{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4746q1sz9r/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Rogers, Everett M., Approaches Towards Communications in International Development"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV204007 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Approaches Towards Communications in International Development is a March 18, 1991 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Everett Rogers. Everett Rogers discusses the role of communication for development in different cultures.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Collins,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=492.73,494.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had not adopted any of these 20 innovations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=494.62,498.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was the most laggardly farmer in my 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fields,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=513.41,516.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had very few earthworms, compared to his fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=517.51,522.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he greatly valued his 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afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=773.297,776.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was shown these splendid facilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=776.41,779.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was very impressed by what was going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=779.79,783.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I had inquired about the factors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=783.98,786.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for which the new varieties were being bred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=786.39,789.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at that time, this was 1966,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=789.47,791.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were forming varieties at four main 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ability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=797.66,802.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a short growing period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=802.95,804.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all very sensible genetic rice factors to breed for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=804.84,809.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not, I was told, for taste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=810.89,813.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, when I mentioned in my lecture that 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varieties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=820.12,823.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some countries at least, on the basis of taste,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=823.53,828.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the IRRI director who was sitting in the front row,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=828.04,830.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said what in my mind sort of became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=833.95,837.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the mottos of IRRI.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=837.33,839.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said two words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=839.17,840.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second one was taste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=840.06,841.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the first one was a four-letter word","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=841.69,843.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that begins with F and ends in K.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=843.77,845.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it showed a certain disdain for taste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=845.83,850.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His opinion was that if these 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rice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=856.27,859.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would eventually learn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=859.17,860.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to like the taste of the new varieties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=860.13,862.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well today, when we go back to IRRI, 25 years later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=864.99,869.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I notice that IRRI is now breeding for taste,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=870.61,873.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it has been for many years in fact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=874.28,876.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The IR varieties are very widely used throughout the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=877.24,881.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except in Bali, we'll hear more about that later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=881.34,883.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in January, when I visited India the last time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=884.98,889.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a month or two ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=890.06,891.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to a local market and priced rice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=891.32,895.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I found there was a two price system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=895.17,897.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the IRRI varieties, the newest varieties,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=897.47,900.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were still selling for about 20% less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=900.71,903.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the Desi varieties, Indian varieties,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=903.44,907.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the non-IRRI varieties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=907.82,910.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I felt a certain sense of satisfaction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=910.16,912.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly with the fact that now IRRRI","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=912.4,914.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is breeding for taste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=914.93,916.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now some general points I'm going to be drawing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=917.23,920.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this little examples that I've just mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=920.44,923.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is useful I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=926.01,927.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to think of the eras of development of communication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=927.84,931.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of these were mentioned in the noon lecture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=932.46,934.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by my colleague Thierry Bardini.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=934.9,937.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And many of you have read about them, and discussed them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=938.19,941.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'm going to say very little about the first two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=941.42,945.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but concentrate on the present era.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=945.1,947.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first era was perhaps that of 1950s and sixties,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=947.49,952.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was an optimistic era.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=952.47,954.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was part of that optimism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=955.7,957.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm talking about my own career here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=957.28,959.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my own errors as well, those of conventional wisdom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=960.81,964.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was the time of Daniel Lerner's book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=964.71,967.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was I believe published in 1958, on the passing 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did,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1161.94,1165.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and try to see what lessons could be learned for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1165.16,1169.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was also a time, the questioning period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1170.34,1173.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of over urbanization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1173.13,1175.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You could name almost any big city,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1175.4,1177.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in almost any third world country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1177.58,1179.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, almost any 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pollution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1184.9,1189.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was also of course the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1190.157,1191.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the first environmental crisis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1191.19,1193.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we began to wonder","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1193.16,1194.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether technological innovations in agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1197.071,1201.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to unemploy a farm workforce,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1201.73,1204.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was then to migrate to cities, work in factories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1204.89,1209.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the best route to development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1209.35,1211.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this was a period of questioning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1213.87,1215.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well out of that questioning is here we are today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1215.52,1218.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in what is another optimistic era,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1218.63,1221.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hopefully a better informed optimistic era.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1221.82,1224.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One in which we build","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1224.93,1225.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on some of these previous lessons learned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1225.97,1228.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lessons learned by development scholars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1228.45,1231.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the many here at Iowa state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1231.1,1233.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those from outside, like Nils Rolling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1233.59,1237.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Janice Jigers who have come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1237.76,1239.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to also share this occasion, and to speak to you tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1239.32,1243.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it is tomorrow, isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1243.97,1246.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry that my classes, my students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1246.01,1248.