{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/3r0pr7n71f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hood, Leroy E., Biotechnology, The Genome Initiative and Medicine of the 21st Century"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203944 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Biotechnology, The Genome Initiative and Medicine of the 21st Century is an October 4, 1990 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Leroy Hood. 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Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w96m33848"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1990-10-04"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Hood, Leroy E. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/540/small/lecture.png?1622140661","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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protein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=7.1,9.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The title of tonight's seminar is biotechnology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=10.77,13.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the genome initiative and medicine in the 21st century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=13.39,16.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=18.537,21.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you hear me, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=32.01,33.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Testing one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=34.89,35.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this working? Hello?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=37.51,39.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is the audio, can we turn the audio up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=41.9,44.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=46.867,48.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's no one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=48.86,49.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the speaker is not working?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=53.95,55.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hi, David.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=60.49,61.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There isn't has been a real revolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=63.85,67.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in biology in the last 20 years or so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=67.15,70.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's been fueled by a series of technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=70.017,73.811"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in fact are shown on the first slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=73.811,76.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these are technologies that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=77.23,79.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of you I suspect are familiar with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=80.09,83.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it possible to turn off the front row of lights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=83.06,85.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we can see the slides?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=85.91,87.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great. Well, I don't know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=91.91,94.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people might fall asleep if we have them all off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=94.96,97.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's, that's great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=99.55,100.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, I think that would be sufficient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=100.78,102.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These technologies have not only changed how we do biology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=105.19,110.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they've lead to changes in concepts about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=110.14,113.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fundamental ways when we think about biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=113.34,116.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In my own view is that in the next 20 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=116.06,120.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kinds of changes that we've seen in the past 20,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=120.27,123.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if anything, will only be accelerated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=123.18,126.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed, the kinds of technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=126.89,128.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're talking about relate to instruments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=128.84,132.126"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that initially can manipulate DNA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=132.126,136.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and proteins that is the basic molecules of life,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=136.27,139.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more effectively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=139.75,141.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both for their analysis and their synthesis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=141.54,144.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as well I think in the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=144.7,146.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the the challenges for biotechnology is going to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=146.23,150.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to determine how molecules interact with one another,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=150.7,154.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and networks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=154.337,155.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how cells interact with one another, and networks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=155.3,158.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even how organs interact with one another in networks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=158.26,162.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we get 211, now okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=162.2,163.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perhaps no more revolutionary new tool","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=170.13,174.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going to be developed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=174.9,177.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the tool provided by the genome initiative,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=177.01,181.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"namely a complete 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cells.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=186.16,189.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in the course of this lecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=189.5,191.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to show you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=191.1,193.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how we're going to approach this problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=194.22,196.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why I believe this book of life, if you will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=196.61,200.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going to so profoundly alter how we do biology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=200.54,205.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as well how we carry out medicine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=205.05,208.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, before we get into that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=208.97,210.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me give you just an overview of what in a sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=210.47,213.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think is really the most fundamental problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=213.86,216.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all of modern biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=216.15,218.