{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/416sx64n31/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Marshak, Robert E., Science and World Affairs"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203236 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Science and World Affairs is a March 2, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Robert Marshak. Robert Marshak argues that the solutions to global problems lie in multinational and multidisciplinary research and cooperation.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w90z7123c"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1982-03-02"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Marshak, Robert E. 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here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=392.77,395.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joe Keller has passed away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=396.81,399.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the only other person I remember was Dan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=399.33,404.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we had some very interesting physics discussions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=404.18,406.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the early 1950s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=406.74,408.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's just great pleasure to be back to see him again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=408.84,412.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to visit his university.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=412.79,414.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will read my evening talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=416.913,421.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because my experience is, otherwise, I speak too 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see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=449.573,453.195"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a way of speaking about science and world affairs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=453.195,456.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause science is gonna play a prominent 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fatalities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=480.789,484.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The perspective changes drastically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=486.41,489.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the risks of controlled nuclear 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oil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=495.04,498.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As my fellow physicists, Victor Weisskopf,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=500.37,503.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote at that time in the Bulletin of Atomic 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quote,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1042.37,1046.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Intellectual freedom is essential to human society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1046.607,1050.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freedom to obtain and distribute 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Kissinger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1073.05,1075.806"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to Washington in 1969,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1075.806,1078.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he did not pay more attention to the prophetic 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entered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1097.99,1101.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that deep night from which there is no return.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1101.67,1104.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emerging that during this decade of the 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Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1132.81,1135.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With all due respect to the contributions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1135.74,1137.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that government and the private sector have made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1137.93,1141.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and can continue to make toward the solutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1141.11,1144.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1144.67,1146.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The time has come for American universities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1146.34,1149.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to accept the primary 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1163.4,1167.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than any other institution in our society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1167.23,1170.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has demonstrated in the past several decades that quote,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1170.21,1175.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It is bastion of pluralism, humanism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1175.157,1179.875"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tolerance, openness to alternative 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American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1188.9,1191.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Western European universities by Eric Ashby","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1191.45,1195.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in his provocative little 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mine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1226.86,1229.