250.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Antarctic continent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2250.09,2251.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Antarctic Peninsula and the amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2251.79,2254.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Halley Bay is, in this color code,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2254.12,2256.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is between 250 and 275 Dobson units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2256.4,2260.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Down here we see an area where it's very high ozone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2260.26,2263.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"450 to 500 Dobson units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2263.8,2266.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, you keep following it with the TOMS instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2266.67,2270.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Four years later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2270.02,2271.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the low value that we saw before, of 250 to 275,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2271.57,2275.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now the low value is 175.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2275.62,2278.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And over Halley Bay, which would be right there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2278.55,2281.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's out at around 175.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2281.64,2283.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the high values of 450 to 500 have almost disappeared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2283.79,2288.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's been a big loss","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2288.41,2289.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ozone in that four year period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2289.95,2293.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another four years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2293.05,2294.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the low value is down below 125 Dobson units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2294.49,2297.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the appearance of this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2297.88,2299.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there's this very sharp gradient is what's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2299.647,2302.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now called the Antarctic Ozone Hole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2302.98,2305.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it said, this hole wasn't there in 1979,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2305.28,2308.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's there very strongly in 1987.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2308.915,2313.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I come back to my question, now we know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2315.477,2318.542"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from three different techniques that the ozone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2318.542,2321.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has gone down, but we have the question why, and,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2321.19,2324.188"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is one of the explanations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2324.188,2326.691"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2326.691,2330.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UFO aliens found at the South pole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2330.197,2333.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inside they showed you the landing strip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2333.89,2335.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the UFOs used and had all of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2335.89,2339.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the scientific point of view,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2339.46,2341.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we say is, this is an unrefereed journal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2341.28,2344.762"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2344.762,2347.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and actually some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2347.15,2348.341"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other results look almost as unlikely as the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2348.341,2353.341"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the extra terrestrials are doing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2353.62,2356.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I do make the point that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2356.27,2358.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't have very much evidence against this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2361.06,2363.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have any evidence for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2363.82,2366.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's just no evidence at all about the extra terrestrial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2366.31,2369.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's better than The Wall Street Journal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2370.21,2372.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was quoting things that we knew were wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2373.3,2375.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas we couldn't, we just said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2375.91,2377.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we didn't think this was right, but we couldn't prove it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2377.12,2380.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But The Wall Street Journal, we could prove","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2380.61,2382.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they were saying was wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2382.09,2384.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2384.26,2385.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you need to do some experiment 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swings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2739.772,2744.772"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out over the Antarctic Peninsula and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2744.9,2747.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over South America through Argentina and Chile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2747.71,2752.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are measurements that are made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2753.13,2754.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at various locations, here and, this is just a measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2754.7,2759.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ultraviolet radiation as measured at three locations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2759.39,2764.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palmer is in the Antarctic Peninsula.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2765.56,2767.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"San Diego is in California and the South Pole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2767.65,2771.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the point here is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2771.63,2773.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these are the most intense days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2773.465,2776.616"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for these three locations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2776.616,2778.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the most intense day in the Antarctic Peninsula,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2778.73,2781.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ultraviolet radiation was about 25% greater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2781.68,2784.536"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than in the most intense day in Southern California.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2784.536,2787.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, species in the Antarctic Peninsula","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2787.65,2791.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are exposed to ultraviolet radiation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2791.648,2794.825"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the ozone hole is overhead to ultraviolet radiation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2794.825,2798.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"levels that they've never experienced before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2798.24,2800.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they would only experience if they were in the tropics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2800.49,2803.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's made a major change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2803.38,2805.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the environment of Antarctica","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2805.874,2809.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as shown by those spectrum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2809.0,2810.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I'm gonna switch to the lower atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2810.97,2813.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and point out that we've had had pollution problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2813.53,2818.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2818.64,2820.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This picture is 1913 Pittsburgh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2820.72,2825.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in middle of a mid winter day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2825.45,2828.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this was true for Pittsburgh and for St. Louis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2830.651,2834.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to a lesser extent other cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=2834.4,2836.283"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28445/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/445/original/AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_a.vtt?1622661084","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/445/original/AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_a.vtt?1622661084"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28446","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408/transcript/28446/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- It's a great pleasure to welcome you tonight to the second lecture of 1999 in our continuing series on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development. We began this series last year to bring distinguished speakers to the Iowa State University Campus, people whose work in science and technology has had a major impact on improving the human condition and whose work is laying the future for a better quality of life throughout the world into the next century. This lecture series has been extremely successful. It's given us the benefit of the knowledge, the experiences, the insight and remarkable vision of some of the world's outstanding scientists and technology leaders, leaders in the actual development and application of science and technology and leaders in the development of science and technology policy. Our speaker tonight, without question, belongs in this very distinguished group. Dr. F. Sherwood Rowland played a pivotal role in the scientific detective work that identified a major global threat to human health and the environment, the threat arising from the unintended consequences of the widespread use of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons in our society. In 1974, Dr. Rowland and his postdoctoral colleague, Mario Molina, showed that when the stable man-made molecule, such as the freon that is widely used in refrigerators and air conditioners, escaped into the stratosphere they interacted with ultraviolet light to produce chlorine and the chlorine was destroying the ozone at an incredibly rapid rate. And as even elementary school youngsters now know, it's the ozone in the stratosphere that shields and protects us from the ultraviolet light exposure and it has been shown to cause serious health problems in people, from cataracts to skin cancer, as well as other damage to our environment and ecosystems. Other scientists soon confirmed their work. And in 1987, a World Congress held in Montreal developed a treaty to phase out the use of these chlorofluorocarbons. This was, is an excellent example of how the International Scientific Community working in collaboration can effectively address a looming environmental problem and it all started with Dr. Rowland's work. One of the many national and international accolades that resulted from this work came in 1995 when the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selected Dr. Rowland and his colleagues for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, truly fitting recognition for a scientific achievement that's so clearly serves the needs of society. Dr. Rowland received his Bachelor's Degree from Ohio Wesleyan University and his Master's and PhD in Chemistry from the University of Chicago. And since 1964, he has been a member of the faculty at the University of California at Irvine. Please join me in welcoming our speaker tonight, Dr. Rowland, please.