{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4f1mg7g97h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Schoeberl, Mark, Future NASA Atmospheric Science Missions"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Future NASA Atmospheric Science Missions. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for non-commercial uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Schoeberl, Mark (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-02-24"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Future NASA Atmospheric Science Missions is a February 24, 2005 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Mark Schoeberl. Mark Schoeberl discusses the use of satellites to monitor the atmosphere and climate on Earth.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV204946 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Atmospheric science","Artificial satellites in earth sciences","Satellite meteorology","Climatology--Remote sensing"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV204946"]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9bv7b146"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Future NASA Atmospheric Science Missions is a February 24, 2005 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Mark Schoeberl. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/118/551/small/lecture.png?1624896392","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Space Flight Center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=5.38,7.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's a scientist in the Earth Sciences division.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=7.313,12.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's been involved in numerous atmosphere projects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=12.56,16.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in terms with ozone depletion, stratospheric processes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=16.15,21.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and today he's gonna share with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=22.24,24.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I left all my papers in the car.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=26.15,27.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's won countless awards for NASA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=27.82,30.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has over 150 publications, and it's our great pleasure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=30.78,35.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to welcome him to share his thoughts and some information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=35.28,39.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the future of NASA for science missions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=39.71,43.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mark, thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=43.85,45.658"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(muffled speaking)\n(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=45.658,50.658"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There's a switch on this. I'm trying to find it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=53.509,55.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There it goes. Can you hear me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=55.917,58.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.\nOkay, great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=58.46,59.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it's really nice to come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=60.63,61.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to my Iowa State University where I, 39 years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=61.99,66.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started out as an undergraduate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=66.08,67.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(chuckles) It seems like an ancient time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=68.647,71.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was before computers, but we had to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=71.783,76.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the library if we wanted to do research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=76.57,77.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we just go to the internet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=77.86,79.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm too lazy to go library myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=79.12,82.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm gonna talk about NASA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=82.61,86.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what NASA does in Earth science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=86.95,88.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that it's always a surprise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=88.57,91.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to people that we actually do Earth science at NASA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=91.02,93.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a big program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=93.82,95.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's over a billion dollars a year is spent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=96.7,100.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at NASA on Earth science and Earth science missions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=100.48,103.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I thought I'd talked about what we're looking at now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=103.64,107.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what does the future hold for these missions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=107.77,109.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a lot of missions in the works being planned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=109.89,113.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to study the Earth from space,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=114.44,115.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm gonna go over the whole prompt now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=115.773,119.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is a new thing for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=119.1,120.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've never used one of these before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=120.45,121.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so let's see if this works.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=121.956,123.306"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so why does NASA do Earth science?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=124.52,128.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We provide satellite and sensor technology development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=129.32,132.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for all the agencies that use satellites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=132.78,136.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to measure the Earth and principally NOAA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=136.21,139.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all the GOES spacecraft, when you look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=139.06,142.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the weather channel in the morning, they show a picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=142.98,145.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrared or visible picture of the Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=145.76,148.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That technology was developed by NASA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=148.26,150.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and provided it as a turnkey operation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=150.45,152.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We launch a satellite, we monitor its performance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=154.49,157.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then we turn it over to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=157.57,159.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also are developing the new NPOES polar orbiters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=160.2,165.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are gonna be launched around 2000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=166.08,168.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a series for NOAA about 2012.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=168.96,171.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's an integrated DOD NOAA program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=171.29,175.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've merged the old DOD 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measurements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=187.39,191.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that fall between the cracks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=191.55,193.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We do some measurements just because no one else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=194.0,196.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is willing to do them, and historically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=196.73,199.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's been column ozone amount.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=199.53,201.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NASA is in the Clean Air Act","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=201.39,203.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in charge of the ozone layer, so to speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=203.0,206.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another quantity that I'm gonna talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=206.06,208.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a little bit is total solar radiance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=208.33,211.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It used to be called the solar constant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=214.17,216.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the amount of energy output from the sun,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=217.36,219.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Congress wondered why we kept wanting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=219.54,221.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to measure constant all the time because it was constant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=221.86,225.489"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=225.489,226.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we had to change the name to total solar radiance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=226.322,229.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NASA is also a core agency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=232.28,234.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the president's Climate Change Science Program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=234.09,236.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is CCSP, and we're supposed to be providing input","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=236.59,241.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the climate change policy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=242.1,247.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the head-in-the-sand policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=249.52,250.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have currently in this administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=250.73,253.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we also link our Earth science programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=253.64,258.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with universities like Iowa State and other universities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=258.16,262.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have vast amounts of data that come down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=262.33,264.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the satellites, and we need a lot of help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=264.61,266.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We just can't do that all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=266.36,268.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we send a lot of money to universities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=268.61,270.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to help us through programs, peer review programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=270.27,274.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what is the main science question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=276.62,279.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we hope to answer with satellites?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=279.27,281.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think it all boils down to climate, climate, climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=281.0,285.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to paraphrase the realtor's location, location, location.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=285.56,289.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And climate change is a big issue both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=290.389,293.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the political arena, as you see the people fighting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=293.67,296.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over Kyoto, and also, it's a concern to everyone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=296.24,301.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the most common questions we get asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=302.38,304.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the government is, \"How is climate change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=304.71,307.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gonna affect my backyard?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=307.08,309.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And with a climate model with the resolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=309.84,312.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 500 kilometers by 500 kilometers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=312.32,314.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's hard to answer that question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=314.77,317.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we can say things like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=318.24,319.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, global warming will be two degrees or four degrees,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=319.337,322.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it doesn't tell you anything about your backyard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=322.65,324.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so that, understanding the climate problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=324.59,327.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really one of the main goals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=327.38,329.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our future science missions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=329.11,331.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can just see from this why this is such a concern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=331.46,335.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if you can see this very well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=336.265,337.411"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this is the past 140 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=337.411,339.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the surface temperatures in degrees centigrade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=339.7,343.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then this is the past 1,000 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=343.47,345.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see this part's compressed right up into here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=345.61,349.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is from \"Science\" Magazine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=349.77,351.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's a lot of uncertainty and variability in this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=352.52,355.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the gray here, but definitely, things are changing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=355.77,358.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is the volume of glaciers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=360.345,363.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, it's the terminus of the glaciers in Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=363.75,366.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is the negative numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=366.89,369.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is in meters, why they're retreating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=369.21,374.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It shows that they're retreating very rapidly in Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=374.11,377.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the volume in the last 150 years is a tremendous change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=377.5,381.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So something's happening with the climate system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=381.42,384.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's almost inarguable at this point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=384.26,387.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even people who have played a critical role,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=387.967,392.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"critic role, past like Fred Singer and others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=392.1,395.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are saying that global warming is taking place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=396.745,398.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not even arguing the issue anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=398.87,400.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the magnitude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=400.51,401.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we've gotten past that argument that there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=401.97,405.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is no such thing, but we're still not certain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=405.41,409.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendously certain to the political satisfaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=409.41,412.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of many on what the magnitude's gonna be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=412.66,415.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the point I wanna make is that climate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=418.04,419.819"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is always changing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=419.819,421.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you go back a million years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=423.613,425.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the climate was very different,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=425.83,427.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there weren't any people around that were changing it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=427.27,430.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the big issues is how does the climate system work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=431.703,434.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are causing all these changes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=434.77,436.266"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the feedbacks, both positive and negative?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=436.266,438.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how do we distinguish between natural change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=438.89,440.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the manmade change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=440.797,442.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a famous graph after Jim Hansen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=444.78,448.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another famous Iowan, who put this together for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=448.71,453.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this appeared in proceed in the National Academy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=453.65,457.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it divides up the change in climate forcing since 1850,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=457.37,462.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are in watts per square meter over here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=462.61,465.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they zero line as long here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=465.767,467.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The red indicates positive warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=467.81,471.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The blue indicates cooling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=471.8,473.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't know if you can see this very well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=473.94,476.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this is CO2 and methane here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=476.277,479.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is indirect effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=479.13,484.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ozone and water vapor response.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=484.74,487.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is CFCs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=487.14,488.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Turns out that chlorofluorocarbons are a huge climate force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=488.19,492.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their infrared spectrum is right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=495.51,496.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the middle of a window region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=496.89,498.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they're really important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=498.02,500.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tropospheric ozone N2O.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=500.12,501.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one of the things I wanna point to here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=502.9,505.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that these little error bars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=505.07,506.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are some level of uncertainty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=506.66,507.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, why is there uncertainty in these greenhouse gases?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=507.99,510.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we can measure them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=510.21,511.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're so long lived that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=511.96,512.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can measure a single point on the Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=512.99,514.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can measure the CO2, and we pretty much have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=514.46,517.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it is everywhere because it's so long lived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=517.09,520.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's in equilibrium in the Earth's atmosphere, pretty much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=520.26,523.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand, one of the big issues is air,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=523.3,526.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whoops, did I do that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=526.11,527.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did. Let me see if I can reverse it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=527.89,530.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Move in the wrong direction here. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=532.663,535.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other big issue is aerosols, and you can see here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=537.26,541.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is 2.4 plus or minus 0.3 watts per meter squared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=541.03,545.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and anthropogenic aerosols are 1.8 cooling plus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=545.36,549.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or minus one watt per meter squared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=549.17,551.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A friend of mine said that \"the political part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=552.86,556.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this number is here, the scientific part is here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=556.19,560.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as long as this number is big,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=560.16,561.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we all have jobs in the future.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=561.56,563.315"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=563.315,564.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that's pretty true with the case of aerosols.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=564.148,567.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why are aerosols so uncertain?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=569.69,571.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there's an enormous number of feedback problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=571.43,573.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with aerosols, but they're very shortened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=573.69,576.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot of sources and sinks of aerosols.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=576.02,578.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They live in about 10 days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=579.33,581.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're transported very far, so they're very much in tune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=581.34,584.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they're forced, and there's lots of issues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=584.89,588.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm gonna talk about a couple of those in a second.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=588.15,590.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there are natural changes like sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=590.8,593.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these kinds of changes are just direct reflection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=593.38,596.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of radiation in space, which is cooling the planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=596.75,599.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you have black carbon, which absorbs things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=599.77,602.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aerosol, which heats the planet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=604.47,606.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you have biomass burning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=606.03,608.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organic carbon soil dust, forced cloud changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=608.7,611.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Toumi effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=611.42,613.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where aerosols actually make clouds a little bit brighter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=613.02,615.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they reflect more radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=615.29,617.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then you have volcanic over here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=617.23,619.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"natural forcing of volcanic aerosols,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=619.35,621.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the changes in the sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=621.97,624.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the solar constant I mentioned earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=624.24,626.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It does change slowly. There's some uncertainty there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=626.68,629.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why is predicting climate so hard?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=631.445,633.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're thinking I'm gonna get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=634.997,635.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to NASA missions, just wait.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=635.83,637.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is just the simplest model you can think of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=639.51,641.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you go to any textbook on climate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=643.1,644.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they usually start out with a simple energy balance model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=644.69,647.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so you have a planet which is radiating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=647.7,651.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in three dimensions in the infrared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=651.0,653.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you have the sun, which is broadcasting energy outward,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=653.76,657.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you have this little circle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=657.45,659.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it's intercepting radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=659.0,660.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can make the simplest, stupidest model possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=660.96,664.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You basically have the input, the solar ISR,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=664.73,667.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the solar constant, the solar flux,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=668.87,671.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"total solar radiance, times one minus the albedo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=671.3,674.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The albedo is a fancy word for the reflectivity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=674.88,677.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much is reflecting back into space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=677.86,679.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if the albedo is one, it's reflecting everything back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=679.96,682.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this factor four is the difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=683.96,686.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 4 pi R squared, the surface area of a sphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=686.06,689.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"versus pi R squared, which is the intercepted radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=689.09,692.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you make it equal to Beer's law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=692.82,694.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is equal to sigma T to the 4th.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=694.69,696.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the radiation coming back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=697.7,699.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the planet in the infrared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=699.69,701.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can calculate the temperature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=701.48,703.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you get 255 degrees Kelvin, which is really cold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=703.46,707.