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the former director of the National Humanities Center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1229.63,1233.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote in the December, 1977 issue of Change 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do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1254.15,1256.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nor do they even offer as do the social sciences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1256.76,1260.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the promise of such 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again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1366.27,1369.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who neatly captures the modern role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1369.43,1371.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for higher education in Western 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improvise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1394.79,1398.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solve problems with no precedent,\" end quote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=1398.49,1401.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To educate the paradigmatic university 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world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=2564.6,2566.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every university of stature in this great land of ours","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=2566.38,2570.059"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should participate in this crusade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=2570.059,2573.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only in this way will humanity have some hope for survival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=2573.47,2578.074"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=2578.074,2579.282"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=2579.282,2582.532"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21140/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/140/original/AV203236_Science_and_World_Affairs_a.vtt?1608541890","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/140/original/AV203236_Science_and_World_Affairs_a.vtt?1608541890"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21141","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203236_Science_and_World_Affairs_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426/transcript/21141/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good evening, I'm Jack Horowitz, and as president of the Iowa State University chapter Phi Beta Kappa I want to welcome all of you to this evening's lecture by the distinguished physicist and educator, Dr. Robert Marshak. Dr. Marshak is visiting the campus under the auspices of the Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar Program which was established by the united chapters of Phi Beta Kappa to enable students to meet noted scholars in diverse disciplines. While Phi beta Kappa is the oldest academic honorary society in the country, dating from 1776, Zeta of Iowa, the ISU chapter Phi Beta Kappa is quite young having been established only nine years ago. By attracting speakers such as Dr. Marshak, we hope to have an increasing impact on the intellectual life of the university. We're pleased that Dr. Marshak could come to ISU and spend two days meeting with students and faculty in physics and other disciplines. During that short period, he's presented a physics colloquium dealing with quarks and leptons as basic constituents of matter and has taken part in classroom discussions and an open forum on subjects ranging from human rights violations to technology transfer to the third world. This evening's talk caps Dr. Marshak's visit to Iowa State, and I'd like now to ask Dan Zafferano, the Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate College to introduce our speaker.\r\n\r\n- That's a real pleasure to welcome Dr. Marshak back to our campus. The last time he was here, we were trying to recall it was about 30 years ago. He was a good friend of Joseph M. Keller, who was on our physics departments faculty at that time. And I remember we had a very pleasant day with Dr. Marshak back then. He is certainly one of the senior statesman of physics. And I mean, maybe I should say senior statesman of science but I don't mean senior in the age sense. I mean, senior in the accomplishment sense. Dr. Marshak really worked his way up starting New York, he went as an undergraduate at Columbia and then he went to Cornell, and then he went to Rochester directly after achieving his PhD from Cornell. And so from 1939 to 1950, he rose up through the ranks at Rochester starting as an instructor. At the ripe old age of 33, he became chairman of the department in 1950 through '64. And then in 1964, he stepped down as chairman, became a university professor at Rochester. In 1970, in those turbulent years, he chose to become the president of the City College of New York, and those were very exciting times. And I remember reading about Dr. Marshak and open admissions and all the kinds of interesting things that went on at CCNY. Since 1979, he was president for nine years, since 1979, he's been at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as university distinguished professor. And I've been getting a sales job from Jack Horowitz and Dr. Marshak about what a great thing that would be to have at Iowa State and I agree. That's unbeknownst to have people like Dr. Marshak at Iowa State University distinguished professors, maybe we'll try to think more about that. Well, in terms of his accomplishments, he is a lecturer at and been a visiting lecture, Columbia, Harvard, Michigan, Tata Institute in Mumbai. He's lectured in Tokyo, Russia, Yugoslavia, Israel, India, and Sweden. He's been a visiting professor at Cornell and Carnegie Mellon and the University of Texas at Austin. He's been a Ford