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, President Jyske. I'm going to see if I can turn this up so I won't disappear when the lights go out. I was in Iowa about 24 years ago speaking on this same subject and I'm tempted to start in where I left off, but some of the audience might've forgotten what we were talking about then. And at that time, I had the, let's say the privilege that there was a truth squad that followed after me sponsored by two... There were two squads, actually, the DuPont company and the Chemical Manufacturers Association that sent speakers around to wherever I spoke to explain what my mistakes were a couple of weeks later. I don't think there will be such a volunteer today or in the next two weeks or so because this is a problem that has reached the scientific conclusion that is, but I'm actually going to talk about two subjects tonight. Both of them have to do with ozone. The first one is stratospheric ozone depletion. And the second one is ozone down at the ground level. the same ozone that's a molecule of ozone is a dry atomic form of oxygen. And the difference between being in the stratosphere and being down here has to do with the two functions that you can think about that ozone has, is able to perform. One of them is that ozone is a very reactive molecule. And so if it comes in contact with your lungs or mine, that's an adverse reaction. If it comes in contact with crops you get an adverse reaction as well because it's a strong oxidizing agent. But up in the stratosphere, it is a protection for us because it can also intercept ultraviolet radiation. And this is often described as the good ozone and the bad ozone, the bad ozone being down here and the good ozone being up in the stratosphere. And the two problems that we have are both related to the fact that we are, by the activities of mankind, we are removing the other zone where it benefits us and increasing it, where it harms us which seems to have the reverse of what we ought to be thinking about doing. One of the problems the stratospheric ozone depletion problem is under reasonable control. The other one, the formation of small at ground level is not, and is a developing problem in many cities all over the world. And with that, as a brief introduction I'm going to move now to the slides and we're going to get, the screen is going to come down and the lights are going to come down. And the first slide that I'm going to show is the abstract of our first paper that was published in June of 1974. The, well, this was a paper which Dr. Molina and I submitted and it was actually the summary of, at the time that we decided we had a problem and should submit a paper, we had been working on this for three months. It took only three months for what started out as an innocent for us, an innocent research problem turned into an environmental problem and the summary of what we, we'll need to move it just slightly more, okay. Chlorofluoromethanes are being added to the environment and steadily approaching amounts. These compounds are chemically inert and may remain in the atmosphere for 40 to 150 years. And concentrations can be expected to reach 10 to 30 times present levels. Photodissociation of the chlorofluoromethanes in the stratosphere produces significant amounts of chlorine atoms, and leads to the destruction of atmospheric ozone. Well, that was the summary that was actually written in January of 1974 and still represents a straightforward summary of what the circumstance is now. And it has been confirmed. In fact, the only thing that has changed, that I would change on that slide is my zip code is different from what it was at that time. The building is the same but the zip code has changed. The study of the atmosphere has been something that has fascinated humans for a long time. The first real reference, I'll tell you a story now, I submitted a paper about ozone and I made the statement at the beginning of it that ozone has been known for thousands of years and the referees, those who don't know what the refereeing process, when you submit a scientific paper, it goes out to other experts who criticize it, say what you have left out of this or that. And in this particular paper, they said, \"Please give a reference for this statement that they've been known for thousands of years.\" the reference.. So it gives you that kind of few brownie points the reference was Homer in The Odyssey because he talked about \"thunder enlightened and the air was filled with sulfur.\" And what that says is that when you have lightening through the atmosphere, you can make ozone and it smells just like sulfur dioxide. So they associated the smell with sulfur. So it was known, in the time of Homer, that lightening would produce the molecule of ozone, but there's a long way from that to understanding something about ozone and this particular slide that I have here shows two early atmospheric chemist. In fact this man over here is a man named Gay-Lussac, two Frenchmen, this was a physicist named . And what they wanted to do was to investigate the composition of the atmosphere. And so they took an evacuated flask and took it up in a balloon and opened that at high altitude filled it with air, brought it back to the laboratory and examined it to see whether the composition of the air at high altitude was different from air that was down at the ground. It was an interesting experiment for the time. What they weren't sure about was whether maybe the amount of oxygen fell off very rapidly when you went up. They took along a canary to let them know if that had happened and found out that, they went up to 23,000 feet in that balloon and the atmosphere, there's only about half as much atmosphere there. They brought it back, the analyzed it and it had the same composition as you have down at the earth. That's something which still was pertinent 190 years later. That measurement is also confirmed in the kinds of measurements that are made in the atmosphere now. Another form of measurement that was made was to measure the concentration of ozone at ground level. And this represents some experiments done outside Paris in France, in the time period of about 120 to 100 years ago. And what they did was to have a chemical technique that would measure the amount of ozone that was down here at ground level and what they found shown in the red line, and we're going from January to December, is that the amount of ozone was that the order of 10 parts per billion. And it was the same all year round or practically the same. At the time when the sun was in summer there's almost no effect on the ozone. That's very different now, a hundred years later, that is not what one observes because the atmosphere has changed in the hundred years since those measurements were made. But the starting point for Dr. Molina and myself came with measurements done by a man named Jim Lovelock. What Lovelock did was to invent a very sensitive detector called Electron Capture Detector and proceed to make measurements at his home in Western Ireland to see whether he could detect any impurities in the atmosphere. And he found he could detect an impurity which is called trichlorofluoromethane, or chlorofluorocarbons or CFC 11 or Freon 11, if it's manufactured by the DuPont company, and having measured that in Western Ireland, he noticed that when the air came from London, there was a lot of it. But when the air came in off the Atlantic Ocean there was a lot of it too. So it didn't depend on coming directly from the cities, there was some there all the time and he persuaded the British government to let him put this apparatus on board a ship that was headed for Antarctica and made measurements. And the measurements that he made are shown with the green circles here. And what that did was to show that this compound which is man-made entirely was present in every air sample that he took in the Northern and Southern hemisphere. Well, this was published actually in 1973 but I heard about it at a meeting in 1972. And it sort of thought about it as, \"Gee, I wonder if we could figure out what would happen to a molecule like this.\" And in 1973, when Mario Molina, who's shown here, a post-doctoral. Mario was born in Mexico, educated in Mexico city. And then, but also at the University of California, Berkeley. This is his wife, Louisa who was also postdoctoral, and he asked Mario, what research problem would you like to work on? And I gave him the choice of several. He said, well, this chlorofluorocarbon problem looks interesting. And so we started to work on that in the fall of 1973. And the question that we were asking is what happens to a molecule that's put into the atmosphere, this is a molecule that was designed to be chemically inert. You want it to be able to mix it with a lot of other chemicals and not have anything happen to it. So you've tried to make a molecule that wouldn't react with anything and now you've released it to the atmosphere and what will happen to it? Well, the first step in this process of asking about it was to ask about possible processes of removal in the lower atmosphere. And I have three of them indicated here. The first process is, if you have a gas that is colored, molecular chlorine for instance, illustrated here is a green gas. Well, the fact that it has color means that it's reacting with visible radiation. It wouldn't have color if it didn't react with visible radiation. And in that case, what happens is the molecule breaks apart. We call it a sink. That is the process that removes it because it happens in the lower atmosphere, which was called the troposphere. We call it a tropospheric sink. And that takes a molecule like molecular chlorine about one hour in the sunlight to break up. Second possibility is with the molecule like hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride is a transparent gas. And that means it doesn't react with visible radiation but hydrogen chloride will dissolve in water, in rainwater, to make hydrochloric acid. And the next time it rains it'll be carried out. And that's a sink for this molecule. And the third molecule which you may not be able to see over here is CH3CO, methyl chloride. It's a natural occurring chlorinated molecule which reacts with oxidizing agents in particular the hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere and that causes that molecule to break apart and that takes about 15 months on the average. These are the main processes that remove organic molecules from the atmosphere, but trichlorofluoromethane is transparent in the visible and transparent in the near ultraviolet. So it doesn't fertilize. It's not a polar molecule. It doesn't dissolve in water. It doesn't rain out. It doesn't react with the oxidizing agents. And that means none of these things, none of these processes affect it at all. So then you have to ask, well, if the none of the fast processes work what slow process might affect it? And the slow process is now you start having to ask questions about the rest of the atmosphere and that's here I'm indicating for you, we have the visible radiation in here. As we go beyond the red, we get to infrared radiation. As we come this way we get to beyond the violet is called ultraviolet. The energy involved in radiation increases as we go across this way. Ultraviolet radiation carries a lot of energy per unit infrared radiation does not. Infrared radiation is very important in the global climate discussion, the Greenhouse Effect but is not very important in the ozone depletion case. And, what's over there, what's important is the ultraviolet. And ultraviolet radiation, some of it will be absorbed by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere and that will split it apart into two oxygen atoms. Each of which usually finds an oxygen, an O2 molecule to make O3. And so this is the origin of the ozone that's in the atmosphere that in the stratosphere it's ultraviolet radiation breaking up molecular oxygen and forming the triatomic form of oxygen or ozone. And as soon as you have ozone in the atmosphere then it can absorb ultraviolet radiation. And what that does is usually split it up gives you an oxygen atom that usually then finds an O2 and reforms the ozone, converting that ultraviolet energy into heat. What this makes is a heat source in the atmosphere and it creates what we call the stratosphere. Stratosphere's a region in which the temperature rises as you go up in altitude. And it is a very stable layer everywhere around the earth and it's a very important aspect of our atmosphere that the stratosphere exists and it owes its existence to the fact that ozone is intercepting ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Well, if you think about what can happen with trichlorofluoromethane or with its companion molecule the dichlorodifluoromethane, what can happen is if it gets to a point that it can find shortwave length ultraviolet radiation these molecules can absorb it too, but that's just the radiation that ozone absorbs. And so the ozone is protecting the trichlorofluoromethane. It's also protecting us and all the biological species at the surface of the earth but it's protecting the CFCs as well. And it's only when the CFCs rise above a good fraction of the ozone, they start running in to any of this ultraviolet radiation that they can absorb. And when they do, they break up and they give you chlorine atoms. And we did a calculation at this point and we said, for this molecule the lifetime would be somewhere around 40 to 80 years and this molecule will be 80 to 150 years. And we started this out as an innocent chemistry problem. And up to this point, that's what it was. We had found out they were going to last a long time when they broke up they would give chlorine atoms. And then the question was, well what's going to happen to the chlorine atoms? And when you ask about that then what you find is something that changes it into a global environmental problem. And that, is chlorine atoms reacts with ozone to give chlorine oxide, chlorine oxide reacts with an oxygen atom to give the chlorine back. The oxygen atom usually would have formed another ozone but instead was intercepted and an ozone went away. So you lose one ozone and one would be ozone and you didn't lose a chlorine atom. This takes you one minute in the stratosphere and the chlorine atom can start do it again. What this process of chlorine and chlorine oxide going back and forth is a chain reaction. And a chain reaction has a length of about 100,000 in the atmosphere, which means that every chlorine atom that you release will remove about 100,000 molecules of ozone before it eventually drifts out of the stratosphere itself. And it's this factor of 100,000 multiplied by a million tons of chlorofluorocarbons being released to the atmosphere every year, that changed what was for us an interesting chemistry problem into a global environmental problem because multiplying it by 100,000 put it on the same scale