{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4746q1t023/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Scriven, Michael, Philosophy"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Philosophy. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=7.47,9.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lecture tonight is part of a four part series of lectures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=11.554,14.365"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called, \"Science, Technology and the 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distinction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=769.26,772.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the means and the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=772.65,775.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The means being the practical 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devise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=780.84,782.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The end being a value in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=782.62,784.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of which we're to judge the means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=784.43,786.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the dualism runs very deep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=786.5,789.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It reflects itself in all these distinctions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=789.63,793.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"None of them quite the same as each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=793.36,795.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but never-the-less very closely related.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=795.3,797.615"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if you had to make a really simple minded suggestion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=797.615,802.615"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what science is about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=803.43,807.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you might be attracted by the idea that it's about the facts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=807.34,811.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that talking about values is something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=811.09,813.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for another area of discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=813.81,817.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it is simple minded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=817.03,818.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suppose we just approach this in a scientific way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=818.99,822.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suppose, that is, we simply ask ourselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=822.64,825.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What do the journals contain?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=825.369,828.698"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What do the scientific journals have that's 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Society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=834.705,837.026"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the American Journal of Physics at random.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=837.026,839.276"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Start reading what you see on that 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design","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=854.05,856.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or about the previous work on the same subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=856.94,859.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and low and behold we find that certain people have 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excellent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=866.87,868.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another is unsatisfactory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=868.77,870.754"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that somebody or other made a brilliant contribution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=870.754,875.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=876.424,878.088"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are not ethical 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science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=911.67,915.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we start asking ourselves basic questions like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=915.06,918.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What's the difference between science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=918.007,919.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and say, if there happens to be a particular baga boo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=919.787,923.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of ours, astrology or something else 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scientific,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=929.95,932.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is itself, a very, very powerful evaluation of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=932.63,936.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to call something unscientific, is 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just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=943.106,946.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make an aesthetic judgment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=946.42,947.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is to make a judgment of scientific merit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=947.76,951.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Throughout science, we find, and in talking even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=951.31,954.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the boundaries of science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=954.47,955.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we find then evaluative judgements occurring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=955.9,959.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, nothing follows from 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issues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=964.14,965.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has nothing to do with ethics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=965.87,967.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is simply to do with 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=972.497,976.565"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and perhaps a little bit about what ought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=976.565,979.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to be scientifically 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up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=997.02,1000.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the scientific papers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1000.85,1002.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now is it 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science?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1007.212,1010.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it is it just the wrapping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1010.8,1012.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the icing on the cake, certainly 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theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1024.41,1027.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whether, in fact, at this stage it has been so damaged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1027.3,1030.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the observations that you 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gibbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1050.0,1052.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from bad accounts of the mating habit of the gibbon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1052.26,1054.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good observations from bad 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cannons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1063.99,1065.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the disciplines themselves but values, big fat values.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1065.99,1070.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, one reason that this is so 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1099.4,1104.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very simple one in logical terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1106.7,1108.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It just goes like 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fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1172.41,1174.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by scientific procedures, then you're never going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1174.32,1177.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have an ought in the 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taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1202.69,1206.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be just a sign of political squeeze.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1206.42,1209.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Political push come to political shove.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1209.342,1211.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A good point made about what people were doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1211.91,1214.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of school they were being naughty out of school, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1214.23,1216.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was correct to point this out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1216.73,1218.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, out of school they ought to be 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design.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1453.524,1456.088"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You have simply got a weak design","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1456.088,1457.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you didn't use Latin 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competent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1461.97,1464.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since 1931 would know how to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1464.037,1465.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were not, therefore you were not reasonable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1465.72,1467.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"etcetera, etcetera, etcetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1467.74,1469.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, basically it's trival,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1469.814,1471.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easy to produce ought claims from these factual premises.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1471.05,1475.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, logically,, how did we manage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1477.667,1479.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to pull off this mysterious trick?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1479.06,1481.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we've pulled it off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1481.53,1483.554"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because one of our premises involves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1483.554,1485.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a definition of what science is about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1485.82,1488.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The function of science, the aim of science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1488.14,1490.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the goal of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1490.667,1491.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science merit is to be judged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1491.5,1493.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the extent to which it manages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1493.07,1495.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to achieve the following things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1495.03,1496.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, there's a value premise alright,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1496.86,1498.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the logic isn't violated here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1498.81,1500.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the value premise happens to be a definitional one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1500.68,1503.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a definitional one, therefore not debatable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1503.804,1508.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore necessarily true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1508.26,1510.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore we are able to get a valuable conclusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1510.45,1514.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of purely factual premises plus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1514.42,1517.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the usual definition or assumptions that you make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1517.71,1519.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any argument at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1519.81,1521.507"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because no argument can avoid assuming the meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1521.507,1523.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the terms in it in order to get to its conclusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1523.83,1526.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similarly with this one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1526.84,1528.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the fact then is that we can find large slices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1528.7,1533.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of proper, crucial, important scientific activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1533.73,1538.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and decisions and conclusions which are evaluations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1539.43,1544.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And consequently, you can't say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1545.912,1548.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well you can't get an ought conclusion out of that\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1548.017,1550.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've already got ought conclusions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1550.64,1552.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science already has them built in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1552.2,1554.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any goal oriented activity will automatically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1554.69,1558.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by its very nature be committed to conclusions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1558.76,1562.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the value of certain, the merit, the worth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1562.21,1564.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the de-merit of some of the things that concern it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1564.73,1568.389"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, it follows then, if you want to move to any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1568.389,1572.