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is developmental biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=218.19,219.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We all start as a single celled fertilized ovum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=219.83,224.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we go through a series of events,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=224.09,226.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cell divisions that lead to spheres","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=226.23,229.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cylinders to flatten and alginate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=229.03,231.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then ultimately generate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=231.307,232.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the different organ layers in the 10 to the 14 cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=232.97,237.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are present in an adult organism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=237.52,240.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, there are two critical kinds of questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=240.46,244.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are the focus of modern developmental biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=244.44,247.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is the question of how the individual genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=247.98,250.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are turned on in the right cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=250.93,252.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the right time at the right level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=252.67,255.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what are the nature of the molecular controls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=255.06,258.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that regulate the temporal and the spatial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=258.23,261.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the magnitude of gene expression?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=261.577,264.064"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are questions that we really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=264.064,266.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't even begin to answer at this point in time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=266.18,269.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=269.447,270.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"related to that is what I call","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=270.35,272.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the choreography of chromosomes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=272.19,274.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the nature of the controls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=274.53,277.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tie together in networks batteries of genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=277.14,280.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So then in the muscle cell,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=280.04,281.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you express the 5,000 gene products","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=281.28,284.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that uniquely give the muscle cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=284.34,286.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its particular characteristics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=286.58,288.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a brain cell, perhaps 10,000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=288.3,290.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different kinds of genes that give","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=290.55,292.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that particular cell its characteristics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=292.97,295.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's these fundamental questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=295.63,297.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of developmental biology that I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=297.79,300.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can demonstrate to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=300.83,301.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the genome will provide us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=301.663,304.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with absolutely unique opportunities for approaching.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=304.76,307.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let me give you a very brief review,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=309.22,312.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I know the audience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=312.0,313.288"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is quite heterogeneous in their knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=313.288,316.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of essentially what four billion years of evolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=316.19,319.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has done in the terms of storing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=319.8,322.341"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and transferring information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=322.341,324.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The chromosomes that you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=325.96,327.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a four letter alphabet, that is linear,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=327.63,331.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically in its dimensionality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=331.72,333.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then encoded in our chromosomes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=333.77,337.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are of the order of 100,000 genes for human organism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=337.81,341.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each gene expresses a unit of information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=341.72,344.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the manner I'll describe in just a moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=344.76,347.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the genes then are expressed through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=347.63,350.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an intermediate, in a sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=350.51,353.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working computer tape called messenger RNA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=353.13,355.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, it's a four letter alphabet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=355.7,358.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the four letters there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=358.31,359.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are related to the four letters of 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spatial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=515.884,518.895"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and magnitude regulatory events,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=518.895,522.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as this 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elements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=528.01,530.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of argue everything is junk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=530.46,532.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why should you sequence it 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polymorphisms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1254.03,1257.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and using either simple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1257.35,1258.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or more complicated kinds of repeats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1258.97,1261.