Foundation fellow. And for three times, he was a Guggenheim Foundation fellow. He is known in physics for his work in theoretical physics. One of the things is the VA theory, that vector-axial vector theory weak interactions. He tell me that protons and neutrons are thought to be made up of quarks, which haven't been seen yet, and I understand from colleagues that I think with Dr. Marshak is working on is what makes up quarks, which make up neutrons and protons. So he is working in the most elementary of elementary particle physics, and he uses techniques which are not elementary. He has known very well. I particularly remember him for a Baryon-Lepton symmetry principles. He uses the concepts of symmetry to deduce new ideas about elementary particles. He's author or co-author of books on meson physics, elementary particles, and theory of weak interactions. Dr. Marshak is former chairman of the Federation of American Scientists. He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences which is the most distinguished academy in the United States. And he's associate editor of the proceedings of the academy. He is the ultimate honor. He is president elect of the American Physical Society, all the physicists in the country. I just assume that the presidency next year. Well, Dr. Marshak today, this evening is going to talk to us about science and world affairs. Please join with me in welcoming Dr. Marshak.\r\n\r\n- Dan Zafferano was the one person I remembered on my visit about 30 years ago here. Joe Keller has passed away but the only other person I remember was Dan because we had some very interesting physics discussions about the early 1950s, and it's just great pleasure to be back to see him again and to visit his university. I will read my evening talk because my experience is, otherwise, I speak too long. I think the physicist will testify that my colloquium yesterday extended for at least an hour and a half and it was bad. Actually, the title of which is sort of a subclass of this general subject science and world affairs that I have given to my talk is the global mission of American higher education, which is really, as you will see, a way of speaking about science and world affairs 'cause science is gonna play a prominent role and the general academic community is gonna play a prominent role in, what I call, the global mission. Less than three years ago. the Three Mile Island accident occurred and it's inhibiting effect on the American nuclear reactor program has been tremendous despite the absence of any fatalities. The perspective changes drastically when the risks of controlled nuclear power all weighed against the possibility of accidental thermonuclear war over Persian Gulf oil. As my fellow physicists, Victor Weisskopf, wrote at that time in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, quote, \"There are more than 50,000 nuclear warheads now deployed and ready. Considering the dearth of rational thinking, among political leaders, the probability of being killed by the effects of a nuclear bomb is far greater than that of falling victim to a nuclear reactor. We are justly worried about human error and design and failures of nuclear reactors, but what about human and design failures in our strategic planning and the conduct of our political affairs and in the handling of our nuclear weapons? On these much more subject to wrong decisions, irrational actions, and accidents,\" end quote. Professor Weisskopf statements have become even more quotient in recent months. Indeed last December, in his capacity as a member of the Pontifical Academy, and at the behest of Pope John Paul II, Weisskopf and a small scientific delegation were received by President Reagan to listen to the Pope's plan for mutual nuclear arms reduction by the two superpowers. Perhaps as a nuclear physicist, I should focus on a terribly important set of questions bearing on the nuclear arms race, nuclear arms control, and the West European peace movement. However, as a former college president, I have decided to speak to the broader subject of the global mission of American higher education so that we can discuss together possible ways in which the higher educational enterprise in the United States can both contribute to the avoidance of thermonuclear war and to the solution of other global problems. I start with the premise that the impact of science and technology on society is so great that unless American universities are willing to accept much greater responsibility for applied multi-disciplinary research on the larger societal problems, more and more of our social decision-making will be based on the self-serving needs of government, the blandishments of special interest groups, and the pervasive emotionalism of the mass media. I believe that the present day American university can be the most effective instrument of social decision making, because it is the prime institution where intellectual discourse is relatively free of political pressures and ideological expediency, and where research and scholarship can be pursued without being constantly subjected to the changing moods of external publics. The strong tradition of intellectual freedom in American universities is rightly regarded as the fact that chiefly responsible for the flourishing state of basic research and scholarship in our country. To a remarkable degree, the academic researcher has been permitted to follow the bent of his own curiosity and the creative impulses of his own mind. Another prerequisite for the prospering of basic research and scholarship is openness of communication. University scholars and scientists here have been free to publish their results to receive publications from colleagues in laboratories throughout the world and to enjoy personal contacts with many experts in their fields. These conditions are essential ingredients of the continuing process of learning, of intellectual challenge, and of preparation for future research problems and create a very favorable climate for the practice of pure science and scholarship. The problem and the imperative, as I see it, is whether the beneficent conditions governing basic research and academic scholarship can be