as the natural processes and said if we continue to use these molecules then we were going to change the nature of the stratosphere, change the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the earth. You can make an analogy for that to this by looking at a bathtub. With the tap running and with the drain open. And as long as you have water running and the drain letting it out, you'll have water in the bathtub. If you put a second drain in and still have the tap open, and now you've got two drains you'll still have water in the bathtub, there'll just be less of it. And it'll continue to be less until that other drain closes up. And the way that drain is going to close up is by the removal of the chlorofluorocarbons from the atmosphere, that will close off that chain. These are the natural processes that bring it back. And we've added a third process. This is the extra drain that we have put in compared to the ones that were there to begin with. Putting that extra drain in means you're going to have less ozone as long as the CFCs are in the atmosphere. And that's a timescale of the order of the century or two. Well, we did a calculation then, and this is a calculation that we did in 1974. And what it says is that the chlorofluorocarbon, the calculation says that all through the lower part of the atmosphere where we have winds and storms and everything else everything will mix very well all the way up until you get to the beginning of the stratosphere or at the tropopause. And then as soon as you get in the stratosphere the concentration should fall off rapidly and it should fall off because it's being fertilized, molecules up to this altitude are being fertilized by out short wavelength ultraviolet radiation. And this was a calculation that told us that the lifetime would be of the order of 40 to 80 years. Three different models in here said 40 or 50 years for this. And this was the calculation from 1974. I should say that at that point, there were no measurements in the stratosphere of any chlorine compound. So this was a prediction that if you were to go into the stratosphere and bring back air samples, you would find that this was the way the concentration would behave. And the next year, two research groups in Boulder, Colorado started to look to see if they could verify that prediction. And they did it by following the same process that Gay-Lussac had done 170 years before, you take evacuated flasks, they're evacuated in the laboratory. And now, instead of carrying it up in a manned balloon they sent them up in an unmanned balloon. There are pressure devices at the bottom to open them at different altitudes. Here's the balloon going up with the three canisters, the three cylinders, the spheres actually down here and the results of those are shown on this slide as the red squares and another group in Boulder, the National Center for Atmospheric Research had measurements as well. And both of those two groups agreed. And what they showed was that this chlorofluorocarbons did go to the stratosphere and they did disappear at about the altitude that we had predicted the year before. This confirmed two things. One is that even though they're heavier than air, the chlorofluorocarbons get up to the stratosphere very easily. If they weren't fertilized, they would have looked like this. They would have... Point the, yellow circles and the red squares would have followed the line but they don't. They follow the prediction showing that they're breaking up in the atmosphere. Well, what that said is that the stratosphere seems as though it's under control. And we had also said in 1974 we thought this was dangerous enough we ought to quit producing these molecules. And it was, well, if you just evaluated the cost of the CFCs, the value of the CFCs alone was about $2 billion a year. And the industries that depended on them they said we're $200 billion a year. So needless to say, there was a certain amount of resistance to saying, we ought to quit making these molecules and you start asking more detailed questions. And one of the detailed questions that they ask is maybe the quick summary I gave you about what happens in the lower atmosphere, maybe that was a little too fast. Maybe there are some processes that go on there that would remove these molecules. And so we ought to make a another test. And the way you do that test is to see how much of these, know how much of the molecules have been put in the atmosphere, measure how much is there and see how well they agree. If most of it isn't there then there probably is a process that's taking it up. And so that means you have to find out how much is in the atmosphere. And that means you have to start making measurements. I've forgotten that I put in here, the chemistry, chlorine oxides are removing ozone. There are these temporary reservoirs, which delay the ozone, they're figured into that total of 100,000. You get about a thousand ozones out each time you have here until it moves off into one of these red squares. And then it comes back and you get another thousand and it comes back about a hundred times. And that's where you get this total of 100,000. And this is the distribution, you see that very little chlorine atom because they react so rapidly with ozone, you slip chlorine oxide and then all these other molecules here. And eventually when it comes out of the atmosphere, it's hydrogen chloride. Well, in order to measure how much of the CFCs are in the atmosphere, what one needs to do is to go out and make measurements in remote locations. And this is me 20 years ago in the West Indies, collecting an air sample. We weren't funded to do this, so all of these were bootlegged on to other trips. And I was lecturing in Florida but I had a ticket that allowed me to go to the West Indies. And so I was collecting air samples there. And we put them through an analysis, which is the same analysis that Lovelock had invented. We used the electron capture detector, and this is an air sample collected in Amsterdam in 1988. These peaks here are all very tall ones and I've cut them off here to show that with this technique we could measure, there are 40 or 50 compounds that you could measure here. The green ones that are shown here are the ones that are the chlorofluorocarbons of interest. But, if you're trying to find out how much is in the atmosphere, you don't go to a city. What you do is you go to a remote location so that nothing's being put in there. And one such remote location is Beryl, Alaska. And now when you make a measurement here, then a lot of the short live molecules have disappeared, but the chlorofluorocarbons are still there. This was a sample collected in 1983, and if you look at this peak right here, then we'll look at 1988 and you see, by that time, there was a lot more, and by following these measurements over the years one can see what is happening to that molecule and find out what the lifetime is. These are the original Lovelock measurements. These are the measurements that we had in 1979. And what you can see is that in fact even though all these molecules are put into the atmosphere almost entirely in the Northern hemisphere, in fact between 30 and 60 degrees North, but the amount doesn't vary very much because they mix back and forth, it takes about 15 months for a molecule in the Northern hemisphere to show up in the South and vice versa. And so, even though it goes in all up here, it spreads all the way here. And the way you get to the stratosphere is by going up in big storms at the equator. And so they are moving back and forth, like down here, and then they get caught in a storm that come up and then they go to the polar regions. Now you don't get into the stratosphere by going directly up over Ames, a molecule released here has to go to the equator and go up there and then come back North to be overhead in Ames. And so it's thoroughly mixed down here, and the North and South are going to be about equally affected because they go up and then they go one way or the other so that the amount you'd find over the South Pole, the amount you'd find over the North Pole should be about the same because first they've gone to the equator to get there. Now if there's a difference between the two poles it's not because of the amount of CFCs that are there is different, but rather something else that's involved and in particular that's the geography of the mountain ranges that are down below. Well, the measurements on the chlorofluorocarbons showed that, this is from 1970 on is real measurement before that is back calculation, that the amount of chlorine bonded to carbon which is the key factor here increased by about a factor of five, between 1950 and 1990. Instead of being eight tenths of a part per billion most of it methyl chloride, a naturally occurring molecule, it's all these man-made molecules shown here in red and yellow, had gone up to about four parts per billion, from eight tenths. And this rapid increase is the cause of the concern about the ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Now, the measure of ozone in the stratosphere is done, was initiated by a man named Dobson in the 1920s. And it was a relatively simple kind of measurement. He could measure two wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation. One of which is almost unaffected by ozone and one of which is about half of it would be removed and he measures the ratio. And if he... The more ozone there is the less of this there'll be, and the ratio changes. And so it's just simply you measure the ratio and you can convert if you know the ratio and the angle of the sun, you can calculate how much ozone is there. It's a standard measurement introduced in the 1920s, a number of stations started measuring in the 1930s. And now we have 60 years of measurement from those stations. And what was known already in the 1960s was that the amount of ozone you found in the tropics, this is the measurements in Peru, was the least that you'd find anywhere down around 250 Dobson units. A Dobson unit is about one part in a billion. And the norm average for the world is about 300 Dobson units. So, in the Northern hemisphere and Switzerland at Arosa, one finds that the amount of ozone peaks in April and then falls off all during the summer, goes through minimum in October, then starts up again. And the further North you go, when you go to St Petersburg it also peaks in April, but it peaks at an even higher value than in Switzerland, because St. Petersburg is farther North, then it falls off and it repeats like this. So the high values show up at the end of the winter in the Northern hemisphere. And Aspendale is in Australia, and the same thing is true in the summer. The high values show up at the end of winter. And so this was the observation and what was known about ozone already 30 years ago. And then came the International Geophysical Year, which was actually an 18 month period where the nations of the world were working to study all kinds of geophysical phenomenon and that included ozone measurements. And this is the British Antarctic Survey Headquarters at a place called Halley Bay on the Antarctic coast. And this place was established in 1957, started making measurements then and had a Dobson spectrometer and measured the amount of ozone. And they started doing those measurements in 1957 and have continued to do them now for a little bit more than 50 years, for 40 years, and what they found was for the first 20 years, it was somewhat boring. They got, in October, this is for the month of October, they got essentially the same value all the time, a little bit more than the average value of the 300. And then long in the middle seventies the amounts started to fall. And instead of being 300 and something when it fell to 195, they decided that this was time to publish and say something very strange is happening there. They said that in fact, only about two thirds as much ozone was present in October as there had been 15 years before. This immediately caused a lot of questions about whether this was really true. And if so, what was causing it? There were some other experiments done in which an electrochemical device is sent up on a balloon and measures ozone by a chemical technique. And that chemical technique showed, confirmed that yesterday was an ozone loss. And in late August, which is in the Southern hemisphere is late winter. This is a relatively normal ozone look. And then a few weeks later there's been a big bite taken out of the ozone right here in the range between about 15 and 20 kilometers. And that shows not only that there's been ozone loss, but it shows that there has been ozone loss at specific altitude, it turns out that there are clouds there called polar stratospheric clouds that facilitate the chlorine chemistry that removes the ozone. But that's jumping ahead in the story at this point now you could take two different techniques had shown that there was less than ozone present, but the real question is, so what was causing it? There was still a third technique that could be used. And this was the TOMS instrument, which does the same thing, it measures two wavelengths of ultraviolet, it's just like a Dobson, except it's on a satellite that looks at the ozone, stuff coming up through the ozone layer. And the TOMS instrument showed again that this was a very widespread effect. There was about 100,000 measurements that were made by TOMS on this particular day for the Southern hemisphere on October 3rd of 1979, that's right at the.. Just after spring Equinox as spring has just begun. This is Halley Bay right here. Well this is the whole Southern hemisphere, there's South America, over here's Africa, here's Australia. This is the Antarctic continent, the Antarctic Peninsula and the amount at Halley Bay is, in this color code, is between 250 and 275 Dobson units. Down here we see an area where it's very high ozone 450 to 500 Dobson units. Well, you keep following it with the TOMS instrument. Four years later, the low value that we saw before, of 250 to 275, now the low value is 175. And over Halley Bay, which would be right there, it's out at around 175. And the high values of 450 to 500 have almost disappeared. So there's been a big loss of ozone in that four year period. And another four years the low value is down below 125 Dobson units. And the appearance of this, where there's this very sharp gradient is what's now called the Antarctic Ozone Hole. And it said, this hole wasn't there in 1979, but it's there very strongly in 1987. Now I come back to my question, now we know from three different techniques that the ozone has gone down, but we have the question why, and, this is one of the explanations UFO aliens found at the South pole. Inside they showed you the landing strip that the UFOs used and had all of this. From the scientific point of view, what we say is, this is an unrefereed journal and