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You think, \"Well, wait a minute. Something's wrong.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=707.28,708.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the reason that it's different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=708.92,711.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the average temperature of the Earth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=711.05,713.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is 288 degrees Kelvin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=713.02,715.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is because of the greenhouse effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=715.04,717.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We live with the greenhouse effect already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=717.16,719.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really warming us up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=719.84,721.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's preventing us from having a planet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=721.24,723.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is really cold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=723.44,725.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, this temperature corresponds to the temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=725.61,728.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the planet is, the layer that's just above","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=728.27,733.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the greenhouse effects takes place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=733.88,735.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the tropopause.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=735.44,737.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about 10, 12 kilometers up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=737.08,739.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's the temperature of roughly the tropopause.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=739.64,741.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the radiation radiant temperature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=741.62,743.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So between the tropopause and the surface,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=743.47,746.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the atmosphere is trying hard to get rid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=746.26,748.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the heat that's building up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=748.24,749.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's throwing it up through clouds and energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=749.84,752.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's trying to transport it toward the poles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=752.57,754.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to radiate this energy away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=754.3,756.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is the greenhouse effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=756.34,757.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's really important for our planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=757.337,759.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So people say, \"We don't believe in the greenhouse effect.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=759.77,762.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, sorry, fellas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=762.01,763.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's already here, and it's doing a good job on us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=763.38,767.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so one of the things you can do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=767.64,769.944"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is a simple equation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=769.944,771.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is you can just ask yourself, here's a solar flux","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=771.2,774.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and solar constant, and here's the temperature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=774.76,777.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see with a fixed albedo what would happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=777.22,780.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see a fairly steep curve here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=780.87,783.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temperature bearing a little bit with the solar constant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=783.36,786.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not significantly but moving up here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=786.94,790.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what if you had a real planet or even a simple model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=790.56,794.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you had the albedo change with temperature?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=794.5,797.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Snows on this planet, this simple planet, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=797.47,801.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if it gets colder, it gets whiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=801.73,805.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you do that and you start up in a normal thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=805.22,807.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you find that what happens is you come down a curve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=807.65,809.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like this and you go like this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=809.96,811.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you intercept the snowball Earth, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=811.32,815.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The albedo goes to one or .9 if you fix it like I get here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=816.685,821.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and basically, you're stuck on this curve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=821.59,823.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to get back into the normal planet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=823.66,825.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to go way up here off the screen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=825.3,827.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it eventually pops over as a planet gets hot enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=827.61,832.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So even this simple climate model,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=832.16,833.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my point is that even this simple model,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=833.86,835.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is just a fixed or slightly varying albedo model,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=835.67,839.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is quite complicated with multiple solutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=839.8,842.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause you got that T to the 4th there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=842.02,844.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So things are hard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=844.21,846.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And furthermore, now let's take a look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=846.51,848.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at what's the actual thermal flux from the planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=848.19,851.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an infrared measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=851.43,853.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the infrared radiation streaming away from the planet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=853.03,856.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in watts per square meter, and look at how it varies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=856.61,860.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so what are we looking at here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=860.94,862.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are high values, these pink colors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=863.8,866.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the blue is very low values.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=866.47,869.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what's this showing us is here is, first of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=869.38,872.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have Antarctica, which is very cold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=872.9,874.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's very little internet radiation coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=874.53,876.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of Antarctica.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=876.39,877.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's cold. You expect that, and out of the polar regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=877.4,881.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you have, as you get into the tropics, yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=881.91,885.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"huge amounts of radiation coming out from the surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=885.05,887.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what are these things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=887.48,889.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, most of you probably recognize immediately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=889.28,892.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as regions of high cloudiness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=892.38,894.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where clouds are coming up to the tropopause,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=894.84,897.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blocking the radiation coming from the surface,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=897.05,900.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and radiating at this much colder temperature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=900.41,902.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a temperature of the tropopause, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=902.86,906.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's what these regions are here, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=906.07,910.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So even this simple model that I had doesn't even come close","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=910.32,913.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to resembling what the Earth has.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=913.47,914.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very complicated system. It even gets worse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=914.717,919.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's look at just systems which take a long period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=921.07,924.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to consider climate change 50 to 100 years, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=924.38,928.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let's look at the aerosol issues, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=928.79,931.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this summarizes all the problems with aerosols,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=931.017,933.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can get yourself tied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=933.91,935.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a mental knot with this stuff, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=935.32,938.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let's just say aerosols, we have two kinds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=938.01,940.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have sulfate and dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=940.9,942.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're actually fairly bright,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=942.8,944.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they reflect sunlight from the planet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=944.3,946.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they cool the Earth like I showed you before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=946.92,949.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they also make clouds brighter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=949.84,951.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which also contributes, amplifies that cooling effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=951.85,954.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do they make clouds brighter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=954.95,956.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you have an aerosol,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=956.09,957.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have a preferred condensation nuclei.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=957.6,959.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that means the little water droplets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=959.92,961.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the clouds are a little bit smaller,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=961.63,964.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so when you calculate knee scattering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=964.24,966.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is why clouds are white, they get white.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=966.85,970.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They get brighter when you have lots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=970.21,971.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of little small particles as opposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=971.94,973.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a bunch of big raindrops, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=973.44,976.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sulfates and dust make the Earth cool,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=979.18,982.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's believed from my graph I showed you earlier that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=982.3,986.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been balancing against global warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=986.73,989.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the trace gases CO2, N2O, methane, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=989.32,993.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the process of generating more carbon dioxide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=994.3,996.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've also generated a lot more aerosols","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=996.49,998.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from power plants and things like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=998.44,1000.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they've been balanced against each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1000.2,1003.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's another kind of aerosol which we call black carbon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1003.21,1005.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is just a name for a carbonaceous aerosol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1005.78,1009.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a dark aerosol.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1009.29,1011.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These aerosols absorb sunlight and they heat the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1011.08,1015.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They actually suppress clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1015.09,1017.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're up in the upper troposphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1017.58,1020.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the clouds they'll leave have a hot surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1020.0,1023.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The hot heat rises and you get a cloud,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1023.1,1026.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically condensation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1026.14,1027.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warm summer day, you get that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1027.21,1028.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have aerosol sitting up there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1028.64,1030.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're heating and increasing the static stability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1030.01,1032.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the atmosphere, and so the cloud doesn't form.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1032.12,1034.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have fewer clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1034.62,1036.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these actually warm the Earth through fewer clouds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1036.38,1039.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they also actually heat the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1039.49,1042.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these aerosols are going in the opposite direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1042.05,1046.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of these will produce less rainfall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1046.02,1048.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This guy produces less clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1048.03,1049.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This guy produces clouds with smaller water droplets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1049.9,1052.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore less condensation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1052.73,1054.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we get less rainfall from these clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1054.43,1057.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, this is a big problem for the hydrological cycle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1057.162,1059.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we have loss of vegetation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1059.7,1061.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, loss of vegetation cools the Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1061.86,1063.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look at the Earth and you look at forest areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1064.974,1066.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very dark, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1066.96,1068.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're absorbing a lot of radiation. Plants are dark, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1068.84,1072.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you kill all the plants off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1072.66,1074.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have brown, light brown soil underneath,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1074.25,1076.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, except for Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1076.38,1077.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's dark brown, but Iowa's rare, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1077.44,1080.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most places, things don't grow as well, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1080.15,1084.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loss of vegetation causes more dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1087.84,1090.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More dust feeds back into the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1090.37,1092.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can see you can wind yourself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1092.77,1094.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a knot on this problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1094.21,1096.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is why climate forecasting is really complicated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1096.32,1099.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're just slightly starting to get a handle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1099.23,1101.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this process, and I'll show you an example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1101.63,1103.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a satellite observations of aerosols.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1105.09,1108.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here, this is a paper appeared in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1108.13,1110.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Koren et al in \"Science\" in 2004.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1110.67,1113.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Amazon Basin, and this is a MODIS picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1113.26,1117.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is one of the instruments we now have in orbit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1117.46,1120.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were doing some biomass burning here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1120.03,1122.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They selected days which are very similar meteorologically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1123.39,1126.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so you have this popcorn cumulus going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1126.56,1130.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a normal situation, but then we have smoke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1130.07,1132.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see there's no clouds in the smoke region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1132.67,1135.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is dark aerosol regions heating the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1135.34,1139.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and suppressing the clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1139.33,1141.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Notice also that this is a river running through here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1141.35,1144.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see there aren't any clouds over the river","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1144.363,1145.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the surface temperature is cooler at the river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1145.68,1148.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't have the heating at the surface,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1148.6,1150.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so you don't have the clouds over the river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1150.45,1153.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are very locally produced clouds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1153.17,1155.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a very stagnant area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1155.24,1157.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can see that this effect actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1157.3,1158.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is working to wreck the clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1158.94,1161.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let's see if we can quantify this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1162.84,1164.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And actually, this has been done. This is from Koren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1164.87,1169.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You increase the aerosol amount, what happens?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1170.68,1173.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so we have these two effects here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1173.61,1175.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have effect of reduction in the clouds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1175.83,1179.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then get net heating, and we have an effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1179.35,1182.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of increase in aerosols reflecting radiation back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1182.24,1184.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into space, causing that cooling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1184.97,1186.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So who wins?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1186.34,1187.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this particular case, the heating wins. Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1187.88,1191.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, as we increase the aerosols, the clouds decrease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1191.45,1195.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are decreasing here, causing more heating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1195.44,1198.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The clouds are going away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1198.37,1199.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less reflection from the clouds, more heating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1199.6,1201.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eventually, the clouds are all gone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1201.98,1203.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the energy is just coming right down to the Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1203.77,1205.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not being reflected into space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1205.393,1207.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As the aerosols increase, they're,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1207.76,1209.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course, cooling all the time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1209.65,1211.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the net effect is a warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1211.33,1214.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you add these two effects together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1214.01,1215.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get a warming here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1215.57,1217.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it has this little notch here as a result.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1217.05,1219.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the net effect of smoke is to cause warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1219.49,1223.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you take into account the cloud feedback effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1223.43,1226.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can see how this is a really, really hard problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1226.31,1228.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1228.92,1229.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes a lot of clever guys to figure this out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1229.753,1231.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is based on observations with assumptions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1231.61,1234.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what's called the albedo, the aerosols.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1234.1,1235.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've done some different numbers in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1235.983,1238.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in almost all these cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1238.2,1240.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except for very reflective aerosols,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1240.81,1242.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are these dots down 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suppression.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1252.34,1254.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So where is NASA now with our Earth science missions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1256.71,1260.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've set the stage to tell you a little 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problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1264.67,1266.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why we're really interested in it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1266.95,1268.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why we need a lot of observations to work out this problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1268.75,1272.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we've just completed launching","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1272.7,1275.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the EOS series of satellites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1275.43,1277.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The last one, the last big platform, Aura,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1277.41,1279.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'm actually in charge of, went up in July 15th, 2004.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1279.91,1284.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the three large platforms, big observatories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1284.45,1289.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's been two smaller platforms, SORCE,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1290.29,1294.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which measures the solar flux, and ISAT,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1294.11,1296.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is measuring ice sheet volume","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1296.93,1298.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from space buy using laser altimetry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1298.92,1302.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm not talking about these very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1303.56,1306.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they have lots of instruments on 'em,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1306.2,1307.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but these are single instrument payloads.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1307.9,1310.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then ocean scatterometer called QuikSCAT,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1310.73,1313.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which measures the ocean roughness and winds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1313.94,1316.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've also launched a series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1317.42,1318.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of land remote sensing satellites such as Landsat 7 in 1999.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1318.63,1323.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the new land resource satellite,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1323.41,1326.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EO-1, which is an experimental satellite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1326.81,1329.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for technology development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1329.36,1331.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and SAC-C, which was a satellite built by Argentina,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1331.26,1334.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a land resource satellite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1334.72,1337.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We provided a lot of the technology for this one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1337.31,1340.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our instruments are on, basically, their spacecraft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1340.04,1343.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And NASA is launching these Earth system Pathfinders 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I just wanna take a moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1351.33,1353.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1353.11,1354.