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they think that if they pay me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1248.69,1249.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should be there to teach them tomorrow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1249.9,1252.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's why I have to go tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1252.28,1254.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now why this new 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satellites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1273.21,1275.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are useful for development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1275.09,1277.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Satellites basically remove the cost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1277.74,1280.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of distance in communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1280.03,1282.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for many purposes that is a very important quality,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1282.01,1286.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that comes at of course, a very huge price.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1286.0,1289.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Satellites don't come very cheaply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1289.61,1291.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is those satellites, one of their uses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1292.86,1295.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their uses for television transmission,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1295.92,1299.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have enabled CNN to spread throughout the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1299.22,1303.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a hundred countries as it claims to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1303.87,1307.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it has also a greatly increased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1307.04,1309.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the number of television sets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1309.41,1311.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tremendously increased the television audience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1311.15,1313.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in third world countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1313.88,1316.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today about half of all television sets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1316.24,1320.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are in third world countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1320.24,1322.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's up from about 10% in 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1322.1,1326.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we've seen a huge change in the 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months,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1531.529,1532.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which maybe 90, or 95% of all households","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1532.84,1537.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have at least one 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aspects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1542.82,1545.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that explained that phenomenally high rate of VCR adoption.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1545.97,1550.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's something like 75% in the United States 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East.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1554.81,1557.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some other countries, it's much, much less.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1557.14,1560.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any event, what are people seeing on video?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1560.02,1563.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, mostly they're seeing old films.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1563.46,1565.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes they're seeing old TV shows,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1566.42,1569.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but sometimes, and this is increasing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1569.45,1571.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're seeing instructional television.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1571.52,1574.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And sometimes they're seeing instructional video shows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1574.0,1577.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on their VCR.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1577.53,1578.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And sometimes, in some countries now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1578.65,1580.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we see this new pattern, of news programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1580.74,1584.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So news magazines with a videotape, of sort of inside news,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1584.92,1589.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kind that one doesn't see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1591.53,1593.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a government controlled television system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1593.43,1595.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a service being sold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1597.8,1599.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's like buying a monthly news magazine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1599.12,1602.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except it's on video.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1602.2,1603.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are some of the technologies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1605.2,1606.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are I think involved in the optimism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1606.89,1610.046"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the current era.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1610.046,1611.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How those technologies are applied,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1611.6,1613.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what their content, then becomes a second matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1613.34,1616.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that we have only really begun","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1618.05,1620.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to focus on the content of the messages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1620.54,1623.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are transmitted by these technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1623.76,1626.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been involved for instance in a series of studies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1627.8,1630.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first in Latin America, and now in Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1630.76,1633.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other scholars have been studying these phenomena in Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1633.95,1636.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in other parts of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1636.96,1639.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on television exporting and importing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1639.15,1642.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To explain it in one way, the US television industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1644.69,1648.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the part of the industry that produces television programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1649.45,1652.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of which is in my hometown,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1652.07,1654.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't mean Carroll, I mean the other,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1654.91,1656.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the place I now live.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1656.34,1657.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where my garden now is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1658.46,1659.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not where my farm is, where my garden is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1661.08,1663.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the US television industry earns about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1663.77,1667.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half of its total earnings today, from international sales,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1667.04,1671.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and through a sort of weird accounting practice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1671.05,1674.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is widely used throughout the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1674.55,1676.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by television and film industries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1676.87,1679.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the foreign sales are counted as almost completely profit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1679.93,1684.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all costs are charged against domestic production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1684.93,1688.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the same product is sold overseas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1688.15,1691.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in an accounting sense, it's considered pure profit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1691.7,1694.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you look at where the profit comes from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1694.72,1696.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the US television industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1696.97,1698.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost all comes from overseas sales.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1698.86,1701.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looked at another way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1703.61,1704.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you look at the typical television broadcasting schedule,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1704.97,1709.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the typical country in the third world today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1709.4,1711.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while there's tremendous variation from country to country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1711.87,1715.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roughly today about a third of the program hours,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1715.02,1718.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are imported programming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1718.84,1721.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And about 85% of the imported programming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1721.73,1724.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is imported from the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1724.36,1726.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not saying that is good news,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1727.82,1729.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm saying that's terribly bad 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fair,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1735.82,1739.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a heavy dose of \"I love Lucy\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1739.38,1742.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any event, this is certainly not pro-development 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operas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1765.1,1768.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in other parts of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=1768.37,1770.