actually some of the other results look almost as unlikely as the fact that the extra terrestrials are doing, but I do make the point that we don't have very much evidence against this. We don't have any evidence for it. There's just no evidence at all about the extra terrestrial. That's better than The Wall Street Journal which was quoting things that we knew were wrong. Whereas we couldn't, we just said we didn't think this was right, but we couldn't prove it. But The Wall Street Journal, we could prove what they were saying was wrong. Well, the question, you need to do some experiment that will identify more directly and that experiment was done, actually there were two ground-based experiments, 1986 and 1987 which paranthetically were both led by Susan Solomon, , a scientist from NOLA Boulder. When Susan led the first group of 14 people to Antarctica she was 30 years old and had become a sufficient expert that she was relied upon to do that. When she was elected to the National Academy, like six years later, she was the youngest of the 1800 members in the National Academy. A brilliant scientist. But the experiment I'm going to describe here was done in 1987 with the ER-2, which is a modification of the U2 Spy Plane and the ER-2 flies at very high altitude, 68,000 feet about twice the altitude of the commercial airlines. And it had, if I back up, it had two instruments on it, one out here on the wing that would measure chlorine oxide, which is the indication of the chain reaction with chlorine. And one down under here that would measure ozone. And, the first flight, the first successful flight that they had as they got out over Antarctica, the chlorine oxide went way up. But the ozone showed no effect or essentially non maybe a little bit of effect in here, but this is August 23rd. The sun has just begun to hit these latitudes after the polar winter darkness and if something's caused by sunlight it would have just started here. Three weeks later when they did the same experiment they went in and when they got into the polar vortex chlorine oxide was high and now two thirds of the ozone was gone. So between this time, and this time, two thirds of the ozone had been removed, a very fast reaction taking it out. And the polar vortex was very ragged on that day. So the chlorine oxide would go up and the ozone would go down and vice versa all the way through here until you got into the polar vortex, and then the ozone was down and the chlorine oxide was up all the time. One other experiment that was done about this time, that I would call attention to because it was done by one of my graduate student in my lab, we looked at the data from Arosa in Switzerland and broke it up into individual months. And then at that point, we had 56 years of data here. And what we did was break it in 1970 and get the averages and subtract one from the other. And when we did that, we found that in fact there was a loss of ozone in the winter. This hadn't been detected before, and it caused us to, well, it became part of something called the Ozone Trends Panel and the Ozone Trends Panel proceeded to investigate this and look not just at Arosa but at 18 other stations in the Northern hemisphere. And every one of them showed a loss in the winter. And that led to the conclusion that, two conclusions, one, that the chlorofluorocarbons were causing the ozone loss over Antarctica and the second, that there was measurable ozone loss in the Northern hemisphere. And at that point, the DuPont company said, \"we now believe this, we're getting out of the business.\" And the whole situation changed very sharply from being an antagonistic one between the industry and the scientists to being a cooperative one, of trying to understand the situation even better and facilitating the changeover. And it's about this time that the Montreal Protocol was passed. The Montreal Protocol, this is what would have happened to the chlorine without the protocol. If you just continue to put the material, the chlorofluorocarbons in, the original protocol called for cutting it in half, and that would have slowed it down, it would have only gone up half as fast. And then, that was in 1987, and 1990 in London they said complete ban by the end of the century. And then in Copenhagen, they said complete ban by 1996. And so this is then the expectation of the amount of atmospheric chlorine. And the ban was supposed to take effect in January of 1996. So that's three years ago. The experiments in the.. These are now neuromeasurements for fluorocarbon 11 the one we started with, and you can see that in fact the measurements at various places from Alaska to the South Pole did go through a maximum there and now was actually falling off the growth rate here. When you put all of the chlorine compounds together the total amount of organic chlorine in the lower atmosphere went through a maximum about three years ago. And will probably go through a maximum in the stratosphere in the next couple of years, and then gradually get better as you go over a long period of time. But it's only going to be gradual because the lifetimes are the order of a hundred years. This is 1998. There's the ozone hole, it's still there. The low values are down around 100 to 125. Add the measurement, the same kind of measurement at the South Pole, there's a region of about five kilometers in altitude here, where in October, there's no ozone at all. It's all been eaten away in that period, 98 Dobson units in that particular column. So even though we have put a cap on it, it's still with us, every once in a while the polar vortex gets very skewed and here it swings out over the Antarctic Peninsula and then over South America through Argentina and Chile. And there are measurements that are made at various locations, here and, this is just a measurement of the ultraviolet radiation as measured at three locations. Palmer is in the Antarctic Peninsula. San Diego is in California and the South Pole. And the point here is that these are the most intense days for these three locations. On the most intense day in the Antarctic Peninsula, the ultraviolet radiation was about 25% greater than in the most intense day in Southern California. So, species in the Antarctic Peninsula are exposed to ultraviolet radiation when the ozone hole is overhead to ultraviolet radiation levels that they've never experienced before, that they would only experience if they were in the tropics. So it's made a major change in the environment of Antarctica as shown by those spectrum. Now I'm gonna switch to the lower atmosphere and point out that we've had had pollution problems in the United States before. This picture is 1913 Pittsburgh in middle of a mid winter day. And this was true for Pittsburgh and for St. Louis and to a lesser extent other cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116408#t=0.0,2841.672"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_b.mp3"]},"duration":1855.896,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/409/small/lecture.png?1622661088","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/116/409/original/AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_b.mp3?1622661088","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1855.896,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I own home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=5.09,6.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm looking at a Brown gas out here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=6.42,9.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in front of Catalina Island.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=9.61,11.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that Brown gas is nitrogen dioxide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=11.31,13.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I told you, before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=15.27,16.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you have a colored gas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=16.77,18.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it ought to react with visible radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=18.25,20.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it does react with visible radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=20.87,23.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It photolysis to produce nitrogen oxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=23.6,26.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which then immediately reacts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=26.55,27.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Ozone to make an NO2 back again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=27.91,30.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the fact that there's a lot of ozone in here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=30.927,33.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allows us to keep seeing that Brown gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=33.75,36.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that's characteristic of ozone smog.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=36.22,40.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a picture taken last November.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=41.44,43.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Getty of the new Getty museum up here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=43.75,48.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but out there as Los Angeles smog behind there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=48.43,52.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what was thought in 1950s and 1960s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=52.1,57.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they detected the smog in Los Angeles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=58.21,61.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They said, well there are three things that we need.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=61.81,64.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to have unburned hydrocarbons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=64.23,66.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to have nitrogen oxides and we need to have light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=66.17,69.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's a fourth thing we need.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=69.88,71.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a special 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needed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=75.357,77.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all four of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=77.44,79.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That hypothesis has been very thoroughly 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Hohenpeissenberg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=101.53,103.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near Munich in the late 20th Century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=103.44,106.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now the amount of ozone 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year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=118.7,120.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's especially in the summer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=120.46,121.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there photochemical 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Munich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=128.42,131.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until those looking at Munich","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=131.74,133.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out there in the background is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=133.86,136.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I find it very surprising that a company that specializes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=136.33,140.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in photographs didn't find it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=140.43,142.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wasn't able to find it someday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=142.4,144.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Munich when they didn't have the Brown 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sunlight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=162.515,165.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the combined chemistry produces extra ozone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=165.87,169.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've got a bit over here that you don't have to do it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=169.56,172.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from traffic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=172.0,172.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You could do it, the forest fire for 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Romania","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=177.01,179.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we have gone to look at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=179.47,181.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is now a measurement of hydrocarbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=181.66,184.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here, what we see are molecules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=184.69,186.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like ethylene and acetylene there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=186.61,188.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the central square Bucharest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=188.74,191.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those molecules come from 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ethylene","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=197.77,201.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the acetylene were there, but the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=201.01,202.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big peaks were propane and butane, normal butane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=202.8,205.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and isobutane, and those don't come from traffic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=205.867,209.