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these other distinctions, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1572.95,1575.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to say that science only describes, it doesn't recommend;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1575.59,1578.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're certainly going to have to fly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1578.347,1580.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the face of the facts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1580.6,1582.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you're a facts freak,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1583.621,1584.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the so-called impurest social scientists were,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1584.78,1587.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's difficult for you to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1587.93,1589.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The facts are that in textbooks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1589.35,1592.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of experimental design and social sciences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1592.22,1594.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it gives you recommendations about when to use fully control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1594.31,1596.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fully randomized experimental designs, recommendations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1596.92,1599.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't say if you do this the following will result.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1599.486,1604.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a fairly trivial consequence of the conclusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1605.38,1608.905"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It summarizes a mass of considerations that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1608.905,1611.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both empirical and methodological and analytic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1611.29,1614.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thereby giving a recommendation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1614.7,1616.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it does it in a way that makes it ludicrous to suggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1616.04,1620.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that isn't a scientifically based recommendation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1620.37,1623.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There aren't any better conclusions other than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1623.32,1626.795"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the merest, most boring row observational data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1626.795,1630.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are more reliable than that kind of conclusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1630.9,1633.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's nothing you can find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1634.44,1635.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the structure of the molecule","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1635.78,1637.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can be more confidently asserted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1638.776,1640.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the fact that if you use ex post factos designs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1640.97,1644.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will, in fact, almost inevitably get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1645.2,1648.585"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a weaker result than if you can use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1648.585,1651.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a fully controlled design and therefore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1651.533,1654.025"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore that you ought to use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1654.025,1655.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a fully controlled design whenever you can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1656.146,1658.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it won't do to act as if somehow the content","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1658.13,1663.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of science is just that sort of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1664.3,1666.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1666.81,1667.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is full of scientifically relevant recommendations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1668.826,1671.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scientifically supportable, fully objective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1671.727,1675.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course there are plenty that I've objectived to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1676.037,1677.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as there are outside of science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1677.68,1679.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's good, big, fat area where there is objective is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1680.628,1683.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything within science can be said to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1683.08,1685.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, that makes it very awkward to pull off the idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1685.95,1690.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the job ,of the scientist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1691.11,1692.852"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shouldn't involve recommendations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1692.852,1694.912"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The best version that can be salvaged from that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1694.912,1699.111"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can say, that the job of the scientist should not involve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1699.111,1703.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ethical recommendations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1703.753,1705.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can salvage a little bit of the domain of recommendations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1705.3,1710.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and keep it outside of science, perhaps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1710.01,1712.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, that's going to fail as we'll see in a month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1712.6,1715.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's the best thing that's left for you at the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1717.353,1719.064"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we have indicated a number of types of value judgment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1719.064,1724.064"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've added a type there we should call methodological,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1724.09,1728.928"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the best method for investigating this and so on so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1728.928,1730.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The best type of top loading bowels that you can use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1730.6,1733.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a situation where there wasn't an (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1733.48,1735.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high velocity of air movement in the lab is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1735.913,1739.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so and so and so and so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1739.04,1740.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are all recommendations within the context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1740.43,1743.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of particular types of investigation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1743.06,1745.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can easily find them within history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1745.89,1748.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we can find them within jurisprudence prudence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1748.27,1750.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not confined analogies to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1750.35,1752.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not confined to science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1752.77,1754.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they are very common type of evaluative remark.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1754.68,1757.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what can be said in the way of salvaging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1758.89,1762.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the last defense for the value free view of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1762.91,1767.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thus, the defense that says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1767.24,1768.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well at least it doesn't make ethical recommendations.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1768.647,1771.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to suggest two respects, in which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1773.68,1778.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it which that thesis fails.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1778.19,1783.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of them relatively easy to establish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1783.19,1786.418"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not tremendously significant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1786.418,1791.418"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Significant in the sense it ruins the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1791.64,1794.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the point of principal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1794.11,1795.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it doesn't affect most of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1795.72,1797.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the other is to stand the whole position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1797.98,1801.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on its head and argue for the toughest possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1801.94,1805.679"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"counter position which is that ethics is a science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1805.679,1809.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And hence the idea that science is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1809.08,1810.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"value free is as absurd as saying it's chemistry free.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1810.58,1814.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alright we'll take them in that order,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=1815.081,1817.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that you can try to focus on the 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beings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2032.07,2036.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must also be weighted, considered, examined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2036.17,2039.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and analyzed in terms of rights of those other human beings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2039.61,2043.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their own world, their own activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2043.44,2047.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their own preferences and choices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2047.747,2049.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you find if your patient, while gaining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2049.09,2051.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on one dimension is losing very heavily on the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2052.184,2053.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than you must at least modify your judgment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2053.63,2056.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is unmitigated improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2056.81,2058.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, that being said, you made a moral judgment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2059.87,2063.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not just a judgment about the methodological superiority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2063.57,2066.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sick one-on-one analysis but a judgment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2067.881,2070.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the relative worth of human beings and their welfare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2071.838,2075.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How could you do psychotherapy unless you could make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2075.13,2078.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some kind of reasonably plausible moral judgment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2079.546,2081.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Answer you could do it immorally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2081.86,2084.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it looks as though there would be such a thing as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2085.583,2088.762"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"purely scientific approach to psychotherapy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2088.762,2090.989"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You would identify something you were kind of interested 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treatment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2094.69,2096.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until he stopped twitching his ears.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2096.97,2099.574"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And fortunately, that happens to be called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2099.574,2101.801"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"psychological research rather than psychotherapy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2101.801,2103.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2103.883,2106.716"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And interesting though it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2110.219,2111.555"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's doubtful whether it justifies charging $50 an hour.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2111.555,2114.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Psychotherapy means making people better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2114.639,2119.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Means treating them for improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2119.51,2122.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The medical commitment is a therapeutic commitment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2122.38,2125.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a research commitment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2125.7,2127.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I started work on looking at the scientific status","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2128.23,2133.