{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/416sx64s06/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Savory, Roger, Islam in Politics"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Islam in Politics. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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include,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=11.35,14.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being Vice President","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=14.11,15.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Middle East Studies Association of North America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=15.64,19.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Secretary of Academy too of the Royal Society of Canada.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=19.92,24.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is a graduate of Oxford 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history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=32.38,35.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has inspired many books,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=35.28,37.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including \"Introduction to Islamic Civilization\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=37.44,42.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the recent book, which we talked about this evening,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=42.04,45.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is \"Iran Under the 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recently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=47.943,50.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or very, very soon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=50.05,52.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was also editorial secretary of the English 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politics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=99.11,102.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with special emphasis on Iran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=102.2,105.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I propose to just say a few 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Regnum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=839.79,843.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the realm of the king,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=843.297,845.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Sacerdotium, the realm of the 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State,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1065.49,1069.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ultimately made reference to the key Quranic text,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1069.52,1073.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chapter four, verse 59, or 62 in another 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this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1114.7,1115.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the concept of the sovereignty of the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1115.65,1118.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is enshrined in most western democratic constitutions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1118.12,1122.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not acceptable to the Muslim.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1122.16,1123.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other essential criterion of an Islamic State","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1125.21,1128.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the Sharia, the religious law of Islam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1128.38,1131.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shall be the law of the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1131.38,1133.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed, it is the first duty of an Islamic State","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1133.83,1137.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to enforce the religious law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1137.17,1139.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, this has Quranic authority,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1139.85,1143.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Those who do not judge by what God has revealed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1143.617,1146.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those indeed, are the evil-doers.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1146.99,1149.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chapter five verse 47.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1149.46,1152.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No legislation must contravene the Quran and the Sunnah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1153.85,1157.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Whenever God and His Apostle have decided a 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state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1172.51,1176.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have proved stumbling blocks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1176.16,1178.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to would-be modernizers and reformers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1178.05,1180.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Islam is not a monolithic structure anymore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1181.76,1185.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than is Christianity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1185.74,1187.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to turn now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1187.6,1189.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to consideration of that aspect of 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Shi'ism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1195.01,1197.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I mentioned earlier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1200.69,1201.