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it said the Mexico city has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=209.82,211.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something else contributing to their pollution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=211.31,214.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, what it is is liquified petroleum 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1996.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=273.63,277.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is Jimmy Lopez","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=278.49,279.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the graduate student holding one of our 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Santiago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=285.91,288.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spread all over Santiago at five o'clock in the morning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=288.61,292.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then they were there 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right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=301.02,303.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the traffic battery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=303.64,305.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so carbon monoxide comes from the traffic in Santiago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=305.22,309.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, this is measurements of methyl bromide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=309.53,312.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what you see at five o'clock and at nine o'clock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=312.58,315.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is there something going on over here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=315.52,318.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you subtract one from the other,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=318.2,320.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see a pattern that looks very much like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=320.12,323.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the methyl bromide comes from the traffic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=323.18,325.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of it, we think is my own personal guesses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=325.78,329.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is used for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=329.33,330.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a fumigant used for grapes that are about to be shipped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=330.89,334.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the North America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=334.06,335.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We suspect that's, what's called the airports up in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=335.95,338.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's what we think is the cause of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=338.52,340.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is clearly methyl bromide from traffic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=340.24,343.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's the pattern looks like carbon 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shuttle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=349.47,354.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you'll see is something that looks like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=354.67,357.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And each of these is a city that's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=357.02,359.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is looking at down at cities in the early evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=359.36,363.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sun's gone down and now you're seeing where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=363.84,366.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"energy is being used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=366.22,367.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that locates all the large cities for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=367.84,370.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's Paris and there's London and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=370.33,372.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, this is the world looked in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=372.82,376.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking in the same way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=376.92,378.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, you see all these coasts the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=378.38,381.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Western Europe, Japan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=381.14,382.858"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then you have regions down here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=382.858,385.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Africa and South America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=385.5,387.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where there aren't any big cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=387.57,389.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the source of the energy that's coming from there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=389.77,393.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is from fires, from biomass 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kept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=908.94,910.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's getting worse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=910.9,912.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's going to take the efforts not only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=912.21,916.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States, but also of all of the countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=916.44,921.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the world, working together to try to find solutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=921.24,924.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to these problems before the pollution overtakes us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=924.32,927.751"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ways that are even worse than it had done so far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=927.751,931.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=931.54,932.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(claps)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=932.612,934.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Turn the lights 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Arctica.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=981.82,984.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about the Arctic?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=984.17,985.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The loss of ozone in the 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Antarctic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=991.55,994.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reason for it has to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=994.06,996.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the geography at the surface of the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=996.13,998.736"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you go around, if you take, look at 60 degrees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=998.736,1002.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South latitude in the Southern Hemisphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1002.26,1004.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and go around what you find, it's water everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1004.75,1008.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that means if you have some current of air circulating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1008.14,1012.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like this, there's nothing to interfere with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1012.75,1015.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What this, what this does at the surface","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1015.61,1017.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ocean is give you the, some of the worst","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1017.3,1020.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sailing weather you'll ever find in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1020.63,1024.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With my wife and I went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1026.6,1027.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Antarctica and she tells me that I slept through some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1027.58,1031.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the worst weather that we've ever experienced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1031.33,1033.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was awake through as we were 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North","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1046.15,1047.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've got the Rockies and you've got the euros","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1047.62,1049.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you've got the mountains in Siberia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1049.49,1052.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you have mountains like this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1052.02,1053.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the winds come 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long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1067.3,1069.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the South pole,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1069.15,1070.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it's over the South pole, it stays there all winter long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1070.2,1073.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and halfway through the spring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1073.34,1074.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you lose the ozone, you lose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1074.54,1077.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the South and the South, you lose out of one air mass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1077.92,1081.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so you see it easily in the 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out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1085.63,1087.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it only,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1087.81,1088.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it shows a cumulatively that you've lost ozone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1089.73,1092.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you don't see it quite as spectacularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1092.75,1094.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as in the ozone 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converters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1119.5,1123.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and making the automobiles more efficient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1123.81,1127.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The automobile that I 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Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1210.207,1211.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that indicative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1212.465,1213.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a possible situation where we'll 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of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1327.99,1332.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burning things off has been a tradition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1332.05,1334.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many of the agricultural 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then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1339.275,1340.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you think the ozone layer will collapse?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1340.433,1343.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question is will the ozone layer 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survives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1350.8,1355.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived in 1960 was about 11 days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1356.93,1360.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's being made all the 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all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1374.69,1376.744"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ozone is something that we're nowhere close to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1376.744,1380.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what we're saying 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dangerous,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1394.8,1396.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the ultra violet rays that are coming through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1396.64,1399.911"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that less that 10% ,ozone or?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1399.911,1403.161"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh the 10%, if you have 10%, roughly speaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1404.719,1409.