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increasingly it is soap operas, game shows, 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(indistinct),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2342.92,2345.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and \"Mission Impossible\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2345.95,2347.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it suggests to us some examples of what can be 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Mike,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2354.65,2359.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that of indigenous communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2359.06,2361.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CICAD of course is the world center, in this 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arrogance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2372.03,2376.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those of us, I include myself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2379.0,2381.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who thought that we knew more than they did,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2381.1,2385.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that what they knew, like that farmer in Collins,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2385.3,2388.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was wrong, and what we knew was right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2388.84,2391.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were not so smart,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2391.7,2393.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it took them a while to figure out, years in 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knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2409.29,2412.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the rest of the world has not yet absorbed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2412.83,2416.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this message very fully, and they have a long ways to 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perspective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2421.32,2424.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's very important to scholars like myself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2424.14,2428.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that of indigenous channels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2428.39,2430.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's not only indigenous content,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2430.38,2432.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but indigenous channels 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programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2438.26,2440.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And sometimes we have been surprised,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2441.31,2444.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as in the case of other kinds of indigenous knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2444.11,2446.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they turn out to be spectacularly important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2446.5,2450.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll just use some examples to illustrate what I 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TBAs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2457.05,2461.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if you know what TBA's are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2461.17,2463.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traditional birth attendants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2463.53,2465.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The name of course says a lot, that's a Western name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2465.34,2468.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In different cultures, they are called terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2469.76,2473.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that usually implies a great deal of respect and endearment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2473.16,2478.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Almost always these TBAs are older women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2478.22,2481.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"past 45 years of age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2481.5,2483.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Usually they are widows, or 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widows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2487.74,2490.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for instance, in Bahasa, Indonesia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2490.52,2492.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're called dukuns,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2492.25,2493.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in India, in Hindi they're called dai,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2493.45,2497.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Spanish and Mexico for instance, they're called parteras,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2497.03,2500.954"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those who give birth, those who help give birth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2500.954,2503.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they're usually very highly 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more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2509.01,2510.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the early seventies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2510.92,2513.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to recruit these traditional birth attendants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2513.32,2517.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to family planning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2517.417,2518.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can easily imagine the conflict of interest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2518.9,2521.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that would represent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2521.31,2523.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because traditional birth attendants are everywhere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2523.2,2527.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paid on the basis of births that they deliver.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2527.04,2530.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the last thing in the 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controversies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2742.41,2744.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the forceps controversy just being one of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2744.52,2746.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But our evaluation studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2747.84,2750.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed that there was a lot of benefit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2750.39,2754.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the babies not dying at birth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2754.5,2757.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mothers living who otherwise probably would not have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2757.15,2760.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it seems to be a mild success.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2761.67,2764.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's quite a change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2764.11,2765.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Dutch colonial policy in Indonesia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2765.75,2769.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Dutch government was there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2770.12,2771.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of eliminating the dukuns,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2771.73,2774.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the American government had the same policy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2776.9,2779.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and used the same words actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2779.51,2781.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminate the traditional birth attendants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2781.68,2784.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Philippines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2784.64,2785.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we had something to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2785.473,2787.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the government of the Philippines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2787.27,2789.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we've come a long way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2789.65,2791.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some other examples in indigenous channels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2791.41,2793.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to move along, are for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2793.74,2796.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in sudden changes in government, one way or the other,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2796.82,2800.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changes in government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2800.34,2801.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world, sort of the little media,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2801.83,2804.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the traditional media applied,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2804.14,2806.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin with sort of a surprising thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2806.21,2809.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the time of the fall of the Shah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2809.46,2811.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Iranian revolution in 1979,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2811.55,2814.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Ayatollah Khomeini was organizing street demonstrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2815.5,2820.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Tehran of up to 3 million people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2821.1,2823.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now if you've ever tried to organize VEISHIA, at Iowa state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2823.94,2827.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can imagine that getting 3 million people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2827.34,2830.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in orderly processions, these were very orderly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2830.55,2832.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very disciplined, street demonstrations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2832.98,2836.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Ayatollah was living in the South of France,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2836.92,2839.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Riviera at this time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2839.87,2841.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had moved there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2842.12,2843.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is clueless to how he did it, from Saudi Arabia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2843.38,2847.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he could have direct dial telephone service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2847.66,2851.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to his followers in Iran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2851.06,2854.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Direct dial is very important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2855.02,2856.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you have a Shah, and the secret service trying...