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the majority of Muslims called Sunnis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1201.75,1204.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they follow the Sunnah or practice of the Prophet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1204.02,1207.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe that Mohammed died without designating a 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Prophet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1214.55,1216.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chosen initially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1216.52,1217.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from among the leaders of the Muslim 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A.D.,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1231.72,1234.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the election of Abu Bakr as the first caliph,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1234.77,1239.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ali's supporters formed what is called the Shi at Ali,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1239.11,1242.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which means simply the party of Ali,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1242.46,1244.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and thus became known as Shi'i 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independence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1852.8,1855.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the political institution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1855.9,1857.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the exception of the last Safavid shah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1858.55,1861.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shah Sultan Husayn in 1694,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1861.36,1864.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this potential threat to the stability of the Safavid state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1864.21,1867.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a reality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1867.73,1868.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shah Sultan Husayn, who was derisively dubbed Mulla Husayn,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1869.86,1873.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of his subservience to the mujtahids,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1873.73,1876.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost control of the religious institution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1876.44,1878.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the greatly enhanced prestige of the mujtahids","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1879.88,1883.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the administration of the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1883.35,1885.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was reflected in the creation of a new office","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1885.35,1888.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that of Chief Mulla, Mulla-bashi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1888.0,1890.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"According to Amin Banani,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=1891.52,1893.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some sources suggest direct religious 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29828/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/828/original/AV168192_Islam_in_Politics_a.vtt?1624894855","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/828/original/AV168192_Islam_in_Politics_a.vtt?1624894855"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29829","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168192_Islam_in_Politics_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473/transcript/29829/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Islamic Studies at the University of Toronto. Dr. Savory's many honors include, being Vice President of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, and Secretary of Academy too of the Royal Society of Canada. He is a graduate of Oxford University, and the University of London. And Dr. Savory's interest in Islamic history has inspired many books, including \"Introduction to Islamic Civilization\". And the recent book, which we talked about this evening, which is \"Iran Under the Safavids\". Which I believe is going to be in the bookstore very recently, or very, very soon. He was also editorial secretary of the English edition of the \"Encyclopedia of Islam\", which I believe is a mammoth publication, incorporating material from many international sources. And he did that before taking up his present position with the University of Toronto. Would you please join me in welcoming Dr. Roger Savory.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much, Professor Quines. Only one correction I would like to make. I'm happy to say I'm no longer chairman of the department of... I was asked to talk about the relationship between Islam and politics with special emphasis on Iran. So I propose to just say a few words about the traditional Islamic worldview, and then move to a consideration of the special problem of religion and politics in Iran. And I'd like to start with a quotation from a lecture which was given by Bernard Lewis in the course of a series of lectures delivered at Indiana University in 1963. He said then, \"Of all the great movements that have shaken the Middle East during the last century and a half, the Islamic movements alone are authentically Middle Eastern inspiration. Liberalism and fascism, patriotism and nationalism, communism and socialism, are all European in origin. However much adapted and transformed by Middle Eastern disciples. The religious orders alone spring from the native soil, and express the passions of the submerged masses of the population. Though they have all so far been defeated, they have not yet spoken their last word.