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you have 10% less 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DNA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1439.85,1444.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matches the ozone absorption pretty closely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1444.17,1446.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It rises at about the same, the same 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could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1464.56,1467.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the DNA would need protection from ultraviolet radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1467.03,1471.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ocean would give that to you, but to crawl out on 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soon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1478.38,1480.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the earth became an option had molecular oxygen in it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1480.45,1485.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was a one or two billion years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1485.62,1488.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you mind explaining on ethanol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1490.364,1492.461"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as possible solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1492.461,1494.711"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question was whether about ethanol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1495.803,1498.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a possible solution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1498.86,1500.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a study done by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1500.86,1503.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a group for the National Research Council.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1505.28,1508.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They haven't published their results yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1508.17,1510.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I haven't seen it, but I know what they said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1510.45,1512.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is it, that they did not find any evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1512.29,1516.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that oxygenated fuels were any better than the others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1516.78,1521.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it doesn't say that ethanol is is the solution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1521.14,1524.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it also was that they weren't any worse that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1526.04,1529.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know there's were some studies made in Los Angeles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1531.15,1533.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the same thing was, same thing was conclusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1533.51,1536.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was they came to was that in fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1536.29,1538.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it cut down on the amount of carbon monoxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1538.99,1540.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it increased the amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1540.9,1543.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which reacted in place of the carbon monoxide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1543.95,1546.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that the net was that, it didn't make much difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1546.14,1548.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's I understand that there are some areas where ethanol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1549.97,1554.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from crops is very much favored.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1556.57,1559.185"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1559.185,1561.039"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of those is Brazil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1561.039,1563.801"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1563.801,1565.868"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where they've been using ethanol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1565.868,1568.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had we made some measurements in San Paulo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1568.35,1572.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has terrible pollution problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1572.47,1575.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it certainly, hasn't solved their pollution problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1575.09,1579.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then that's 25 million people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1579.86,1582.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that, and I think their automobiles don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1582.93,1586.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have catalytic converter either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1586.25,1587.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1587.87,1588.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1591.377,1592.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How does the amount of ultraviolet light absorbed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1592.21,1595.462"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by ozone in the troposphere compare with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1595.462,1599.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ultraviolet by ozone in the stratosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1599.837,1602.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it negligible?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1602.59,1603.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh no, it's not negligible, but it's small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1603.81,1606.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is what, what about ozone down here does that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1606.78,1610.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't that doesn't that protect you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1610.29,1612.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at the answer is basically an ozone molecule anywhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1612.42,1616.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between you and the sun gives you about the same amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1616.72,1619.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of protection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1619.42,1620.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that the only problem, if it's three feet above you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1620.46,1624.078"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it also is something that you'll eventually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1624.078,1626.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breathe in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1626.48,1627.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it has a negative effect there, but about 10%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1627.5,1632.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ozone is in the lower atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1632.63,1634.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And down near the surface would be even a smaller fraction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1635.49,1638.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that doubling it down near the surface,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1638.71,1641.094"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't make up for losing 10% up above.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1641.094,1644.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e But the scientists have identified this problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1651.694,1654.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we've known about it for many years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1654.71,1657.802"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there an international organization that is trying to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1657.802,1661.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deal with the effects of this chaos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1661.4,1664.268"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and whether or not we could change society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1664.268,1667.151"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the societies that traditionally burn things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1667.151,1671.868"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And not just the Los Angeleses and Californias of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1671.868,1675.176"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but some of these other countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1675.176,1678.051"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or are we gonna have to develop new forms of energy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1678.051,1682.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, where is the trusted that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1682.867,1686.516"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gonna be something done about this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1686.516,1687.349"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question that's asked,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1687.349,1689.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to do with what the response","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1689.03,1692.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in other countries is about things like biomass burning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1692.82,1697.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and development of new forms of energies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1698.19,1700.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so on the, the scientific, I guess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1700.19,1705.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me start this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1705.553,1707.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"90, about 95% of all the scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1708.63,1711.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world work in the developed countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1711.78,1714.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that there aren't very many scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1715.94,1717.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the places where the pollution is worse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1717.84,1720.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could turn that around and say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1721.96,1724.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem is that only 5% of the scientific jobs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1724.21,1727.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world are in those countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1727.24,1728.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they don't have the facilities, they don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1728.86,1732.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's unrealistic to expect them to solve the problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1732.47,1737.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we haven't done any better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1737.29,1738.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than we have with 95% of the scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1738.46,1740.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the long and the long-term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1741.81,1744.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will require a lot of interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1744.42,1746.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the scientific communities around the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1746.73,1749.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh that's one of my responsibilities as foreign secretary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1749.8,1753.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the National Academy of Sciences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1753.02,1754.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is to work with the other academies of science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1754.78,1758.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1758.2,1759.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it isn't a, look when you're asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1759.63,1761.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what do we have to change the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1761.74,1763.312"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some other things that besides just, well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1763.312,1766.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the things that began to be cultural","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1766.27,1768.