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we call it the non-photonic mission we've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1354.053,1356.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever launched into orbit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1356.5,1357.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically, GRACE 1 and 2 are two satellites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1357.95,1361.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orbiting the Earth with a microwave link","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1361.15,1363.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between them that measures the 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result","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1366.95,1369.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the subtle changes in gravitation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1369.01,1371.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Earth due to things like soil moisture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1371.19,1375.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ground gets a little more water in it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1375.87,1377.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the gravity increases, believe it or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1377.95,1380.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have certain circulations on the ocean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1380.35,1382.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the highs and lows, the gravity changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1382.79,1385.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this satellite is sensitive enough to actually see that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1385.45,1388.541"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by looking at these distance between these satellites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1388.541,1390.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they can work out things that are going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1390.84,1393.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside the Earth's crust or upper levels of the Earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1393.54,1397.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by looking at those distances, how they change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1397.63,1400.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is the first really nonphotonic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1400.956,1403.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No photons involved. It's just gravitons, if they exist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1403.45,1407.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And later this year, we're gonna launch CALIPSO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1408.9,1411.172"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and CloudSat together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1411.172,1412.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are co-manifested missions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1412.19,1414.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is a little movie. Let's see if it plays.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1415.94,1418.961"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(\"Neptune\")","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1418.961,1422.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this shows all the satellites that I just mentioned going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1422.01,1425.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the Earth that NASA has put up recently since 1999.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1425.96,1430.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You might recognize the tune. Who knows what the music is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1431.812,1434.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(muffled speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1437.286,1440.286"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What? It's a test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1441.345,1442.845"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, I'll give you a hint. It's from \"The Planets,\" right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1444.52,1448.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's \"Neptune.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1449.43,1450.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, so here's EO-1, Landsat, and SAC-C.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1452.99,1456.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are an orbit together on the same path,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1456.01,1459.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making measurements together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1459.49,1460.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's Aqua. Can almost not read these.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1460.42,1464.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here's Aura right behind it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1464.26,1466.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm gonna talk about that in a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1466.92,1469.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These two satellites are forming the ends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1469.4,1471.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what's called the A-Train,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1471.38,1473.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we're assembling an orbit now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1473.45,1475.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are the EOS missions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1476.99,1478.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the other missions GRACE, EO-1, Time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1478.8,1481.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Time is a space science mission,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1481.56,1483.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is pre-EOS missions that are still in orbit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1483.83,1487.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this will take a second to shut off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1493.82,1495.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Come on. (chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1500.75,1502.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(muffled speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1505.776,1507.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There it goes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1507.39,1508.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's next? What are we doing beyond this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1511.12,1513.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oops. I did that again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1513.31,1514.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(muffled speaking)\n(pointer clicking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1516.36,1520.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(\"Neptune\")","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1520.403,1521.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oops, there we go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1521.63,1523.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so the first one I'm gonna talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1524.16,1528.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is something called A-Train,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1528.02,1529.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's six satellites in a constellation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1529.87,1532.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is being assembled now in orbit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1532.59,1534.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first one was Aqua, launched in 2002,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1534.874,1537.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the last one will be launched in 2008 called OCO or Oco.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1537.03,1542.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I'm gonna talk briefly about NPP,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1543.521,1545.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the new polar orbiters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1545.74,1548.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Glory, which is the mission to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1548.21,1550.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at aerosols and total solar radiance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1550.67,1553.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna talk briefly about (indistinct) and Aquarius.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1554.56,1558.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are soil moisture and salinity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1558.1,1560.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're gonna measure ocean salinity from space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1560.39,1562.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's pretty cool,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1562.3,1563.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the global precipitation mission in 2008, which is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1563.83,1567.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, most of these are gonna be around 2008.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1567.81,1570.885"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we got a whole new set that's coming up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1570.885,1573.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after this last one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1573.52,1575.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the A-Train is a series of satellites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1575.3,1578.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're close in line within 15 minutes at each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1579.83,1582.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They all make measurements following each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1582.7,1585.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what you saw was Aura and Aqua,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1585.63,1588.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PARASOL, which is a CNES, the French Satellite Agency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1588.85,1592.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was launched just recently, December 15th, I believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1592.74,1597.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's sitting up there now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1597.23,1599.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just gotten into orbit with this group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1599.35,1601.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And later, this will be CALIPSO and CloudSat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1601.67,1604.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then, in 2008, OCO, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1606.32,1610.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why are we doing this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1610.16,1612.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, one of the really great advantages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1612.34,1615.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of having all these instruments clustered together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1615.67,1617.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is we can do science that we've never done before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1617.99,1620.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can't do from a single platform.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1620.063,1622.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can make all these measurements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1622.63,1625.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from these different platforms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1625.0,1626.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll be looking at the same air mass within 15 minutes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1626.22,1629.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is pretty much like the air mass is frozen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1629.62,1633.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can think about it that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1633.55,1635.506"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cloud timescales are half an hour, 45 minutes, an hour.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1635.506,1639.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if all these satellites can look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1639.45,1641.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the same piece of real estate within 15 minutes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1641.38,1644.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can think of the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1644.42,1645.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as really frozen in that period, close to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1645.51,1648.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can get all these different kinds of measurements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1648.87,1651.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lidar measurements, radar measurements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1651.13,1653.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"optical measurements, polarization measurements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1653.36,1655.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrared measurements, radiation budget measurements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1655.94,1659.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything from the same parcel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1659.14,1661.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really an amazing kind of thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1661.44,1662.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're putting together here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1662.94,1665.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so far, we're well on the way to getting this done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1665.42,1667.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm gonna go quickly through these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1667.92,1669.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tell you a little bit about 'em.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1669.9,1671.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Aqua was the first one that went up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1671.67,1674.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's got an atmospheric infrared sounder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1674.8,1678.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a temperature sounder,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1678.78,1680.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically an advanced temperature sounder that looks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1681.73,1683.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the infrared spectrum from about five to 15 microns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1683.94,1687.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it looks at water vapor. It looks at CO2.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1687.24,1689.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the CO2 measurement, it can figure out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1693.92,1695.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the temperature field is down through the troposphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1695.76,1698.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a nadir sounding instrument as looks straight down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1698.71,1701.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a microwave instrument associated with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1701.73,1703.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here, because this is infrared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1703.93,1706.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it can't see through the clouds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1706.28,1708.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the microwave component can see through the clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1708.07,1711.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we also had a humidity sounder from Brazil, HSB,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1712.69,1717.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it failed in orbit, so that instrument doesn't work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1717.29,1720.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why it's crossed out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1720.26,1722.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was also a microwave instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1722.17,1723.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1723.67,1724.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another lower frequency microwave instrument,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1724.503,1728.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's producing things like sea surface temperature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1728.78,1732.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what this little animation is here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1732.31,1735.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's coming from this AMSR-E instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1735.53,1739.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what's really interesting about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1739.51,1741.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that we used to have to look at sea surface temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1741.06,1743.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a monthly scale because by the time we got all the clouds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1743.72,1746.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken out of the picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1746.27,1747.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were looking at it from a temperature sounder,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1747.687,1749.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrared temperature sounder viewpoint,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1749.41,1751.995"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it took us about a month to get all the clouds out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1751.995,1754.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and temperatures are changing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1754.23,1756.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's really subtle changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1756.31,1757.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in sea surface temperature we'd 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temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1761.717,1763.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ocean directly every single day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1763.18,1766.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what's going on 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MODIS,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1772.28,1774.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1774.91,1777.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's a very 500 meters resolution instrument,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1777.87,1782.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which it can make measurements of ocean color","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1782.38,1785.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and land biomass, all kinds of things, clouds and aerosols.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1785.09,1789.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a Swiss army knife instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1789.81,1792.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can pull out a spoon. You can pull out a knife.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1792.66,1795.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's all kinds of things to everybody,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1795.503,1796.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there is ocean color measurement here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1796.61,1798.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is being made by MODIS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1798.93,1800.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ocean color is basically a measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1800.69,1803.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the phytoplankton volume","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1803.14,1805.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or carbon volume in the surface waters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1805.16,1807.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know that. It's very simple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1808.72,1811.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You look at a turbid, green, scummy water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1811.57,1814.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know there's a lot of organisms in it, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1814.32,1816.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it's blue and clear,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1816.29,1818.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's nothing living in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1818.12,1819.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's basically the idea, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1819.287,1821.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so you can see here where a 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regions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1829.15,1831.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the sun comes back, there's a lot of nutrients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1831.01,1832.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the water, and the sun is shining a long time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1832.95,1836.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get a lot of phytoplankton growth here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1836.18,1838.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same as in the Antarctic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1838.3,1839.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you have the upwelling regions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1839.87,1841.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off of the Galapagos Islands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1841.56,1843.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Peru here, you can see those,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1843.95,1845.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see upwelling here in Namibia, off of Namibia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1845.94,1848.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see some elements here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1848.81,1851.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is climate change in this region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1851.24,1853.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And look at the oceanic deserts out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1854.61,1857.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Pacific where Hawaii is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1857.49,1860.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not here. There are really very few fish in those regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1860.65,1863.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's nothing for them to eat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1863.73,1865.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you have most of the fishermen wanna spend their time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1865.33,1869.187"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at up in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1869.187,1870.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is where a lot of our fish come from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1870.37,1872.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we eat is North Atlantic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1872.47,1875.482"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very productive region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1875.482,1876.982"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Aura is a mission I work on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1879.17,1881.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's basically a composition measurement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1881.72,1885.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we measure atmospheric composition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1885.59,1887.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which means aerosols and the chemistry of the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1887.22,1889.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both the stratosphere and the troposphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1889.61,1891.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a really new mission in the sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1891.81,1893.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we'd done the stratosphere before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1893.59,1895.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this does it a lot better,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1895.82,1898.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're able to push our measurements down down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1898.44,1901.306"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the troposphere and actually measure air quality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1901.306,1903.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and air pollution from space,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1903.11,1904.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has never been done before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1904.64,1906.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it consists of four instruments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1906.54,1908.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a microwave instrument, which points out the front.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1908.35,1910.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This spacecraft is different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1910.97,1912.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the other ones that you see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1912.76,1914.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mostly, they just look straight down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1914.36,1915.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've got a couple of those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1915.86,1916.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we also have instruments that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1916.987,1918.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are called limb sounders, the atmospheric limb.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1918.37,1921.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We look out on the horizon and we scan down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1921.16,1923.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along the horizon until we hit a cloud,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1923.66,1926.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or if we have a microwave instrument,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1926.52,1927.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we go right through the cloud and keep going, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1927.89,1930.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that has some advantages and us able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1930.57,1932.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get much finer vertical resolution in the stratosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1932.96,1936.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tropospheric layers as opposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1936.94,1938.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to looking straight down, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1938.99,1941.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you look straight down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1942.82,1943.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get the total amount of something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1943.8,1946.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like you go down the aisle of the grocery store,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1946.45,1948.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at the end, you have a bunch of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1948.78,1952.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I can just tell you what the sum is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1952.2,1954.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They cost you $50 to go down those aisle.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1955.245,1957.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, what did I buy?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1957.217,1959.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, I don't know. It's all added up to $50.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1959.447,1961.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a limb sounder, you can go down shelf by shelf","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1961.45,1964.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and figure out what the hell is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1964.19,1965.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's really a cool way to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1965.67,1968.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we have two limbs sounders,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1968.04,1969.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one pointing out back and one pointing in the front,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1969.29,1971.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so within a few minutes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1971.75,1973.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they make measurement of the same air mass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1973.37,1975.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So MLS is the microwave instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1975.72,1977.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that scans down and hurdles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1977.86,1979.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a infrared instrument scanning down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1979.01,1981.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then we have two nadir sounders that also look down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1981.36,1985.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is OMI, which is an instrument from the Netherlands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1985.03,1988.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's basically measure the column of ozone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1988.62,1991.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and can measure aerosols and tests,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1991.57,1994.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which can actually measure ozone in the troposphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1994.51,1997.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work it out to some extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1997.81,1999.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's a very difficult measurement 'cause it has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=1999.89,2001.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see through the stratospheric ozone layer to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2001.59,2004.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a very high technologically challenging instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2004.49,2007.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to show you some results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2009.76,2011.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm very prejudice for this spacecraft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2011.19,2014.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is actually a measurement of NO2.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2014.07,2018.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what you're looking at here is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2018.02,2020.