\" Now, these words, spoken by Professor Lewis in 1963 have assumed, I think you'll agree, a new significance in the light of the continuing convulsions in Iran, the sectarian strife in Syria, Iraq, the Lebanon, Turkey, and other parts of the Middle East, and the growing strength of Muslim fundamentalism in Egypt, Libya, Pakistan, and elsewhere. Since the revolution in Iran in January and February 1979, it has been virtually impossible to pick up a news magazine without finding in it, an article on our militant Islam, or the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism, or some similar topic. And the inference to be drawn from this, is that the West has been taken by surprise by this revival of Islam. A revival which is expressed not only in religious, but also in political terms because there is no dichotomy in the Islamic tradition between religion and politics. Yet those who have a longer historical perspective than the average journalist or politician, who see recent events in the Middle East as just one more change in position in the seesaw of the power struggle between the two great rival civilizations, Islam and what is loosely called the West. Although the West may for certain purposes include Japan, as well as the countries of Western Europe and North America, and usually includes one country which is actually in the Middle East itself, namely Israel. A much clearer and more accurate division of the world is provided by the traditional Islamic worldview, which divides the world into Dar al-Islam, the house of Islam, and Dar al-Harb the house of war. And as defined by Kenneth Cragg, an eminent authority on Islam, Dar al-Islam is \"Territory in which Islam is in full devotional, political, and legal actuality.\" And Dar al-Harb, the house of war, constitutes, \"The areas of mankind, as yet unsubdued by Islam.\" Whereas Professor Lewis and many other authorities have noted from its birth, the Islamic religion was the chief contender with Christianity for the hearts of men. Islamic civilization was the nearest neighbor, and deadliest rival of European Christendom. And for 13 and a half centuries, relations between the two religions and cultural systems have assumed the nature of a Cold War at best. During not inconsiderable periods of history, the latent hostility between the two systems has erupted into open conflict. And it's impossible to understand the violent cross currents at present, wracking the Islamic world without some knowledge of the Islamic view of the world, and of the tradition of classical Islam, which has shaped and molded the thoughts and lives of Muslims for over 13 centuries. Indeed, many of the problems which we set the Middle East today, and which complicate relations between it and the West, derive from the conflict between this classical Islamic tradition and attempts by leaders of Muslim states to effect policies of modernization and social reform. Of course, Islam has three principal aspects. Islam is a religion, Islam is a system of law and tradition, and Islam is state and Empire. As a religion, Islam regards itself as the final and most perfect revelation of God to man. In Qur'an 5:5 says, \"This day have I perfected your religion for you, and completed my favor unto you, and have chosen for you as religion, Islam.\" Now, Islam means literally submission to the will of God. A Muslim therefore is essentially a person whole life is lived in conformity to the divine will. It is therefore a term which in its widest sense, could be used by all monotheists, as Professor Ghiam noted. The Prophet Mohammed is regarded as the seal of the prophets. That is to say the last of a line of prophets, starting from Abraham, and including Jesus. It follows that Muslims regard the other great monotheistic religions, which originated in the Middle East, Judaism and Christianity, as inferior and supersede it. Anyone who refuse to accept Islam was branded as a kafir, that's to say one who had shown his ingratitude to God, by rejecting the revelation brought by His Messenger Mohammed. The term therefore came to mean infidel, or non-Muslim. But the Prophet Mohammed was not only the Messenger of God, the mouthpiece of God's revelation to man, namely the Quran, but he was also the leader of the first Muslim community, or Ummah as it is called in Arabic, and his first law giver and arbitrator in disputes, which arose within that community. And after Mohammed's death, the caliphs, the English word caliphs derives from the Arabic, Khalifa which simply means successor. The caliphs exercised political and administrative authority. They're not, of course, the religious authority of the Prophet. And they were also to a large extent, the law givers of the community. On what basis were they to exercise judicial authority? The first and obvious source of such authority was the Quran itself. But the Quran as Professor Fazlur Rahman noted, is primarily a book of religious and moral principles and exhortations and is not a legal document. To supplement it, the early Muslims incorporated into the Islamic tradition, the ancient Arab idea of Sunnah, which means precedent, or normative custom. And in its Islamic guise, it's assumed the form of the Sunnah of the Prophet, that is to say, the example or practice and behavior of the Prophet. The Sunnah of the Prophet was handed down in the form of what were called Hadith. That's to say, accounts of an action, utterance, or decision of Mohammed. And so those who follow the Sunnah and they constitute the majority of Muslims today, are termed Sunni Muslims. When faced with making a decision on an issue on which the Quran and the Sunnah gave no clear or unequivocal precedent, Muslim jurisprudence were allowed to use what was called reasoning by analogy, which became the third basis of Islamic law. And finally, as the generation of those who had actually known the Prophet passed from the scene, no new generation as such was thought capable of engineering new Sunnah. And so, recourse therefore was had to a fourth and much amplus source of law, what was called Ijma or consensus. And this was founded on the conviction that the Muslim community, the Islamic community, would never agree upon an error. And so Ijma in effect entrusted the enlargement of the law, to the collective fidelity. And innovation, a concept always close to heresy in Islam, would if was thought be safe from eccess, from pretension, from distortion, if it comended itself in the long run to the whole household of the faith. Well, by the beginning of the 10th century A.D., this whole structure of Islamic law, known collectively as the Sharia, that's to say the way or path which is followed by a man will lead him to God, had been systematized in its final form. At that point, scholars of all schools felt that on all essential questions, consensus had been reached, and that henceforth, the promulgation of new ideas on the exposition of the relevant texts of the Quran and Hadith were as good as forbidden. The right of individual interpretation, or Ijtihad, was in theory, and very largely in practice also confined to the points on which no general agreement had yet been reached. And this closing of the door of Ijtihad, as it was called, amounted to demand for what was called Taqlid. A term which now came to mean the unquestioning acceptance of the doctrines of established schools and authorities. Why is the system of Islamic law, the Sharia, so important in any consideration of recent trends in Islam? And I'd like to quote from Joseph Schaft, who sum these up very simply. He said, \"Islamic law is the epitome of Islamic thought, the most typical manifestation of the Islamic way of life, the core and kernel of Islam itself.