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ways I don't really want to describe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1261.05,1263.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will just 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useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1267.918,1271.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they aren't fully automatable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1271.55,1272.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what I'm going to tell 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sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1278.53,1281.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is powerfully automatable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1281.49,1283.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'll show you then how it can be 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mine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1300.76,1302.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by probably one and 500 basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1302.81,1306.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So each of those 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store.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1549.61,1552.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can see the technique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1552.1,1554.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is enormously powerful in many different 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chromosome,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1560.76,1562.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the chromosome we've chosen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1562.967,1564.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a variety of irrelevant reasons is chromosome 14.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1564.89,1569.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a chromosome","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1569.18,1570.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has 100 million base pairs in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1570.74,1574.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any approach that we're taking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1574.56,1576.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to mapping the chromosome,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1576.4,1578.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is basically to use the cell sorter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1578.54,1581.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to purify chromosome 14 from all other chromosomes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1581.07,1585.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to share it up into very small pieces,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1585.56,1588.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to determine the sequence of 150 or so of these pieces,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1588.84,1593.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then to use that sequence information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1594.16,1596.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ways I'm not gonna 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essays","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1603.056,1605.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've talked about here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1605.73,1607.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Iowa essays that I've talked about here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1607.03,1609.809"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then when we're finished,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1609.809,1611.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we'll have is 150 or 200","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1611.87,1614.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these markers that are on chromosome 14,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1614.09,1617.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we won't know their location.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1617.227,1620.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way we'll determine their location","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1620.19,1622.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is by taking these 200 markers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1622.53,1625.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looking at 40 families","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1625.63,1629.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have the parents and children and grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1629.08,1632.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And essentially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1632.06,1632.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by analyzing the markers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1632.91,1635.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have in the context of these families,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1635.75,1638.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will be able to align all of the markers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1638.26,1641.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have in the context of those families.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1641.023,1643.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that will create a genetic map","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1643.94,1646.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can then be used in the future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1646.25,1648.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to ask whether there's any particular disease phenotype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1648.77,1652.548"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that correlates within particular region on chromosome 14.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1652.548,1656.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've carried out that sequence analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1658.8,1661.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and preliminary fashion in exactly the way I described,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1661.02,1664.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the important point about this slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1664.94,1668.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that of the sequences we look at on chromosome 14,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1668.02,1673.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than half of them exhibit polymorphisms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1673.87,1677.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the polymorphisms are common,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1677.11,1679.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very easy to get out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1679.38,1680.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and carry out this kind of analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1680.967,1683.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're talking about here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1683.01,1684.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going to be a straightforward kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1684.84,1688.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, for those of you who have any interest in genetics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1689.31,1693.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna make a technical point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1693.28,1694.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will be irrelevant to most of you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1694.67,1697.014"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The informativeness that is the useful of tool wheels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1697.014,1701.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as genetic markers is limited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1701.67,1703.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the fact there are only two alternative forms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1703.97,1706.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not four or six or 18.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1706.38,1708.