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of psychotherapy research, many years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2133.07,2135.926"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I naturally went very quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2135.926,2138.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for definitions of improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2138.42,2139.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And course I found two sorts of approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2139.91,2142.838"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was the fools rush in approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2142.838,2146.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they would say something like better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2146.89,2149.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in every possible way, which is nice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2149.485,2151.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but unfortunately psychotherapy then flunks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2151.4,2153.795"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's no evidence that it ever produces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2153.795,2156.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that sort of result on a consistent basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2156.97,2159.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second approach was of people who saw the trap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2161.244,2164.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you would find them all over the place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2164.794,2167.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there were there a couple outstanding 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2174.237,2176.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the goals of therapy is research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2177.738,2179.079"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, it's alright what happens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2179.079,2180.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't pass judgment on what happens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2180.42,2181.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you just find out what happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2181.71,2183.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course you could never sell an hour of therapy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2183.35,2185.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a patient who knew that was your 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beings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2308.367,2309.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it's not a very highly debatable one but it's there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2309.814,2311.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Take another case of an applied social 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2322.257,2323.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not quite how things go,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2323.93,2325.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since virtually nobody that 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so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2334.69,2336.899"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at an intuitive level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2336.899,2338.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Never-the-less there is a 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Illinois","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2349.04,2352.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the logical content of teacher talk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2354.806,2357.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then one can certainly look at the 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students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2379.029,2381.696"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the problem is that you might find, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2387.39,2388.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the application of some of the Milgram work makes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2388.803,2390.582"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it perfectly clear that the fastest way to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2390.582,2392.882"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the little monsters on top of the times table is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2395.071,2397.699"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to hit them with 240 volts every time they miss the answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2397.699,2400.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that clearly does have quite strong affects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2400.73,2404.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the direction of if you can strap em","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2404.38,2406.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for long enough to take it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2407.602,2408.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Though it's a case of applied social research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2409.961,2411.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a very practical kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2413.097,2414.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The payoff is in the right dimension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2414.3,2415.478"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's cost effective as all get-out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2415.478,2416.921"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, there is a problem about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2416.921,2421.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the problem is not that it doesn't work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2421.18,2423.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not that it's too costly but just that it's unethical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2423.41,2427.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now you might say, \"Fine, well here is where the ethics is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2427.11,2430.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"dragging us down. I mean the science was fine until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2430.932,2433.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we brought in the ethical component.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2434.571,2435.404"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem, however, is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2438.287,2439.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can't quite separate it off like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2441.352,2442.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is this problem of defining education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2442.5,2444.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you define psychotherapy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2444.7,2447.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you find that the subject has a commitment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2447.04,2450.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a logical commitment to improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2450.5,2452.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if he can't show the improvement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2452.77,2454.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something which involves a moral dimension,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2454.68,2456.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it isn't psychotherapy it is research into process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2456.62,2460.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similarly, with education, the logical commitment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2460.53,2463.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in education has a moral 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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2470.18,2474.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some learning they didn't go in with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2474.44,2476.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It involves certain limitations on the type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2477.856,2479.998"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of treatment which is possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2479.998,2481.372"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It isn't education if it is just brainwashing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2481.372,2483.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It isn't education if it is just hypnosis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2483.93,2487.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or just suggestion or just electroshock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2487.54,2490.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though, people come out of electroshock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2490.313,2493.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with very changed patterns of behavior,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2493.43,2495.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for better or for worse in terms of what you wanted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2495.83,2498.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it certainly radically changed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2498.44,2500.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it doesn't follow that it is education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2500.32,2502.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education doesn't mean the same as change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2502.31,2504.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the cognitive domain or effective domain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2504.33,2507.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It means change for the better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2507.23,2508.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the better has got moral teeth in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2508.55,2510.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The process has to be under certain moral 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room","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2599.06,2601.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to mark up the profit a little bit more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2601.93,2604.452"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It may well be 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sociology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2642.04,2646.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether or not it was a model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2646.78,2648.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that I'm not making the feeble 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application","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2659.45,2662.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All sorts of possibilities like that emerge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2662.15,2664.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm making quite different 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making.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2669.262,2671.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were saying this instrument sans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2671.987,2674.128"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually is being used for moral and immoral ends,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2674.128,2676.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lets be more careful about how we use it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2676.25,2678.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they wrongly concluded from 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abortion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2885.06,2886.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, we're having a discussion about how early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2886.89,2888.588"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the different chromonematic system is 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discussions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2899.05,2902.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over here, we're trying to convert those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2902.18,2904.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in to moral conclusions by saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2904.44,2907.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It's really a human being at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2907.097,2909.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and so it'd be murder to kill it\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2909.637,2912.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these things seem to be fairly well separate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2912.54,2914.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I'm not arguing and they are quite well 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discussion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2919.24,2921.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as conventionally and presently undertaken really is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2921.72,2925.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a moral discussion of itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2927.91,2929.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No not at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2929.57,2931.008"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just want to say something different, mainly this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2931.008,2933.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That both of those are correctly called parts of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2933.913,2938.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is psychology for the most part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2940.66,2943.572"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is ethics for the most part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2943.572,2948.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a little bit of reference to the physiology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2948.436,2950.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but both of them are in clearly (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2950.27,2952.729"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the proper conception of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2952.729,2954.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in order to be included","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2954.43,2955.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a proper conception of science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2955.95,2957.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're not going to be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2957.73,2959.786"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to distort the meaning of the term science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2959.786,2961.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that every capricious, moral debate is gonna","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2961.0,2966.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be rechristened scientific.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2966.43,2967.998"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Isn't anymore scientific than the discussions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2967.998,2971.