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if you see Michigan here, Lake Michigan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2020.147,2022.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is Wisconsin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2022.83,2025.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry, this is Michigan. I got my state wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2025.25,2027.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wisconsin's over here. This is Michigan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2027.76,2029.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this red indicates high values of NO2, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2029.87,2033.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And NO2 is a precursor for tropospheric ozone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2036.29,2039.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, this is on January 29th, which is unusual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2039.5,2042.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a winter day to have this air pollution event going on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2042.49,2045.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and actually, ozone alerts for it issued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2045.987,2048.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for this region during the stagnant air mass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2048.46,2051.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is what we see from space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2051.45,2053.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We see this NO2, this precursor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2053.14,2055.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for ozone building up in this region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2055.72,2058.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were able to see that from space, which is really new.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2058.25,2061.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No one's ever done that before. And look at the East Coast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2061.03,2063.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see all the pollution developing on the East Coast here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2063.943,2067.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can do this everyday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2067.43,2068.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We get pictures of air pollution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2068.46,2070.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the world everyday from this instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2070.6,2073.696"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have about 20-kilometer resolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2073.696,2076.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I'm gonna go on to the next element of the A-Train,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2079.18,2081.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is CALIPSO, which stands for Cloud Aerosol Lidar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2081.51,2085.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2085.27,2088.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a made-up name if you ever heard one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2088.45,2090.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But basically, this is a big laser, eye safe, of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2090.95,2095.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you looked up in the middle of the night","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2095.7,2097.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looked at it, you would not be destroyed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2097.04,2099.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unlike the Death Star in \"Star Wars.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2099.26,2103.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is the telescope to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2103.15,2104.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that faint pot on the ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2104.88,2106.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's got a two wavelength polarization-sensitive lidar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2106.36,2111.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is in the green, this is in the infrared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2111.28,2114.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it provides 30-meter vertical resolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2114.53,2116.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for profiling aerosol clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2116.74,2118.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, why do we care about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2118.3,2120.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, one of the reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2120.44,2121.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're having trouble predicting air pollution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2121.65,2124.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is we really don't know the height of smoke plumes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2124.45,2126.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the world and where these aerosol plumes are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2126.94,2130.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how they vary with altitude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2130.03,2131.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's important because we don't know the height.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2131.9,2134.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can't figure out how they're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2134.02,2134.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gonna be transported by the winds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2134.97,2136.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when look down, you see smoke,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2136.76,2138.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like in the picture I showed you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2138.89,2141.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what altitude is that smoke at?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2141.15,2143.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it five kilometers? Is it two kilometers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2143.33,2146.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where is it? We can't tell by looking down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2146.25,2148.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is an instrument that'll tell us exactly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2148.79,2151.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the altitude is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2151.04,2152.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also, the height of clouds, knowing the height","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2152.49,2154.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of clouds tells us something about how they're made,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2154.57,2156.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their properties, and how they're gonna radiate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2156.91,2159.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the infrared out to space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2159.31,2161.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's a lot of issues with clouds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2161.03,2163.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and clouds and climate models,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2163.55,2165.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something we do a poor job of predicting in climate models.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2165.29,2168.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what we're trying to do in all of these missions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2168.98,2172.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is narrow down all the issues associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2172.1,2175.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with climate prediction, squeeze the modelers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2175.88,2179.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paint them into a smaller and smaller corner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2180.388,2182.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have 'em address the various issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2182.78,2185.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and parameterization schemes in their models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2185.017,2187.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we have it right so we can make valid climate predictions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2187.1,2190.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of people laughing at us, (chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2190.75,2192.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which sometimes they do, and justifiably so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2192.78,2195.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause some of our parameterizations are pretty bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2195.64,2198.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is why we make these 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taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2204.48,2206.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by The iSAT mission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2206.67,2208.925"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"iSAT wasn't really designed to do this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2208.925,2211.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was able to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2211.3,2213.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the bonus in space,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2213.29,2215.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this shows what you're doing is you're flying along","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2215.3,2218.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these tracks, one, two, and three here, one, two, three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2218.09,2221.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see the height of the cloud here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2221.69,2224.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This black is the shadow of the lidar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2224.81,2228.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It can't penetrate the cloud,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2228.8,2230.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it gets some information about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2230.24,2231.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are high tropical clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2231.387,2233.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are sitting at 16, 17 kilometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2233.94,2236.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in altitude, extremely high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2236.12,2238.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you take an airplane from, say, here to Japan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2240.422,2244.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the highest it'll ever get, an airliner, is this high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2244.72,2248.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These clouds, way above. These are tropical clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2248.0,2250.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're way above the airplane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2250.393,2252.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you ever fly across the equator,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2252.4,2253.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you look up at these clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2253.77,2255.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't look down at 'em.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2255.16,2257.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're tall, and they're injecting water vapor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2257.0,2260.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the stratosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2260.21,2261.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're producing a lot of nitrogen dioxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2261.52,2263.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the cloud as a result of lightning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2263.95,2267.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're very important for the energy budget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2267.92,2269.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I showed you this pictures of the energy regulator,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2269.79,2271.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these tall clouds are those blue regions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2271.957,2274.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the tropics I showed you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2274.76,2276.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're radiating in space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2276.26,2277.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is a very important measurement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2277.92,2279.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are some examples of the kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2279.3,2280.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of things we can get with this measurement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2280.76,2282.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CloudSat is a radar, is a cloud radar in space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2285.435,2289.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first radar we put in space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2290.33,2292.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do meteorological measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2292.07,2293.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was on the tropical rainfall measurement mission TRMM,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2293.57,2297.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what it does is measures rainfall from space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2297.19,2301.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was so successful in measuring tropical rainfall,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2301.37,2304.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're gonna continue that measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2304.81,2306.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a global precipitation measurement mission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2306.33,2309.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what we learned from that mission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2309.74,2312.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that all the radars that we have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2312.0,2314.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the ground are all differently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2314.11,2316.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what we did was, by flying this radar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2316.64,2319.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the precipitation radar over all these radars you see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2319.24,2322.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when you go and look at your weather,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2322.91,2325.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"precipitation radar on the TV,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2326.98,2329.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every one of those radars that NOAA puts in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2329.1,2331.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next radars, are all calibrated differently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2331.01,2334.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you try and use that data to work out 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numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2339.47,2341.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By flying that radar in space, we use it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2341.33,2343.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a calibration standard to fix all these radars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2343.67,2346.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have 'em all calibrating the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2346.92,2348.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is gonna be the same thing with CloudSat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2348.86,2351.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very interesting idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2351.13,2352.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're gonna have a radar in space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2352.76,2354.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to look at the structure of clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2354.89,2356.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a similar type of radar called the EDOP,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2356.47,2358.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they can penetrate down and look at the glaciation layer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2358.94,2363.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you have water below an ice above.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2363.94,2366.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can see the whole picture of cloud conduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2366.23,2369.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can't see small particles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2369.68,2371.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's where the lidar comes in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2371.41,2373.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The lidar can see these small particles around this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2373.0,2376.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we'll get this really good picture of clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2376.09,2379.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, why do we care?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2379.02,2380.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't really understand cloud structure over the oceans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2380.26,2382.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These land radars just sit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2382.88,2384.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cloud radars just sit over the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2384.7,2386.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a few ships,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2386.3,2387.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we don't really understand cloud structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2387.75,2389.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ocean systems or in remote regions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2389.95,2392.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the poles, polar regions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2392.23,2394.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those cause we really don't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2394.41,2396.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to deal with them very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2396.92,2399.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our parameterizations are very poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2399.21,2401.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is a cool mission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2401.45,2403.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's gonna be right next to the lidar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2403.6,2405.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flying right behind Aqua.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2405.42,2406.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, it isn't gonna be easy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2408.76,2410.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the reason I put this slide up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2410.94,2412.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to show you the problems we're gonna face.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2412.31,2415.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's a cloud. These are the various nadir footprints.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2415.33,2419.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the footprints on the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2419.6,2421.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all these different measures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2421.34,2422.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example here, here's CloudSat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2424.66,2427.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these blue squares here, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2428.06,2431.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the lidar spots for CALIPSO.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2432.729,2434.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This big gray thing, circle is IRS,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2436.86,2440.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the nadir infrared sounder,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2440.98,2443.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we're gonna be very dependent on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2443.67,2445.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see what's going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2445.24,2446.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a big gray circle. This is Polar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2446.217,2449.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I showed you Polar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2449.79,2450.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the French instrument here, these big squares.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2450.623,2453.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TES is the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer from Aura,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2453.81,2457.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is MODIS running along here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2457.24,2460.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are like the five blind men grabbing the elephant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2460.18,2464.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who's gonna be picking at what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2465.35,2466.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're all gonna have to reconcile this cloud","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2467.8,2471.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all these different views of the cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2471.35,2473.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And underneath this is a map of the Washington, DC area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2473.35,2476.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this big thing shows how big this footprint is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2476.25,2479.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One dot from IRS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2479.95,2481.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"covers the entire Washington, DC metropolitan area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2481.59,2484.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's gonna be a very difficult challenge for NASA scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2484.22,2488.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to figure out how to reconcile everything from the A-Train,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2488.52,2491.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have a lot of smart people, so we can do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2491.33,2495.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me give you just an example, just two examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2496.24,2499.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of why the A-Train is really important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2499.23,2500.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could give you a hundred, but here's just two of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2500.943,2504.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the aerosol types, and how did the observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2504.5,2507.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manage aerosol global emission and transport models?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2507.09,2510.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's a good science question here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2510.84,2514.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CALIPSO gives you an aerosol height information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2514.04,2516.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aqua, MODIS, and Polar and Aura","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2516.63,2518.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only give you the aerosol size distribution and composition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2518.97,2522.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So using that, all that information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2522.46,2524.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can look at global emission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2524.76,2527.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and transport properties of aerosols.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2527.02,2529.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That'll give us enough information of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2529.3,2531.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do aerosols contribute to the Earth's radiation budget","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2531.54,2534.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and climate forcing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2534.12,2535.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All these guys above","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2535.47,2537.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plus the Earth radiation budget measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2537.31,2540.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and CloudSat for latent heat release","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2540.45,2542.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will tell us about climate forcing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2542.81,2544.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember I said that aerosols can modify clouds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2544.37,2547.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's called the Toumi effect from a guy named Toumi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2547.62,2550.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's now retired from University of Arizona.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2550.48,2553.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pointed out that aerosols make cloud droplets smaller.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2555.81,2558.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They'll have less light and heat release.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2558.96,2559.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There'll be less rainfall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2559.793,2561.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you gotta work on all these problems once.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2561.56,2563.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And remember, why the focus on aerosols?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2563.52,2565.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had the biggest uncertainty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2565.58,2567.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our climate forcing parameters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2567.04,2569.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we're really driving this whole system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2569.16,2571.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toward understanding aerosols","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2571.6,2573.811"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Earth's radiation budget better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2573.811,2576.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm gonna change a little bit here to NPP.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2578.3,2581.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the polar orbiter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2583.67,2585.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next generation polar orbiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2585.5,2587.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The current POES, which we call polar orbiters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2587.43,2591.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have a geostationary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2594.349,2595.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why do we need polar orbiters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2595.59,2597.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, geostationary orbit is 36,000 kilometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2597.65,2601.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2601.16,2602.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polar orbiters are 700 to 800 kilometers from the Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2603.18,2607.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What does that mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2607.62,2608.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From a geostationary orbiter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2610.59,2612.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's like holding a basketball at arm's length","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2612.36,2616.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looking at the Earth with your eye.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2616.25,2618.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, yeah, you could see it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2618.52,2620.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you can't get very good at horizontal resolution, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2620.07,2623.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe three, five kilometer resolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2623.3,2626.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's interesting, and you can't get the poles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2626.03,2629.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turns out you can only get plus or minus 60 degrees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2629.43,2631.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't really see the poles cause the angle's too steep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2631.47,2634.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so we need something else that's closer in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2634.22,2637.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can make temperature measurements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2637.02,2638.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and temperature sounding and possibly do other kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2638.51,2641.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of things down close to the Earth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2641.0,2642.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what the polar orbiters do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2642.253,2644.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can cover the Earth in one day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2644.72,2646.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're in what we call sun-synchronous orbits,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2646.6,2649.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which means they have the same overpass time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2649.42,2651.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hopefully, all the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2651.57,2653.029"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As the Earth is turning underneath the satellite,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2653.029,2654.