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what we found in a number of sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1708.99,1711.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a series of genetic markers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1711.41,1713.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are within four or 500 base pairs of one another,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1713.5,1716.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it turns out in the two cases we've examined in detail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1716.62,1720.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are in partial leakage equilibrium with one another,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1720.83,1724.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they make many different haplotypes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1724.48,1727.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the collection of those four markers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1727.18,1729.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in one example together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1729.18,1730.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a heterozygosity of greater than 80%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1730.683,1734.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it turns out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1734.22,1735.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it turns out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1735.053,1736.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can use nested sets of these 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screen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1757.41,1760.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to locate on chromosome 14 eg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1760.36,1764.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that predisposes one to a particular disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1764.18,1768.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what is I think, really exciting about this idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1768.0,1772.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it takes an earlier 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chromosome,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1787.91,1791.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be to take a 250,000 base pair fragment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1791.55,1795.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sequence either end of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1795.8,1798.019"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then to use this former Hg reaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1798.019,1801.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to generate a unique signature for each end of the sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1801.27,1805.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that unique signature is called a sequence tech site,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1805.937,1810.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's nice for all the reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1810.49,1813.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've listed over there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1813.06,1814.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm not gonna go into the technical 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marker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1837.24,1839.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right in the middle of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1839.21,1840.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to give them enormously enhanced power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1840.77,1844.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, that enhanced power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1844.33,1846.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then gives us the capacity to tie 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sites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1851.99,1856.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can use the polymerase chain reaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1856.48,1859.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to pick out the large clones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1859.84,1863.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that correspond to each of those 150 sites or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1863.39,1867.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And with those clones then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1867.93,1869.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've reduced the problem of creating a physical map","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1869.887,1872.848"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a single problem of 100 million basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1872.848,1877.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to 50 problems of two mega bases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1877.39,1880.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and actually easily solvable problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1880.11,1882.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So polymorphic STS sites can join together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1882.7,1886.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the physical and the genetic maps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1886.31,1889.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's going to be an extremely powerful tool","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1889.36,1892.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1892.19,1893.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only for doing genetic and physical mapping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1893.14,1896.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but for automatically being able to screen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1896.35,1898.876"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through very large populations of human beings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1898.876,1902.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see whether particular phenotypic traits schizophrenia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1902.73,1906.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"correlate with any one of the chromosomes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1906.573,1908.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has been so characterized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1908.923,1911.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let me talk about a second type of analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=1913.17,1917.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's going to the 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procedures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2117.33,2119.818"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and carry out the sequence analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2119.818,2122.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, at the end of the 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time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2128.18,2131.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our strategy for sequencing these large fragments of DNA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2131.31,2134.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to prepare inserts that are of the 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string.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2154.27,2156.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And with 700 fragments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2156.9,2159.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can assemble the 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day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2198.35,2200.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 450 base pairs per run,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2200.62,2203.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can best get more than 10,000 base pairs per day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2203.9,2207.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then five days a week and 52 weeks per year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2207.63,2210.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can get two million base 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terrific,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2217.19,2220.