carried over to certain types of applied research. Let me put the question another way. We acknowledge that applied to search is driven by the desire to satisfy human needs. It is proper that much of this applied research is carried on in government laboratories and the non-profits supported by government to meet national goals established by the political process and also in industrial laboratories to produce products that satisfy the demands of the marketplace. But when we turn to the global needs of our complex interdependent world, we enter a realm where there is an inadequate knowledge base, and a great deal of research must be done simply to define the problems. The best minds must be brought together in an intellectual environment where national pride and profit-making are not the determining factors, a university or a consortium of universities or a consortium of universities working with the private sector and government, including the nonprofits, seems to me to be the most appropriate mechanism for mounting and attack on those problems that transcend national boundaries and the immediate interests of multinational corporations. This is a tall order for American higher education but I can identify no other institution in American society which carries so much potential for significant impact on the global problems facing mankind as does the higher educational system of the US. The national economic problems and the Soviet Union not withstanding, the United States is still the wealthiest, most powerful, and most influential country at this stage in human history. The United States, however, will not maintain this dominant world position unless as superpower number one, it provides the leadership to meet the threat of thermonuclear war to close the economic gap between developed and developing nations, to cope with the urban blight of post-industrial societies, and in general, to respond imaginatively, sensibly, and compassionately to the gamut of problems on a world scale that have resulted from the technological, informational, and population explosions of the last several decades. To put it bluntly, the United States must play the crucial role in helping to carry the world into the next century without disaster. And in this Herculean task, our government must look to its universities for the same level of intellectual support and dedication and unselfish service that it received during World War II. Some years ago, Henry Kissinger conceded that we are entering a climacteric of civilization in which no one can have more without someone having less. It was not until he was leaving office, Kissinger said, that he realized the enormity and grimness of our global problems. He admitted that when he came to Washington in 1969, it was inconceivable to his advisors that there would be a shortage of energy. As late as 1972, he was told that the United States had inexhaustible food surpluses. But as early as 1968, a courageous physicist from the Soviet Union, Andrey Sakharov, had pinpointed the global problems threatening disaster for mankind in his now famous essay, \"Progress, coexistence, and intellectual freedom.\" In this manifesto, never published in the USSR, Sakharov told us, quote, \"The division of mankind threatens it with destruction. Civilization is imperiled by a universal thermonuclear war, catastrophic hunger for most of mankind, stupefaction from the narcotic of mass culture, and bureaucratized dogmatism, a spreading of mass myths that put entire people's incontinence under the power of cruel and treacherous demagogues and destruction or degeneration from the unforeseeable consequences of swift changes in the condition of life in our planet.\" Sakharov continued his declaration with a basic prescription for progress in the solution of the world's ills to wit, quote, \"Intellectual freedom is essential to human society, freedom to obtain and distribute information, freedom from open-minded, unfearing debate, and freedom from pressure by officialdom and prejudice. Freedom of thought is the only guarantee of the feasibility of a scientific democratic approach to politics, economy, and culture,\" end quote. It is a pity that when Professor Kissinger came to Washington in 1969, he did not pay more attention to the prophetic words of Professor Sakharov the previous year. The decades of the '70s did not produce that American leadership that enabled us to go forward. The hour is late, but we have not entered that deep night from which there is no return. Emerging that during this decade of the '80s, American universities should deepen their response to Sakharov's courageous manifesto of 1968 and has even more exemplary behavior since that time with a solemn commitment to come to grips with the global problems about which Sakharov spoke 14 years ago, and with the stark realities that must be faced by every man, woman, and child on planet Earth. With all due respect to the contributions that government and the private sector have made and can continue to make toward the solutions of these problems. The time has come for American universities to accept the primary responsibility to forge a new set of value systems for our own society and to help generate a new set of long-term global goals. American higher education can't accept this large responsibility because it, more than any other institution in our society, has demonstrated in the past several decades that quote, \"It is bastion of pluralism, humanism, tolerance, openness to alternative truths, and ability to distinguish prejudice from error,\" end quote. This statement was made about American and Western European universities by Eric Ashby in his provocative little book called \"Adapting Universities to a Technological Society.