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goes around at a period which is chosen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2654.84,2657.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such that it's always flying over at 1:30 local time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2657.73,2661.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wherever you go, okay, for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2661.14,2664.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It could be some other time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2664.02,2666.008"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the 1:30's as good an example as any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2666.008,2668.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so we want a sun-synchronous polar orbiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2668.35,2670.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is proposed the A24.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2670.99,2673.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We may move it down a bit, launches 2008.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2673.04,2676.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it basically has the same instruments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2676.66,2678.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Aqua has on it, almost, except for this one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2678.62,2682.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the follow on to the OMI instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2682.47,2685.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Aura or the TOMS instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2685.85,2688.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is a microwave sounder that's like AMSR.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2690.01,2692.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is like IRS,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2692.74,2694.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then it's gonna have a MODIS-like instrument on board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2694.29,2697.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're having some trouble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2697.91,2698.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with building this instrument right now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2698.89,2701.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the mission's been delayed to 2008.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2701.25,2703.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was supposed to launch in 2006.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2703.96,2706.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is life in the satellite game.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2706.436,2708.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get these delays, and you get budget cuts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2709.63,2713.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And just to show you what we do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2713.11,2717.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these are the two instruments that they're being built.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2717.06,2719.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the CrIS instrument, which is infrared sounder,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2719.56,2724.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you have a microwave sounder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2724.74,2726.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why do you have both kinds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2726.71,2728.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The infrared sounders do a much better job,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2728.43,2731.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a much smaller footprint,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2731.17,2733.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much easier to get a small footprint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2733.41,2735.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the microwave sounders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2735.53,2736.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have a bigger footprint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2736.363,2737.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Microwave sounders have the advantage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2737.75,2739.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of being able to see through clouds, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2739.36,2741.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this combination's really powerful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2741.68,2744.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozone mapping. This is the OMPS instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2744.68,2747.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a following now to the TOMS instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2747.75,2750.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's gonna be on this system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2750.39,2752.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this system would be taken over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2752.29,2753.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NPP is a test satellite that's gonna be moved over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2753.75,2757.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the NPOES system that NOAA's gonna fly for next 20 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2757.21,2761.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is the test bed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2761.85,2764.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is VIIRS, which is basically like MODIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2764.13,2766.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and can produce high resolution pictures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2766.717,2769.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ocean color, vegetation on the Earth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2769.0,2772.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clouds, aerosols, and that sort of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2772.01,2773.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a very nice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551#t=2773.37,2774.543"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29968/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/968/original/AV204946_Future_NASA_Atmosperic_Science_Missions_a.vtt?1624896395","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/968/original/AV204946_Future_NASA_Atmosperic_Science_Missions_a.vtt?1624896395"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29969","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204946_Future_NASA_Atmosperic_Science_Missions_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118551/transcript/29969/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Space Flight Center. He's a scientist in the Earth Sciences division. He's been involved in numerous atmosphere projects, both in terms with ozone depletion, stratospheric processes, and today he's gonna share with us. I left all my papers in the car. He's won countless awards for NASA. He has over 150 publications, and it's our great pleasure to welcome him to share his thoughts and some information about the future of NASA for science missions. Mark, thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- There's a switch on this. I'm trying to find it. There it goes. Can you hear me?\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- Okay, great. Well, it's really nice to come back to my Iowa State University where I, 39 years ago, I started out as an undergraduate. It seems like an ancient time. This was before computers, but we had to go to the library if we wanted to do research. Now we just go to the internet, and I'm too lazy to go library myself. So I'm gonna talk about NASA and what NASA does in Earth science, and I think that it's always a surprise to people that we actually do Earth science at NASA. We have a big program. It's over a billion dollars a year is spent at NASA on Earth science and Earth science missions. And I thought I'd talked about what we're looking at now and what does the future hold for these missions. We have a lot of missions in the works being planned to study the Earth from space, and I'm gonna go over the whole prompt now. Now this is a new thing for me. I've never used one of these before, so let's see if this works. Okay, so why does NASA do Earth science? We provide satellite and sensor technology development for all the agencies that use satellites to measure the Earth and principally NOAA. So all the GOES spacecraft, when you look at the weather channel in the morning, they show a picture, infrared or visible picture of the Earth. That technology was developed by NASA and provided it as a turnkey operation. We launch a satellite, we monitor its performance, and then we turn it over to them. We also are developing the new NPOES polar orbiters, which are gonna be launched around 2000 as a series for NOAA about 2012. It's an integrated DOD NOAA program. They've merged the old DOD program with the NOAA program as a cost-saving measure. It's a really great idea. GOES-R, which is the next generation of GOES satellites, the geo station orbiters, and we also provide measurements that fall between the cracks. We do some measurements just because no one else is willing to do them, and historically, that's been column ozone amount. NASA is in the Clean Air Act in charge of the ozone layer, so to speak. And another quantity that I'm gonna talk about in a little bit is total solar radiance. It used to be called the solar constant, so the amount of energy output from the sun, but Congress wondered why we kept wanting to measure constant all the time because it was constant. So we had to change the name to total solar radiance. NASA is also a core agency in the president's Climate Change Science Program, which is CCSP, and we're supposed to be providing input into the climate change policy, the head-in-the-sand policy that we have currently in this administration. And we also link our Earth science programs with universities like Iowa State and other universities. We have vast amounts of data that come down from the satellites, and we need a lot of help. We just can't do that all. So we send a lot of money to universities to help us through programs, peer review programs. So what is the main science question that we hope to answer with satellites? And I think it all boils down to climate, climate, climate to paraphrase the realtor's location, location, location. And climate change is a big issue both from the political arena, as you see the people fighting over Kyoto, and also, it's a concern to everyone. One of the most common questions we get asked of the government is, \"How is climate change gonna affect my backyard?\" And with a climate model with the resolution of 500 kilometers by 500 kilometers, that's hard to answer that question. When we can say things like, \"Well, global warming will be two degrees or four degrees,\" it doesn't tell you anything about your backyard. And so that, understanding the climate problem is really one of the main goals of our future science missions. And you can just see from this why this is such a concern. I don't know if you can see this very well, but this is the past 140 years of the surface temperatures in degrees centigrade, and then this is the past 1,000 years, and you can see this part's compressed right up into here. This is from \"Science\" Magazine, and there's a lot of uncertainty and variability in this, which is the gray here, but definitely, things are changing. And this is the volume of glaciers. Actually, it's the terminus of the glaciers in Europe, and this is the negative numbers and this is in meters, why they're retreating. It shows that they're retreating very rapidly in Europe, and the volume in the last 150 years is a tremendous change. So something's happening with the climate system, and it's almost inarguable at this point. Even people who have played a critical role, critic role, past like Fred Singer and others, are saying that global warming is taking place. They're not even arguing the issue anymore. It's the magnitude. So we've gotten past that argument that there is no such thing, but we're still not certain, tremendously certain to the political satisfaction of many on what the magnitude's gonna be. But the point I wanna make is that climate is always changing. If you go back a million years, the climate was very different, and there weren't any people around that were changing it. So the big issues is how does the climate system work? What are causing all these changes? What are the feedbacks, both positive and negative? And how do we distinguish between natural change and the manmade change? This is a famous graph after Jim Hansen, another famous Iowan, who put this together for, I think this appeared in proceed in the National Academy. And it divides up the change in climate forcing since 1850, and these are in watts per square meter over here. And they zero line as long here. The red indicates positive warming. The blue indicates cooling. And I don't know if you can see this very well, but this is CO2 and methane here, and this is indirect effects of ozone and water vapor response. This is CFCs. Turns out that chlorofluorocarbons are a huge climate force. Their infrared spectrum is right in the middle of a window region, so they're really important. Tropospheric ozone N2O. But one of the things I wanna point to here is that these little error bars are some level of uncertainty. Well, why is there uncertainty in these greenhouse gases? Well, we can measure them. They're so long lived that we can measure a single point on the Earth. We can measure the CO2, and we pretty much have what it is everywhere because it's so long lived. It's in equilibrium in the Earth's atmosphere, pretty much. On the other hand, one of the big issues is air, whoops, did I do that? I did. Let me see if I can reverse it. Move in the wrong direction here. Okay. The other big issue is aerosols, and you can see here that this is 2.4 plus or minus 0.3 watts per meter squared, and anthropogenic aerosols are 1.8 cooling plus or minus one watt per meter squared. A friend of mine said that \"the political part of this number is here, the scientific part is here, and as long as this number is big, we all have jobs in the future.\" And I think that's pretty true with the case of aerosols. Why are aerosols so uncertain? Well, there's an enormous number of feedback problems with aerosols, but they're very shortened. There's a lot of sources and sinks of aerosols. They live in about 10 days. They're transported very far, so they're very much in tune where they're forced, and there's lots of issues, and I'm gonna talk about a couple of those in a second. And then there are natural changes like sun. So these kinds of changes are just direct reflection of radiation in space, which is cooling the planet. Then you have black carbon, which absorbs things, aerosol, which heats the planet, and then you have biomass burning, organic carbon soil dust, forced cloud changes. This is the Toumi effect where aerosols actually make clouds a little bit brighter, so they reflect more radiation. And then you have volcanic over here, natural forcing of volcanic aerosols, and the changes in the sun. This is the solar constant I mentioned earlier. It does change slowly. There's some uncertainty there. So why is predicting climate so hard? If you're thinking I'm gonna get to NASA missions, just wait. This is just the simplest model you can think of. If you go to any textbook on climate, they usually start out with a simple energy balance model. Okay, so you have a planet which is radiating in three dimensions in the infrared, and you have the sun, which is broadcasting energy outward, and you have this little circle where it's intercepting radiation. So you can make the simplest, stupidest model possible. You basically have the input, the solar ISR, which is the solar constant, the solar flux, total solar radiance, times one minus the albedo. The albedo is a fancy word for the reflectivity, how much is reflecting back into space. So if the albedo is one, it's reflecting everything back. And this factor four is the difference between 4 pi R squared, the surface area of a sphere, versus pi R squared, which is the intercepted radiation. And you make it equal to Beer's law, which is equal to sigma T to the 4th. This is the radiation coming back out of the planet in the infrared. And you can calculate the temperature, and you get 255 degrees Kelvin, which is really cold. You think, \"Well, wait a minute. Something's wrong.\" Well, the reason that it's different from the average temperature of the Earth, which is 288 degrees Kelvin, is because of the greenhouse effect. We live with the greenhouse effect already. It's really warming us up. It's preventing us from having a planet which is really cold. In fact, this temperature corresponds to the temperature in which the planet is, the layer that's just above where the greenhouse effects takes place, which is the tropopause. It's about 10, 12 kilometers up, and that's the temperature of roughly the tropopause. That's the radiation radiant temperature. So between the tropopause and the surface, the atmosphere is trying hard to get rid of the heat that's building up, and it's throwing it up through clouds and energy. It's trying to transport it toward the poles to radiate this energy away. But this is the greenhouse effect, and it's really important for our planet. So people say, \"We don't believe in the greenhouse effect.\" Well, sorry, fellas. It's already here, and it's doing a good job on us. And so one of the things you can do, and this is a simple equation, is you can just ask yourself, here's a solar flux and solar constant, and here's the temperature. And you can see with a fixed albedo what would happen. You see a fairly steep curve here, temperature bearing a little bit with the solar constant, not significantly but moving up here. Now what if you had a real planet or even a simple model where you had the albedo change with temperature? Snows on this planet, this simple planet, okay? So if it gets colder, it gets whiter. And if you do that and you start up in a normal thing, you find that what happens is you come down a curve like this and you go like this and you intercept the snowball Earth, okay? The albedo goes to one or .9 if you fix it like I get here, and basically, you're stuck on this curve. And to get back into the normal planet, you have to go way up here off the screen, and it eventually pops over as a planet gets hot enough. So even this simple climate model, my point is that even this simple model, which is just a fixed or slightly varying albedo model, is quite complicated with multiple solutions 'cause you got that T to the 4th there. So things are hard. And furthermore, now let's take a look at what's the actual thermal flux from the planet. This is an infrared measurement of the infrared radiation streaming away from the planet in watts per square meter, and look at how it varies. Okay, so what are we looking at here? These are high values, these pink colors, and the blue is very low values. And what's this showing us is here is, first of all, we have Antarctica, which is very cold. So there's very little internet radiation coming out of Antarctica. It's cold. You expect that, and out of the polar regions. Then you have, as you get into the tropics, yes, huge amounts of radiation coming out from the surface. But what are these things? Well, most of you probably recognize immediately as regions of high cloudiness, where clouds are coming up to the tropopause, blocking the radiation coming from the surface, and radiating at this much colder temperature, which is a temperature of the tropopause, okay? So that's what these regions are here, okay? So even this simple model that I had doesn't even come close to resembling what the Earth has. It's a very complicated system. It even gets worse. Let's look at just systems which take a long period. We have to consider climate change 50 to 100 years, okay? So let's look at the aerosol issues, okay? And this summarizes all the problems with aerosols, and you can get yourself tied into a mental knot with this stuff, okay? So let's just say aerosols, we have two kinds. We have sulfate and dust. They're actually fairly bright, and they reflect sunlight from the planet, and they cool the Earth like I showed you before. But they also make clouds brighter, which also contributes, amplifies that cooling effect. How do they make clouds brighter? When you have an aerosol, you have a preferred condensation nuclei. So that means the little water droplets in the clouds are a little bit smaller, and so when you calculate knee scattering, which is why clouds are white, they get white. They get brighter when you have lots of little small particles as opposed to a bunch of big raindrops, okay? Sulfates and dust make the Earth cool, and it's believed from my graph I showed you earlier that has been balancing against global warming by the trace gases CO2, N2O, methane, et cetera. In the process of generating more carbon dioxide, we've also generated a lot more aerosols from power plants and things like that, and they've been balanced against each other. There's another kind of aerosol which we call black carbon, which is just a name for a carbonaceous aerosol or a dark aerosol. These aerosols absorb sunlight and they heat the atmosphere. They actually suppress clouds. They're up in the upper troposphere, and the clouds they'll leave have a hot surface. The hot heat rises and you get a cloud, basically condensation. Warm summer day, you get that. If you have aerosol sitting up there, they're heating and increasing the static stability of the atmosphere, and so the cloud doesn't form. You have fewer clouds. So these actually warm the Earth through fewer clouds, and they also actually heat the atmosphere. So these aerosols are going in the opposite direction. Both of these will produce less rainfall. This guy produces less clouds. This guy produces clouds with smaller water droplets and therefore less condensation, so we get less rainfall from these clouds. Well, this is a big problem for the hydrological cycle. Now we have loss of vegetation. Well, loss of vegetation cools the Earth. If you look at the Earth and you look at forest areas, it's very dark, okay? They're absorbing a lot of radiation. Plants are dark, okay? When you kill all the plants off, you have brown, light brown soil underneath, well, except for Iowa. It's dark brown, but Iowa's rare, okay? Most places, things don't grow as well, okay? Loss of vegetation causes more dust. More dust feeds back into the system. So you can see you can wind yourself into a knot on this problem, and this is why climate forecasting is really complicated. We're just slightly starting to get a handle on this process, and I'll show you an example. This is a satellite observations of aerosols. So here, this is a paper appeared in by Koren et al in \"Science\" in 2004. This is the Amazon Basin, and this is a MODIS picture, which is one of the instruments we now have in orbit, and they were doing some biomass burning here. They selected days which are very similar meteorologically, and so you have this popcorn cumulus going on in a normal situation, but then we have smoke. You can see there's no clouds in the smoke region. This is dark aerosol regions heating the atmosphere and suppressing the clouds. Notice also that this is a river running through here, and you can see there aren't any clouds over the river because the surface temperature is cooler at the river. You don't have the heating at the surface, and so you don't have the clouds over the river. These are very locally produced clouds in a very stagnant area. So you can see that this effect actually is working to wreck the clouds. So let's see if we can quantify this. And actually, this has been done. This is from Koren. You increase the aerosol amount, what happens? Okay, so we have these two effects here. We have effect of reduction in the clouds and then get net heating, and we have an effect of increase in aerosols reflecting radiation back into space, causing that cooling. So who wins? In this particular case, the heating wins. Why? Well, as we increase the aerosols, the clouds decrease. They are decreasing here, causing more heating. The clouds are going away, less reflection from the clouds, more heating. Eventually, the clouds are all gone, so the energy is just coming right down to the Earth. They're not being reflected into space. As the aerosols increase, they're, of course, cooling all the time, but the net effect is a warming. So you add these two effects together, you get a warming here, and it has this little notch here as a result. So the net effect of smoke is to cause warming when you take into account the cloud feedback effect. So you can see how this is a really, really hard problem to work out. It takes a lot of clever guys to figure this out, and this is based on observations with assumptions about what's called the albedo, the aerosols. They've done some different numbers in here. But in almost all these cases, except for very reflective aerosols, which are these dots down here, you get a net effect of the aerosols in this particular example are actually causing a net heating of the system made by cloud suppression. So where is NASA now with our Earth science missions? I've set the stage to tell you a little bit and give you flavor of the kind of complexities of the climate problem and why we're really interested in it, why we need a lot of observations to work out this problem. So we've just completed launching of the EOS series of satellites. The last one, the last big platform, Aura, which I'm actually in charge of, went up in July 15th, 2004. These are the three large platforms, big observatories. There's been two smaller platforms, SORCE, which measures the solar flux, and ISAT, which is measuring ice sheet volume from space buy using laser altimetry. And I'm not talking about these very much because they have lots of instruments on 'em, but these are single instrument payloads. And then ocean scatterometer called QuikSCAT, which measures the ocean roughness and winds. We've also launched a series of land remote sensing satellites such as Landsat 7 in 1999. That's the new land resource satellite, EO-1, which is an experimental satellite for technology development, and SAC-C, which was a satellite built by Argentina, which is a land resource satellite. We provided a lot of the technology for this one. Our instruments are on, basically, their spacecraft. And NASA is launching these Earth system Pathfinders now, GRACE 1 and 2, and it's a gravity mission. It's pretty interesting. I just wanna take a moment. It's the first that we call it the non-photonic mission we've ever launched into orbit. Basically, GRACE 1 and 2 are two satellites orbiting the Earth with a microwave link between them that measures the distance between the satellites as they go around. And the distance changes as a result of the subtle changes in gravitation of the Earth due to things like soil moisture. The ground gets a little more water in it, the gravity increases, believe it or not. If you have certain circulations on the ocean where the highs and lows, the gravity changes. And this satellite is sensitive enough to actually see that by looking at these distance between these satellites, and they can work out things that are going on inside the Earth's crust or upper levels of the Earth by looking at those distances, how they change. So this is the first really nonphotonic. No photons involved. It's just gravitons, if they exist. And later this year, we're gonna launch CALIPSO and CloudSat together. These are co-manifested missions. So this is a little movie. Let's see if it plays. So this shows all the satellites that I just mentioned going around the Earth that NASA has put up recently since 1999. You might recognize the tune. Who knows what the music is? What? It's a test. Okay, I'll give you a hint. It's from \"The Planets,\" right? It's \"Neptune.\" Anyway, so here's EO-1, Landsat, and SAC-C. These are an orbit together on the same path, making measurements together. Here's Aqua. Can almost not read these. And here's Aura right behind it, and I'm gonna talk about that in a minute. These two satellites are forming the ends of what's called the A-Train, which we're assembling an orbit now. So these are the EOS missions. These are the other missions GRACE, EO-1, Time. Time is a space science mission, and this is pre-EOS missions that are still in orbit. And this will take a second to shut off. Come on. There it goes. What's next? What are we doing beyond this? Oops. I did that again. Oops, there we go. Okay, so the first one I'm gonna talk about is something called A-Train, and that's six satellites in a constellation which is being assembled now in orbit. The first one was Aqua, launched in 2002, and the last one will be launched in 2008 called OCO or Oco. Then I'm gonna talk briefly about NPP, which is the new polar orbiters, Glory, which is the mission to look at aerosols and total solar radiance. We're gonna talk briefly about and Aquarius. These are soil moisture and salinity. They're gonna measure ocean salinity from space. I think that's pretty cool, and the global precipitation mission in 2008, which is, actually, most of these are gonna be around 2008. So we got a whole new set that's coming up after this last one. So the A-Train is a series of satellites. They're close in line within 15 minutes at each other. They all make measurements following each other. So what you saw was Aura and Aqua, PARASOL, which is a CNES, the French Satellite Agency, was launched just recently, December 15th, I believe. And it's sitting up there now. It's just gotten into orbit with this group. And later, this will be CALIPSO and CloudSat, and then, in 2008, OCO, okay? So why are we doing this? Well, one of the really great advantages of having all these instruments clustered together is we can do science that we've never done before that we can't do from a single platform. So we can make all these measurements from these different platforms. We'll be looking at the same air mass within 15 minutes, which is pretty much like the air mass is frozen. You can think about it that way. Cloud timescales are half an hour, 45 minutes, an hour. So if all these satellites can look at the same piece of real estate within 15 minutes, you can think of the atmosphere as really frozen in that period, close to it. And you can get all these different kinds of measurements, lidar measurements, radar measurements, optical measurements, polarization measurements, infrared measurements, radiation budget measurements, everything from the same parcel. It's really an amazing kind of thing that we're putting together here. And so far, we're well on the way to getting this done. So I'm gonna go quickly through these and tell you a little bit about 'em. So Aqua was the first one that went up, and it's got an atmospheric infrared sounder. This is a temperature sounder, basically an advanced temperature sounder that looks at the infrared spectrum from about five to 15 microns. And it looks at water vapor. It looks at CO2. From the CO2 measurement, it can figure out what the temperature field is down through the troposphere. It's a nadir sounding instrument as looks straight down. There's a microwave instrument associated with that. So here, because this is infrared, it can't see through the clouds, but the microwave component can see through the clouds. Now we also had a humidity sounder from Brazil, HSB, and it failed in orbit, so that instrument doesn't work. That's why it's crossed out. It was also a microwave instrument. But then there's another lower frequency microwave instrument, and that's producing things like sea surface temperature, and that's what this little animation is here. That's coming from this AMSR-E instrument. And what's really interesting about this is that we used to have to look at sea surface temperature on a monthly scale because by the time we got all the clouds taken out of the picture, and we were looking at it from a temperature sounder, infrared temperature sounder viewpoint, it took us about a month to get all the clouds out, and temperatures are changing. There's really subtle changes in sea surface temperature we'd miss. With this instrument, we look right through the clouds, and we can measure the temperature of the ocean directly every single day, and that's what's going on here. So you see this temperature fluctuation. The other big other big instrument on this is called MODIS, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and it's a very 500 meters resolution instrument, which it can make measurements of ocean color and land biomass, all kinds of things, clouds and aerosols. It's a Swiss army knife instrument. You can pull out a spoon. You can pull out a knife. It's all kinds of things to everybody, and there is ocean color measurement here is being made by MODIS. Ocean color is basically a measure of the phytoplankton volume or carbon volume in the surface waters. You know that. It's very simple. You look at a turbid, green, scummy water, you know there's a lot of organisms in it, right? If it's blue and clear, that there's nothing living in it. That's basically the idea, okay? And so you can see here where a lot of the growth of phytoplankton is. See it up here in the northern regions? When the sun comes back, there's a lot of nutrients in the water, and the sun is shining a long time, you get a lot of phytoplankton growth here, same as in the Antarctic, and then you have the upwelling regions off of the Galapagos Islands. In Peru here, you can see those, and you can see upwelling here in Namibia, off of Namibia. You can see some elements here. This is climate change in this region. And look at the oceanic deserts out in the Pacific where Hawaii is. Not here. There are really very few fish in those regions. There's nothing for them to eat, so you have most of the fishermen wanna spend their time, and look at up in here. This is where a lot of our fish come from that we eat is North Atlantic. It's a very productive region. So Aura is a mission I work on, and it's basically a composition measurement. So we measure atmospheric composition, which means aerosols and the chemistry of the atmosphere, both the stratosphere and the troposphere. It's a really new mission in the sense that we'd done the stratosphere before, but this does it a lot better, and we're able to push our measurements down down into the troposphere and actually measure air quality and air pollution from space, which has never been done before. And it consists of four instruments, a microwave instrument, which points out the front. This spacecraft is different from the other ones that you see. Mostly, they just look straight down. We've got a couple of those. But we also have instruments that are called limb sounders, the atmospheric limb. We look out on the horizon and we scan down along the horizon until we hit a cloud, or if we have a microwave instrument, we go right through the cloud and keep going, okay? And that has some advantages and us able to get much finer vertical resolution in the stratosphere and tropospheric layers as opposed to looking straight down, okay? When you look straight down, you get the total amount of something. It's like you go down the aisle of the grocery store, and at the end, you have a bunch of things that I can just tell you what the sum is. \"They cost you $50 to go down those aisle.