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=2856.037,2859.11"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28037/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/037/original/AV204007_Approaches_Towards_Communications_in_International_Development_a.vtt?1622637745","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/037/original/AV204007_Approaches_Towards_Communications_in_International_Development_a.vtt?1622637745"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28038","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204007_Approaches_Towards_Communications_in_International_Development_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127/transcript/28038/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- It is indeed a pleasure to introduce you to an individual who has contributed greatly to the body of research and literature within the social sciences. Originally from Carroll, in Western Iowa. Dr. Rogers attended Iowa State University, and received his degree, his PhD that is, in 1957, in sociology. And to note, I was actually very pleased to find out, and to discover this morning that his undergraduate work, is also done here at Iowa State in my home department, or one of my home departments I should say, agricultural education. Everett Rogers is certainly without question a specialist in research and teaching in the area of diffusion of innovations, and has published many works in this area, including the popular text, \"Diffusion of Innovations\", which was originally published in 1962. Early in his career, he went on to investigate the diffusion of agricultural innovations among farmers in Iowa, in Ohio. And since 1963, has done the same in Brazil, Colombia, Nigeria, and in India. In the eighties, he investigated the adoption, excuse me, and impacts of a new video text service called the Green Thumb Box, and this was done among Kentucky farmers. And most recently he is synthesizing research in the area of the application of microcomputers in third world agricultural development. Upon his receiving his degree from Iowa State in 1957, he went on to teach at Ohio State University, the National University of Columbia in Bogota, Michigan State University, University of Michigan, and Stanford University until 1985, where he moved to the prestigious Annenberg School of Communication at University of Southern California. I'd also like you to note that he is currently serving, as a member of CICADs International Advisory Board. Ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming back to Iowa state university, Dr. Everett Rogers.\r\n\r\n- Especially nice to be back here. It's like a study in social change itself. I've been gone for 12 years, since I've been back in Ames. And many things are the same, some things are different. Some people are not here who were, like Jean. But many things are the same. I noticed there's snow fence in front of Curtis Hall, when I walked over there this morning, and I can remember a controversy that I used to be part of, when I was an undergraduate. Somehow my residence group elected me to the student governing body, which was then called Cardinal Guild. Is it still called Cardinal Guild? Some things don't change. Cardinal guild had its detractors in the student body, especially on the part of the editor, of the \"Stanford Daily\", his name was Dan Munne. So he used to call it chickadee guild, instead of Cardinal Guild. Referring to the petty issues with which we dealt. In any event, as a member of that so-called student governing organization, I was deputed to represent the student body on a faculty committee, that was in charge of grass and trees. Actually it was a committee that sought to seek a compromise between the grass and trees issues, while trying to keep Iowa State the most beautiful university campus in the United States, versus people who wanted more parking lots. These were mostly students. Students were beginning to get cars in 1950, and we thought that we needed a place to park them, on campus. So as you can imagine, people in charge of parking, and the head of the landscape architecture department, people like these, faculty members were on this committee and there was a lot of controversy. And one of the big issues of that day were student paths. These were not faculty paths, these were student paths, faculty never walked down these paths, we believed in those days. And these were trails through the grass, destroying of course, the beauty of the campus. Well, I believe that we came up with at least what was then a temporary solution to this controversy on the committee. We had someone take a photograph of the campus late in the afternoon, while there were shadows, after about a two foot snow storm. And so students had been walking, and even some faculty members might have been walking, and so we then overlaid a map of the sidewalk structure of the campus on top of that photograph. And we could see where there weren't sidewalks, and then those sidewalks were built. I believe this must've been an early example of the use of indigenous knowledge. Knowledge expressed through our feet, through the snow that day. Very important textbook, the first main textbook in statistical methods, called \"Statistical Methods\". Well, all of these things were said by mahalanobis, and it was very nice of him, made us all feel very good, and warm on a cold Iowa night. And then after a few seconds pause, he said in 1725 BC, the great Indian mathematician Raj, invented the zero. And then he went on with the history of early math and stat, never working up to the time of Christ. Afterwards, a group of us, friends, doctoral students, walked over here from Curtis Assembly, to the union to have a cup of coffee, before we went home to Perelman court. And I remember I was holding out for the fact that Mahalanobis really wasn't real, that Snedeker had sent over to central casting, and had them send over someone who spoke, and looked like an Indian, to play the role of Mahalanobis, and to create this, the selling us about the fact that math and stat had existed, even before the time of Christ. Later of course, I knew more, learned more about history. And learned that indeed that was Mahalanobis. I'd even learned how famous Mahalanobis was, and that everything he was saying was exactly correct. I guess the point there is sometimes it helps to know a little history, to be taught a little history. Now skip up to about that time, also in 1956. At that time I was doing, gathering some data, in Collins. I was with some other scholars, interviewing 156 farmers, all of the farmers that lived in the Collins community. For those of you who don't know where Collins is, it's about 20 or 25 miles from here in Story County. And it was selected as a somewhat typical Iowa corn hog community. I was studying, this eventually became my dissertation. I was studying the adoption of 20 agricultural innovations, things like diethylstilbestrol for cattle feeding, 2,4-D weed spray, antibiotics for hog feeding, the use of nitrogen fertilizer on corn. And many farmers had adopted many of these innovations. I got this list from agricultural extension specialists, here at Iowa State. We thought they were the 20 most important agricultural innovations that were diffusing in the 1950s. Now I encountered one farmer, that I interviewed in Collins, who had not adopted any of these 20 innovations. He was the most laggardly farmer in my sample. And I of course asked him why he hadn't adopted any of these innovations. And he said that he had noticed that his farmers, these neighbors, the neighbor farmers' fields, had very few earthworms, compared to his fields. And he greatly valued his earthworms. And he thought that the earthworms were a good thing for the crops that he raised. And thus he had nothing to do with any kind of agricultural chemicals, or even more broadly, with any of the new agricultural scientific innovations that were then diffusing. Naturally in my study, I categorized him as a laggard, the most laggardly up my laggards in fact. In reality, in another era, we have come to see that he was perhaps the most innovative of all the farmers. In fact, he was the only organic farmer, we didn't use those terms at that time, but he was the first, and most innovative of the organic farmers in the Collins community. Today we know that those farmers make up about 20%, of all of our farmers and gardeners in America. We know that agricultural research workers that turned their attention now, and for some years in fact, to the problems of organic farmers and of gardeners. It is of course a sign of the times that downstairs, when I came out of the bookstore in the commons, where I purchased Iowa State Cyclone T-shirt, for a little effort, I've found myself talking with people from the vegetarian society, of Central Iowa, and they in fact gave me some of their literature. These are certainly signs of the times, at Iowa state. And it is of course, the growing number of vegetarians in our society that make the extra high prices for organically grown fruits, vegetables, and other products. But the two movements are totally linked. Now one more story, and then I'll get down to the serious business. This is something that happened in 1966. On the occasion of my first visit to IRRI, the International Rice Research Institute in Philippines. Iowa State has had a very strong influence on IRRI, and on the other CICAD centers around the world, as is only appropriate. In any event, I was asked to give a talk, at IRRI, to the people who work there, in the IRRI auditorium. And at this time, the 1966 IR8, and IR20, the first two of the IRRI varieties had spread, and we were finding in the diffusion study, that we were doing in India at that time, in West Godavari district, a rice growing district, in Eastern India. We were finding that two or 3% of the farmers were already growing these new varieties, IR8 and IR20. And indeed they were tripling, doubling at least, and in some cases tripling the rice yields by planting these new varieties. They were also using pesticides and fertilizers, and planting the seeds more closely, and irrigating. So they were doing other things, along with the new varieties, to get these unbelievable yields. However, we were also finding that people, the Indian farm people, did not like the taste of IRRI, IR8 and IR20. And indeed on the local markets, in the bazaars, the miracle varieties, the rice, IR20 and IR8, were selling for about 20% below the market price of the locally grown varieties. And indeed these innovative farmers who were planting the new varieties, were also still planting some of the old varieties, which they were in fact using for their own consumption, and selling the IRRI rice. While I mentioned this in my talk, about the diffusion of the IRRI varieties. Diffusion process, it was then just beginning. And at that time, I'd of course been given a tour of IRRI, the morning before my talk that afternoon, and I was shown these splendid facilities, and I was very impressed by what was going on. And I had inquired about the factors for which the new varieties were being bred. And at that time, this was 1966, they were forming varieties at four main factors, in the breeding for the new varieties, short straw, high yield, nitrogen absorbing ability, and a short growing period, all very sensible genetic rice factors to breed for. Not, I was told, for taste. And in fact, when I mentioned in my lecture that afternoon, at IRRI, that there might be some problems with the acceptance of the IRRI varieties in some countries at least, on the basis of taste, the IRRI director who was sitting in the front row, said what in my mind sort of became one of the mottos of IRRI. He said two words. The second one was taste. And the first one was a four-letter word that begins with F and ends in K. And it showed a certain disdain for taste. His opinion was that if these varieties increased food supplies enough, we didn't need to worry about people eating the rice, they would eventually learn to like the taste of the new varieties. Well today, when we go back to IRRI, 25 years later, I notice that IRRI is now breeding for taste, and it has been for many years in fact. The IR varieties are very widely used throughout the world, except in Bali, we'll hear more about that later. But in January, when I visited India the last time, a month or two ago, I went to a local market and priced rice, and I found there was a two price system, and the IRRI varieties, the newest varieties, were still selling for about 20% less than the Desi varieties, Indian varieties, the non-IRRI varieties. I felt a certain sense of satisfaction, certainly with the fact that now IRRRI is breeding for taste. Now some general points I'm going to be drawing on this little examples that I've just mentioned. It is useful I think, to think of the eras of development of communication, some of these were mentioned in the noon lecture by my colleague Thierry Bardini. And many of you have read about them, and discussed them, so I'm going to say very little about the first two, but concentrate on the present era. The first era was perhaps that of 1950s and sixties, and it was an optimistic era. I was part of that optimism. I'm talking about my own career here, my own errors as well, those of conventional wisdom. This was the time of Daniel Lerner's book, which was I believe published in 1958, on the passing of, called \"The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East\", is also the time of Wilbur Schramm's important book, 1964, \"Mass Media and National Development\". This was the time at which we were experiencing, what we then called the transistor revolution, the transistor radio revolution. Radios had suddenly become small, and cheap, and plentiful. Catholic priests in Columbia, which is where I was then, doing some of the first studies that I did of diffusion and development in a third world. Well that was actually in 1963, radios, Phillips radios, were then selling for $4 and 50 cents, US dollars. So radios were popping up all over the place. But this was an era of great optimism about what communication could do in development, for development. It was a period of one way communication, it was assumed that government planners, and technological experts, technical people, knew what was best for the people, and that the problem was to transmit the information from the experts who had it, to the public who didn't have it, but would use it if they knew about it. It was also a period