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there are two constraints on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2220.5,2222.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One, we can't keep up with the rest of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2222.29,2225.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to really keep the machines running at that rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2225.37,2227.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, for the past last year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2227.52,2229.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've probably used our machines at the rate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2229.46,2231.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 15 to 20% of their actual productivity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2231.55,2235.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and number two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2235.7,2236.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a short method we've talked about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2236.67,2239.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have a six fold redundancy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2239.34,2241.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you see clients on average","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2241.01,2242.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the same thing six times over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2242.34,2244.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's terrific to bring it down your error rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2244.44,2246.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it certainly is wasteful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2246.81,2248.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the actual sequence that you generate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2248.61,2251.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in addition, we have control sequences in there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2251.8,2254.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have to sequence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2254.23,2255.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So by the time you're finished,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2255.26,2256.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you go from 2,800,000 base pairs down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2256.68,2260.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the three to 400,000 base pairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2260.68,2263.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're gonna make the machines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2263.26,2264.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50% more effective and in their throughput,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2264.88,2267.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're gonna cut down the redundancy by a factor of two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2267.61,2270.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then this will within a few years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2270.9,2273.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put us in the position of sequencing easily in a year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2273.32,2277.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a million base pairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2277.63,2279.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The future I think is very exciting for DNA sequencing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2280.48,2284.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of these techniques,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2284.71,2285.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm not gonna discuss them quickly to breakthroughs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2285.82,2289.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you could think about doing tens of thousands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2289.5,2292.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if not hundreds of thousands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2292.85,2294.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of base pairs per day very easily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2294.24,2296.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The technology that in my view in the near future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2297.801,2300.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has the most potential for contributing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2300.97,2303.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is mass spectrometry and there is three or four different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2303.85,2306.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways that one could think about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2306.92,2308.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using that in the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2308.8,2310.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I spoken about the problem of information analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2311.8,2316.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here is an example of a gene","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2317.52,2319.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we've analyzed in an interesting way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2319.5,2321.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the problems of informational analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2322.99,2325.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relate to the acquisition, the management,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2325.7,2327.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the pattern analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2327.92,2329.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a pattern of the gene if you will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2329.11,2331.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its distribution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2331.32,2332.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the problem with the gene","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2332.95,2335.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've shown you there and its analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2335.08,2337.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it's one that is not susceptible to the extended.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2337.77,2341.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a gene that on its side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2341.95,2344.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is only about 5,000 base pairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2344.7,2347.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's what the gene looks like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2347.14,2349.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's roughly one million of the human genome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2349.55,2353.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you have to amplify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2353.74,2355.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this two dimensional pattern analysis array","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2355.49,2360.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a million fold that would obviously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2360.51,2362.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be computationally impossible to handle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2362.53,2365.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, the major calculations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2365.47,2368.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are necessary for analyzing genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2368.32,2370.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is looking for similarity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2370.54,2372.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turned out to be incredibly computationally intensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2372.56,2375.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, they're exponential in their demand on computers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2375.53,2380.