\" \"Well, what did I buy?\" \"Well, I don't know. It's all added up to $50.\" In a limb sounder, you can go down shelf by shelf and figure out what the hell is. So it's really a cool way to do it. And we have two limbs sounders, one pointing out back and one pointing in the front, and so within a few minutes, they make measurement of the same air mass. So MLS is the microwave instrument that scans down and hurdles, which is a infrared instrument scanning down, and then we have two nadir sounders that also look down. One is OMI, which is an instrument from the Netherlands that's basically measure the column of ozone and can measure aerosols and tests, which can actually measure ozone in the troposphere, work it out to some extent, and it's a very difficult measurement 'cause it has to see through the stratospheric ozone layer to do it. So it's a very high technologically challenging instrument. I have to show you some results. I'm very prejudice for this spacecraft. This is actually a measurement of NO2. And what you're looking at here is, I don't know if you see Michigan here, Lake Michigan, and this is Wisconsin. I'm sorry, this is Michigan. I got my state wrong. Wisconsin's over here. This is Michigan. And this red indicates high values of NO2, okay? And NO2 is a precursor for tropospheric ozone. In fact, this is on January 29th, which is unusual for a winter day to have this air pollution event going on, and actually, ozone alerts for it issued for this region during the stagnant air mass. And this is what we see from space. We see this NO2, this precursor for ozone building up in this region. We were able to see that from space, which is really new. No one's ever done that before. And look at the East Coast. You see all the pollution developing on the East Coast here. So we can do this everyday. We get pictures of air pollution around the world everyday from this instrument. We have about 20-kilometer resolution. Now I'm gonna go on to the next element of the A-Train, which is CALIPSO, which stands for Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation, which is a made-up name if you ever heard one. But basically, this is a big laser, eye safe, of course. If you looked up in the middle of the night and looked at it, you would not be destroyed, unlike the Death Star in \"Star Wars.\" But this is the telescope to look at that faint pot on the ground. And it's got a two wavelength polarization-sensitive lidar. This is in the green, this is in the infrared, and it provides 30-meter vertical resolution for profiling aerosol clouds. Well, why do we care about that? Well, one of the reasons that we're having trouble predicting air pollution is we really don't know the height of smoke plumes around the world and where these aerosol plumes are and how they vary with altitude. And that's important because we don't know the height. We can't figure out how they're gonna be transported by the winds. So when look down, you see smoke, like in the picture I showed you, but what altitude is that smoke at? Is it five kilometers? Is it two kilometers? Where is it? We can't tell by looking down. So this is an instrument that'll tell us exactly what the altitude is. And also, the height of clouds, knowing the height of clouds tells us something about how they're made, their properties, and how they're gonna radiate in the infrared out to space. And there's a lot of issues with clouds and clouds and climate models, something we do a poor job of predicting in climate models. So what we're trying to do in all of these missions is narrow down all the issues associated with climate prediction, squeeze the modelers, paint them into a smaller and smaller corner, and have 'em address the various issues and parameterization schemes in their models so we have it right so we can make valid climate predictions instead of people laughing at us, which sometimes they do, and justifiably so 'cause some of our parameterizations are pretty bad. This is why we make these measurements. We have to ground truth 'em. And this is an example of lidar data taken by The iSAT mission. iSAT wasn't really designed to do this, but it was able to. It's the bonus in space, and this shows what you're doing is you're flying along in these tracks, one, two, and three here, one, two, three, and you can see the height of the cloud here. This black is the shadow of the lidar. It can't penetrate the cloud, but it gets some information about, and these are high tropical clouds. These are sitting at 16, 17 kilometers in altitude, extremely high. If you take an airplane from, say, here to Japan, the highest it'll ever get, an airliner, is this high. These clouds, way above. These are tropical clouds. They're way above the airplane. If you ever fly across the equator, you look up at these clouds. You don't look down at 'em. They're tall, and they're injecting water vapor into the stratosphere. They're producing a lot of nitrogen dioxide in the cloud as a result of lightning. They're very important for the energy budget. I showed you this pictures of the energy regulator, and these tall clouds are those blue regions in the tropics I showed you. They're radiating in space. So this is a very important measurement, and these are some examples of the kinds of things we can get with this measurement. CloudSat is a radar, is a cloud radar in space. The first radar we put in space to do meteorological measurement was on the tropical rainfall measurement mission TRMM, and what it does is measures rainfall from space. And it was so successful in measuring tropical rainfall, we're gonna continue that measurement with a global precipitation measurement mission. But what we learned from that mission was that all the radars that we have on the ground are all differently. So what we did was, by flying this radar, the precipitation radar over all these radars you see that when you go and look at your weather, precipitation radar on the TV, every one of those radars that NOAA puts in, the next radars, are all calibrated differently. And if you try and use that data to work out things like energy budgets of the Earth or precipitation, they're all give you different numbers. By flying that radar in space, we use it as a calibration standard to fix all these radars that have 'em all calibrating the same. This is gonna be the same thing with CloudSat. It's a very interesting idea. They're gonna have a radar in space to look at the structure of clouds. This is a similar type of radar called the EDOP, and they can penetrate down and look at the glaciation layer where you have water below an ice above. They can see the whole picture of cloud conduction. They can't see small particles, but that's where the lidar comes in. The lidar can see these small particles around this. So we'll get this really good picture of clouds. Well, why do we care? We don't really understand cloud structure over the oceans. These land radars just sit. Cloud radars just sit over the land. We have a few ships, but we don't really understand cloud structure in ocean systems or in remote regions like the poles, polar regions, and those cause we really don't know how to deal with them very well. Our parameterizations are very poor. So this is a cool mission. It's gonna be right next to the lidar, flying right behind Aqua. Now, it isn't gonna be easy, and the reason I put this slide up is to show you the problems we're gonna face. Here's a cloud. These are the various nadir footprints. That is the footprints on the ground of all these different measures. For example here, here's CloudSat, these blue squares here, okay? These are the lidar spots for CALIPSO. This big gray thing, circle is IRS, which is the nadir infrared sounder, which we're gonna be very dependent on to see what's going on. It's a big gray circle. This is Polar. I showed you Polar. This is the French instrument here, these big squares. TES is the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer from Aura, and this is MODIS running along here. So these are like the five blind men grabbing the elephant. Who's gonna be picking at what? They're all gonna have to reconcile this cloud with all these different views of the cloud. And underneath this is a map of the Washington, DC area. So this big thing shows how big this footprint is. One dot from IRS covers the entire Washington, DC metropolitan area. It's gonna be a very difficult challenge for NASA scientists to figure out how to reconcile everything from the A-Train, but we have a lot of smart people, so we can do it. So let me give you just an example, just two examples of why the A-Train is really important. I could give you a hundred, but here's just two of them. What are the aerosol types, and how did the observations manage aerosol global emission and transport models? So that's a good science question here. CALIPSO gives you an aerosol height information. Aqua, MODIS, and Polar and Aura only give you the aerosol size distribution and composition. So using that, all that information, we can look at global emission and transport properties of aerosols. That'll give us enough information of that. How do aerosols contribute to the Earth's radiation budget and climate forcing? All these guys above plus the Earth radiation budget measurement and CloudSat for latent heat release will tell us about climate forcing. Remember I said that aerosols can modify clouds? It's called the Toumi effect from a guy named Toumi who's now retired from University of Arizona. Pointed out that aerosols make cloud droplets smaller. They'll have less light and heat release. There'll be less rainfall. So you gotta work on all these problems once. And remember, why the focus on aerosols? It had the biggest uncertainty in our climate forcing parameters. So we're really driving this whole system toward understanding aerosols and the Earth's radiation budget better. So I'm gonna change a little bit here to NPP. This is the polar orbiter, the next generation polar orbiter. The current POES, which we call polar orbiters, we have a geostationary. Why do we need polar orbiters? Well, geostationary orbit is 36,000 kilometers from the Earth. Polar orbiters are 700 to 800 kilometers from the Earth. What does that mean? From a geostationary orbiter, it's like holding a basketball at arm's length and looking at the Earth with your eye. Well, yeah, you could see it, but you can't get very good at horizontal resolution, okay? Maybe three, five kilometer resolution. It's interesting, and you can't get the poles. It turns out you can only get plus or minus 60 degrees. You can't really see the poles cause the angle's too steep. Okay, so we need something else that's closer in that can make temperature measurements and temperature sounding and possibly do other kinds of things down close to the Earth, and that's what the polar orbiters do. They can cover the Earth in one day. They're in what we call sun-synchronous orbits, which means they have the same overpass time, hopefully, all the time. As the Earth is turning underneath the satellite, goes around at a period which is chosen, such that it's always flying over at 1:30 local time wherever you go, okay, for example. It could be some other time, but the 1:30's as good an example as any. Okay, so we want a sun-synchronous polar orbiter. This is proposed the A24. We may move it down a bit, launches 2008. And it basically has the same instruments that Aqua has on it, almost, except for this one, which is the follow on to the OMI instrument on Aura or the TOMS instrument. But this is a microwave sounder that's like AMSR. This is like IRS, and then it's gonna have a MODIS-like instrument on board. We're having some trouble with building this instrument right now, so the mission's been delayed to 2008. It was supposed to launch in 2006. So this is life in the satellite game. You get these delays, and you get budget cuts. And just to show you what we do, these are the two instruments that they're being built. This is the CrIS instrument, which is infrared sounder, and then you have a microwave sounder. Why do you have both kinds? The infrared sounders do a much better job, a much smaller footprint, much easier to get a small footprint than the microwave sounders. They have a bigger footprint. Microwave sounders have the advantage of being able to see through clouds, okay? So this combination's really powerful. Ozone mapping. This is the OMPS instrument. This is a following now to the TOMS instrument. It's gonna be on this system. And this system would be taken over. NPP is a test satellite that's gonna be moved over to the NPOES system that NOAA's gonna fly for next 20 years. So this is the test bed. And this is VIIRS, which is basically like MODIS and can produce high resolution pictures of ocean color, vegetation on the Earth, clouds, aerosols, and that sort of thing. 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e I have quite different things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=5.285,8.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're very similar technologically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=8.23,10.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of them use L-band microwave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=10.59,12.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"L-band is a very low frequency microwave and unlike infrared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=12.83,17.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and visible you can just sort of say what the spectrum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=18.95,21.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a micron is they have all these K K U L P W bands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=21.59,25.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the microwave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=25.59,26.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the point is that the L-band requires","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=26.95,31.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a good foot resolution on the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=31.38,33.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to have a big end town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=33.78,35.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these things have these sort of disc antennas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=35.01,38.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're pointing the disc antennas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=38.16,40.522"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looking at the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=40.522,42.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let's talk about microwave emission from the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=42.74,46.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you take the emissivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=49.27,51.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plus the reflectivity equals one, alright?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=51.87,56.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when you get microwaves from the earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=56.63,58.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in low frequencies basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=58.96,61.251"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's all coming from emissivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=61.251,63.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the different soil types, the ocean, all kinds of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=63.63,68.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the ocean has got different solidity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=70.39,72.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has a different emissivity, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=72.22,74.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what's the reflectivity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=74.91,76.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what you're reflecting is basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=77.27,79.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the black body temperature of the universe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=79.73,81.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is three degrees Kelvin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=82.75,85.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's why this works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=85.09,87.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you're the radiation coming from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=87.28,89.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the black body explosion, the big bang is so weak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=89.52,92.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these wavelengths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=92.927,95.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can measure emissivity directly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=95.18,97.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the planet without worrying about what's shining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=97.61,100.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down on the cosmos, because it's almost nothing, alright?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=100.22,104.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can look at different soil types with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=104.07,105.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all kinds of things in the microwave an L-band microwave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=105.93,108.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These missions actually have two kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=108.84,110.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of instruments onboard, an active instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=110.78,112.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which sends a pulse down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=112.827,115.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and gets a reflecting pulse back and a broader instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=115.62,119.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has got a swamp to look at just the pure emissivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=119.04,123.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they calibrate against each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=123.12,125.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one is using the active pulse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=125.29,127.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get a certain absolute measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=127.91,129.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you're using the passive instrument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=129.8,132.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you know that value you're extending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=132.67,134.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the capability outward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=134.36,135.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to either side to get a broader swath.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=136.826,138.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can use soil moisture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=139.89,141.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soil moisture is measured in the microwave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=141.51,143.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this links to the salinity links","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=143.71,146.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to global ocean circulation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=146.78,148.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so much it turns out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=148.7,150.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you have a good measurement soil moisture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=150.32,153.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can extend the predictability of current weather models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=153.04,156.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by about a half a day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=156.93,159.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why is that true?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=159.0,160.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well what happens is when it rains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=160.46,162.845"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you know around here, if you've watched the weather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=162.845,166.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like I only like to do, it rains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=166.59,168.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the next day the soil's really wet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=168.243,170.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sun comes out and you got a lot of clouds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=170.79,172.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it may get rained the next day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=172.68,174.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where's that water coming from the next day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=174.38,176.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it's coming from the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=176.22,177.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then evaporating upward, and then reprecipitating out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=177.45,180.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This happens a lot especially in this area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=180.35,182.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as you go to up like and also straight line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=182.48,185.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Gulf of Mexico, especially in the summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=185.28,188.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the current weather models don't really take","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=188.27,190.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into account the storage of moisture in the soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=190.89,193.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they have a poor job of predicting precipitation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=193.58,196.186"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the soil is wet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=196.186,198.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so this kind of measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=198.13,199.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which eventually would go move over to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=199.94,201.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the weather people is able to make a measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=201.66,204.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of soil moisture under a variety of conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=204.97,207.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The army is very interested in this as well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=207.11,209.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because mug mud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=209.02,211.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The army is really interested in mud, where is it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=211.88,213.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How thick is it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=213.817,214.876"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it really bad?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=214.876,216.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do I have to get out my,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=216.46,217.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can I go to the regions in the desert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=217.94,220.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are now suddenly muddy because of rainfall?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=220.05,222.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this has got some other homelands security uses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=222.38,225.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we stand up inside the beltway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=225.28,227.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=228.14,229.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is our current picture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=229.83,232.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of years and years of ship observations of salinity, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=232.53,236.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see there are huge areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=237.681,239.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where really don't know much about salinity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=239.27,241.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are sort of the economic tracks of ships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=241.02,244.865"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that make boy just around these very cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=244.865,248.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This'll be one month of Aquarius measurements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=248.45,251.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we would we're really gonna this is a new frontier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=251.7,254.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this salinity measurement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=254.53,256.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And why is it important?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=256.34,257.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the reason it's important is because of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=257.61,260.708"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the thermal client ocean thermocline circulation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=260.708,265.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what happens in the ocean is this in this little region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=265.18,269.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of North Atlantic ocean water gets salty enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=269.212,273.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to actually sink, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=273.2,275.962"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it sinks and it travels around here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=275.962,280.962"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eventually rises back up in the North Pacific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=281.06,284.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and warms around it comes back around this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=284.07,286.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The key for the ocean water to sink in this region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=287.48,290.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a lump, this is the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=290.38,292.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"500-year type timescale circulation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=292.34,294.466"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is quake by any stretch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=294.466,297.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this circulation is a major source of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=297.49,302.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example bringing nutrients up here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=303.1,305.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for keeping, you have warm water coming up in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=305.55,308.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whoever who saw this crazy movie The Day After Tomorrow?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=308.89,312.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You didn't even see that okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=312.72,314.384"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is what they were trying to talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=314.384,316.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but of course it's Hollywood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=316.41,317.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they never get in right in Hollywood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=317.47,319.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's what they were talking about as if shutdown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=319.787,321.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this thermalhaline circulation in the North Atlantic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=321.78,324.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would take years for such a thing to happen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=326.12,328.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the weather response would never be that quick,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=328.04,331.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it made a nice movie anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=331.03,332.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, you know we were told to NASA that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=332.81,337.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we couldn't talk to any reporters about the movie","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=337.02,339.725"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=339.725,340.558"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we we worked for the executive branch and 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reporters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=351.4,353.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nonetheless, the point is that there is an issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=353.27,356.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some time models where this shuts down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=356.29,359.221"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you get warmer and warmer, you get rid of sea ice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=359.221,362.986"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why does it get salty if there is sea ice forms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=362.986,366.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sea ice forms is pure water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=366.6,368.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore the salt is dumped out back into the ocean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=368.85,372.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it gets really salty and it's really cold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=372.19,374.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it sinks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=374.47,375.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of this thinking occurs down here too, not much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=375.76,378.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the point is this circulation could shut down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=378.853,382.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that would change the whole ocean system significantly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=382.34,385.265"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and would also destroy fishing up in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=385.265,388.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turns out that because of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=388.5,390.626"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is something really interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=390.626,392.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't know this until recently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=392.53,394.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well because it's sinking the thermocline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=394.67,398.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very very flat in this region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=399.15,401.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a lot of turbulent 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region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=405.37,408.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The mixed layer depth is really, really deep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=408.44,411.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so that's actually, what's 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industry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=415.17,418.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is already pretty much devastating one species after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=418.1,421.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another off the coast of North America would really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=421.4,424.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get to be in trouble in this region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=424.06,425.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a big economic issue as 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observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=435.71,437.