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of astrological predictions that go on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2971.3,2973.405"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the horoscope magazines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2973.405,2976.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're not gonna rechristen it and say that it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2976.32,2978.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we're gonna call that is the best shot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2978.84,2982.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at moral discussion that you can get in this area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2982.83,2986.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The best kind of moral discussion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2986.17,2988.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just as you're not going to call the worst type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2988.33,2991.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of discussions about naturopathic medicine physiology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2991.57,2995.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're only going to call physiology what is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2995.74,2998.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the evaluative sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=2998.54,3000.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the best state of the art, of the science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3000.15,3003.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what we're gonna take in ethics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3003.15,3004.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what is the best shot at ethical discussion?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3004.71,3008.912"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we need to get down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3008.912,3011.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a couple of brief indications of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3011.59,3015.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then we will have just about run","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3015.71,3018.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the time when we ought to be talking together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3019.887,3021.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it and not having me go on at length.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3021.3,3023.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll just indicate the outline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3023.58,3025.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the first five of them here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3025.17,3028.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goes like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3028.09,3028.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first have to decide what counts as ethics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3028.99,3032.374"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is the defining feature of ethics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3032.374,3034.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suggest that's not particularly difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3034.89,3037.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The defining feature of ethics is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3037.33,3038.932"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply that it is a system of determining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3038.932,3043.571"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the relative superiority of attitudes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3043.571,3048.571"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and forms of behavior between people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3049.07,3051.412"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which results from a single principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3051.412,3055.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the principle is that the people involved affected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3055.499,3058.716"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are to be regarded as having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3058.716,3060.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private (indistinct) equal rights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3060.41,3062.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can look at what's happening in a society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3062.71,3066.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the point of view of the sociologists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3066.62,3068.116"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's just the search for truth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3068.116,3071.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the discussion of the nature of the interactions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3071.62,3075.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between these people the social dynamics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3075.61,3077.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the group and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3077.2,3078.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a perfectly understandable enterprise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3078.6,3080.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've been engaged in it for a very long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3080.4,3082.601"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you may undertake a game theoretic analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3082.601,3087.601"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what they're doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3089.714,3090.998"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, suppose some of them are playing a game.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3090.998,3092.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now you can describe exactly what happens in that game","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3092.82,3096.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if you know something about game...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3096.49,3098.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well suppose it's chess and you know a lot about chess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3098.15,3101.102"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very easy for you to be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3101.102,3103.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make evaluative statements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3103.69,3105.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, this guy should have castled earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3105.5,3109.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's too late now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3109.33,3111.521"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Responding to the (indistinct) opening this way is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3111.521,3116.521"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very poor planed indeed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3118.22,3120.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Valuative statements now ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3120.04,3122.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're pretty easy to substantiate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3122.43,3124.151"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You appeal to your knowledge of chess to do so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3124.151,3127.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you've got a very good knowledge of chess then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3127.197,3130.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the error is a fairly blunt error then you can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3130.53,3133.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairly easily identify it as an error","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3133.597,3135.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and make the value judgment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3135.87,3137.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alright, now we're looking at a larger scale of activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3138.231,3140.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's we're looking at the market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3140.25,3143.214"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a relatively primitive society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3143.214,3145.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're noticing the way in which the trading goes on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3145.611,3148.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The currency that involves and its implicit functions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3148.91,3153.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as its explicit functions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3153.57,3155.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alright, we can look at that and just describe it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3155.79,3157.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we could look at it from the game theory point of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3157.98,3161.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and solve the problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3161.06,3163.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is you could look at it and say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3163.04,3164.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Look here's what essentially they're doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3164.667,3167.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They're using it as an exchange medium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3167.147,3169.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in certain areas of exchange but not in others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3169.067,3171.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Service has not been made equivalent to the money yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3171.497,3174.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if they went through so and so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3174.7,3176.835"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would get a very large breakthrough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3176.835,3179.139"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the relative economy to scale they get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3179.139,3181.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the use of something rather.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3181.65,3183.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very easy to do this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3183.69,3184.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're experienced in looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3184.73,3185.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at markets (indistinct) the place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3185.94,3187.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're experienced in game theory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3187.74,3188.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just like the chess case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3188.573,3189.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You finish up saying, \"I've looked carefully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3189.95,3193.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"at whether this would lead","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3193.007,3194.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to cultural fractures of other kinds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3194.78,3195.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"There's no signs that it would.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3195.887,3197.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Conclusion they ought to start doing so and so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3197.687,3201.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They should start doing so and so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3201.407,3202.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They should make the money stone wheels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3202.647,3205.047"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"from the Polynesian Trust territories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3205.047,3208.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They should make them smaller so they would be portable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3208.207,3211.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"That would have this resolved\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3211.127,3212.187"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Of course they had them large because it prevented theft","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3212.187,3214.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"but now there's a way to handle that in an other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3214.647,3216.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It'll pair off to do it this way.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3216.947,3218.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are you doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3218.44,3219.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're making evaluations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3219.7,3221.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the market arrangements that they have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3221.08,3223.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, economists are notoriously incompetent at doing this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3223.68,3226.452"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the respect to our own market mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3226.452,3229.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which they presumably know better than the Tribune islanders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3229.76,3232.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it certainly the case that they are sometimes right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3232.92,3236.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes they will all agree about some of these claims.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3236.2,3238.821"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for example they will agree that the use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3238.821,3242.055"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of excise tariffs in order to protect home industries is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3242.055,3247.055"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very inferior mechanism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3248.464,3250.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Notice the value judgment to the use of direct subsidy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3250.43,3254.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A long, complicated story of why that's inferior","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3254.01,3256.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there are good economic reasons for saying that it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3256.21,3258.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similarly, we're looking at this society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3258.69,3260.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can certainly draw conclusions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3260.61,3261.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about better and worse ways of solving their problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3261.94,3264.348"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sometimes we'll be able to make those stick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3264.348,3266.