of food crisis. The Indian food crisis of 1959 was a very serious one indeed. India was short about 20% of food grains, and a team was sent to India of outsiders to make some recommendations. One of them was George Bill from Iowa State. My advisor in, who had been my advisor in grad work. So we shouldn't forget that food was in very short supply in some countries back in this period. And it was thought that that problem of food shortage, and other problems of development would now, could not be met, or in part met by the use, the harnessing of communication, and radio looked so promising, because it would as we used to say, leap over the literacy barrier, the illiteracy barrier. PCI, per capita income, was the measure of economic development. It was economic development, actually it was economic growth. And that was our main measure, and that is what we thought development was. Then let's say the second era of the 1970s, one of questioning, what we had thought was so certain, in the fifties and sixties, We began to question whether PCI, per capita income, was the best measure of development. We thought it wasn't all of development at least. We also didn't see very much increase in per capita income in most third world countries, with the exception of a few showcase countries, like Korea and Mexico for instance. This was the time of the opening of China to the US, and to much of the rest of the world. And here we saw a nation with a very different development approach. And many scholars went there as I did, and try to see what lessons could be learned for us. This was also a time, the questioning period, of over urbanization. You could name almost any big city, in almost any third world country. And in fact, almost any nation, and any large city in any nation, and observed tremendous problems of environmental pollution. This was also of course the time of the first environmental crisis. And we began to wonder whether technological innovations in agriculture, to unemploy a farm workforce, which was then to migrate to cities, work in factories, was the best route to development. So this was a period of questioning. Well out of that questioning is here we are today, in what is another optimistic era, hopefully a better informed optimistic era. One in which we build on some of these previous lessons learned. Lessons learned by development scholars, like the many here at Iowa state, and those from outside, like Nils Rolling and Janice Jigers who have come to also share this occasion, and to speak to you tomorrow. I think it is tomorrow, isn't it? I'm sorry that my classes, my students, they think that if they pay me I should be there to teach them tomorrow, that's why I have to go tonight. Now why this new optimism? If I'm right, in calling this a new optimism, I think there were several reasons, and one of these, is new communication technologies. This is a period, the last decade basically, in which we've come to see that we can do some things with communication satellites, that are useful for development. Satellites basically remove the cost of distance in communication. And for many purposes that is a very important quality, that comes at of course, a very huge price. Satellites don't come very cheaply. It is those satellites, one of their uses, their uses for television transmission, that have enabled CNN to spread throughout the world, to a hundred countries as it claims to be. But it has also a greatly increased the number of television sets, and tremendously increased the television audience in third world countries. Today about half of all television sets are in third world countries, and that's up from about 10% in 1980. So we've seen a huge change in the size of the television audience, in the world in the last 10 years. It must go down as one of the most massive changes in at least access to a communication technology, that the world has ever seen. Making up an important part of that change has been the case of China, People's Republic of China, where in a survey that we did in China in 1980, we found about 5% of of people were in the television audience. That is they said they had watched television the day before, they did not all have their own television sets by any means. Now that is today up to 85 or 90%, and that's 85 or 90% of 1.1 billion people, so that represents a tremendous number of people. India, in a case that I've been studying for many years, is also quite spectacular, an increase there from a couple of percent, in 1984, as recently as 1984, to about 15%, one, 5% today. And that's 15% of 90 million people, so it's about 135 million people. India then has roughly increased the size of its television audience in the last seven years, by approximately the number of regular television viewers that we have in a typical day in America. Mexico and Brazil are other spectacular cases where the television audience, that is people who say they watch television yesterday, when I ask, represent about 90% of the population. There are other countries, in which almost no one has access to television. So this television audience is still concentrated in a relatively modest number of very large population countries, that are also very large in land area. And one reason for the spread of television is because a signal can be received, and that's mainly due to cell satellite transmission to ground stations, that then retransmit in the surrounding area. So satellites have helped among other things, greatly increase the television audience. A problem remains at what is shown on television, I'll get to that point in a minute. Micro computers, which we heard a great deal about this noon. Another technology, not yet very widely used, but increasingly used in some crucial uses, but a pattern of use very different from that found among Iowa farmers. Where Eric is finding something like 20% of Iowa farmers that have microcomputers today, and I believe if I understood right, about 10% who have DBS, direct broadcast satellite dishes. Video, another technology that's spreading widely, in some areas, in some parts of the third world. We know of Middle Eastern countries, that some of those which had been prominently in the news in recent months, in which maybe 90, or 95% of all households have at least one VCR. There were certain reasons of culture, and of family patterns, and of other aspects, that explained that phenomenally high rate of VCR adoption. It's something like 75% in the United States today. In some European countries, a couple of them it's like the Middle East. In some other countries, it's much, much less. In any event, what are people seeing on video? Well, mostly they're seeing old films. Sometimes they're seeing old TV shows, but sometimes, and this is increasing, they're seeing instructional television. And sometimes they're seeing instructional video shows on their VCR. And sometimes, in some countries now, we see this new pattern, of news programs. So news magazines with a videotape, of sort of inside news, the kind that one doesn't see in a government controlled television system, with a service being sold. So it's like buying a monthly news magazine, except it's on video. So these are some of the technologies, which are I think involved in the optimism of the current era. How those technologies are applied, and what their content, then becomes a second matter. I think that we have only really begun to focus on the content of the messages that are transmitted by these technologies. I've been involved for instance in a series of studies, first in Latin America, and now in Asia. Other scholars have been studying these phenomena in Europe, and in other parts of the world, on television exporting and importing. To explain it in one way, the US television industry, the part of the industry that produces television programs, most of which is in my hometown, I don't mean Carroll, I mean the other, the place I now live. Where my garden now is. Not where my farm is, where my garden is. But the US television industry earns about half of its total earnings today, from international sales, and through a sort of weird accounting practice, that is widely used throughout the world by television and film industries, the foreign sales are counted as almost completely profit. So all costs are charged against domestic production, and then the same product is sold overseas. And in an accounting sense, it's considered pure profit. So if you look at where the profit comes from in the US television industry, almost all comes from overseas sales. It looked at another way, if you look at the typical television broadcasting schedule, in the typical country in the third world today, while there's tremendous variation from country to country, roughly today about a third of the program hours, are imported programming. And about 85% of the imported programming is imported from the United States. I'm not saying that is good news, I'm saying that's terribly bad news. In most cases, the important programming is the worst, of violent US television fair, with a heavy dose of \"I love Lucy\". In any event, this is certainly not pro-development content. The other kind of content that dominates this growing television audience for instance, in addition to imported programming, is locally produced entertainment content. Typically these are soap operas, in Latin America, lots of soap operas. And in other parts of the world, increasingly it is soap operas, game shows, entertainment, things to take people's minds into fantasy. I'm not opposed to that, but if that's all we see on television, I'm wondering if it's helping us that we have such a rapidly increasing television audience. Certainly nothing wrong with entertainment being the bait that convinces people to invest in a television set, and to attend to it. But then if they don't see anything that helps them with their main problems of their lives, any development information, it would seem the ultimate in futility, it would seem something like building a tremendous scaffold and then forgetting to build a building inside of it. Fortunately, and hopefully, that idea has appeared, and been implemented by a number of very important people in recent years. Starting in about 1977. A Mexican television and theatrical producer, and director, and script writer named Miguel Sabido, has created a series of soap operas, broadcast in Spanish, broadcast to very large audiences throughout Latin America. These are entertainment soap operas but with educational messages embedded in them. Each of them in fact are organized around one main educational idea. Adult literacy actually enrollment in adult literacy classes in his first soap opera, family planning in another one, gender equality in another, child abuse. Discouraging people from abusing their children of course, being the theme, in yet another of his soap operas. His idea then, after some leg was taken out and adapted, first in India, in 1984, 85, in what I think is a very important educational soap opera called, \"Hum Log\", we people. The story of a lower middle class urban family, in living in a slum in Delhi. There are 10 main characters from grandpa, grandmother, down through mother, father, to the children, and then some of the children of course getting married. So it was a multi-generational household, a typical Indian household. The educational theme was that of family planning, family equality, and hit much less heavily, agenda equality. There were sort of good guys and bad guys, in \"Hum Log\", as there are in all of these entertainment, education, soap operas. One of the bad guys was the male head of the household, who was sort of a drunk and chavenous pig who'd come home drunk, and abuse the food that his wife had stayed up, and prepared for him, and who would beat her, a real bad guy. He of course was punished ultimately in the soap opera, the wife, who was also a negative role model because she stood for this. She eventually changed as the soap opera evolved, and developed some of her own interests, and became something other than just a Jewish mother for the family, something other than a doormat, serving her children, and her husband, and her older relatives. She enrolls in an adult education class, takes up some interests of her own, and begins to represent the modern Indian woman, that many people in India would like to see happen on a much larger basis. We did an evaluation study funded by the Rockefeller Foundation of the effects of \"Hum Log\". And one of the things we found, is that while most people understood the bad guys and the good guys, and the bad guys that got converted to be good guys, during the 15 months that \"Hum Log\" was broadcast. A few people didn't catch on, this can always happen. And I remember one middle aged housewife that we interviewed, who said if she could only find a girl like the negative role model, the Jewish mother, doormat character in \"Hum Log\", for her son Dinesh. She says there aren't enough Indian girls like that anymore. Well, I certainly agreed with her about that. \"Hum Log\" then, has led to many other them programs in various parts of the world, in Jamaica, Kenya. Now underway a soap opera being produced along roughly similar lines entertainment education. In Nigeria, one in Botswana, and one being broadcast now in Brazil, the real land of soap operas. So these are all inspired by this model. All make appropriate modifications. There's nothing Mexican about \"Hum Log\", nor any of these other soap operas, but the basic idea of motivating a vast audience to certain types of social change and development, through an application, basically of social learning theory, and do a social learning theory, in the characters that are portrayed. Just beginning, is broadcast in India this month, is another educational soap opera. this one called \"Hum Rahi\", rahi. Which