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this region and understand better of what's going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=437.61,441.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the in the Antarctic and in its own circulation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=441.13,444.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is evidence that this did shut down in the past","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=444.04,447.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and actually occurred down here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=447.02,449.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a sinking motion that occurred down here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=449.33,451.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Antarctica it's in the ocean sediment record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=451.02,454.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a very interesting problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=454.32,456.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay so why measure soil moisture?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=456.86,459.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soil moisture provides water for vegetation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=460.76,463.752"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a strong link with the carbon cycle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=463.752,465.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improves reciprocation predictions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=465.48,467.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soil moisture measurements this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=467.06,469.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a L-band polarization radiometer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=469.503,471.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've talked about how we really need soil much 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producing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=478.019,481.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the swath like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=481.44,482.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's much bigger coverage than the salination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=482.8,485.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but actually they might be able to make a measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=485.85,487.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of salinity too with this system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=487.98,490.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay so Laurie is spacecraft","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=492.59,494.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with another polarization instrument for aerosols","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=494.66,498.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also solar radiance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=498.72,500.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I talk about the sun ready here's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=500.77,504.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the actual measurements of solar radiance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=504.054,505.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have from previous missions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=505.953,508.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots of different ones up here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=508.04,509.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some people think there's a trend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=509.94,511.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you take the bottom here this is a solar cycle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=511.91,514.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the way, this U-shaped structure is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=514.6,517.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 11-year solar cycle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=517.37,518.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the sun gets really quiet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=518.56,519.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these noisy things disappear down here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=519.97,522.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see they're really flat at the bottom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=522.78,525.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Dick Wilson who flies the acronym instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=525.17,528.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he has published a paper where he thinks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=528.427,530.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's a trend by linking the bottom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=530.36,533.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other people say well wait a minute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=533.13,534.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you gotta link the top too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=534.66,536.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then if you do that you don't get any prints.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=536.09,537.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's some controversy about this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=537.92,540.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this change in solar constant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=540.92,542.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over solar cycle is about 0.15% it's really tiny, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=542.67,547.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why are these guys all disagreeing with each other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=548.98,551.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well this is the difference between what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=551.89,553.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we call accuracy and precision.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=553.29,555.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a very precise measurement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=555.33,557.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's really hard to get accurate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=557.67,559.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we get, once you get an instrument off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=559.79,561.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get a really precise measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=561.37,562.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the accuracy is really kind of off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=562.78,564.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are only two Watts per square meters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=564.87,567.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we're not too far off between these guys,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=567.1,569.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but still it's kind of annoying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=569.0,570.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we haven't quite settled on what the right number is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=570.96,574.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is an important measurement to continue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=574.34,576.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there are a number of people who stick still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=576.28,578.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that global warming is a result of something like this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=578.91,581.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though this is a tiny number.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=581.77,583.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember my original plot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=583.71,585.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I showed you temperature versus solar rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=585.31,587.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And temperature doesn't change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=587.65,588.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that much with the solar radiance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=588.87,590.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is really reaching","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=590.13,592.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to say that this is responsible for the warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=592.86,595.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The last mission I'm gonna talk about is global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=596.72,598.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna talk about this I'm gonna show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=598.84,600.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a short movie and I'm done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=600.26,602.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The global precipitation mission or GPM.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=602.12,604.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is basically a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=605.292,606.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of measuring the hydrological cycle that follows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=606.94,609.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the tropical rainfall measurement initial trim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=609.76,613.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's a radar and a high inclination orbit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=613.18,616.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a bunch of radiometers with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=616.83,618.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here's the issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=618.97,620.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is 1900, and this is 2000 and people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=620.32,623.278"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are claiming there may be a trend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=623.278,625.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in precipitation over the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=625.11,627.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looks like it's increasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=627.76,629.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the precipitation anomalies seem to be more intense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=629.53,633.361"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're having more intense rainfalls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=633.361,635.546"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we really don't know what's going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=635.546,638.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's just a climate shift or if this a natural thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=638.027,641.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is just maybe better measurements that are rain gauges?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=641.49,644.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, this is really kind of interesting question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=644.79,647.492"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't know what's going on here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=647.492,648.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is kind of shows trim observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=649.63,652.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=652.47,653.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a mass of cloud observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=653.41,655.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the colors in here indicate the intensity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=655.76,657.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the precipitation inside the planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=657.87,660.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one thing that you can see is that very clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=660.2,663.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's you wouldn't know which was more intense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=663.71,666.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which was less intense than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=666.68,667.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by looking at the top of the cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=667.62,669.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you really needed a radar to penetrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=669.17,671.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and determine what the precipitation is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=671.52,673.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this mission was just in the tropics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=673.88,675.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(slight mumbling)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=680.797,683.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the GPM mission basically consists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=684.9,688.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a mothership here and a whole bunch of radiometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=688.15,692.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are launched on satellites of opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=692.04,695.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have this core satellite with big radar on it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=695.19,698.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably provided by Japan and then these network","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=698.26,702.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of eight satellites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=702.56,703.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you get a three hour coverage everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=703.47,706.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the main idea behind GPM","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=707.78,709.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're hoping to launch that in 2008.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=709.56,712.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So now the end of my talk I'm gonna show you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=712.58,714.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very short movie it's about seven minutes long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=714.98,718.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that my wife and I made for the GEO-X summit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=718.24,723.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was somewhat Shawna Keef came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=724.02,727.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and showed this movie to the various international people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=727.55,732.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they are all the world to put together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=732.93,735.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a program or birth observations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=735.22,737.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think I've got this plugged in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=737.61,741.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you should hear some sound.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=741.21,743.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me see if I can get it to work here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=743.48,746.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(sound roar)\nSo let's watch this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=746.127,750.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(dramatic music)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=759.46,762.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (woman narrator) The next 20 years will bring a new era","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=776.107,778.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for understanding an protecting our home planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=778.5,781.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The knowledge we're presently gaining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=782.01,783.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the earth's system will dramatically improve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=783.7,786.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the quality of our lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=786.84,788.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (man narrator) And now for the forecast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=792.654,794.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are several major environmental alerts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=794.27,796.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affecting our world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=796.75,798.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's begin with hurricane Gary in the Atlantic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=798.4,800.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As predicted the outer rain bands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=801.86,803.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Gary generated three inches","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=803.74,805.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of precipitation overnight for Nevada, Cuba.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=805.61,808.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gary is continuing to strengthen off the coast of Florida.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=808.93,812.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The weather services high resolution ensemble models agree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=812.76,816.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the storm will not strike Orlando","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=816.19,818.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but will move inland near Charleston, South Carolina.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=818.37,822.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's the forecast look.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=822.44,824.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're looking at the best and worst case scenarios","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=824.31,827.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which could affect the East Coast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=827.08,829.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the worst case scenario","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=829.55,830.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll receive eight inches of rain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=830.84,832.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as hurricane Gary stalls over Virginia Thursday night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=832.49,836.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In all cases we expect clearly by Saturday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=836.81,840.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We expect low land flooding and extreme 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lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1187.91,1190.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working together we can make this vision a reality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1192.4,1196.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(slow dramatic 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planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1212.44,1215.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To understand and protect this home planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1216.364,1220.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(slow dramatic 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lower,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1266.297,1267.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but sure I'll answer your questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1268.578,1270.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (reporter) Yeah we kind of have some 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microphone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1272.676,1277.509"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (narrator) I might add that the current","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1282.305,1283.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NASA administrators under a cloud investigation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1283.79,1286.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not for starring this movie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1288.47,1290.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (man reporter) My question, is NASA responsible?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1292.572,1295.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot of instruments sensor technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1295.34,1297.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that must be development, I 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1387.636,1389.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CCD rays are great for TD if you want a CCD array","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1389.45,1392.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that operates, you know, one to 12 micron 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technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1404.012,1405.662"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are being developed in NASA both...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1406.72,1407.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does that answer your question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1409.5,1410.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (man) Jim Hansen he's scientific American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1415.701,1420.701"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if we reach a lot prosperity here that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1420.79,1423.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all I have to say while the ice sheet is melting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1423.103,1426.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or seven times times now if you add 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sequel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1457.67,1460.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of doing anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1460.73,1461.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what's NASA doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1461.97,1463.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that specifically in that part meters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1463.38,1467.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (narrator) Well, the APS instrument 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CO2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1544.2,1548.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but black carbon maybe not helping aerosol mask","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1548.33,1551.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the effect of CO2.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1551.77,1553.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we really don't know much about our carpenter is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1554.69,1557.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we don't know how 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emitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1575.39,1576.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is having much more declined feedback","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1576.83,1578.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the carbon dioxide that they're saving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1580.258,1581.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by going to diesel, ironically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1582.502,1583.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we, and another thing about black carbon is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1585.42,1588.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where Jim Hansen's point is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1588.82,1590.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's probably technologically a lot easier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1590.43,1592.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to control that carbon than it is to do anything else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1592.69,1595.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black carbon comes from two cycle engines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1595.87,1598.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and biomass burning and smoldering fire and stuff like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1598.76,1602.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you get rid of the two cycle engines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1602.56,1604.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a lot of cities and a lot of places,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1604.48,1606.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you really lower the black carbon quite a bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1606.11,1609.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have much in the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1609.131,1610.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we have mostly for cycle and speed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1611.19,1613.518"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you go to the Tudela or you go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1613.518,1614.351"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Penal and go to South Hall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1614.351,1616.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You find, you know, these really noise build engines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1616.69,1620.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the street and those things produce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1620.32,1622.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a whole lot of incomplete combustion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1622.56,1624.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the source of black 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make.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1634.81,1637.359"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the problems with saline measurements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1637.359,1639.936"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you kind of solve the long timelines on something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1639.936,1641.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been working on Aura here for as long as 10 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1641.55,1644.569"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we knew what payload was 10 years ago, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1644.569,1649.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Cause to get the money together and just do it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1649.13,1652.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it takes a long time to get past this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1652.08,1654.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've seen stuff come together the speed of four years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1654.13,1656.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for us to respond to the horrible ignition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1656.58,1658.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is gonna be downstream.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1658.72,1660.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we need to take and use what we've got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1660.73,1663.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in orbit and fun working on that to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1663.47,1665.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what black carbon is taking along.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1665.99,1667.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's where I think we need to go right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1667.9,1670.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can't redress as quickly as space, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1670.42,1674.455"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1674.455,1676.729"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (woman) One more question I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1676.729,1677.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then there's treats in the back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1677.64,1681.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you'll be able to continue to talk about the feature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1681.24,1684.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (man reporter) What percentage of these satellites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1684.245,1687.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have you put up actually work as they are supposed to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1687.107,1690.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (narrator) Well, depends on what you mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1691.705,1693.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by work as they're supposed to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1693.643,1695.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we have a really good success.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1699.55,1701.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the satellite makes it an orbit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1701.82,1703.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which doesn't sometimes happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1704.82,1707.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have made an instrument called the quick times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1707.06,1710.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is now measuring salinity, if you ever get into orbit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1710.51,1714.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have about a 98% rate of getting things in orbit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1717.71,1722.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're really pretty good at it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1722.13,1724.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The air force and the navy do as well as we do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1724.6,1728.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we spend more money in checking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1728.21,1730.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and making sure things go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1730.413,1733.199"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typically we have about the same success rates you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1733.199,1738.199"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for any complex instrument going up in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1739.657,1742.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Aura we have all the instruments are working for example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1742.79,1746.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have a pressure problem with one that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1746.407,1750.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it isn't working as exactly as designed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1750.407,1754.111"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's still working with the data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1754.111,1756.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only other instrument I mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1757.61,1759.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's totally failed at this point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1759.46,1761.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, two of them failed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1761.4,1762.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HSB which I mentioned is built Aqua.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1764.04,1767.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All these instruments and remarkably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1767.12,1769.