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes they'll be value judgements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3266.93,3268.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they will be scientifically supportable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3268.74,3271.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in just the same way that a judgment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3271.99,3273.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a particular game matrix can be supported","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3273.74,3275.864"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a straight mathematical argument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3275.864,3279.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now then, suppose we look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3279.52,3281.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a particular type of social interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3281.54,3285.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social game that goes on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3285.04,3286.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the ethics of the society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3286.638,3288.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's got a system of rules just like other games","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3288.903,3292.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partly spoken partly unspoken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3292.06,3294.215"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's got a system of sanctions, system of rewards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3294.215,3298.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's associated with ideologies in various ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3298.09,3301.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe a hierarchy of individuals who are said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3301.31,3303.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have special powers with respect to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3303.23,3304.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe connected to religion it may not but it's there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3304.86,3308.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can look at it and you can analyze it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3308.74,3310.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of what it succeeds in doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3310.98,3313.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what bad affects it may have in respect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3313.04,3315.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to its own participants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3315.35,3317.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can support claims about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3317.75,3320.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would it be better if they dropped the death penalty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3320.61,3322.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or would it be better if they reinstated the death penalty?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3322.73,3325.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By appealing to the evidence in to the analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3325.35,3327.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what the function is of that system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3327.71,3329.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is simply latent function analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3330.95,3333.524"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from social anthropology coupled with game theory analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3333.524,3338.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You didn't appeal to prejudices of your own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3338.04,3340.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're looking at their value system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3340.76,3342.906"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're looking at what that system is doing for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3342.906,3346.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in the light of that you're making suggestions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3346.78,3349.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for improving the system recommendations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3349.33,3351.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The situation then is that it's not hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3352.56,3355.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make evaluations about various ethical systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3355.48,3359.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly it's not hard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3360.62,3361.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The principle in the particular case is relatively easy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3361.97,3364.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pernology is a good example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3364.71,3366.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The death penalty's a very good example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3366.27,3368.408"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the present state of the evidence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3368.408,3370.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you just have to say that arguing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3370.68,3373.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the death penalty can not be can not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3373.53,3374.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be of in any kind a significant basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3374.96,3377.995"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lots of people that argue for it have the facts wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3377.995,3381.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Others may have the facts right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3381.97,3383.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but get the implications wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3383.69,3385.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amongst criminologists you can't find supporters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3385.37,3388.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the death penalty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3388.46,3389.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amongst people that have been wardens of prisons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3389.66,3392.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can't find supporters for the death penalty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3392.35,3394.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can find supporters of the death penalty amongst","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3394.9,3397.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who are relatively uninformed about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3398.987,3400.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As an Ohio state legislator said once leaping to his feet in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3400.79,3405.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a discussion of this, \"Don't tell me it isn't a deterrent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3405.223,3408.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I know it's a deterrent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3408.197,3409.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It deters me.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3409.477,3411.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3414.514,3415.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No doubt his wife felt much better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3415.347,3416.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so the outline of the gambit here is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3419.72,3424.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very simple outline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3424.58,3425.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am saying that if science carries its own tools,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3425.91,3430.676"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on looking at the ethical behavior of a society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3430.676,3434.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether its own society or of others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3434.08,3435.766"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is quite easy for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3435.766,3438.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Appealing only to scientific considerations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3438.143,3440.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get to the point where it can make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3440.87,3442.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommendations that are fully objective about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3442.75,3445.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It won't be able to do that in all cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3445.47,3447.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't follow from the fact that an area is subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3447.19,3449.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to scientific analysis that we can here and now settle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3449.35,3452.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every dispute in the area by saying something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3452.743,3455.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will turn out to be factually right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3455.98,3457.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3457.54,3458.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ethics is one of the most complicated possible areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3458.65,3461.848"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for investigation because it involves so much of our lives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3461.848,3466.848"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because so many of us are so different from each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3467.11,3469.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in so many ways and so many compromises","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3469.58,3472.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and trade-offs are involved that you can't predict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3472.51,3475.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the outcome of reliably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3475.07,3476.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course you won't be able to come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3476.06,3479.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a scientifically bullet proof answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3479.36,3482.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to most ethical questions but certainly to some.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3482.34,3485.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it won't be something that involves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3485.64,3487.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a breach of logical rules.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3487.34,3489.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, ethics defined in the very simple way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3489.51,3493.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I define it as simply a subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3493.353,3494.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which investigates the best ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3494.83,3497.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which people can behave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3497.03,3498.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with respect to each other or view each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3498.33,3500.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Best here defined as being paying off in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3500.244,3503.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the values that they have not in ethical terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3503.532,3506.614"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Investigated simply as a functionally efficient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3506.614,3509.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or inefficient system with respect to the values","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3509.56,3512.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which it porportable serves and you will be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3512.42,3514.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come up with the basic outlines of an ethical system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3514.81,3518.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which you have achieved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3518.245,3520.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through purely scientific approaches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3520.66,3523.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You could not do that if any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3523.09,3524.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that previous logical argumentation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3524.73,3526.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which showed that science can't possible contain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3526.76,3529.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of this recommendation language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3529.5,3532.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If any of that were sound, of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3532.66,3534.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this would be an absurd enterprise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3534.43,3536.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"None of it is sound and as a result,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3536.25,3538.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a possible enterprise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3538.62,3539.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it can be done requires","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3539.95,3541.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considerable more detail than I've been able to provide now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3541.73,3544.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at least this will give you an outline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3544.19,3546.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps some of you will want to stay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3546.33,3547.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ask questions about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3547.89,3549.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3549.823,3552.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's start questions right away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3566.894,3567.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see if you've got some on your mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3567.727,3569.