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you increase the size of the database","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2380.43,2382.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the yearly input of DNA sequencing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2382.69,2385.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is slide is two years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2385.4,2387.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The database then was 25 million bases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2387.4,2390.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the yearly input was about 10 million bases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2390.34,2393.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To do the most rigorous similarity analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2393.14,2396.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those two things against one another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2396.07,2397.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will take the largest supercomputer down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2397.9,2400.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost a year to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2400.57,2401.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can't do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2401.82,2403.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you cannot analyze the information of a genome by simple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2403.72,2408.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even super computers that operate in a sequential 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another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2415.98,2417.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what Tim Hunkapiller has done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2417.65,2420.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Caltech for the last three years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2420.05,2422.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is develop a series of super chips","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2422.45,2424.652"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that convert into silicon particular 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century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2690.42,2693.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is the program we've already started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2693.05,2694.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with several students 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initiative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2757.27,2759.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, more than half your genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=2759.09,2761.683"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27209/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/209/original/AV203944_Biotechnology_The_Genone_Initiave_and_Medicine_of_the_21st_Century_a.vtt?1622140664","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/209/original/AV203944_Biotechnology_The_Genone_Initiave_and_Medicine_of_the_21st_Century_a.vtt?1622140664"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27210","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203944_Biotechnology_The_Genone_Initiave_and_Medicine_of_the_21st_Century_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540/transcript/27210/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Science and Technology Center for integrated nucleic acid and protein. The title of tonight's seminar is biotechnology, the genome initiative and medicine in the 21st century.\r\n\r\n- Can you hear me, okay? Testing one. Is this working? Hello? Is the audio, can we turn the audio up? It's no one. Well, the speaker is not working? Hi, David. There isn't has been a real revolution in biology in the last 20 years or so and it's been fueled by a series of technologies that in fact are shown on the first slide. And these are technologies that many of you I suspect are familiar with. Is it possible to turn off the front row of lights so we can see the slides? Great. Well, I don't know, people might fall asleep if we have them all off. That's, that's great. Yeah, I think that would be sufficient. These technologies have not only changed how we do biology, they've lead to changes in concepts about fundamental ways when we think about biology. In my own view is that in the next 20 years, the kinds of changes that we've seen in the past 20, if anything, will only be accelerated. And indeed, the kinds of technologies that we're talking about relate to instruments that initially can manipulate DNA and proteins that is the basic molecules of life, more effectively, both for their analysis and their synthesis. And as well I think in the future one of the the challenges for biotechnology is going to be to determine how molecules interact with one another, and networks, how cells interact with one another, and networks, and even how organs interact with one another in networks. So we get 211, now okay? Perhaps no more revolutionary new tool is going to be developed, then the tool provided by the genome initiative, namely a complete map and a complete sequence of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that are present in each and every one of your cells. And in the course of this lecture, I'd like to show you how we're going to approach this problem, and why I believe this book of life, if you will, is going to so profoundly alter how we do biology, and as well how we carry out medicine. Now, before we get into that, let me give you just an overview of what in a sense, I think is really the most fundamental problem in all of modern biology. And that is developmental biology. We all start as a single celled fertilized ovum, and we go through a series of events, cell divisions that lead to spheres and cylinders to flatten and alginate, and then ultimately generate the different organ layers in the 10 to the 14 cells that are present in an adult organism. And of course, there are two critical kinds of questions that are the focus of modern developmental biology. One is the question of how the individual genes are turned on in the right cells at the right time at the right level. So what are the nature of the molecular controls that regulate the temporal and the spatial, and the magnitude of gene expression? Those are questions that we really can't even begin to answer at this point in time. And of course, related to that is what I call the choreography of chromosomes. What are the nature of the controls that tie together in networks batteries of genes. So then in the muscle cell, you express the 5,000 gene products that uniquely give the muscle cell its particular characteristics and in a brain cell, perhaps 10,000 different kinds of genes that give that particular cell its characteristics. It's these fundamental questions of developmental biology that I think I can demonstrate to you that the genome will provide us with absolutely unique opportunities for approaching. Now, let me give you a very brief review, since I know the audience is quite heterogeneous in their knowledge of essentially what four billion years of evolution has done in the terms of storing and transferring information. The chromosomes that you know have a four letter alphabet, that is linear, basically in its dimensionality. Then encoded in our chromosomes are of the order of 100,000 genes for human organism, each gene expresses a unit of information in the manner I'll describe in just a moment. Now, the genes then are expressed through an intermediate, in a sense, working computer tape called messenger RNA. Again, it's a four letter alphabet, the four letters there are related to the four letters of DNA. And again, it's linear in its dimensionality, with regard to information. And of course, the final information transfer process is taking this working computer tape and translating it into a protein in specialized machines, that give you then a linear polymer that has 20 different types of subunits, the so called amino acid subunits. And it's the order in which these subunits are joined together, that causes the proteins to fold in three dimensions to make a molecular machine, and it's these three dimensional molecular machines, the proteins that execute all of the basic functions of life, virtually. And of course, the real question in modern biology then is how do we go from the one dimensional information the chromosomes, to the three dimensional information of the proteins and one of the fundamental and unanswered questions is given the linear order of amino acid subunits in a protein can we set up predictive measures that will allow us to determine the three dimensional structure of the protein when it folds? Now this process of