\" Before I mention some ways in which I believe the global mission of American higher education can be implemented, I must pause to deal forthrightly with caveats expressed by some distinguished members of academe that the very concept of mission for an American university is a contradiction in terms. Thus, the late Charles Frankel, actually an old friend of mine, the former director of the National Humanities Center wrote in the December, 1977 issue of Change magazine that the humanity disciplines are quote, \"The most aristocratic in their pedigree in a world bound to the wheel of change stress the persistence of unchanging issues. They do not offer the prospect of progress and knowledge as the sciences do, nor do they even offer as do the social sciences, the promise of such progress. They raise questions about meaning, purpose, and value that a hurried world enamored of technique finds uncomfortable,\" end quote. I do not wish to argue whether Einstein's theory of relativity is as aristocratic in its pedigree or stresses the persistence of unchanging issues as does Shakespeare's \"Hamlet.\" I do acknowledge without hesitation that philosophy, history, literature, religion, and the arts raised questions about the meaning and purpose of life and generate the values that inform the human condition. What I do find difficult to accept is the attitude of many members of the humanities community that they are the only true custodians of the past, and of traditional learning, and I deplore their reluctance to engage in intellectual dialogue with social scientists and scientists in order to make a dent on the global challenges that confront us all. I should like to invite some of my humanities colleagues to orient their disciplinary skills to the present and the future as well as towards the past and to extend their concern beyond the traditional boundaries of the disciplines to the areas of public policy formulation, the development of new educational models, thematic studies, and even problem-solving activities. In my view, a truly humanistic approach to the exigencies of our modern dilemma will require a pooling of resources from all branches of learning. I quote from Eric Ashby again, who neatly captures the modern role for higher education in Western society when he says, quote, \"The paradigm of a university graduate used to be the conventional person ready to take responsibility for preserving a set of values which he felt no need to question. That sort of person cannot cope with the modern world. The contemporary paradigm is a person educated for insecurity who can innovate, improvise, solve problems with no precedent,\" end quote. To educate the paradigmatic university graduate of the contemporary era requires faculty members who are willing to reconcile the intellectual detachment essential for good scholarship with a social concern essential for the good life. Ashby has put the same thought other way, quote, \"If students do not learn from their teachers that the academic tradition can co-exist with concern for society, they will reject the academic tradition,\" end quote. I like to quote from Ashby's book because he seemed to have approached his duties as a university president with the same preconceptions, biases, and goals that I did as City College president. Joking aside, I do believe that he has expounded some very useful supportive arguments for my theme this evening that American higher education has no option but to accept a major global mission from the 1980s and beyond. What is still lacking is the identification of the basic educational strategies required to give meaning to the heightened global mission for American higher education. My general answer is that American universities can take a giant step forward in the furtherance of their global mission by working out a comprehensive plan to superimpose applied research and mission-oriented studies onto the present structure of professional and discipline-oriented programs. The applied research and mission-oriented studies would deal with the global problems of staggering proportions that confront the US and the rest of the world, and would have in common the attempt to firmly implant the usual professional and discipline-oriented career goals within a global humanistic multidisciplinary context. The global research mission of American higher education would at least be partially implemented via network of applied interdisciplinary research centers situated on various campuses throughout the United States. Examples of what I have in mind are, one, a center on peace and international security, including arms control, disarmament, limitations of national sovereignty, and so on. For more than two decades, the Pugwash Conferences founded by Cyrus Eaton in Pugwash, Nova Scotia in the late 1950s have been the itinerant equivalent of such a center. The Pugwash Conferences have brought together scientists, engineers, and social scientists from many countries, including the Soviet Union for unofficial discussions of key topics under the rubric of peace and international security. For example, the Pugwash Conferences were instrumental in preparing the groundwork for the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and SALT I. Several years ago, a center for arms control and international relations was established at the Kennedy School of Harvard University on the directorship of the distinguished chemist, Paul Doty, who has been active in the Pugwash Conferences. There is no reason why additional institutes dealing with other facets of this overriding global problem could not be established at a number of American campuses and, of course, close coordination of these institutes on a regular and continuing basis would be very desirable. A second example would be a center on problems of developing countries, including technology transfer, urbanization, and industrialization, agricultural and rural development, and so on. There is room here for many subinstitutes on different campuses. For example, an institute on communications in developing world in developing countries could deal with remote sensing and other applications of satellite technology leading to the location identification of natural resources, the assessment of weather and crop patterns, and the production of other kinds of maps. It could also study effective systems for gathering, organizing, disseminating, and using data and information in developing countries. UNESCO is beginning to move in this direction but with an enormous amount of political frictions, some of you may know. An institute on technology transfer and development could be most