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=3572.08,3572.913"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28943/annotation/1245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/943/original/AV168031_Philosophy_a.vtt?1622849971","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/943/original/AV168031_Philosophy_a.vtt?1622849971"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28944","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168031_Philosophy_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762/transcript/28944/annotation/1246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Those of you, in the back center, move over, so we can get some more chairs in, please. Lecture tonight is part of a four part series of lectures, called, \"Science, Technology and the Future\". The second lecture, will be by Bernard Gendron on October the 18th and it's called \"Can Democracy Withstand Technology?\" These series was sponsored by the Philosophy Department and the following other organizations: the Committee on Lectures, the Machete Foundation, the graduate college, College of Science and Humanities, Departments of Psychology, Computer Science and Political Science, programs of technology and social change and molecular, cellular and developmental biology. After the talk tonight, there will be a reception in the Cardinal Room that's, let's see, on the main level the east end of the building. Everyone's invited to attend that. Sherry and cheese and so forth. Okay, the speaker tonight is Michael Steuben. He is currently the founder and the head of the Center For Educational Evaluation at University of San Francisco. He was formerly a professor of philosophy at University of California, Berkeley. He was educated, I guess, master's degree from Melbourne University and Ph.d in philosophy from Oxford University. He's held research positions at the Minnesota Center for the Philosophy of Science and the Center for Advance Studies and the Behavioral and Social Sciences at Stanford University. He's the author of some 200 or so articles and about 12 books. Tonight, he's gonna talk to us about moral and scientific reasoning. Professor Struben.\r\n\r\n- I want to talk tonight about a most fundamental kind of dualism distinction dichotomy that most of the materials that we study, at the college level, grounded in and most of our instructors, at the college level, regard as being fundamentally correct dichotomy. The distinction between the scientific and the moral domains the distinction between facts and values, the distinction between means and ends, the distinction between descriptive and normative, the distinction between the is and the ought. These many names for what is, to in many respects the same distinction are a sign of its importance. It crops up throughout curriculum. It crops up in the study of social sciences when you hear the lecture in the introductory course talking about the importance of separating the scientific enterprise the search for the facts, the search for the correct description from the evaluative or normative enterprise in which we ascribe goodness or merit to something or other. That we are told is, so-to-speak, our business as citizens to do, our duty as individuals to think about, consult our conscience about but it is not and cannot properly be part of the task of the scientist. This dualism, this separation into two parts of the enterprise of the search for truth, the search for scientific truth and the search for the ethical truth, always results as to dualisms of this kind in a competition of some kind. And in this competition, the ethics never got much of a chance. Science was extremely successful. It has boomed in every dimension within the curriculum and within the economy, to the point where it is an empire of colossal scope and enormous power. And it has not been slow to claim objectivity as part of its profits. Hence, we are told implicitly, if not explicitly frequently enough explicitly that the domain of objectivity is not does not overlap with that of morals or ethics. That the impact of that on our society, the impact of that colossal commitment of an educational system in which moral education is excluded more-or-less on the grounds that the separation of church and state requires it. So that it occurs only in the private school, church related schools. University system dominated by departments committed to the similar exclusion of the moral domain from the domain of factual objective inquiry is to produce fundamental moral relativism in the society. It would be possible to look for other sources for that in our pluralistic ecological ancestry as the result of varying waves of immigration from varying other societies with different with various different religious and social commitments but one doesn't even need to look that far. The educational system of this society is basically committed to teaching relativism. Now, relativism is essentially the denial of objectivity in the ethical domain. Ethical relativism is the denial of objectivity in the ethical domain. It is the assertion or the implicit assumption that everybody's opinion in ethics is essentially as valuable as each other person's opinion and the situation is perfectly clear in the domain of aesthetics, we're quite familiar with the idea that one person's taste for a particular type of wine or a particular type of art is not the same as anybody else's. And only in art departments at the university do they attempt to sell you on the idea that there is a correct evaluative scale in aesthetics. Most normal people basing their thoughts on common sense or good philosophy have long ago abandoned the idea to try to determine which type of art is superior to which other. But, in ethics, it's a more debatable question whether we should give up on objectivity quite so easily. What I want to do tonight is to run through some of the major moves in the chain of argument that has attempted to establish, that has been accepted either exclusively or implicitly as the intellectual basis for this view about the separation of and the superiority of one of these two domains of reasoning the scientific and the moral. And, I want to indicate to you not just that I don't agree with some of these steps, but at least some of the reasons why virtually all of these steps are in fact completely filaceous. One of the problems in this area is that it is difficult to survive one's allies support. That is there have been immense attacks on this distinction in recent years, beginning with the wave of the radical movement in the general political field and then the wave of radical movements within the discipline so that radical caucuses were set up in sociology and set up in political science and so on. And all of these sounded the same theme. Mainly, that the idea of value-free social science was a falicey, that science, in fact, had value commitments. That some of them were very bad and the time had come for us to be explicit about them. Now, that line of argument is alright as far as it goes, but it was wrongly supposed that it showed there was something wrong with the doctrines on which the distinction between facts and values were based. It was wrongly thought, that the discovery that in, Project Camelot, substantial number of social scientists were powerfully supporting the machinations of a dictator trying to put down reform groups in other societies, and thus, were in fact, implicitly lending scientific support to dictatorship and against what appeared to be reasonably legitimate agrarian reform movement. It was wrongly thought discovering that this sort of thing was going on was the hidden agenda of much of the social sciences showed that there was no such thing as value-free social science, so you might as well be on the side of the angels, namely the radicals, namely the left. And that was indeed where the radicals would like to get you so they were happy to have you viewed the general argument in those terms. They became politically and to some degree intellectually powerful and the establishment of the academic disciplines decided, I think, judiciously that it wasn't worth having this brawl in public because in the public arena, they would probably lose. However, they were completely unaffected by the points that were being made, since they were completely irrelevant to the position of value-free social science of imperialism of the separation of science from ethics. And, it's as well to understand, therefore, that although if you look superficially, at the status of value, analysis of moral and ethical dimensions in scientific work today, you will see a great deal more of it on the program of the professional meetings a great deal of general attention to it. We have not in any way fractured the core of the body of thought here. So, this is a case where the people that are on the side of, the same side as I am arguing for tonight, are, in fact, by a very large majority on that side for reasons that absolutely have nothing to do with the issue. Consequently, it is important for us to get our heads straight about this or else we will finish up, simply, being on a bandwagon which happens to be going in this direction at the moment but we can expect it to swing back in a year or two backlash towards pure research and so on. As long as our arguments about it are as uninformed as most of them have been the past two years then we will be all to easily swayed by fashion and opinion in these matters and slip back into the opposite position because other people slip in that direction. Well, what is the general structure of this argument? It begins, with this very attractive idea of that there is a distinction in logic and in common sense between factual claims and evaluative claims. The distinction goes back a very long way. Those of you who thought, most powerfully resuscitated by Hume, but to be found going back to the Greeks quite clearly. So, a very attractive dichotomy is that claim. Fact of value with science, of course, to be concerned with this and ethics to be concerned with this. But we wanna be clear that ethics is only one type of value. There are aesthetic values and there are practical values and allowing us to other values, as well. What we're concerned with, particularly, tonight is that mix and we're talking about the relationship of that kind of reasoning, scientific reasoning but there are other kinds. Now, the other language that goes along with this is the language of is as opposed to ought. Ought is a recommendation. Is is a description. The language of description as opposed to recommendation. And sometimes that's put by talking about description. Descriptive as opposed to normative, which means recommendation. And somewhere buried in here, from Aristotle's time on is the distinction between the means and the end. The means being the practical matter. The matter the sciences talks about for engineering to devise. The end being a value in terms of which we're to judge the means. So, the dualism runs very deep. It reflects itself in all these distinctions. None of them quite the same as each other but never-the-less very closely related. Now, if you had to make a really simple minded suggestion, about what science is about, you might be attracted by the idea that it's about the facts and that talking about values is something for another area of discussion but it is simple minded. Suppose we just approach this in a scientific way. Suppose, that is, we simply ask ourselves, \"What do the journals contain? \"What do the scientific journals have that's content?\" Open a volume of Nature, of the Proceedings of the Royal Society, of the American Journal of Physics at random. Start reading what you see on that page. You will certainly see a good deal of factual material, good deal of descriptive material but after a while you'll come either to the beginning of an article or the end of an article or to a section within an article, which starts talking about the experimental design or about the previous work on the same subject and low and behold we find that certain people have done outstanding work, others have done inferior work, that an experimental design is excellent, another is unsatisfactory, that somebody or other made a brilliant contribution and so on and so on. These are not ethical judgements but they're unmistakably value judgements. They are judgements about the value, merit and worth of things. In this case, scientists, experimental designs, research projects. These are evaluations. Remember, there are a number of different types of value. And this is not, at the moment, the ethical type but it is the thin end of the wedge because the claim was that you didn't find that kind of judgment within science. Yet, if we look more closely at science and we start asking ourselves basic questions like, \"What's the difference between science \"and say, if there happens to be a particular baga boo \"of ours, astrology or something else that \"we think of as unscientific\" we begin to realize that even to call something scientific, is itself, a very, very powerful evaluation of it. And to call something unscientific, is itself, an evaluation to regard a theory as an exceptionally elegant one is not just to make an aesthetic judgment, it is to make a judgment of scientific merit. Throughout science, we find, and in talking even about the boundaries of science, we find then evaluative judgements occurring. Now, nothing follows from this about the fact that scientists have to take an ethical stand on issues, it has nothing to do with ethics. It is simply to do with evaluation. Well, couldn't one simply fall back and say, \"Look the position is science talks about what is \"and perhaps a little bit about what ought \"to be scientifically speaking. \"But it doesn't talk about what ought \"to be socially speaking \"or doesn't talk about what ought \"to be morally or ethically speaking\". Notice that we've already destroyed the nice, simple division here. We've found that all this language, this bad language about good and bad turns up in the scientific papers. Now is it dispensable? Could we remove it and have something left that is the whole of science, essentially the whole of science? Is it is it just the wrapping, just the icing on the cake, certainly not. It represents the culmination, the pulling together, the synthesis of all the hard work. It's the hardest judgment to make whether you should say it was special relativity theory or whether, in fact, at this stage it has been so damaged by the observations that you have to judge it lacking in merit. That value judgment is what all the fooling around with the astronomical observations is for. There isn't a point to these activities unless they separate good theories from bad theories. Good hypothesis from bad theories bad hypothesis good taxonomies from bad taxonomies, good accounts of the mating habits of the gibbon from bad accounts of the mating habit of the gibbon, good observations from bad observations, good measurement from bad measurement. Good and bad is what it's all about. Not morally good and bad, good and bad in terms of the cannons of the disciplines themselves but values, big fat values. Now, one reason that this is so important, it's not just trivia that we're talking about. Not just a sort of idol doodling with sentimental comments by the scientist on the basic core of scientific research that you or he has done. One reason it's not just doodling like that is that some of the main arguments that were supposed to prove the sharpness of this distinction in fact, collapse completely, from looking at these examples. For example, the is and ought issue is a very simple one in logical terms. It just goes like this, if you're going to have a conclusion which has got ought in it based on any factual premises then you're not gonna have a valid argument. You can't get to a conclusion which has ought in it from a set of premises which simply describe the way the world is. Hence, it follows, that you can't get a value judgment from science because science describes the way the world is and from that you cannot logically infer a conclusion about how the world ought to be. You can't infer it because you can not get something in a conclusion that isn't in one of the premises. You can't infer a conclusion which contains some reference to atoms unless there's some reference to atoms in the premises. You can not have a conclusion which refers to ought unless there's an ought in one of the premises, that is unless you have a value premise. Unless you've made a value assumption. If you're only going to use factual, or scientific or descriptive or is assumptions as premises, the sort of thing that you can convert from assumptions into demonstrated fact, by scientific procedures, then you're never going to have an ought in the conclusion. If the argument is going to be a legitimate argument. Now that is so persuasive. It is really the mother's milk of most scientists and virtually all social scientists alive today. It is stuffed into every text. It is referred to casually as received doctrine in every method, logical comment by the great figures in the field. It is thought to be heresy to attack it. And the attack of the radicals was taken to be just a sign of political squeeze. Political push come to political shove. A good point made about what people were doing out of school they were being naughty out of school, right? It was correct to point this out. Okay, out of school they ought to be good but in