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's beyond the National Academy of sciences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1768.18,1771.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have economists and political scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1772.25,1774.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have social scientists generally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1774.2,1778.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the problems really go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1778.15,1780.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across from science to technology to health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1780.89,1785.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the humanities to cultural.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1785.11,1788.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it's, it becomes a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1788.107,1790.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that requires intelligent people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1790.85,1794.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with backgrounds all across the board I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1794.13,1796.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To make the changes that will be required","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1796.7,1799.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that I think will be required in the next 50 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1799.58,1802.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that means we have to be doing a lot more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1803.71,1804.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cross-cultural effects within the university itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1804.543,1809.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That becomes important to, to know some things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1813.6,1817.859"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are going to prevent you from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1817.859,1819.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's easy for scientists to say, well, this is easy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1819.69,1821.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll just do it this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1821.61,1823.096"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it but people don't do it that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1823.096,1824.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so will they tell them how to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1824.68,1828.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1828.42,1829.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1829.253,1830.139"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That doesn't work very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1830.139,1832.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We have some refreshments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1835.55,1836.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know professor Roland will be here to visit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1836.92,1840.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a few minutes with those who might want to talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1840.14,1842.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with him individually, but join me in thanking him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1842.33,1845.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for his lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1845.56,1846.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(claps)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=1846.393,1848.393"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28447/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/447/original/AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_b.vtt?1622661090","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/447/original/AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_b.vtt?1622661090"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28448","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204611_Two_Atmospheric_Problems_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409/transcript/28448/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I own home. And I'm looking at a Brown gas out here in front of Catalina Island. Well, that Brown gas is nitrogen dioxide. And I told you, before that if you have a colored gas it ought to react with visible radiation. Well, it does react with visible radiation. It photolysis to produce nitrogen oxide which then immediately reacts with Ozone to make an NO2 back again. And so the fact that there's a lot of ozone in here allows us to keep seeing that Brown gas. Now that's characteristic of ozone smog. This is a picture taken last November. This is the Getty of the new Getty museum up here but out there as Los Angeles smog behind there. And what was thought in 1950s and 1960s when they detected the smog in Los Angeles. They said, well there are three things that we need. We need to have unburned hydrocarbons. We need to have nitrogen oxides and we need to have light. And there's a fourth thing we need. It's a special characteristics of Los Angeles with mountains around it. This was the hypothesis that you needed all four of them. That hypothesis has been very thoroughly tested. And you only need the first three. That is it. It isn't something that's special for Los Angeles. It happens anywhere that you produce a lot of unburned hydrocarbons. You had sunlight and the nitrogen oxides. Oh, this is These are the measurements that I showed before in France in the late 19th Century. These are measurements that Hohenpeissenberg near Munich in the late 20th Century. And now the amount of ozone instead of being about 10 parts per billion, all year round. Now various from 20 to 40 peaking in the summer. And so it's, there's a lot more ozone than it all through the year, but it's especially in the summer because there photochemical production. And here's a, this is a calendar picture that sent out by a photographic company in Munich. Until those looking at Munich out there in the background is that I find it very surprising that a company that specializes in photographs didn't find it. Wasn't able to find it someday in Munich when they didn't have the Brown gas. But they probably just didn't notice it because they had such a good picture up in front. But that's a characteristic of many places now. And now the cause in many places is traffic. The traffic produces the things that I've mentioned unburned, hydrocarbons, nitrogen, oxides, and sunlight and the combined chemistry produces extra ozone. And I've got a bit over here that you don't have to do it from traffic. You could do it, the forest fire for instance. And I'll get to that very quickly. This is a measurement in Bucharest, Romania where we have gone to look at this is now a measurement of hydrocarbon. And here, what we see are molecules like ethylene and acetylene there. This is the central square Bucharest. Those molecules come from traffic. And so that's, clearly that's what the cause is there. But we went into Mexico city and the ethylene and the acetylene were there, but the big peaks were propane and butane, normal butane and isobutane, and those don't come from traffic. And it said the Mexico city has something else contributing to their pollution. And in fact, what it is is liquified petroleum gas which they use for heating and cooking and those containers leak as well. And so it becomes a problem in cities that use LPG that you have to worry about. That there are 5 million of these containers in Mexico city and they filled 200,000 of them a day the containers leak and the transfer processes leak. And they, that's why they have so much of it in their atmosphere. This is Santiago Chile and we've been doing some studies there. They also use liquified petroleum gas. And this is the main traffic artery. And I'm going to ask you to remember lower right, lower left to upper right, the main traffic artery. This is Santiago Chile. In that first one was that they it's the kind of picture you would have seen on a postcard. And in fact, that's where we got the picture, this is what we saw when the group was there in July of 1996. This is Jimmy Lopez the graduate student holding one of our canisters. And she was the straw boss that had 25 students from the Catholic university of Santiago spread all over Santiago at five o'clock in the morning. And then they were there again at nine o'clock in the morning. And this is what we saw carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide jumped up and it followed that lower left to upper right, that's the traffic battery. And so carbon monoxide comes from the traffic in Santiago. Oh, this is measurements of methyl bromide. And what you see at five o'clock and at nine o'clock is there something going on over here. But if you subtract one from the other, you see a pattern that looks very much like this. Some of the methyl bromide comes from the traffic. Some of it, we think is my own personal guesses. This is used for, it's a fumigant used for grapes that are about to be shipped to the North America. We suspect that's, what's called the airports up in here. So that's what we think is the cause of this. But this is clearly methyl bromide from traffic because it's the pattern looks like carbon monoxide. Now the last general subject I want to talk about, has to do with looking down from the space shuttle. What you'll see is something that looks like this. And each of these is a city that's, this is looking at down at cities in the early evening. Sun's gone down and now you're seeing where energy is being used and that locates all the large cities for you. There's Paris and there's London and so on. Oh, this is the world looked in, looking in the same way. Again, you see all these coasts the United States, Western Europe, Japan but then you have regions down here in Africa and South America. Where there aren't any big cities. And the source of the energy that's coming from there is from fires, from biomass burning. This is a fire that burned in Botswana in 1988. This is about 60 miles. It burned for a week. This is looking from the space shuttle North of, from Namibia, North to Angola that's on the West coast of Africa. And what you can see are hundreds of fires that are burning and the smoke is blowing off through here. Well, some measurements by looking at two satellites that measured ozones. Shows that all across the Northern Hemisphere in May and June. You've got a lot of ozone there and much less in the Southern Hemisphere. But when you took September and October, you had a an unusual bulge down here, off the coast of South America. Okay. I'm sorry of Africa between South America and Africa. And this is the guess about it was that this was probably associated with biomass burning. And so the NASA send an aircraft into to measure this is the NASA DCA something we've been participating in for since for about 10 years, experiments on board, this airplane. This is professor Donald Blake. Who's my collaborator on all these experiments. This is an undergraduate Stacey Laswell standing on the wings there and over here. You'll see an air intake. And here's the air intake that we lock up. We pull air in, put it in canisters, inside the aircraft, take them back to our laboratory and measure to see what's present and do that over and over again. When we were out in the South at the South Atlantic. What we found was that yes, the cause of that ozone was the biomass burning in Africa and in South America about two thirds of it coming blowing off the African coast. And then, but some of it coming over at higher levels from South America. In 1996, this is 1997, Kuala Lumpur, the Patronis towers the two tallest buildings in the world. And this is the usual, look of the Patronus towers or at least that was in 1997, because of burning that was going on in Indonesia. Drifted over Malaysia, the Indonesian government apologized to the Malaysian government. And then you didn't anything more about it. And that's big because a lot of this was caused by the Malaysian companies in Indonesia that were doing the burning. So it wasn't totally at under the Indonesians control. But in 1996, we had two aircraft flying in the Pacific. And we were just following this pattern down in here. It PEM-Tropics was what it was called. And just to show you the kind of result that we were as well This is the research group hard at work planning, the experiments out of Fiji. But in fact, it also tells you about the composition of the research field. This professor Blake over here is Greg love who is a technician, there's a postdoctoral Lisa McKenzie. This is Jimmy Lopez whom you last saw in Santiago graduate student. And this is the undergraduate Stacy Laswell. So all of them were participating in these experiments. And this is just a little illustration of one of the things that we saw. The airplane took off from Fiji. And this is the altitude of the airplane. And it has a device on it called LIDAR. Which you shoot a LIDAR, a laser beam down and watch for it's reflection and measure the time it takes for the thing that reflects it is ozone. And the time it takes you, tells you how far at the speed of light how far down it was. And so you can get a downward view of where ozone is. And then as soon as they got to here then they turned on the upward looking one, and then you they flew on up here. But what you see here is a plume of ozones where the values are getting up to a hundred parts per billion about 120 parts per billion is the EPA standard for non-attainment for cities in the United States. And later on, we flew through this and it was 140 that here is a plume of air that you're running into between Fiji and Tahiti. That would violate EPA standards. If it were in Los Angeles and you trace the winds back, well it goes across Australia, but our analysis of the hydrocarbons tells us that they, because some of the hydrocarbons that are already missing from it that it couldn't have come from Australia or we would have seen them there, they've already reacted. So it came from Southern Africa and it took about 10 days to come across here. But that plume held together all the way across the Indian ocean across Australia and out into the Pacific. And in 1996, we ran into these plumes on about half of all the flights that we flew there. So it pollution in the Southern Hemisphere is quite common. And we're