valuable and cover topics like development of technological awareness, relevant technology, and technology choices, management skills, agro industrial technology transfer, and so on. Even a sub-institute on the technological development of a populous middle-tier country like Nigeria, Mexico, or Indonesia, could make an important contribution to flushing out a model that would be applicable to other populous, resource-rich developing countries, which, in turn, could assist the technological development of less populous, less fortunate neighboring LDCs. I've had some personal experience with this type of operation specifically Nigeria, and I shall briefly recount this experience in just a few moments, but I like to give a couple of other examples. A third example would be a center on an urban problems in post-industrial societies, including transportation, housing, pollution, and so on. American cities share with large cities and other post-industrial societies throughout the world the problems of traffic congestion, substandard housing, crime, unacceptable levels of air and noise pollution. In addition to American urban problems are exacerbated by racial conflict, high levels of unemployment and poverty. Of course, situations changing Iowa has a high level of unemployment, I read just yesterday, grossly inadequate health and legal services and the inability of the public educational system to meet societal needs. To the best of my knowledge, there is no comprehensive center that studies on a comparative basis the massive problems of urban decay in the large cities of the developed world say, with populations in excess of one million. Furthermore, during the last quarter of a century, many large cities have mushroomed in the developing world and their afflictions also merit investigation and action recommendations on a broad comparative basis. The centers should be established as well at a university in the developing countries. And I have a close working relationship with the proposed center in the United States. Finally, I would give as an example, a center on international administration, including public policy and administration, comparative administration, economic and social indicators, management problems and nation building, and so on. Some American universities have started moving in this direction, but greater efforts in much closer collaboration are essential. The above constitute only a partial listing of the types of applied interdisciplinary research centers that should, in my opinion, be established at American universities to implement their global research mission. I have promised an illustration from a personal experience that will further clarify what I have been trying to say. In the spring of 1979, when I was still president, City College hosted a week long Nigeria-US workshop on technological development in Nigeria. Consider that Nigeria has a land area larger than that of France and West Germany combined, with a population approaching 100 million people, and a gross national product greater than the total for the rest of West Africa. Since the end of the Nigerian Civil War in 1970 and the subsequent boom in oil production, Nigeria has become the most prosperous country in Black Africa mindful of the need for indigenous managerial and technical personnel to handle in a well-planned and rational manner the nation's emergent wealth and long-term development. The Nigerian... By arranging the aforementioned Nigeria-US workshop, an American, many of our universities interested in developing nations as well as the private sector in government was formed. The workshop received cooperation and support from the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, BOSTID, of the National Academy of Sciences, exactly this office of the National Academy, last year received $36 million for the next five years to help the developing countries from USA, and you might look into that. But we, in connection with the Nigerian workshop, we had the support not only of BOSTID, but also USAID, a number of foundations and ministries. The workshop deliberations led to a series of recommendations for implementation by our respective governments. In other words, papers were not only presented on various aspects of technological development, but we spent several days actually talking about developing recommendations for the American US government, Nigerian government and joint intervention. These recommendations took cognizance of the fact that if Nigeria is to receive appropriate technology, it must be in a position to absolve, assimilate, and diffuse the transfer technology within her economy on a self-sustaining basis. There are many areas in agricultural and industrial development where the expertise of Nigerian scientists and engineers is needed to adapt and develop technologies relevant to Nigerian conditions. The Nigerian government follow through with the creation of a ministry of science and technology and the establishment of seven new institutes of science and technology. What was done on the American side? To seize the opportunity offered by Nigeria to facilitate the knowledge transfer process to that country with all humanitarian and geopolitical implications. It is true that during the summer of 1980, Dr. Frank Press then signs advisor to President Carter headed a delegation to Nigeria to work on an agreement with the Nigerian ministry of science and technology and how the United States and Nigeria could cooperate in the application of technology to Nigerian development. The implementation of such an agreement, however, requires that an approach to deal with the complexity of technology transfer to a large developing country like Nigeria be found that will provide continuity and wide access to the requisite competencies and scholars. In my opinion, the most effective approach would be to establish in the US a coordinating institute under the aegis of a consortium of universities. Such an institute would attempt to understand the impact impact of technology transfer on the economic, social, and ecological conditions of that country, and conversely, to delineate the effects in the developing nation of government