school, they ought to be only the good or bad because good or bad has nothing to do with what goes on in school. Now, what's wrong with that great argument? Well what's wrong with the great argument is very simple. It rests on the assumption that there aren't any value premises in the scientific doctrine, in the scientific literature yet there are masses of them. We find masses of assertions. Supposing somebody says, \"Einstein was a great scientist\". What are you gonna say? That it's not true? That it can't be proved? That it's simply an injection of personal prejudices into a judgment of this individual. Einstein's a great scientist. It's demonstrable not because he got the Nobel prize but because, in fact, he broke through in three different fields with completely new radical re-conceptualizations that led to massive new bodies of theory and enormous new technologies. These are it is possible to demonstrate that the breakthroughs were extremely important advances. They may not be the final word but they were tremendous gains over the proceeding, preexisting theories and conceptualizations. This is proving that these were great steps forward. Forward is a value judgment. They weren't just things that shook the scientific world as an earthquake might do so. These were things that altered our scientific task very significantly. It won't do to say that what happened after Einstein was just different from what happened before. What happened after Einstein was better because the theories that came up were able to make the predictions, provide the explanations, develop the taxonomies that couldn't previously be done. And doing that is what science is about and doing it effectively is what identifies good science. Hence, the statement that he was a great scientist is incontrovertible, although evaluative. It's a fact about Einstein. It's as much a fact as he sometimes worked in Zurich. He was a great scientist, who lived in Zurich a great deal of his life. I mean, that's just a couple of facts about him. Now, if you think that perhaps the evaluation of scientists is a little bit too much into the Reader's Digest area and that we oughta stay with matters that are closer to the heart of science, just start looking at what a book like Fisher's \"Design of Experiments\" did for scientific research. Was a great breakthrough. It introduced brilliant new designs that represented great steps forward in our capacity to analyze agricultural and in many cases educational context, more effectively. This is an evaluation of experimental designs. It's saying that they were very, very valuable ones. That they were great contributions to scientific progress. Is that evaluation just a non-scientific evaluation? Is it not based on evidence? Is it not an objective claim? I don't say that these claims that I'm putting forward could or couldn't be disputed by some extremely clever person, who has thought of a lot of arguments nobody has yet thought of but for the same reason, we could easily say that it may well turn out that everything behind this wallpaper is water. Might turn out that way, it's certainly possible but it's not something you'd be well advised to be a nickel on. So, in terms of establishing the certainty, without making a biased assumption or an arbitrary assumption, off of a value assertion, an ought assertion for example an ought assertion based on those experimental designing would be something very simple like you look at an experimental design. You say, \"You ought have used a Latin square design. \"You have simply got a weak design because you didn't use Latin square. You could easily have done it, Fisher showed you how. Anybody reasonably competent since 1931 would know how to do it. You were not, therefore you were not reasonable etcetera, etcetera, etcetera. So, basically it's trival, easy to produce ought claims from these factual premises. Well, logically,, how did we manage to pull off this mysterious trick? Well, we've pulled it off because one of our premises involves a definition of what science is about. The function of science, the aim of science, the goal of science. Science merit is to be judged by the extent to which it manages to achieve the following things. So, there's a value premise alright, the logic isn't violated here, but the value premise happens to be a definitional one. It's a definitional one, therefore not debatable. Therefore necessarily true. Therefore we are able to get a valuable conclusion out of purely factual premises plus the usual definition or assumptions that you make in any argument at all because no argument can avoid assuming the meaning of the terms in it in order to get to its conclusion. Similarly with this one. Well, the fact then is that we can find large slices of proper, crucial, important scientific activities and decisions and conclusions which are evaluations. And consequently, you can't say, \"Well you can't get an ought conclusion out of that\". You've already got ought conclusions. Science already has them built in. Any goal oriented activity will automatically by its very nature be committed to conclusions about the value of certain, the merit, the worth, the de-merit of some of the things that concern it. Now, it follows then, if you want to move to any of these other distinctions, for example, to say that science only describes, it doesn't recommend; you're certainly going to have to fly in the face of the facts. And if you're a facts freak, as the so-called impurest social scientists were, that's difficult for you to do. The facts are that in textbooks of experimental design and social sciences, it gives you recommendations about when to use fully control fully randomized experimental designs, recommendations. It doesn't say if you do this the following will result. That's a fairly trivial consequence of the conclusion. It summarizes a mass of considerations that are both empirical and methodological and analytic thereby giving a recommendation. And it does it in a way that makes it ludicrous to suggest that that isn't a scientifically based recommendation. There aren't any better conclusions other than the merest, most boring row observational data that are more reliable than that kind of conclusion. There's nothing you can find about the structure of the molecule that can be more confidently asserted than the fact that if you use ex post factos designs, you will, in fact, almost inevitably get a weaker result than if you can use a fully controlled design and therefore and therefore that you ought to use a fully controlled design whenever you can. So, it won't do to act as if somehow the content of science is just that sort of thing. It is not. It is full of scientifically relevant recommendations. Scientifically supportable, fully objective. Of course there are plenty that I've objectived to as there are outside of science but there's good, big, fat area where there is objective is anything within science can be said to be. Now, that makes it very awkward to pull off the idea that the job ,of the scientist, shouldn't involve recommendations. The best version that can be salvaged from that is we can say, that the job of the scientist should not involve ethical recommendations. We can salvage a little bit of the domain of recommendations and keep it outside of science, perhaps. In fact, that's going to fail as we'll see in a month. But that's the best thing that's left for you at the moment. So, we have indicated a number of types of value judgment and I've added a type there we should call methodological, the best method for investigating this and so on so. The best type of top loading bowels that you can use in a situation where there wasn't an high velocity of air movement in the lab is so and so and so and so. These are all recommendations within the context of particular types of investigation and we can easily find them within history or we can find them within jurisprudence prudence. They're not confined analogies to them. They're not confined to science but they are very common type of evaluative remark. Now, what can be said in the way of salvaging the last defense for the value free view of science. Thus, the defense that says, \"Well at least it doesn't make ethical recommendations.\" I'm going to suggest two respects, in which it which that thesis fails. One of them relatively easy to establish but not tremendously significant. Significant in the sense it ruins the point as the point of principal but it doesn't affect most of science. And the other is to stand the whole position on its head and argue for the toughest possible counter position which is that ethics is a science. And hence the idea that science is value free is as absurd as saying it's chemistry free. Alright we'll take them in that order, so that you can try to focus on the fact that the first point which, I think is virtually impossible to refute, at least establishes the logical point solidly before we go on to the much more debatable second point about the nature of ethics. So, the first point is this. There are areas within science where moral judgements much enter as part of the scientific effort. Now, these will be as you can see from sort of a preliminary look at it, these will have to be by the nature of ethics which concerns the relationship between human beings and the relationship between their attitudes and behavior. The nature of these sciences that have exceptions to this dichotomy built in them, will have to be sciences that are closely concerned with the behavior of human beings. Hence, the social and medical sciences are the most obvious cases. And a simple example would come from applied psychology. In particular, say, psychotherapy. In psychotherapy, you are attempting to apply the principles of clinical psychology to for the benefit of individuals and you must, amongst other things, in your toolbox have a way of identifying improvement. You do not have Psychology to for the benefit of individuals and you must, amongst other things, in your toolbox have a way of identifying improvement. You do not have to have contrary to many suggestions about this, a way to identify perfect mental health, fortunately. We might have trouble getting anywhere if we had to cross that bridge before we could start walking. But we do have to be able to identify improvement because if we can't tell which end is up, then we don't know whether we're doing the patient any good or not. Improvement we must be able to recognize and if we can recognize it, then we should be able to render explicit the criteria which identified. Now, in psychotherapy, the crunch comes in cases like this. General improvement in self perceived well being. There's a catch. The catch is that you happen to have a contact through a psychiatric social worker, who has done some previous visit house visits in case of this particular patient and has maintained some of those contacts. You discovered that exactly paralleling the increase in well-being felt by the patient, there is an increase in the extent to which the patient is assaulting his wife and kids. Now, what are you going to do about it? The basic fact is you're stuck having to make a moral judgment. You can not say, \"I suggest that it is \"a satisfactory definition of improvement \"to find that the patient feels better\". That is of course one dimension of improvement. It's perfectly appropriate to count it but you can not isolate it and put all your chips on it. To do so would clearly to be talking about something other than the human situation. It seems essential that in such a situation, you must be prepared to adopt a stance that the behavior of your patient towards other human beings must also be weighted, considered, examined and analyzed in terms of rights of those other human beings to their own world, their own activities, their own preferences and choices. If you find if your patient, while gaining on one dimension is losing very heavily on the other than you must at least modify your judgment that this is unmitigated improvement. Now, that being said, you made a moral judgment. Not just a judgment about the methodological superiority of sick one-on-one analysis but a judgment of the relative worth of human beings and their welfare. How could you do psychotherapy unless you could make some kind of reasonably plausible moral judgment? Answer you could do it immorally. So, it looks as though there would be such a thing as purely scientific approach to psychotherapy. You would identify something you were kind of interested in, like whether the guy stopped twitching his ears and you would then apply the treatment until he stopped twitching his ears. And fortunately, that happens to be called psychological research rather than psychotherapy. And interesting though it is, it's doubtful whether it justifies charging $50 an hour. Psychotherapy means making people better. Means treating them for improvement. The medical commitment is a therapeutic commitment. It's not a research commitment. When I started work on looking at the scientific status of psychotherapy research, many years ago, I naturally went very quickly for definitions of improvement. And course I found two sorts of approach. There was the fools rush in approach where they would say something like better in every possible way, which is nice but unfortunately psychotherapy then flunks because there's no evidence that it ever produces that sort of result on a consistent basis. The second approach was of people who saw the trap and you would find them all over the place. And there were there a couple outstanding examples of people who say, \"The goals of therapy are \"to increase knowledge\" that is the goals of therapy is research. That is, it's alright what happens, you don't pass judgment on what happens, you just find out what happens. Of course you could never sell an hour of therapy to a patient who knew that was your goal. Patients believe that the goal is to help them overcome the bad symptoms and to feel better in general, to be more functional. But the theorists, the therapists and the theory of therapy people at that stage were very, very carefully hedging their bets. So they either sort of produced a nice definition with a moral component but one which automatically got them into trouble for showing that anything good was coming out of psychotherapy or they backed off and produced a component which would mean the FDA would immediately condemn them if they ever heard about it. So, the situation has not changed very much for the better, since. A nice move was made by some of the work that I think and some of the other behavior therapists did in which they said, \"Look we'll only take on patients \"where there is some malfunction about \"which there can be no dispute. \"For example, a very simple one like a tick \"or a serious case of insomnia. \"And we'll only allow that any improvement has resulted if \"that problem is abated significantly. \"So we'll be very careful about what counts as improvement. \"We won't get sloppy in general.\" That's nice but of course it then runs into the problem of the first example I gave you. If they stop scratching their face all the time but start kicking their baby child, then you have to figure that it wasn't a complete success. Since that's true you are automatically making the moral assumption that something like that isn't happening when you accept the first thing as a criteria for improvement. Alright so, psychotherapy is a very hard case for one to separate the ethics from the factors of science. The ethics is in there. It's a very minimal ethics. It's a very acceptable ethics. It reflects only the minimum ethical axiom that human beings have rights to their own life, at least to a limited degree and to the extent that it doesn't impinge on other human beings. So, it's not a very highly debatable one but it's there. Take another case of an applied social science. Education is, at least supposedly, is a case of social science. Educational research lays the foundations then the in the classroom we apply it. That's not quite how things go, since virtually nobody that teaches, certainly at the college level, knows anything about educational research whatsoever so they can presumably not be applying it or if they're applying it they're doing so at an intuitive level. Never-the-less there is a kind of general background picture of what's happening there, which is the well educational research does produce results at some interest. For example, in some of the works from Illinois on the logical content of teacher talk, then one can certainly look at the question of whether this might not result in better learning by the student if in fact you made a very big effort to make teachers ask questions a very large proportion of the time and make much fewer statements of fact or opinion. So you can certainly investigate that and you might well find this proves beneficial to the learning of the students. Now, the problem is that you might find, for example, the application of some of the Milgram work makes it perfectly clear that the fastest way to get the little monsters on top of the times table is to hit them with 240 volts every time they miss the answer. Now that clearly does have quite strong affects in the direction of if you can strap em for long enough to take it. Though it's a case of applied social research of a very practical kind. The payoff is in the right dimension. It's cost effective as all get-out. However, there is a problem about it and the problem is not that it doesn't work, not that it's too costly but just that it's unethical. Now you might say, \"Fine, well here is where the ethics is \"dragging us down. I mean the science was fine until \"we brought in the ethical component.