deals with female equality, and attacks the barbarous practice of dowry deaths, as they were called, in which the bride is soaked with kerosene and killed, by her in-laws. So I'm sure we're going to hear more about \"Hum Rahi\"' before we're done. One doesn't need to do this with soap operas, it can be done with comics, comic books. It is being tried with comic books in Latin America today. The same idea, putting educational content in entertainment programming. And perhaps the greatest singular success, is that of a rock music song. A song by a male and female singer, named Tatiana, and Johnny. Tatiana is a 17 year old, well she was, she's 19 now. She was a 17 year old, very beautiful singer. Johnny is a Puerto Rican, a graduate of Menudo, the rock music group, and they sing their song which deals with teenage sexual abstinence. Don't do it, is the message of the song. On the MTV version of it, they do a rather hip grinding, sexy dance. While they're singing this song, these words, about not doing it. It is sort of a mixed message. It was a very popular song in Spanish. It was sung in Spanish, it's called \"Cuando Estemos Juntos\", when we are together, fairly clear of what that means. And it was for about six months, played on average of 15 times a day, one, five, 15 times a day, by the average Latin American radio station. You can see why we all got pretty sick of hearing this song about sexual abstinence. And in any event, Tatiana and Johnny made a nice piece of change, this is education for profit. The Johns Hopkins university that was involved in making, designing at least, this song and it's performance, also made, everybody made money out of it, record companies made money out of it. And a communication scholar, friend of mine in Mexico, Ruben Hora, who some of us remember, did an evaluation study of the effects. And he found it did have effects on knowledge, on attitudes, and on behavior. Less on behavior than on knowledge as you would expect. Seemingly in part from the attractiveness of the message, the subtle nature of the message, the educational message and repeated exposure. I guess if we hear anything often enough, it begins to make us, perhaps at least consider that point of view. So my first point was one reason for optimism, was the new technologies, which unfreeze some frozen situations potentially. Second factor is with a few exceptions at least, we have some promising content, I've given some examples of that. These are rare. These are a few bright spots among a lot of \"I Love Lucy\", and , and \"Mission Impossible\". But it suggests to us some examples of what can be done. And then thirdly, and I come to a point that will be a very dear to Mike, is that of indigenous communication. CICAD of course is the world center, in this perspective. It is I think, and the work it does is helping us, in some ways overcome the sort of technological arrogance, of those of us, I include myself, who thought that we knew more than they did, and that what they knew, like that farmer in Collins, was wrong, and what we knew was right, and they were not so smart, because it took them a while to figure out, years in fact, what we knew to be the right thing for them. Certainly the indigenous knowledge movement is at an early stage. I mean, I'm sure you can't believe that here at Iowa state, where everybody I meet seems to be spouting indigenous knowledge, but the rest of the world has not yet absorbed this message very fully, and they have a long ways to go. In any event, one piece of indigenous knowledge perspective that's very important to scholars like myself, is that of indigenous channels. There's not only indigenous content, but indigenous channels obviously. And generally we have not paid much attention to them, in development programs. And sometimes we have been surprised, as in the case of other kinds of indigenous knowledge, when they turn out to be spectacularly important. I'll just use some examples to illustrate what I mean. Some years ago in the early seventies, I did a research on TBAs, I don't know if you know what TBA's are, traditional birth attendants. The name of course says a lot, that's a Western name. In different cultures, they are called terms that usually implies a great deal of respect and endearment. Almost always these TBAs are older women past 45 years of age. Usually they are widows, or yes, usually they are widows. They're usually women and they're usually widows. So for instance, in Bahasa, Indonesia, they're called dukuns, in India, in Hindi they're called dai, in Spanish and Mexico for instance, they're called parteras, those who give birth, those who help give birth. And they're usually very highly respected. Well attempts were made in all of these countries that I've just mentioned and many more, in the early seventies, to recruit these traditional birth attendants to family planning. You can easily imagine the conflict of interest, that that would represent. Because traditional birth attendants are everywhere, paid on the basis of births that they deliver. Well, the last thing in the world, that a traditional birth attendant would want to do is to discourage the number of births, by promoting family planning. But in this case, governments, national family planning programs, and health programs, in a number of countries, pioneered in doing something that the medical establishment considered as completely crazy and very dangerous, and that is they recruited dukuns, dais, parteras, to short training courses, usually about a week, sometimes two weeks, sometimes two days. And the traditional birth attendants were asked for a lot of advice. They were typically also given some training, this they usually gave each other through role playing, in which they made deliveries, and taught each other what they knew. And usually there would be a female doctor present, an expert in these matters, who then also showed them the importance of some things that they didn't know, and didn't use, such as the importance of sterilizing instruments that they used to cut the cord, and so on. The net result of this is more babies living. Also the dukuns were, dukuns, dais, parteras, were asked to promote family planning, or at least to provide information about it and referrals to women who asked them for advice. And we had found an earlier study that we had done in India, and in Indonesia, that the traditional birth attendants were commonly asked, they were the most common source of advice, into personal advice about family planning, understandably. The dukuns were also given a delivery kit, sort of a Red Cross kind of kit, with a disinfectant, and with a razor blade to cut the cord, and with some other things that they needed to deliver births. And they were usually very proud of these kits, and they used them our studies showed. There was great controversy about one part of the kit, and that is whether forceps should be also provided. Some percent of all births in these settings require the use of forceps. There was great fear about what the traditional birth attendants might do with the forceps, and damaging the skulls of the babies. And so ultimately on that one, the doctors won, and there are no forceps in any of the kits of the traditional birth attendants. That wasn't based on any evidence, it was just based on the certainty of medical knowledge that traditional birth attendants couldn't be trusted with forceps. Of course, they can buy them in a drug store if they want them bad enough, and some did, our study found. In anything, there's an example of an indigenous channel. It also represents of course, a kind of indigenous knowledge. It also represents a kind of merger of the indigenous channel, and knowledge with modern knowledge. And there were a lot of controversies, the forceps controversy just being one of them. But our evaluation studies showed that there was a lot of benefit, in terms of the babies not dying at birth, and mothers living who otherwise probably would not have. So it seems to be a mild success. That's quite a change, from the Dutch colonial policy in Indonesia. When the Dutch government was there, of eliminating the dukuns, the American government had the same policy, and used the same words actually, eliminate the traditional birth attendants in the Philippines, when we had something to say about the government of the Philippines. So we've come a long way. Some other examples in indigenous channels, just to move along, are for instance, in sudden changes in government, one way or the other, changes in government, the world, sort of the little media, and the traditional media applied, begin with sort of a surprising thing. At the time of the fall of the Shah, the Iranian revolution in 1979, the Ayatollah Khomeini was organizing street demonstrations in Tehran of up to 3 million people. Now if you've ever tried to organize VEISHIA, at Iowa state, you can imagine that getting 3 million people in orderly processions, these were very orderly, very disciplined, street demonstrations. And the Ayatollah was living in the South of France, in the Riviera at this time. He had moved there, and this is clueless to how he did it, from Saudi Arabia, because he could have direct dial telephone service to his followers in Iran. Direct dial is very important, if you have a Shah, and the secret service trying...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116127#t=0.0,2863.776"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Traditional birth attendants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=8.31,9.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might do with the forceps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=9.35,10.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in damaging the skulls of the babies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=11.68,14.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so ultimately, on that one the doctors worn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=14.77,18.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are no forceps in any of the kits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=18.31,21.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the traditional birth attendants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=21.79,24.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That wasn't based on any evidence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=24.14,26.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was just based on the certainty of medical 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Tucson,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=433.78,436.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's called in Spanish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=438.228,439.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others yet to 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application","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=447.46,452.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of communication technologies to development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=452.09,454.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we think it represents the new 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problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=470.44,472.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as those overseas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=474.19,475.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Three of the assumptions of our 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embedded,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=504.81,509.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in what are they embedded,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=509.13,511.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who owns and controls them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=511.19,512.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to who's benefit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=512.74,514.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of these are 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themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=517.37,519.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is of course a social construction viewpoint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=519.69,524.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then thirdly, third assumption is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=524.12,527.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communication technologies can empower local people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=527.1,530.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can allow them to speak to those who are in power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=530.72,533.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that process for it to happen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=535.12,537.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually at least needs some kind of external assistance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=537.71,541.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without that, it easily doesn't happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=541.49,543.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to close with three 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resolved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=549.77,554.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not implying that we have the answers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=555.64,557.