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a Canadian instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1769.36,1770.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on terror has partially failed but still getting data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1772.224,1773.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we've had an instrument called the ISET","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1774.636,1777.078"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instrument has had a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1777.078,1778.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that has to do with laser lifetime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1778.633,1780.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turned out that the lasers that the inhalers sat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1780.81,1784.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a clean room for a long time they grew tiny tin whiskers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1787.25,1791.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while they're sitting there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1792.18,1793.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the tin shorted out with regardless of the work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1793.11,1798.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we spent a lot of time trying to figure out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1798.96,1802.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happened also the laser part started to get out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1802.01,1805.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So but we have enough data for them that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1805.332,1807.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've worked it's kind of died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1807.22,1808.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's now sort of dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1809.754,1810.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've got enough data from that instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1810.6,1812.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from I would call the emissions test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1814.296,1816.235"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's hard to sort of define what you mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1816.235,1817.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is right out of the box would do pretty well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1819.28,1821.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After a year these instruments start to fall apart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1821.43,1824.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then we have some spectacular successes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1824.35,1826.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The earth space practice launched","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1827.88,1830.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1985 and still releasing data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1830.49,1833.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, that's it theory accurate space craft meaning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1833.89,1838.359"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Space is a really harsh environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1838.359,1841.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and things start to happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1841.87,1843.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The solar rays start losing power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1843.24,1845.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the batteries get old, you know, all kinds of things break.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1845.14,1850.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Imagine you're driving down the road.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1850.9,1853.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the way you treat it as space,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1853.35,1855.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're driving down the road and something happens and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1855.9,1858.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your car stops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1858.223,1859.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what do you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1860.463,1861.805"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, suppose the only thing you could do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1861.805,1863.776"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is turn the radio on and off and roll in or something down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1863.776,1866.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well we've tried that, sometimes it works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1866.15,1868.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the car starts up and goes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1868.833,1870.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But mostly we can't do much if it's not gonna work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1870.727,1873.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, it's broken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1873.39,1875.326"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you know, it's an interesting business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1875.326,1879.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And making a spacecraft design, a spacecraft","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1879.59,1882.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that lives up to six years is a lot more expensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1882.34,1885.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even 10 years, it's almost impossible to build this weight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1885.91,1888.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean those are one of the reasons that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1888.71,1891.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mission of the Saturn was so expensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1891.49,1894.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a long time it took to get there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1894.48,1896.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That thing had to survive a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1896.77,1899.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so that cascades down into making the parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1899.42,1903.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really perfect and testing them to the nth degree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1903.53,1908.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as a result, that's a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1908.94,1910.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of personal time in addition, cost goes way up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1910.32,1912.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a complicated business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1912.96,1915.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you want to have a salary and work six months?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1915.42,1918.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's easy to build that cheap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1918.11,1920.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But who wants six months of your time, not me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1920.35,1924.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (woman) I think we give him a big round of applause.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1926.544,1929.092"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1929.092,1932.092"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hopefully you've had time to vary this and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1934.447,1938.165"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people around here would be willing to talk to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1938.165,1940.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to come up and ask some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1940.369,1941.962"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=1941.962,1945.045"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29970/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/970/original/AV204946_Future_NASA_Atmosperic_Science_Missions_b.vtt?1624896400","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/970/original/AV204946_Future_NASA_Atmosperic_Science_Missions_b.vtt?1624896400"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29971","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204946_Future_NASA_Atmosperic_Science_Missions_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552/transcript/29971/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Narrator] I have quite different things, but they're very similar technologically. Both of them use L-band microwave. L-band is a very low frequency microwave and unlike infrared and visible you can just sort of say what the spectrum is a micron is they have all these K K U L P W bands and the microwave. But the point is that the L-band requires to have a good foot resolution on the ground you have to have a big end town. So these things have these sort of disc antennas and they're pointing the disc antennas and looking at the earth. So let's talk about microwave emission from the earth. If you take the emissivity plus the reflectivity equals one, alright? So when you get microwaves from the earth especially in low frequencies basically it's all coming from emissivity of the different soil types, the ocean, all kinds of things. If the ocean has got different solidity it has a different emissivity, okay? So what's the reflectivity? Well, what you're reflecting is basically the black body temperature of the universe which is three degrees Kelvin. So that's why this works because you're the radiation coming from the black body explosion, the big bang is so weak in these wavelengths that we can measure emissivity directly from the planet without worrying about what's shining down on the cosmos, because it's almost nothing, alright? So we can look at different soil types with all kinds of things in the microwave an L-band microwave. These missions actually have two kinds of instruments onboard, an active instrument which sends a pulse down and gets a reflecting pulse back and a broader instrument which has got a swamp to look at just the pure emissivity and they calibrate against each other. So one is using the active pulse to get a certain absolute measurement and then you're using the passive instrument. Once you know that value you're extending the capability outward to either side to get a broader swath. And you can use soil moisture. Soil moisture is measured in the microwave and this links to the salinity links to global ocean circulation. And so much it turns out that if you have a good measurement soil moisture you can extend the predictability of current weather models by about a half a day. Why is that true? Well what happens is when it rains as you know around here, if you've watched the weather like I only like to do, it rains and then the next day the soil's really wet the sun comes out and you got a lot of clouds and it may get rained the next day. Where's that water coming from the next day? Well, it's coming from the ground then evaporating upward, and then reprecipitating out. This happens a lot especially in this area and as you go to up like and also straight line to the Gulf of Mexico, especially in the summer. So the current weather models don't really take into account the storage of moisture in the soil. And so they have a poor job of predicting precipitation when the soil is wet. And so this kind of measurement which eventually would go move over to the weather people is able to make a measurement of soil moisture under a variety of conditions. The army is very interested in this as well because mug mud. The army is really interested in mud, where is it? How thick is it? Is it really bad? Do I have to get out my, can I go to the regions in the desert that are now suddenly muddy because of rainfall? So this has got some other homelands security uses as we stand up inside the beltway. Okay. So this is our current picture of years and years of ship observations of salinity, okay? You can see there are huge areas where really don't know much about salinity. These are sort of the economic tracks of ships that make boy just around these very cities. This'll be one month of Aquarius measurements. So we would we're really gonna this is a new frontier, this salinity measurement. And why is it important? Well, the reason it's important is because of the thermal client ocean thermocline circulation. And what happens in the ocean is this in this little region of North Atlantic ocean water gets salty enough to actually sink, okay? And so it sinks and it travels around here, eventually rises back up in the North Pacific and warms around it comes back around this way. The key for the ocean water to sink in this region. This is a lump, this is the 500-year type timescale circulation. This is quake by any stretch. But this circulation is a major source of, for example bringing nutrients up here for keeping, you have warm water coming up in here. Whoever who saw this crazy movie The Day After Tomorrow? You didn't even see that okay, this is what they were trying to talk about but of course it's Hollywood they never get in right in Hollywood. But that's what they were talking about as if shutdown of this thermalhaline circulation in the North Atlantic. It would take years for such a thing to happen and the weather response would never be that quick, but it made a nice movie anyway. And of course, you know we were told to NASA that we couldn't talk to any reporters about the movie because we we worked for the executive branch and anyway... So that actually that made a bigger stink than us actually talking to reporters. The fact that the press reported that we couldn't talk to reporters. Nonetheless, the point is that there is an issue in some time models where this shuts down as you get warmer and warmer, you get rid of sea ice. Why does it get salty if there is sea ice forms, sea ice forms is pure water. And therefore the salt is dumped out back into the ocean and it gets really salty and it's really cold. And so it sinks. Some of this thinking occurs down here too, not much, but the point is this circulation could shut down and that would change the whole ocean system significantly and would also destroy fishing up in here. It turns out that because of, this is something really interesting I didn't know this until recently. Well because it's sinking the thermocline is very very flat in this region. So there's a lot of turbulent mixing and actually nutrients are brought upward in this region because of the turbulences deep in this region. The mixed layer depth is really, really deep. and so that's actually, what's bringing up a lot of nutrients for fish in this region. So if this thing shuts down the fishing industry which is already pretty much devastating one species after another off the coast of North America would really get to be in trouble in this region. So there's a big economic issue as well as climate issue associated with this problem. So we would able be, we're able to quantify basically what's going on much better rather than a few of these ship observations in this region and understand better of what's going on in the in the Antarctic and in its own circulation. There is evidence that this did shut down in the past and actually occurred down here. It's a sinking motion that occurred down here in Antarctica it's in the ocean sediment record. So it's a very interesting problem. Okay so why measure soil moisture? Soil moisture provides water for vegetation, a strong link with the carbon cycle improves reciprocation predictions, soil moisture measurements this is a L-band polarization radiometer and I've talked about how we really need soil much less. So this would be a really cool measurement to make in this and this spacecraft rotates producing the swath like this. So it's much bigger coverage than the salination, but actually they might be able to make a measurement of salinity too with this system. Okay so Laurie is spacecraft with another polarization instrument for aerosols but also solar radiance. And I talk about the sun ready here's the actual measurements of solar radiance that we have from previous missions lots of different ones up here. And some people think there's a trend if you take the bottom here this is a solar cycle by the way, this U-shaped structure is the 11-year solar cycle. When the sun gets really quiet these noisy things disappear down here and you can see they're really flat at the bottom. And Dick Wilson who flies the acronym instrument and he has published a paper where he thinks that there's a trend by linking the bottom. Other people say well wait a minute, you gotta link the top too and then if you do that you don't get any prints. So there's some controversy about this, but this change in solar constant over solar cycle is about 0.15% it's really tiny, okay? So why are these guys all disagreeing with each other? Well this is the difference between what we call accuracy and precision. This is a very precise measurement but it's really hard to get accurate. So we get, once you get an instrument off you get a really precise measure but the accuracy is really kind of off. So these are only two Watts per square meters so we're not too far off between these guys, but still it's kind of annoying that we haven't quite settled on what the right number is. But this is an important measurement to continue because there are a number of people who stick still that global warming is a result of something like this even though this is a tiny number. Remember my original plot I showed you temperature versus solar rate. And temperature doesn't change that much with the solar radiance. So this is really reaching to say that this is responsible for the warming. The last mission I'm gonna talk about is global I'm gonna talk about this I'm gonna show a short movie and I'm done. The global precipitation mission or GPM. And this is basically a question of measuring the hydrological cycle that follows on the tropical rainfall measurement initial trim and it's a radar and a high inclination orbit but a bunch of radiometers with it. And here's the issue. This is 1900, and this is 2000 and people are claiming there may be a trend in precipitation over the United States. Looks like it's increasing. And the precipitation anomalies seem to be more intense that we're having more intense rainfalls. So we really don't know what's going on it's just a climate shift or if this a natural thing is just maybe better measurements that are rain gauges? You know, this is really kind of interesting question. We don't know what's going on here. So this is kind of shows trim observations and you can see here, this is a mass of cloud observations in the colors in here indicate the intensity of the precipitation inside the planet. And one thing that you can see is that very clearly it's you wouldn't know which was more intense and which was less intense than by looking at the top of the cloud. So you really needed a radar to penetrate and determine what the precipitation is. And this mission was just in the tropics. So the GPM mission basically consists of a mothership here and a whole bunch of radiometers which are launched on satellites of opportunity. So we have this core satellite with big radar on it probably provided by Japan and then these network of eight satellites. So you get a three hour coverage everywhere. So that's the main idea behind GPM and we're hoping to launch that in 2008. So now the end of my talk I'm gonna show you a very short movie it's about seven minutes long that my wife and I made for the GEO-X summit, which was somewhat Shawna Keef came to and showed this movie to the various international people where they are all the world to put together a program or birth observations. And I think I've got this plugged in so you should hear some sound. Let me see if I can get it to work here. So let's watch this.\r\n\r\n- The next 20 years will bring a new era for understanding an protecting our home planet. The knowledge we're presently gaining about the earth's system will dramatically improve the quality of our lives.\r\n\r\n- And now for the forecast, there are several major environmental alerts affecting our world. Let's begin with hurricane Gary in the Atlantic. As predicted the outer rain bands of Gary generated three inches of precipitation overnight for Nevada, Cuba. Gary is continuing to strengthen off the coast of Florida. The weather services high resolution ensemble models agree that the storm will not strike Orlando but will move inland near Charleston, South Carolina. Here's the forecast look. Now we're looking at the best and worst case scenarios which could affect the East Coast. In the worst case scenario we'll receive eight inches of rain as hurricane Gary stalls over Virginia Thursday night. In all cases we expect clearly by Saturday. We expect low land flooding and extreme flooding in the Chesapeake and Potomac basins, additional flood information can be found on the emergency information webpage keyed to your location. We expect several days of severe air stagnation in the Northeast before the hurricane reaches that area. Air quality models predict ozone and particularly levels in the unhealthy range. If you suffer from respiratory problems you should check the air quality website. In other environmental news dust storms are predicted to move out of North Africa in the next week affecting Southern and Eastern Europe air quality. And even larger event is predicted to developing Northern China later this week. Medium range climate models show the current East Pacific Ocean warming will develop into a full blown El-Nino within six months. There's a high probability that drought conditions will occur in Western North America and throughout South American rainforests. Updated soil moisture and crop forecast for the next six months can be found at agriculture websites key to your location. Space radar indicates increased stress on faults of the California mammoth lake area. Earthquake models predict 5.0 to 5.5 magnitude tremors within the next few weeks. The U.S. GS website has additional information on the earthquake forecast and safety procedures. Alaska's mountains continues to erupt, the eastward drifting plume poses an aviation hazard to transpacific flights. International flights have been re-routed around the plume be sure to check airline schedules.\r\n\r\n- What you have seen is our vision of the future. We will be using advancements in earth science and observations from many practical applications. We will be making accurate predictions of climate change, crop production, energy and water use, disease outbreaks and other natural hazards. What will it take to make these predictions? More observations of the Earth's environment are needed. More accurate measurements of winds, water vapor, temperatures, aerosols and saline moisture will improve our forecasts. At the leverage points Sentinel systems using lightweight holographic telescopes and interferometers will image the whole globe. From geostationary orbit, high resolution optical and infrared sensors will monitor clouds, water vapor ozone and aerosols. In Neuroth orbit lidars will measure winds, cloud heights and ocean circulation. Microwave sensors and radars will measure soil moisture and ocean salinity, while synthetic aperture radars will measure earthquakes and rainfall. In the atmosphere robotic aircraft will be deployed into severe storms. At the earth surface a linked network of global sensors will monitor radiation air pollution, precipitation, soil wetness and stream flow beneath the ocean surface, under sea floats and robotic vehicles will measure salinity, temperature and currents. We also know that better environmental predictions require realistic high resolution models. Prediction models assimilate all available satellite and ground maps observations to begin to forecast. The models then blend in information about ocean circulation, surface hydrology, cloud dynamics and other processes. High resolution prediction models of the future will produce precise local forecasts. These models will use and generate an enormous amount of data. How will future computers process and distribute this flood of information? As fast as computers will be by 2020, a single computer will still be thousands of times too slow to make accurate detailed local predictions. Forecast models of the future will run on teams of computers distributed across high speed networks and linked to satellites through microwave and optical relays. Models on these distributed computers will be coupled to perform real-time local predictions. The output from the various prediction models will automatically be fed into models of flood prediction, crop forecast, transportation grounding, energy use as well as economic impact. These predictions will be available worldwide and you will be able to tailor the output from these models for your specific needs. You'll be able to call up a personalized forecast from anywhere on our planet. This is our vision of the future. This vision harnesses the world scientific and technical knowledge to protect our planet and improve the quality of our lives. Working together we can make this vision a reality.\r\n\r\n- A machine, you know, it touches home. It's about home, it's about this planet. To understand and protect this home planet.\r\n\r\n- Yes thank you.\r\n\r\n- I'm sorry I went a little lower, but sure I'll answer your questions.\r\n\r\n- Yeah we kind of have some questions. How much of a lifetime is--\r\n\r\n- Please give her the microphone.\r\n\r\n- I might add that the current NASA administrators under a cloud investigation, not for starring this movie.\r\n\r\n- My question, is NASA responsible? There's a lot of instruments sensor technology that must be development, I suppose. Does NASA do most of it themselves or is this somewhere else?\r\n\r\n- Well it depends on, depends on a lot of things. We do some of it ourselves and we do some of the partnership with industry. Usually what happens is NASA pioneers new technologies and then hands them off industry. So a lot of the sensors that we have here very few are built in house here. But the technology design, engineering design and some of the technology elements that go into those designs are developed at NASA. One of the issues has always been with federal funding is how how was that different from state corporate funding? Corporate funding is brick targeted towards specific profit oriented applications. The corporation does this, they make money off of the technology. In the short term, they probably even develop NASA on the other hand, being a federal agency has historically kind of gone after a certainly higher risk technology development as we push beyond political art. So a lot of the sensor development and chips and arrays and stuff like that we have in a lot of satellites now we're originally developed by NASA and are continuing to push a lot of that chip technology for imagers and things like that. No one else seems to want to do it. CCD rays are great for TD if you want a CCD array that operates, you know, one to 12 micron range nobody's interested in that. They maybe will be interested in you know, NASA sort of does that kind of stuff like that or why the microwave technologies are being developed in NASA both... Does that answer your question?\r\n\r\n- Jim Hansen he's scientific American that if we reach a lot prosperity here that's all I have to say while the ice sheet is melting. Or seven times times now if you add the to tune the cooling and warming you mentioned. And the one aspect that he says we have a hope of validating one side is a black carbon. But either you didn't say too much about it would seem to me that that would be a priority to be able to monitor, measure and monitor black carbon. And see if in fact, we could creates some public policy that guards black carbon and measure a sequel of doing anything. But what's NASA doing In that specifically in that part meters.\r\n\r\n- Well, the APS instrument which I talked about briefly mostly as far as the total solar radius we'll be able to measure blind carbon. It's kind of a really crappy footprint though. And I think it's more a pioneering constitute concept measure. Polar instrument might be able to do the job. I am in the end guided because there was a work proposed instrument a while back and to just to look at black carbon and look at the sun glare. The is really interesting thing to spend under utilized or under used by most of remote sensing people. It's basically a source of radiation at the surface which shines through the atmosphere. So blind carbon intercept that radiation and you could see its effect and you can often see it if you're just going out and looking at a glint off the lake. It's yellowy kind of, it's sometimes colored and that's because of stuff in the air that you're passing glint in our eyes. But let's go back to the black carbon problem again, just from the beginning. Black carbon is a very interesting problem because as you can see that black carbon is doing damage to the hydrological cycle and also getting the atmosphere. And what we have now, what we think is a battlefield from the aerosol sort of masking effect of CO2 but black carbon maybe not helping aerosol mask the effect of CO2. And we really don't know much about our carpenter is and we don't know how really how much impact this having to do for models. There've been a number of studies. One study showed that for example that the Europeans that moved to diesel are actually hurting the burn more than if they're still using gasoline because the black carbon emitting is having much more declined feedback than the carbon dioxide that they're saving by going to diesel, ironically. What we, and another thing about black carbon is where Jim Hansen's point is. It's probably technologically a lot easier to control that carbon than it is to do anything else. Black carbon comes from two cycle engines and biomass burning and smoldering fire and stuff like that. So if you get rid of the two cycle engines in a lot of cities and a lot of places, you really lower the black carbon quite a bit. We don't have much in the United States because we have mostly for cycle and speed, but you go to the Tudela or you go to Penal and go to South Hall. You find, you know, these really noise build engines in the street and those things produce a whole lot of incomplete combustion which is the source of black carbon. So there's a lot of issues unfortunately the science community has spent time to slow pull black carbon out, and it's a difficult measure to make. And one of the problems with saline measurements you kind of solve the long timelines on something. I've been working on Aura here for as long as 10 years we knew what payload was 10 years ago, okay? 'Cause to get the money together and just do it it takes a long time to get past this I've seen stuff come together the speed of four years. So for us to respond to the horrible ignition is gonna be downstream. I think we need to take and use what we've got in orbit and fun working on that to see what black carbon is taking along. That's where I think we need to go right now. We can't redress as quickly as space, but we can.\r\n\r\n- One more question I think and then there's treats in the back and you'll be able to continue to talk about the feature.\r\n\r\n- What percentage of these satellites have you put up actually work as they are supposed to?\r\n\r\n- Well, depends on what you mean by work as they're supposed to. Well, we have a really good success. If the satellite makes it an orbit which doesn't sometimes happen. We have made an instrument called the quick times which is now measuring salinity, if you ever get into orbit but we have about a 98% rate of getting things in orbit. We're really pretty good at it. The air force and the navy do as well as we do. I think we spend more money in checking and making sure things go on. Typically we have about the same success rates you have for any complex instrument going up in. In Aura we have all the instruments are working for example but we have a pressure problem with one that it isn't working as exactly as designed it's still working with the data. The only other instrument I mean it's totally failed at this point well, two of them failed. HSB which I mentioned is built Aqua. All these instruments and remarkably which is a Canadian instrument on terror has partially failed but still getting data. And we've had an instrument called the ISET instrument has had a problem and that has to do with laser lifetime. It turned out that the lasers that the inhalers sat in a clean room for a long time they grew tiny tin whiskers while they're sitting there. And the tin shorted out with regardless of the work. And we spent a lot of time trying to figure out what happened also the laser part started to get out. So but we have enough data for them that you've worked it's kind of died. It's now sort of dead. We've got enough data from that instrument from I would call the emissions test. So it's hard to sort of define what you mean is right out of the box would do pretty well. After a year these instruments start to fall apart but then we have some spectacular successes. The earth space practice launched in 1985 and still releasing data. Yes, that's it theory accurate space craft meaning. Space is a really harsh environment and things start to happen. The solar rays start losing power the batteries get old, you know, all kinds of things break. Imagine you're driving down the road. This is the way you treat it as space, you're driving down the road and something happens and your car stops. So what do you do? Well, suppose the only thing you could do is turn the radio on and off and roll in or something down. Well we've tried that, sometimes it works the car starts up and goes. But mostly we can't do much if it's not gonna work, you know, it's broken. And you know, it's an interesting business. And making a spacecraft design, a spacecraft that lives up to six years is a lot more expensive. Even 10 years, it's almost impossible to build this weight. I mean those are one of the reasons that the mission of the Saturn was so expensive is a long time it took to get there. That thing had to survive a long time. And so that cascades down into making the parts really perfect and testing them to the nth degree. And as a result, that's a lot of personal time in addition, cost goes way up. So it's a complicated business. Do you want to have a salary and work six months? It's easy to build that cheap. But who wants six months of your time, not me.\r\n\r\n- I think we give him a big round of applause. Hopefully you've had time to vary this and people around here would be willing to talk to you and to come up and ask some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45558/file/118552#t=0.0,1948.65633"}]}]}]}