\" The very term for jurisprudence in Arabic, Fiqh, meaning knowledge, shows that early Islam regarded knowledge of the sacred law as the knowledge per excellence. Theology has never been able to achieve a comparable importance in Islam. Only mysticism was strong enough to challenge the ascendancy of the law over the mind of Muslims, and often proved victorious. But even at the present time, the law including its legal subject matter, remains an important, if not the most important element, in the struggle which is being fought in Islam between traditionalism and modernism, under the impact of Western ideas. It is impossible to understand Islam without understanding Islamic law. Well, the third aspect of Islam, the tradition of task for Islam, which I mentioned is Islam is state and Empire. And I noted that in the Islamic tradition, there is in theory no separation between religion and politics. Between what is called in the Christian tradition, church and state. Between what medieval Christendom called Regnum, the realm of the king, and Sacerdotium, the realm of the priest. And as Bernard Lewis has noted, \"Such pairs of words as spiritual and temporal, lay and ecclesiastical, religious and secular, have no equivalents in the classical languages of the Muslim peoples.\" Whereas Christ exhorted his followers to render therefore unto Caesar, the things that are Caesar's, and unto God, the things that are God's, Islam was involved with political power from the start. In Islam, the state provides the frame within which Islam with its demands on the community of believers, that's to say the Ummah, and on the individual Muslim must be lived. Well, Mohammed, as I mentioned, was succeeded as the head of the first Muslim community or state of Medina by long line of caliphs, who were the titular heads of the Islamic Empire until this was extinguished by the Mongols in 1258. And one of the classic formulations of the functions of the Caliph was that of Al-Mawardi who died in 1058 A.D. The defense and maintenance of religion, the decision of legal disputes, the protection of the territory of Islam, the punishment of wrongdoers, the provision of troops regarding the frontiers, the waging of Jihad or holy war against those who refuse to accept Islam or submit to Muslim rule, the organization and collection of taxes, the payment of salaries and the administration of public funds, the appointment of competent officials, and lastly, personal attention to the details of government. Even by the time Al-Mawardi was writing, by the 10th century, 11th century A.D., practice had widely departed from theory. Temporal rulers styling themselves, Emir or Sultan, had stripped the caliph of most of his political, military, and administrative powers, and left him little beyond the symbolic function as the defender of the faith, who legitimize the rule of these Emirs and Sultans. And with the aim of preserving the institution of the Caliphate, and thus the unity of the Islamic State, the jurists were prepared to go to great lengths to accommodate juridical theory to political reality. In order to preserve the unity of the Islamic State which was in their minds the most important consideration of all, the jurists were even prepared to condone the usurpation of the prerogatives of caliph, by Emirs and Sultans. Even tyranny, said the jurists, was preferable to anarchy. And so we got a lot of Hadith. Along the following lines, \"60 years of an unjust Imam are better than one night without a Sultan.\" And the jurist, by thus clothing, what they call the emirate by seizure with the appearance of legality, eventually save the principle of unity in the Islamic State by the device of a sort of Concordat, the caliph recognizing the governor's sole control of policy and administration, in return for his own dignity and right of administration of religious affairs. And nearly all the theoretical discussions on the question of power in an Islamic State, ultimately made reference to the key Quranic text, chapter four, verse 59, or 62 in another edition. Which reads as follows, \"O ye who believe, obey God, and obey His Messenger, \"and those who are in authority among you.\" An Islamic State is therefore made up of persons whose ultimate allegiance is to God, to Whom alone sovereignty belongs. Again, as the Quran says, 3:27, \"Say, Oh God, Lord of Sovereignty, Thou givest sovereignty to whomsoever thou pleasest; and Thou takest away sovereignty from whomsoever Thou pleasest.\" So in view of this, the concept of the sovereignty of the people which is enshrined in most western democratic constitutions, is not acceptable to the Muslim. The other essential criterion of an Islamic State is that the Sharia, the religious law of Islam, shall be the law of the land. Indeed, it is the first duty of an Islamic State to enforce the religious law. Again, this has Quranic authority, \"Those who do not judge by what God has revealed, those indeed, are the evil-doers.\" Chapter five verse 47. No legislation must contravene the Quran and the Sunnah. \"Whenever God and His Apostle have decided a matter, it is not for a faithful man or woman to follow another course of his or her choice.