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we don't, I don't at least,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=557.73,560.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think there are three important areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=560.02,562.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for us to work towards solving, to answering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=562.71,566.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in close let me mention these three questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=567.92,572.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the house let's say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=572.01,574.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of them is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=574.72,575.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How can communication expertise assist local people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=575.817,580.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with certain communication technologies example video,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=580.486,583.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to empower, while not just extracting knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=584.47,588.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for abstract scholarly purposes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=588.33,590.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, how can we use these new technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=590.51,592.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bring about actual development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=592.98,595.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the benefit of the people who aren't involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=595.17,598.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without just making it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=599.22,601.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a sterile abstract academic scholarly activity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=601.62,606.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That would not be enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=607.23,608.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second question is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=610.02,611.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can indigenous knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=611.13,613.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all kinds be made visible to 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to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=652.53,654.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then thirdly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=654.84,656.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do we bring about development and social change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=656.51,659.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a way that doesn't widen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=659.95,662.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socioeconomic and gender inequalities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=662.39,665.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather in ways that seek to close those inequalities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=665.61,670.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the people for which development 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much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=679.02,681.015"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=681.015,683.765"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knowing this is aims, probably they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=690.394,693.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=693.29,694.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=694.79,695.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=697.274,699.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you differentiate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=700.52,701.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the notion development communication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=701.57,704.214"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and development support communication?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=704.214,705.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e All right, his is a question I'll repeat it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=705.75,708.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for anyone who might not have heard 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friends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=717.55,719.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have driven from Iowa city today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=719.07,721.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to be here with us this afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=722.518,725.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they are from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=725.79,727.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Development Support Communication Center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=727.25,731.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm I right about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=731.93,732.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And were you at the University of Iowa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=732.763,735.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I actually came at (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=735.36,737.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, well, anyway it's a very good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=737.7,740.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether I got your identification correct or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=740.2,742.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't say anything about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=743.91,745.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development support communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=745.14,747.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's usually taken to be a smaller Venn diagram","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=747.98,752.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than development communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=752.38,753.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is a development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=755.41,757.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's communication sorry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=759.746,760.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in support of a development program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=760.75,762.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let's say we've got a Tetsy fly eradication program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=762.68,767.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a country, yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=767.0,768.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seldom can that program be effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=769.85,772.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though it may centrally involve entomologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=772.46,775.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless it also has a communication component.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=775.96,779.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is sort of the usual at least definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=780.44,783.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of development support communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=783.21,785.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't say anything about that per say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=785.98,790.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I certainly think it lies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=790.57,792.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the heart of development communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=792.26,794.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is in fact where most of the movement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=794.56,799.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the action today is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=800.27,801.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is however a contrasting point of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=803.0,804.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I should also mention so that you understand it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=804.95,808.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then this is a viewpoint being expressed by a few people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=808.94,812.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a few places in the world bank, for instance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=812.24,816.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a few other places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=816.06,817.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by people who say maybe for too long we have limited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=817.67,822.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the work we have done in development communication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=823.32,825.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to mainly development support communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=825.81,828.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And maybe we don't need to think of development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=828.33,831.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry of communication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=831.73,832.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as just a part of other development programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=832.93,837.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but maybe we also ought to think of it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=837.71,839.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a development program in itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=839.63,842.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, to try to make cheaper, more available,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=842.83,847.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more widely used,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=847.77,849.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more rich channels of communication available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=849.4,852.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to audiences in countries, for them to use as they see fit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=852.71,857.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe that is a worthy goal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=857.92,859.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of communication in and of itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=859.7,861.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I detect this slight rise of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=861.59,866.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that isn't an opposition necessarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=867.88,869.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of development support communication, it just says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=869.82,873.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is also a function","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=873.81,876.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of development communication per se in and of itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=876.41,879.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But do you at least see the difference?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=879.98,881.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody see the difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=881.33,882.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between development support, okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=882.21,883.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you probably will use these terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=883.72,885.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're very important ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=885.47,887.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the shortenings, shortenings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=887.34,890.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of thinking about development communication happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=890.71,895.