in fact just about to start that same experiment. Again, the two aircraft are going to leave within the next week. And for the next two months, they'll be flying in the Pacific and we'll be getting measurements in a different time of year. I'm going to close just by pointing out some things that you know but maybe don't know quite in the same way. As if, if you actually look at the population of the cities of the world in 1900. These are the 13 largest cities in the world the largest one being London with four and a half million people. Total population of the world 1.6 million, the Los Angeles had a population of a hundred thousand. And that just to show you where it was, it was right Los Angeles, fall river Massachusetts Patterson, New Jersey and Omaha Nebraska whole had about the same population. Now Los Angeles has 100 times as many people. London has twice as many as this. And now the top 20, the 1995 London is 20th of New York was now just down. Los Angeles is the 16th with its 10 million people. And the big cities are the ones that here that weren't important 95 years ago has as if you look into the history of Iowa and look into the history of the US. The most common job in the 19 hundreds in the 1910 census in the United States was farmer, the most for a man. The most common job for a woman was domestic servant. And both of those categories have shrunk enormously in the last 95 years. This is, this shows again, I showed it before, but look the ozone across Northern Hemisphere. Doesn't really look as though it's coming there's Los Angeles it doesn't look as though Los Angeles is a big source of ozone. It's just part of the band all the way across here. This is the population estimate for the world. As we go into the 21st Century. There is light that didn't show it here. There are 37 cities in Asia that have a population of two and a half million or more. And whereas in 1900, two and a half million would make you fourth in the world. Now there are 37 in Asia and some of those are cities that you have never heard of. Because there are 250 cities in the world with a population of 1 million. Between now and the million at 2050, the population is going to go from six to something like nine and a half billion. Most of those people are going to live in cities. Most of those people are going to wanna have automobiles had the prospect for forming, more and more tropospheric ozone is there. And it points out for us, what the problem is going to be and what we'll have, what we as citizens of the US. But also as citizens of the world looking forward to the 21st Century. There are a lot of atmospheric problems. The ozone strategy that goes on with depletion problem at least has put a, cap has been put on it. And it's probably under somewhat control. The tropospheric ozone problem is not kept. It's getting worse. The global warming problem is not kept. It's getting worse. And it's going to take the efforts not only of the United States, but also of all of the countries of the world, working together to try to find solutions to these problems before the pollution overtakes us in ways that are even worse than it had done so far. Thank you very much. Turn the lights up.\r\n\r\n- Mr Roland has agreed to take some questions.\r\n\r\n- The question yes, I don't have a slide for it, but I have the data. The question that he asked was in all the data that I showed was the ozone holes was over the Southern over at Arctica. What about the Arctic? The loss of ozone in the Arctic. It doesn't have the same kind of pattern as in the Antarctic. And the reason for it has to do with the geography at the surface of the earth. If you go around, if you take, look at 60 degrees South latitude in the Southern Hemisphere and go around what you find, it's water everywhere. And that means if you have some current of air circulating like this, there's nothing to interfere with it. What this, what this does at the surface of the ocean is give you the, some of the worst sailing weather you'll ever find in there. With my wife and I went to Antarctica and she tells me that I slept through some of the worst weather that we've ever experienced. She was awake through as we were passing through the sixties, but, but I wasn't. And so I take her word for it. But if you're in the Northern Hemisphere and you look at 60 degrees North you've got the Rockies and you've got the euros and you've got the mountains in Siberia. And if you have mountains like this and the winds come along, they go over the mountain and successive was in, it sends a signal up and that disrupts the polar, the North polar vortex. And so what that means is that the air that's over the North pole in two or three weeks moves out all winter long. In the South pole, if it's over the South pole, it stays there all winter long and halfway through the spring. So you lose the ozone, you lose in the South and the South, you lose out of one air mass. And so you see it easily in the North. You lose a little bit, it moves out you lose a little bit in the next and then moves out. And so it only, it shows a cumulatively that you've lost ozone but you don't see it quite as spectacularly as in the ozone hole.\r\n\r\n- Stratospheric problem could be solved by banning. The core for curb Warren is a tougher, obvious what you ban\r\n\r\n- Trospheric problem. Well, there has been progress made in US cities by catalytic converters and making the automobiles more efficient. The automobile that I drive it has to meet testing in California every two years. But it met the requirements by about a factor of a hundred. In every, it is so an unpolluted that it hardly pays to worry about the new automobiles. It's the old smokers that you have to worry about the ones that are out of tune and everything else. But some of them in Bangkok, everything is out of tune. And so they have terrible problems coming from from their traffic.\r\n\r\n- If you took the California standards and apply them across the world, would it have a very salutary impact?\r\n\r\n- Oh yes, but it involves it makes, makes things more expensive. And for a poor country, then that's a, that's an expense that they don't think about doing until you've got till the pollution gets really bad and which it has in many of those places. And then it gets hard to, to recover it\r\n\r\n- That plume that you showed for the transport all the way from South Africa all the way to Indonesia related towards the Polenisian Island.\r\n\r\n- Okay.\r\n\r\n- Is that indicative of a possible situation where we'll see of fumes of pollution that travel from developed nations and developed nations, is it that we are get in a situation where people are gonna go to war over the pollution that are either being hit with or the answer is right, we're being hit with?\r\n\r\n- The transnational problem of exporting pollution is, is not so far hasn't led to war, but it certainly causes a lot of discomfort from one country to another. And the, when you put it into an atmospheric model if you do an atmospheric model and put in the chemistry of the East Asia, and then take it out of the model and see what difference it makes. It shows up as 15 parts per billion of ozone over Iowa. So they're coming from, from East Asia, but it it is not something which goes away in a hundred miles. It goes halfway around the world.\r\n\r\n- Are these fires that you spoke about are they started deliberately?\r\n\r\n- The question was, are the fires started deliberately? Most of them are. Some of them are cultural. They, it is tradition in many, in some of the African countries that though it's part of the whole rhythm of planting the crops. First, you burn off the old crops. And if I grew up in the Midwest, it used to be the rhythm in October that you burned off the leaves. And then you like the smell of that. But that was cultural, I think, has gone away but it certainly has been banned in Los Angeles where there aren't many leaves, but, but they also, what they the cultural problem in Los Angeles they banned burning garbage. which was done in the backyards in 1950. It is no longer done, but the burning of, burning things off has been a tradition in many of the agricultural regions around the world for a long, long time.\r\n\r\n- The young lady then\r\n\r\n- Do you think the ozone layer will collapse?\r\n\r\n- The question is will the ozone layer collapse? I think the answer to that is no. The average time that an ozone molecule survives, survived in 1960 was about 11 days. It's being made all the time. It goes away all the time. Now it's the average time is about 10 days. And the amount of loss that you would have to have at all altitudes to get rid of all of the ozone is something that we're nowhere close to. But what we're saying is that that losing five or 10% is already serious, but the chance of losing 50% seems way out of reach. Fortunately\r\n\r\n- Are there greater dangerous, in terms of the ultra violet rays that are coming through with that less that 10% ,ozone or?\r\n\r\n- Oh the 10%, if you have 10%, roughly speaking if you have 10% less ozone you get about a 20% more ultraviolet. And, but they, but in fact it is, it is a mixture of you really have to ask how much do you get through 295 nanometers? And how much do you get through at 298 and average it together and then average it over what the target is. And if the target is the human, then the the important thing is the absorption ultraviolet absorption by DNA and ultraviolet absorption by DNA matches the ozone absorption pretty closely. It rises at about the same, the same wavelength. So the, this is thought it's thought that the development of life, of the kind of that outside the ocean depended upon the existence of the ozone layer to protect you so that you could so the DNA would need protection from ultraviolet radiation. The ocean would give that to you, but to crawl out on land the first you had to have an ozone layer to help you which would have arisen as soon as the earth became an option had molecular oxygen in it which was a one or two billion years ago.\r\n\r\n- Do you mind explaining on ethanol as far as possible solution\r\n\r\n- The question was whether about ethanol as a possible solution. There was a study done by the by a group for the National Research Council. They haven't published their results yet. So I haven't seen it, but I know what they said. And that is it, that they did not find any evidence that oxygenated fuels were any better than the others. So it doesn't say that ethanol is is the solution. I think it also was that they weren't any worse that I know there's were some studies made in Los Angeles. And the same thing was, same thing was conclusion was they came to was that in fact it cut down on the amount of carbon monoxide but it increased the amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons which reacted in place of the carbon monoxide. So that the net was that, it didn't make much difference. That's I understand that there are some areas where ethanol from crops is very much favored. And one of those is Brazil. Where they've been using ethanol and had we made some measurements in San Paulo which has terrible pollution problems. So it certainly, hasn't solved their pollution problem but then that's 25 million people. And that, and I think their automobiles don't have catalytic converter either. So\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- How does the amount of ultraviolet light absorbed by ozone in the troposphere compare with the ultraviolet by ozone in the stratosphere, is it negligible?\r\n\r\n- Oh no, it's not negligible, but it's small. The question is what, what about ozone down here does that doesn't that doesn't that protect you? And at the answer is basically an ozone molecule anywhere between you and the sun gives you about the same amount of protection. So that the only problem, if it's three feet above you, then it also is something that you'll eventually breathe in. And so it has a negative effect there, but about 10% of the ozone is in the lower atmosphere. And down near the surface would be even a smaller fraction. So that doubling it down near the surface, doesn't make up for losing 10% up above.\r\n\r\n- But the scientists have identified this problem. Now we've known about it for many years. Is there an international organization that is trying to deal with the effects of this chaos, and whether or not we could change society, the societies that traditionally burn things? And not just the Los Angeleses and Californias of the world, but some of these other countries. Or are we gonna have to develop new forms of energy? I mean, where is the trusted that's gonna be something done about this?\r\n\r\n- The question that's asked, has to do with what the response in other countries is about things like biomass burning and development of new forms of energies. And so on the, the scientific, I guess let me start this way. 90, about 95% of all the scientists in the world work in the developed countries so that there aren't very many scientists in the places where the pollution is worse. We could turn that around and say the problem is that only 5% of the scientific jobs in the world are in those countries. And they don't have the facilities, they don't. So it's unrealistic to expect them to solve the problems if we haven't done any better than we have with 95% of the scientists. So the long and the long-term it will require a lot of interaction among the scientific communities around the world. Oh that's one of my responsibilities as foreign secretary of the National Academy of Sciences. Is to work with the other academies of science around the world. But it isn't a, look when you're asked what do we have to change the some other things that besides just, well some of the things that began to be cultural and that's beyond the National Academy of sciences. We have economists and political scientists. We don't have social scientists generally. And the problems really go across from science to technology to health to the humanities to cultural. And so it's, it becomes a problem that requires intelligent people with backgrounds all across the board I think. To make the changes that will be required in that I think will be required in the next 50 years. And that means we have to be doing a lot more cross-cultural effects within the university itself. That becomes important to, to know some things that are going to prevent you from. It's easy for scientists to say, well, this is easy. We'll just do it this way. Is it but people don't do it that way. And so will they tell them how to do it. Yeah, sure. That doesn't work very well.\r\n\r\n- We have some refreshments. I know professor Roland will be here to visit for a few minutes with those who might want to talk with him individually, but join me in thanking him for his lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43467/file/116409#t=0.0,1855.896"}]}]}]}