\", Quran 33:37. So these two fundamental principles of an Islamic state have proved stumbling blocks to would-be modernizers and reformers. But Islam is not a monolithic structure anymore than is Christianity. And I'd like to turn now to consideration of that aspect of Islam which has become the official religion in Iran, namely, Ithna Ashariyah or Twelver Shi'ism. As I mentioned earlier, the majority of Muslims called Sunnis because they follow the Sunnah or practice of the Prophet, believe that Mohammed died without designating a successor. And they accept the authority of a line of caliphs, or successors of the Prophet, chosen initially from among the leaders of the Muslim community. But Shi'i Muslims, however, believe that Muhammad before his death, designated Ali, his son-in-law and cousin, as his successor. And after the death of Muhammad in 632 A.D., and the election of Abu Bakr as the first caliph, Ali's supporters formed what is called the Shi at Ali, which means simply the party of Ali, and thus became known as Shi'i Muslims. Now, this Sunni-Shi'i schism had the most profound consequences for the whole of subsequent Islamic history, and the hostility between the two sects is still apparent in many parts of the Muslim world today. One need only mentioned the attempts by Khumaini to subvert other Muslim states in the Middle East, in which power is in the hands of Sunnis. The current war between Iran and Iraq, and the feuds between Sunnis and Shi'is in Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon. Many Muslims today, for political reasons, try to play down the antipathy between Sunni and Shi'i. But arguments of this type belong to the realm of apologetics, and have no basis in historical fact. Ali eventually became the fourth caliph, but Shi'is continued to regard the first three caliphs, And all the caliphs who succeeded Ali as the titular heads of the Islamic world for six centuries, as usurpers. In the Shi'i view, Ali and his 11 descendants in the male line, who had termed Imam, are the embodiment of the Shi'i concept of the ruler. It is the Imam, and only the Imam, who is entitled to direct the faithful. And so, from its inception, the Shi'i movement was a party in opposition to the regime and power. Instead of giving their loyalties to the ruling Sunni Caliph, Shi'is gave their allegiance to the Imams. Well, in the course of time, Shi'i theologians attributed to the Imams various distinctive characteristics designed to demonstrate the superiority of the Shi'i Imam over the Sunni Caliph. And these characteristics have no parallel in Sunni Islam. The most important of them are, the doctrine of Isma, or that's to say, the sinlessness or infallibility of the Imams and the function of the Imams as intercessors, through the redemptive nature of the suffering and martyrdom of the Imams. To these were added after the 873 A.D. when the Twelfth Imam disappeared from earth and went into occultation, the Messianic theory of the second coming of the Twelfth Imam, who is also known as the Hidden Imam, the Lord of the Age, the Imam of the Epoch, and the Mahdi. And the second coming of the Mahdi will be portended by various eschatological signs, and will herald the day of judgment and the end of the world. His reappearance will enable human society to reach true perfection and the full realization of spiritual life. The Mahdi will fill with justice the world that has been corrupted by injustice and inequity. Well, the occultation of the Twelfth the imam in 873 A.D poses a serious problem for the Shi'i community. According to Shi'i theory, government belongs rightfully to the Imam, who therefore was to govern the Shi'i community after the disappearance of the Twelfth Imam. The consensus among Shi'is was that the mujtahids, that is to say, the most eminent Shi'i jurists of the time, should act as the representatives on earth of the Hidden Imam. This remains the Shi'i view today, and has received emphatic endorsement by Khumaini. From the moment of its inception in the seventh century A.D., Shi'i movement, as I said, was in opposition to, and frequently in revolt against the government of the day, which was a Sunni government. It was often a persecuted group. And as a result of persecution, Shi'ism acquired martyrs. The most celebrated of these is the Third Imam, Husayn, who was slain at Karbala in Iraq in 680 A.D. by the troops of the Sunni caliph, Yazid. And for 1,300 years since Karbala, on the anniversary of the death of Husayn... His death has been commemorated by morning processions and by the performance of a cycle of what are called Ta'zieh or Miracle Players. Those who take part in the morning processions slash slashed themselves with knives and flagellate themselves with chains in order to demonstrate their overwhelming nature of their grief. And during the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, this Shi'i obsession with martyrdom was strengthened still further by the constant acquisition of new martyrs, and for a time there was a self-perpetuating cycle of 40 day periods of ritual mourning. So to sum up the three primary characteristics of Twelver Shi'ism, opposition, martyrdom, and revolt are essentially negative. They do not constitute a basis for rational government, still less for progressive or democratic government. Well, in 1501, for the first time in the history of Iran, the Shi'i form of Islam became the official religion of the Iranian State, with the exception of a dynasty called the Safavids dynasty. But in the absence of the Hidden Imam, the government of a Shi'i state belonged in theory not to the Shah, but to the representatives of the Hidden Imam on earth, namely, the mujtahid. So in terms of shi'i theory, the Shah was a usurper. Many of the mujtahids conceded the Shah's rights rule only with reluctance and their latent hostility to the regime remained. The majority, however, were prepared to accommodate theory to reality, because they realized that even if they ceded to the Shah the right to govern, their power in a Shi'ism state would still be far greater than it had been in Sunni states in which they had been in opposition to the regime. So the Safavids used institutionalize Shiism to maintain their power. Well, this policy of course, was probably with danger, for it inevitably brought into sharp relief, the innate contradiction in a Shi'i state between the authority of the mujtahids, as the representatives of the Hidden Imam, to whom government was held rightfully to belong, and that of the Shah. For almost 200 years however, the Safavids Shahs by a series of pragmatic policies of considerable ingenuity, managed to avoid a major confrontation with the mujtahids. The Sayyid, the head of the religious institution, was the key figure in this process. The Safavids Shahs by making the Sayyid a political appointee, charged with ensuring that the religious classes remain subject to political direction hope to maintain