policies, marketing incentives, and institutional and social constraints on the technology transfer poses, the multi-disciplinary nature of the problem, the need to do research before there is a clear payoff to the US in economic or political terms, the necessity to involve educational institutions in the developing countries because they provide the future technical, professional, and managerial infrastructure that is needed all point to the conclusion that American higher educational institutions must accept the chief responsibility for organizing centers or institutes for applied research and advanced training that will assist developing nations to overcome as rapidly as possible the gap that exists between them and developed countries. In the specific case of Nigeria, an applied interdisciplinary research institute on a university campus could assume the overall responsibility, in my view, in joint partnership with industry and government to match American capabilities to Nigerian institutions and to meet the developmental challenges posed by that country. Up to this point, I do not think that anyone would take issue with my basic premise to wit that the scientific and technological achievements of the last several decades have created a profound interdependence of all human societies, and that consequently, many of our national problems have a truly global context. I also do not believe that anyone who questioned my view that American higher education must somehow cope in an institutional fashion with these startling developments. You may differ with me on the degree to which American universities might be expected to engage in applied into disciplinary research activities devoted to global problems and suggest alternative models, such as governmental laboratories, non-profit think tanks, or dedicated research institutes under the control of the multinationals. From my vantage point, close cooperation by universities with government, the non-profits, and the private sector is not precluded in the performance applied research on global problems but would be strongly encouraged. I do believe, however, that society will be best served in these areas if the university assumes the leadership role. I have alluded to a variety of reasons for this preference but a key advantage would be that the placement of such highly significant applied research undertakings in university environments should not only lead to more integrated multidisciplinary studies but would profit the presence of graduate students eager to relate their disciplinary knowledge to policy formation within a global framework. Academic programs could be created that would emphasize the commonality of the many global problems besetting all mankind, independent of national, racial, political, and social differences. And that would inculcate a perspective of tolerance and comprehension towards diverse cultures. The idea would be to superimpose the global outlook onto the present structure of discipline-oriented graduate programs. A global educational model of sorts would be developed whose objective would be to educate a graduate student on either the master's or doctoral level who would be motivated and committed to serve the world community. In more concrete terms, the global educational model could be implemented on the master's level and the discipline-oriented social sciences and natural sciences or in the professional schools. An additional year could be used to convert the present master's program into master of philosophy programs and applied social science or applied natural science or what have you. During this additional year, the student would be exposed not only to the global implications of his particular discipline, but also to the questions of values and a matter of social responsibility. Clearly, this will involve cooperative efforts from scholars representing disciplines in science, liberal arts, and professional studies. The global educational model could be implemented in a similar fashion on the doctoral level by adding a year or two of globally oriented seminars designed by faculty teams from various disciplines and converting the regular doctor of philosophy degree into something like a degree called doctor of practical philosophy. Let me suggest one example. Suppose a student is working on a discipline-oriented doctoral thesis in chemistry, he might choose to spend an additional year or two taking into disciplinary seminars on chemistry's role in the world's food supply and in improving the quality of life. The extra year or so will thus be used for interested doctoral students in chemistry to identify human needs on a global scale amenable to solutions through chemistry. In their word, the global educational model is not intended to train a generalist who is incapable of completing the normal discipline-oriented master's or doctor's degree, but rather to educate the talented individual with the capacity for graduate research who wishes to relate his discipline-oriented knowledge to the policy and humanistic dimensions that are folded into the solution of a pressing world problem. In concluding, I wish to make it clear that I yield to no one in my love for basic research and scholarship. That's what I'm doing now myself. The passionate pursuit of truth, the thoroughgoing respect for the inner logic structure of knowledge and their unswerving resistance to outside pressures, pure science and scholarship are jewels of modern culture will remain indispensable into the indefinite future. However, the burden of global challenges mandates that the American scientific academic community be willing to balance the celebration of scientific creation and scholarly accomplishment with the application of knowledge to societal needs and the sensitivity to human values. I am calling for a crusade a massive investment of human and fiscal resources in academe to meet these global challenges facing our nation and the entire world. Every university of stature in this great land of ours should participate in this crusade. Only in this way will humanity have some hope for survival. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34586/file/103426#t=0.0,2603.57225"}]}]}]}