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainly during the 70s and 80s, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=895.28,898.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a focus on development support communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=898.16,901.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very important sub movement in and of itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=901.06,905.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, other questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=905.97,906.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll talk some more later after,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=906.92,908.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are there any other questions about any of this fast clip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=911.055,915.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have taken over the world?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=917.8,919.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=920.923,923.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=924.313,927.063"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28039/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/039/original/AV204007_Approaches_Towards_Communications_in_International_Development_b.vtt?1622637750","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/039/original/AV204007_Approaches_Towards_Communications_in_International_Development_b.vtt?1622637750"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28040","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204007_Approaches_Towards_Communications_in_International_Development_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128/transcript/28040/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Traditional birth attendants might do with the forceps in damaging the skulls of the babies, and so ultimately, on that one the doctors worn and there are no forceps in any of the kits of the traditional birth attendants. That wasn't based on any evidence, it was just based on the certainty of medical knowledge that traditional birth attendants couldn't be trusted with forceps. Of course, they can buy them in a drug store if they want them bad enough, and some did, our study found. In any event, there's an example of an indigenous channel. It also represents of course, a kind of indigenous knowledge, it also represents a kind of merger of the indigenous channel and knowledge with modern knowledge. And there were a lot of controversies, the forceps controversy just being one of them. But our evaluation studies showed that there was a lot of benefit in terms of babies not dying at birth and mothers living who otherwise probably would not have. So it seems to be a mild success. That's quite a change from the Dutch colonial policy in Indonesia when the Dutch government was there of eliminating the dukuns. The American government had the same policy and used the same words actually to eliminate the traditional birth attendants in the Philippines when we had something to say about the government of the Philippines. So we've come a long way. Some other examples in indigenous channels, just to move along, are for instance in sudden changes in government, one way or the other, changes in government, the role that sort of, the little media and the traditional media play, begin with sort of a surprising thing. At the time of the fall of the Shah, the Iranian revolution in 1979, the Ayatollah Khomeini was organizing street demonstrations in Tehran of up to three million people. Now, if you've ever tried to organize Veishea at Iowa state, you can imagine that getting three million people in orderly precessions. These were very orderly, very disciplined street demonstrations, and the Ayatollah was living in the South of France in the Riviera at this time. He had moved there, and this is a clue as to how he did it, from Saudi Arabia because he could have direct dial telephone service to his followers in Iran. Direct dial is very important if you have a Shaw and the secret service trying to keep people from listening to their leader who has been exiled to outside the country. Then the message, it was a daily message, was reproduced by sound audio cassettes in the bazaars and by xeroxing, modern technologies, but sort of little ones. So while the Shaw ruled the airwaves with his satellites and his television system and with the secret police, the Ayatollah's followers were reproducing his message, and it was reaching millions of people each day by these sort of subterranean, underground, very illicit and somewhat indigenous kinds of communication. An Iranian scholar who studied this phenomenon, Majid Tehranian, a friend of a number of us in this room, wrote an article a few years back about this phenomenon and he called it something like, Democracy Over Autocracy via Xeroxcracy, something like this. Similarly, today there's a study underway by Steve Wylie, an ex-scholar named Steve Wylie at the University of Texas who was studying the change in government in Chile in recent years, where president Pinochet, who had been elected for life, in a referendum held back in 1980, decided to restore a popularly elected government to his country. Ramon Pinochet, a military dictator, controlled the television system, the radio system and the press, but he didn't control things like graffiti messages on walls, notes, audio tapes and the other means of communication that were used to bring about fairly peaceful change in government, I think it's a noteworthy case. Well, now finally, a bit about the Laboratory for Development Communication. This is a recent organization begun this year at my university, the University of Southern California, Steve Lansing is the director of the laboratory for development communication, he is also the chair of Anthropology and is a speaker with the Bali project, about the Bali project later this evening. He probably won't say much about the laboratory, so I'm going to take a minute to do that before I stop. Also involved in the laboratory is, in addition to Steve and I, is a scholar named Peter Lyman, a political scientist, a computer whiz, who was the director of the Center For Scholarly Technology on our campus. He having close relationships with the computer industry, and he's in essence in charge of introducing new technology onto our campus. Thierry Bardini, our new speaker also is involved and the other scholars in the film school, in demography, and in other aspects of our university that deal with development. We do not have a college of Agriculture, unfortunately, so we don't have any agriculturalists other than somebody with a large garden. In any event this is an interdisciplinary approach to development communication. We think that makes sense. We see ourselves as hopefully becoming a node in a worldwide network of centers devoted to scholarly approaches to development communication. One of them, of course, being a C-card, another one being Cultural Survival, CS, an organization that's headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the department of Anthropology at Harvard. It's purpose is to study and preserve and film, indigenous cultures, such as rainforest lands in Brazil and in Central America, and so on. They create films and videos as a way of preserving, brought it what would be called indigenous knowledge. We're also forming a link with the Dry Lands Research Center at the university of Arizona in Tucson, and it's called in Spanish, and others yet to come which will certainly be some of them outside of the United States. The purpose of our laboratory is to try to push back the frontiers of the application of communication technologies to development. And we think it represents the new technologies, represent a set of special problems. I've tried to touch on some of those and some special opportunities both in the US and in other nations. So we hope that our studies will concern the US domestic development programs and problems, as well as those overseas. Three of the assumptions of our work. One is that, I guess I've already said it, that movement in development communication is centered or can be centered around communication technologies that provide the opportunities of today. Secondly, that how these technologies are used to what purpose, with what content that they carry, how they're organized, how they're embedded, in what are they embedded, who owns and controls them, and to who's benefit? All of these are issues that mainly determine their effectiveness rather than the technologies themselves. This is of course a social construction viewpoint. And then thirdly, third assumption is that, communication technologies can empower local people. They can allow them to speak to those who are in power but that process for it to happen, usually at least needs some kind of external assistance, without that, it easily doesn't happen. I want to close with three questions that I think are with us and which I think are crucial to be resolved. I'm not implying that we have the answers. I think we don't, I don't at least, but I think there are three important areas for us to work towards solving, to answering. So in close let me mention these three questions before the house let's say. One of them is, \"How can communication expertise assist local people with certain communication technologies example video, to empower, while not just extracting knowledge for abstract scholarly purposes? In other words, how can we use these new technologies to bring about actual development for the benefit of the people who aren't involved without just making it a sterile abstract academic scholarly activity? That would not be enough. Second question is, How can indigenous knowledge, of all kinds be made visible to technologists so that it can be utilized more effectively in development programs?\" It,s sort of amazing thing to me and to all of us I think, that work in this area is how strong the resistance to the indigenous knowledge perspective is especially on the part of experts who are trained in technological fields. The training makes them have that kind of trained in capacity. It makes it difficult, especially difficult for them to see the indigenous knowledge that whether they like it or not, they are related to. And then thirdly, how do we bring about development and social change in a way that doesn't widen socioeconomic and gender inequalities, rather in ways that seek to close those inequalities among the people for which development programs are intended. Thank you very much. Knowing this is aims, probably they are.\r\n\r\n- I think so. Questions. Yes.\r\n\r\n- How do you differentiate between the notion development communication and development support communication?\r\n\r\n- All right, his is a question I'll repeat it for anyone who might not have heard it. How do we distinguish between development communication and development support communication? This is a very important question. It's raised by two of our friends who have driven from Iowa city today in order to be here with us this afternoon, and they are from Development Support Communication Center. I'm I right about that? And were you at the University of Iowa?\r\n\r\n- No, I actually came at\r\n\r\n- Okay, well, anyway it's a very good question. Whether I got your identification correct or not. I didn't say anything about development support communication. It's usually taken to be a smaller Venn diagram than development communication. And it is a development it's communication sorry in support of a development program. So let's say we've got a Tetsy fly eradication program in a country, yeah, seldom can that program be effective even though it may centrally involve entomologists unless it also has a communication component. So this is sort of the usual at least definition of development support communication. I didn't say anything about that per say but I certainly think it lies at the heart of development communication. It is in fact where most of the movement, the action today is. There is however a contrasting point of view which I should also mention so that you understand it. And then this is a viewpoint being expressed by a few people in a few places in the world bank, for instance and a few other places by people who say maybe for too long we have limited the work we have done in development communication to mainly development support communication. And maybe we don't need to think of development, sorry of communication as just a part of other development programs, but maybe we also ought to think of it as a development program in itself. In other words, to try to make cheaper, more available, more widely used, more rich channels of communication available to audiences in countries, for them to use as they see fit. Maybe that is a worthy goal of communication in and of itself. So I detect this slight rise of, that isn't an opposition necessarily of development support communication, it just says, there is also a function of development communication per se in and of itself. But do you at least see the difference? Everybody see the difference between development support, okay, you probably will use these terms and they're very important ones. And one of the shortenings, shortenings of thinking about development communication happened mainly during the 70s and 80s, I think, with a focus on development support communication. It's a very important sub movement in and of itself. Okay, other questions? We'll talk some more later after, Are there any other questions about any of this fast clip that we have taken over the world?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43277/file/116128#t=0.0,935.928"}]}]}]}