information transfer is read out in a sense from the DNA or from the genes, three code letters at a time, each of these code letters represent a different type of one of the amino acid subunits. So you go from four letter alphabet, read off three units at a time to a 20 letter alphabet which then constitute proteins that fold into these molecular machines. Now, from the point of view of the genome initiative, the sequence of our chromosomes number one it's going to tell us the identity of all 100,000 or so human genes. Now, this is an exacting computational and experimental problem, a very subtle one, but a lot of ramifications. And I won't really have time to discuss it. But once we have these 100,000 genes, we will have the basic units for manipulating fundamental biology, and we'll have in a sense 100,000 potential therapeutic reagents for medicine to explore in the future. Now, as I've already intimated, associated with each of these teams are regulatory elements, and once we've sequenced the human genome, we will be able to decipher the regulatory code of the genes and understand these temporal and spatial and magnitude regulatory events, as well as this choreography, the networking together of different kinds of genes. Now beyond the genes and the control elements, some of argue everything is junk, and why should you sequence it yet? If you think about what chromosomes can do you realize that they are marvelous organelles that must have contained intrinsically within them a great deal of additional other information. For example, each of you has in every one of your cells of the order of two meters of DNA. That has to fold into 23 pairs of chromosomes that are much smaller than the dot of a pencil. So that is a process of information compaction that modern engineering can't begin to duplicate. Yet what controls this compaction process are proteins, which must recognize structures on the DNA. And not only must they recognize structures on the DNA, in order to express a particular gene at a particular point, you have to unfold, you have to deconvolute these chromosomes and let the genes be then exposed to the enzymes of transcription and translation. So how you compact and decompact this regime specific manner requires recognition sequences that are complementary between proteins and the genes that are present on the chromosomes and it's these kinds of codes that the genome will help us with quite obviously. Now the dimensionality of proteins to make molecular machines is really a mysterious thing. If you look at a protein, you can't our priori have any idea what kind of function this protein might carry out. And yet, it's an enzyme that has an ability to cleave a certain kind of carbohydrate moiety in the groove that you see on the upper right hand side there. And of course, the directions for folding these linear chains into these three dimensional structures can be explicit in their specificity and here's an example of a portion of an enzyme whose substrate binding rock pocket is shown in green, the substrate and the amino acid chain is peptide chain as shown in orange. So there has to be a complementarity that permits the substrate to fit into the enzyme pocket and then there has and one has to juxtapose in three dimensions, the appropriate amino acid side chains to execute the chemistry that permits the chain to be clean. And of course, again, the challenge for the future is going to be to design from first principles, the capacity to create proteins with any shape, with shapes of any type of complementarity and to understand how you can juxtapose chemical amino acid side chains in three dimensions to execute any particular chemistry you'd like to wish. This is the world of protein engineering, and that's a world of alternative later. Now, what has really revolutionized and made possible the genome initiative in first principles is the techniques of recombinant DNA. That is the techniques whereby we have enzymes that can cut DNA particular sites, we have enzymes that can join DNA together with other sites, and we have enzymes that can synthesize copies of DNA. So those three categories of enzymes, restriction endonucleases, ligases and polymerases are the essence of which the revolution of molecular biology has come. And it's that revolution that then has permitted us to seriously consider this incredibly audacious task of mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. Now, to a first approximation, there are really two kinds of maps. There is a genetic map wherein we can take human traits, and we can follow their segregation through families, and if indeed, they are linked together on a single chromosome, the distance of their separation will be proportional to their ability to cosegregate in family studies. So you can generate these so called genetic or recombinational maps, where traits that are physically very close together will appear close together on a genetic map, and traits that are distinct will appear distinct on the genetic map. Now, we wanna be able to translate genetic maps into physical maps because we wanna have our hands on the DNA that encodes the gene that causes schizophrenia. And that's where the second category of map comes in and these are called the physical maps. Whether they are maps that are created by locating sites at which these DNA cutting enzymes can cleave double stranded DNA, a so called restriction map, or whether it's taking the smallest, or the largest manipulable unit of DNA, which today ranges in the order of one to 300 kilobases, 300,000 bases of DNA, and to put these fragments together in a linear jigsaw puzzle, so that you get an ordered library of these fragments that extends across the entire chromosome that you're interested in doing. And of course, with these pieces of DNA, you have each of them in a test tube, and when you can then link a particular genetic grade to a particular DNA fragment you have in your hands, the gene. Now, in a sense, the ultimate physical map is the sequence that is the exact order of these four different subunits for every single chromosome. And again, the task of mapping and sequencing the human genome is enormous. These 23 chromosomes contain more than three times, 10 to the ninth base pairs of these DNA subunits. There are really 24 different chromosomes, the two sex chromosomes are distinct from one another. They encode 100,000 genes in width a process called RNA splicing. The amount of information that one can generate from these genes is totally unimaginable at this point in time, but certainly much greater than 100,000 genes which you see there. Now, a part of the human genome initiative is the understanding that model organisms should also be analyzed. And there are two categories of model organisms. One is a complex organism like ourselves, the mouse which will be used both as a model system for human disease, and to examine and identify conserved sequences in the chromosomes. And by identifying these conserved sequences, we will be able to locate regions that evolution has said cannot be changed, because they have predetermine specified function. And of course, these functions may encode proteins, that is they may be genes, they may be regulatory elements, or they may encode some of these other functions that are associated uniquely with chromosomes, such as folding and convection. Now, the second category of model organisms are those simple organisms such as bacteria and yeast to begin with, and then the more complicated worm and fly and so forth. Because these simple model organisms are going to be the keys to telling us how human genes work. By relationships of similarity or homology, we can take the human gene and find in the yeast its counterpart quite often. And in that simple yeast, we can manipulate those genes in ways that are totally impossible in humans to determine, of these in that organism what its counterpart does, and armed with this knowledge, then we can go back and look at the human genes. Now, the timetable for carrying out the genome initiative is in many of our views of the order of 15 years. And the first 10 years from my point of view should be spent with a major focus on technology development, because we need tools from mapping and for sequencing, and perhaps most important of all, for analyzing all this information that are somewhere between 100 and 1,000 times better than the tools that we have now. During that time, we can do some mapping of chromosomes, and we can do a very modest amount of sequencing, but it is in the third five year period that I suspect we'll have very powerful, fully automated tools, extremely powerful informatics systems that will allow the remaining 95 to 99% of the human genome to be sequenced easily within five years and as well many other things. It'll probably be done in a few large centers, I would guess by subcontract. What that will mean is biologists will never again form a sequence genes because it will be done and it will be sitting in your computer waiting for you to carry out the analysis. So the basic objectives of the genome initiative are number one, to develop technologies, and this is the first