their ascendancy over the religious classes in general, and in particular, over the mujtahids. In this aim, they were on the whole successful down to the end of the 17th century. The Huguenots jewelers Jean Chardin, who was present at the coronation of one of the Safavids Shahs, Shah Suleiman, in 1666, has left us the following shrewd assessment of the situation. \"The clergy,\" he said, \"and all the holy men of Iran, consider the rule by layman was established by force and usurpation and civil government belongs by right to the church. At the more generally held opinion, is that royalty, or be it in the hands of laymen derives its institution and its authority from God. That the king takes the place of God and the prophets and the government of the people. That the Sayd and all other practitioners of the religious law should not interfere with the political institution. That their authority is subject to that of the king, even in matters of religion. This latter opinion prevails. The former opinion is held only by the clergy and those whom they supervise. The king and his ministers, close the mouths of the clergy as it pleases them, and force the clergy to obey them in everything. In this way, the spiritual is at the moment completely subordinate to the temporal.\" Well, that was the picture in 1666. But the second and perhaps even more important way in which the Safavid Shahs kept the mujtahids under control was by usurping the prerogative of the latter to be the representatives of the Hidden Imam upon earth. By means of two centuries of brilliantly effective propaganda, they succeeded in convincing a majority of the Iranian population, that their claim to be the representatives of the Hidden Imam, and therefore their right to be the source of ultimate power in the state was better than that of the mujtahids. They achieved this in domain by fabricating a genealogy demonstrating the descent from the Seventh Shi'i Imam. But astute they the policies of the Safavids were, they solve this fundamental problem of sovereignty in Shi'i state only on the level of real polity. The Safavids system worked well as long as the Shah maintains a strong hand at the helm. And the weak and ineffective Shahs, the mujtahids tended to reassert their independence of the political institution. With the exception of the last Safavid shah, Shah Sultan Husayn in 1694, this potential threat to the stability of the Safavid state became a reality. Shah Sultan Husayn, who was derisively dubbed Mulla Husayn, because of his subservience to the mujtahids, lost control of the religious institution. And the greatly enhanced prestige of the mujtahids in the administration of the state was reflected in the creation of a new office that of Chief Mulla, Mulla-bashi. According to Amin Banani, some sources suggest direct religious rule by means of a concourse of mujtahids above the monarch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/118473#t=0.0,1905.86776"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Furthermore, neither of the two principle methods used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=7.24,9.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the (indistinct) to subordinate the (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=9.81,12.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their authority was available to the Qajars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=12.16,15.372"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The result was that all through the 19th century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=16.37,19.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and continuing until recent times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=19.25,22.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there has been an ongoing struggle for power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=22.089,24.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the Shah and the (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=24.5,26.989"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to determine who is going to rule the state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=26.989,29.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On a theoretical basis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=30.51,32.189"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rivals for power were evenly matched","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=32.189,34.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the Qajar period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=34.53,36.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each possessed a source of authority based on emanation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=36.32,40.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The (indistinct) had regained their position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=40.71,43.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as representatives of the Hidden Imam upon earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=43.25,46.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Shah derived his authority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=46.63,48.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the divine right of Persian 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century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=77.519,80.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the government having no recourse against the combination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=80.549,84.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of leadership by the religious 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development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=106.23,109.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly in regard to the emancipation of women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=109.01,111.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the liberation of the peasants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=111.65,113.769"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in scientific and technological development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805#t=113.769,116.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45512/file/247805/transcript/69027/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in military 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