\" The problem, however, is that you can't quite separate it off like that. There is this problem of defining education. When you define psychotherapy, you find that the subject has a commitment, a logical commitment to improvement. And if he can't show the improvement, something which involves a moral dimension, it isn't psychotherapy it is research into process. Similarly, with education, the logical commitment in education has a moral component. Education is not just the process of truthing people so that they come out with some learning they didn't go in with. It involves certain limitations on the type of treatment which is possible. It isn't education if it is just brainwashing. It isn't education if it is just hypnosis or just suggestion or just electroshock. Even though, people come out of electroshock with very changed patterns of behavior, for better or for worse in terms of what you wanted, it certainly radically changed, it doesn't follow that it is education. Education doesn't mean the same as change in the cognitive domain or effective domain. It means change for the better. And the better has got moral teeth in it. The process has to be under certain moral restraints to be education cause otherwise it's propaganda, brainwashing, indoctrination, etcetera. All the things we try to distinguish from education. There are many other examples but you can see the way in which I'm going after the problem. I'm trying to show that the very definition of some areas of applied social science involves the moral dimension. If you can't check off on the morality of some of the activities that go and that you haven't got psychotherapy education whatever it happens to be, all you got is fooling around, doing something with something happening as a result which is not the same thing as these areas. So, if we take the conventionally defined sub-areas of the sciences of which we have to include things like medicine and education and so on, then we find there are within those sub-areas occasions when the moral component comes into the definition of the sub-area. Hence, it's a mistake to suppose you can keep the ethical dimension out of the scientific practice the scientific enterprise. Notice the difference in this and a situation like doing agricultural research where the effect of your work is to put farm laborers out of a job and reduce the costs to giant agro-business of the farming process thereby giving them room to mark up the profit a little bit more. It may well be regarded, and certainly is regarded by the United Farm Workers, as an immoral activity. Whether it is or not, it certainly is not going to be a case of definitional involvement with ethics. You can't argue that it wouldn't be agricultural research if it put farm worker's out of a job. It's agricultural research whether it does that or not. Similarly, the work of the social scientists on counter insurgency efforts by dictators in cooperation with the CIA could certainly be said to be immoral but it couldn't be denied that it was research on applied sociology whether or not it was a model. So that I'm not making the feeble point that science can be applied for good and bad ends. Of course it can and is. It can also not be applied. It can be so abstract it has no application All sorts of possibilities like that emerge. I'm making quite different point. The first point, the feeble point is the point that the radical left was making. They were saying this instrument sans, actually is being used for moral and immoral ends, lets be more careful about how we use it. And they wrongly concluded from that you see the whole notion of value free science was a farce. Not at all because the notion of value free science is the notion that science does not make any internal value judgements. Has no value judgements in the central space. It was never the notion that you can't apply it to a moral or immoral end. Of course you can apply it, like anything else, to a moral or immoral end. The doctrine of value free social science was never the doctrine that it can't be or isn't applied for moral or immoral ends, of course not. And so, of course, the establishment power figures, in the sciences, particularly social sciences, when that attack began lent back with a smile in their armchairs because they knew this ammunition was just shooting over their heads. They might be in a little trouble about their contract income because CIA was going to close down some of these neat little contracts that they had out but they weren't going to be in any trouble about their basic methodology because they were never and the radical left were not telling them, that within science you could come up with a normal value judgment conclusion that you could support with purely scientific and definition of premises. The radical left sometimes thought that was the case and sometimes they thought it wasn't the case. They're sort of confused about it. What about whether or not ethics is a device for subduing the or whether it's something that can be invoked in the cause of the revolution. These things are very difficult for the radical left to handle. Whatever they're doing, they're were not providing tough arguments against the view that there isn't any way within science to generate value judgements. The two examples I've given you, psychotherapy and education, our examples were within the science from the definition of psychotherapy squash the results of the investigation. You generate conclusions like what you're doing to this patient is not beneficial for the patient or society or both. And you mean not just beneficial in the sense of the patient's self concept but ethically, socially beneficial. So you're making a value judgment within the science. So they're much stronger examples. But let's take the toughest possible stance and look at it. The toughest possible stance is to say that in fact scientific moral reasoning are not different because they're exactly the same. That doesn't mean that every little minute detail of statistical analysis is somehow loaded with ethical significance, it's not. It just means that the general logic, of the arguments about, for example, the death penalty and its rightness or wrongness, are moral arguments and scientific arguments both. Now, that doesn't mean the same old arguments, we've had so far, about the death penalty or about abortion are as they stand, both moral and scientific As they stand, there tends to be a slice of scientific argument going on and a slice of ethical argument going on about say, abortion. Here, we're having a discussion about how early the different chromonematic system is working. We're having a discussion about how early the fetus can survive outside the womb. We're talking about the point at which it begins to feel pain, scientific discussions. Over here, we're trying to convert those in to moral conclusions by saying, \"It's really a human being at this point, \"and so it'd be murder to kill it\". And these things seem to be fairly well separate. So, I'm not arguing and they are quite well separated. I'm not arguing for a moment that the scientific discussion, as conventionally and presently undertaken really is a moral discussion of itself. No not at all. I just want to say something different, mainly this. That both of those are correctly called parts of science. This is psychology for the most part and this is ethics for the most part with a little bit of reference to the physiology but both of them are in clearly the proper conception of science. Now, in order to be included in a proper conception of science, we're not going to be able to distort the meaning of the term science so that every capricious, moral debate is gonna be rechristened scientific. Isn't anymore scientific than the discussions of astrological predictions that go on in the horoscope magazines. And we're not gonna rechristen it and say that it is. What we're gonna call that is the best shot at moral discussion that you can get in this area. The best kind of moral discussion. Just as you're not going to call the worst type of discussions about naturopathic medicine physiology, you're only going to call physiology what is in the evaluative sense, the best state of the art, of the science. That's what we're gonna take in ethics. Now, what is the best shot at ethical discussion? Well, we need to get down a couple of brief indications of this and then we will have just about run into the time when we ought to be talking together about it and not having me go on at length. I'll just indicate the outline of the first five of them here. Goes like this, first have to decide what counts as ethics, What is the defining feature of ethics. I suggest that's not particularly difficult. The defining feature of ethics is simply that it is a system of determining the relative superiority of attitudes and forms of behavior between people which results from a single principle. And the principle is that the people involved affected are to be regarded as having private equal rights. You can look at what's happening in a society from the point of view of the sociologists. That's just the search for truth, the discussion of the nature of the interactions between these people the social dynamics of the group and so on. That's a perfectly understandable enterprise. We've been engaged in it for a very long time. But you may undertake a game theoretic analysis of what they're doing. For example, suppose some of them are playing a game. Now you can describe exactly what happens in that game but if you know something about game... Well suppose it's chess and you know a lot about chess. It's very easy for you to be able to make evaluative statements. For example, this guy should have castled earlier. It's too late now. Responding to the opening this way is very, very poor planed indeed. Valuative statements now , they're pretty easy to substantiate. You appeal to your knowledge of chess to do so and if you've got a very good knowledge of chess then the error is a fairly blunt error then you can fairly easily identify it as an error and make the value judgment. Alright, now we're looking at a larger scale of activity. It's we're looking at the market in a relatively primitive society and we're noticing the way in which the trading goes on. The currency that involves and its implicit functions as well as its explicit functions. Alright, we can look at that and just describe it or we could look at it from the game theory point of view and solve the problems. That is you could look at it and say, \"Look here's what essentially they're doing. \"They're using it as an exchange medium \"in certain areas of exchange but not in others. \"Service has not been made equivalent to the money yet. Now, if they went through so and so, they would get a very large breakthrough in the relative economy to scale they get from the use of something rather.\" Very easy to do this. You're experienced in looking at markets the place. You're experienced in game theory. It's just like the chess case. You finish up saying, \"I've looked carefully \"at whether this would lead \"to cultural fractures of other kinds. \"There's no signs that it would. \"Conclusion they ought to start doing so and so. \"They should start doing so and so. \"They should make the money stone wheels \"from the Polynesian Trust territories. \"They should make them smaller so they would be portable. \"That would have this resolved\". \"Of course they had them large because it prevented theft \"but now there's a way to handle that in an other way. \"It'll pair off to do it this way.\" What are you doing? You're making evaluations about the market arrangements that they have. Now, economists are notoriously incompetent at doing this with the respect to our own market mechanism which they presumably know better than the Tribune islanders but it certainly the case that they are sometimes right. Sometimes they will all agree about some of these claims. And for example they will agree that the use of excise tariffs in order to protect home industries is a very inferior mechanism. Notice the value judgment to the use of direct subsidy. A long, complicated story of why that's inferior but there are good economic reasons for saying that it is. Similarly, we're looking at this society, we can certainly draw conclusions about better and worse ways of solving their problems and sometimes we'll be able to make those stick. Sometimes they'll be value judgements but they will be scientifically supportable in just the same way that a judgment about a particular game matrix can be supported by a straight mathematical argument. Now then, suppose we look at a particular type of social interaction social game that goes on. It's the ethics of the society. It's got a system of rules just like other games partly spoken partly unspoken. It's got a system of sanctions, system of rewards, it's associated with ideologies in various ways. Maybe a hierarchy of individuals who are said to have special powers with respect to it. Maybe connected to religion it may not but it's there and you can look at it and you can analyze it in terms of what it succeeds in doing and what bad affects it may have in respect to its own participants. And you can support claims about it. Would it be better if they dropped the death penalty or would it be better if they reinstated the death penalty? By appealing to the evidence in to the analysis of what the function is of that system. That is simply latent function analysis from social anthropology coupled with game theory analysis. You didn't appeal to prejudices of your own. You're looking at their value system. You're looking at what that system is doing for them. And in the light of that you're making suggestions for improving the system recommendations. The situation then is that it's not hard to make evaluations about various ethical systems. Certainly it's not hard. The principle in the particular case is relatively easy. Pernology is a good example. The death penalty's a very good example. And the present state of the evidence, you just have to say that arguing for the death penalty can not be can not be of in any kind a significant basis. Lots of people that argue for it have the facts wrong. Others may have the facts right but get the implications wrong. Amongst criminologists you can't find supporters for the death penalty. Amongst people that have been wardens of prisons you can't find supporters for the death penalty. You can find supporters of the death penalty amongst people who are relatively uninformed about it. As an Ohio state legislator said once leaping to his feet in a discussion of this, \"Don't tell me it isn't a deterrent, \"I know it's a deterrent. \"It deters me.\" No doubt his wife felt much better. Okay, so the outline of the gambit here is a very simple outline. I am saying that if science carries its own tools, on looking at the ethical behavior of a society whether its own society or of others, it is quite easy for it. Appealing only to scientific considerations to get to the point where it can make recommendations that are fully objective about that. It won't be able to do that in all cases. It doesn't follow from the fact that an area is subject to scientific analysis that we can here and now settle every dispute in the area by saying something which will turn out to be factually right. Of course not. Ethics is one of the most complicated possible areas for investigation because it involves so much of our lives because so many of us are so different from each other in so many ways and so many compromises and trade-offs are involved that you can't predict the outcome of reliably. Of course you won't be able to come up with a scientifically bullet proof answer to most ethical questions but certainly to some. And it won't be something that involves a breach of logical rules. So, ethics defined in the very simple way that I define it as simply a subject which investigates the best ways in which people can behave with respect to each other or view each other. Best here defined as being paying off in terms of the values that they have not in ethical terms. Investigated simply as a functionally efficient or inefficient system with respect to the values which it porportable serves and you will be able to come up with the basic outlines of an ethical system which you have achieved through purely scientific approaches. You could not do that if any of that previous logical argumentation which showed that science can't possible contain any of this recommendation language. If any of that were sound, of course, this would be an absurd enterprise. None of it is sound and as a result, this is a possible enterprise whether it can be done requires considerable more detail than I've been able to provide now but at least this will give you an outline and perhaps some of you will want to stay and ask questions about it. Let's start questions right away and see if you've got some on your mind. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43669/file/116762#t=0.0,3578.52"}]}]}]}