biological initiative that has ever had as a major focus technology development. And in that sense, it marks a real milestone. And then number two is to give us computer access to the genome sequence in the genome maps so that we as biologists can design the experiments we'll need to do in the future to solve these very complicated network interaction problems. Now, let me talk then about the benefits that are going to come from the genome initiative. And they really fall into three categories that I'll talk about some of the new tools that we'll have, how it's going to change the practice of biology, and how ultimately it's going to change the practice of medicine. And what I'd like to do is spend just a few moments talking about the approach that we've taken at Caltech toward technology development in a few limited areas. About two years ago, we received the science and technology centers award for a center in essentially molecular biotechnology, and that's permitted us to put together groups of scientists that have virtually all of the expertises that you see here. So computer scientists, engineers that could do instrumentation, people that were experts in protein separation analysis, and in micro sequency, chemists that were experienced in nucleic acid chemistry, and from these have come the specific interest that you see there on your right, so we are focusing on 2-D gel electrophoresis is the most powerful separation method, and we're using it as a prepative tool for obtaining protein per sequence analysis. Clearly, the future in protein chemistry and sequence analysis is mass spectrometry. And I'm really not gonna have time to talk about those two things tonight, but what I will talk about are the approaches that we've taken toward DNA sequencing toward setting up facilities for large scale sequencing, and toward the techniques that we're developing for DNA diagnostics and mapping. And what we'll start with is the whole question of DNA diagnostics and mapping. Now, it's quite clear if you think about it from first principles that one of the fundamental problems in the genome initiative is how to create genetic maps. That is how to create maps that tell us the relative distances of genetic traits that we'd like to examine with respect to one another on chromosomes. The techniques that exist now for the Cochrane-Centi are using restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphisms, and using either simple or more complicated kinds of repeats in ways I don't really want to describe. I will just say that the first two approaches toward genetic mapping are in the future not going to be useful because they aren't fully automatable. And what I'm going to tell you, is about a technique that we've developed at Caltech, that is called polymorphic sequence tag sites that is powerfully automatable, and I'll show you then how it can be applied to the human genome initiative. So the basic idea in this technique is to be able to take advantage of the enormous genetic variation called the limit variation of human DNA sequences. Your chromosomes differ from mine by probably one and 500 basis. So each of those differences are potential genetic markers that I could use to map particular regions of your chromosomes. So what we'd like to be able to do is to develop a simple automated test for analyzing the single nucleotide genetic variations. And I described at an earlier seminar today, the simple approach that we've taken to doing that, which is to look at a particular target DNA that has a site of variation, and to construct two DNA probes each about 27 subunits that might, that are adjacent to one another, and the blue probe has it's end, it's end to the right for three prime and right at the side of the mutation. And to the blue probe, we put a hook so we can pull it out of the reaction mixture. To the red probe, we put a fluorescent reporter group so we can identify it easily. And then the basic idea of this analysis is to be able to hybridize those two probes to target DNA. When there is a perfect match of complementarity probe to target DNA, one of these classic enzymes of recombinant DNA techniques, DNA ligase, can actually covalently link the two oligonucleotides together. Then you can use to hook to blue to blue pull out the blue probe, and it pulls with it the red probe and you see a nice little red spot that says you have molecular complementarity. In contrast, if there is a lack of molecular complementarity, if there's a substitution there, when you pull out the blue probe, you don't bring the red probe, so you get no color. So in a sense, it's a very simple barcode analysis. And indeed, we have taken this analysis and coupled to it a technique called the polymerase chain reaction, which allows us to amplify target sequences. We're interested in examining for genetic variation by a million fold, carrying out the ligation essay and doing us all in a little well, what's present in one of 96 wells in the microtiter plate, and we have a robotic workstation that automatically does all of the chemistry that's necessary, basically, for these reactions. So we can, in this automatic mode, carry out the analysis for more than 1,000 of these polymorphic sites in a single day. Now, to give you an idea of how effective this is, here is an example of the essay carried out on normal genes and the mutant genes using respectively normal probes and mutant probes. And you can see it's all or none, it's either black in this black and white slide or it's white. And in fact, what we have is a detector sit down on the 96 well rate plate, read off the answers from the 12, and then a computer does the calculations that tell you that can draw the genetic map or do the DNA diagnostics in this particular case. So it is an extremely powerful technique that allows us to carry out this kind of analysis. Now, it's quite clear that this analysis is going to replace at least in a formal sense, this kind of analysis will replace the other approaches that we've talked about for genetic mapping here, because it's a barcode, it's a plus or minus, and in the future, we'll be able to print out a barcode identity plate for each human individual that can be used in a variety of ways to uniquely identify you. There is the video electrophoresis, and has no radioactivity that works on small fragments, and it's fully automatable. And we can detect any kind of substitution that occurs, and then there are some other technical things that I won't go into. And finally, it's absolutely compatible with computers, because it's going to be a barcode, absolutely analogous to the barcode that you have at the grocery store. So you can see the technique is enormously powerful in many different ways. Now, we're going to use this technique to map the human chromosome, and the chromosome we've chosen for a variety of irrelevant reasons is chromosome 14. And this is a chromosome that has 100 million base pairs in it. Any approach that we're taking them to mapping the chromosome, is basically to use the cell sorter to purify chromosome 14 from all other chromosomes, to share it up into very small pieces, to determine the sequence of 150 or so of these pieces, and then to use that sequence information in ways I'm not gonna discuss to identify the sights of these very common polymorphisms. And then to make the automated essays that I've talked about here, the Iowa essays that I've talked about here. And then when we're finished, what we'll have is 150 or 200 of these markers that are on chromosome 14, but we won't know their location. The way we'll determine their location is by taking these 200 markers, and looking at 40 families that have the parents and children and grandchildren. And essentially, by analyzing the markers that we have in the context of these families, we will be able to align all of the markers that we have in the context of those families. And that will create a genetic map that can then be used in the future, to ask whether there's any particular disease phenotype that correlates within particular region on chromosome 14. We've carried out that sequence analysis and preliminary fashion in exactly the way I described, and the important point about this slide is that of the sequences we look at on chromosome 14, more than half of them exhibit polymorphisms. So the polymorphisms are common, are very easy to get out, and carry out this kind of analysis that we're talking about here is going to be a straightforward kind of thing. Now, for those of you who have any interest in genetics, I'm gonna make a technical point that will be irrelevant to most of you. The informativeness that is the useful of tool wheels, as genetic markers is limited by the fact there are only two alternative forms and not four or six or 18. But what we found in a number of sites is a series of genetic markers that are within four or 500 base pairs of one another, and it turns out in the two cases we've examined in detail, they are in partial leakage equilibrium with one another, they make many different haplotypes. And the collection of those four markers in one example together have a heterozygosity of greater than 80%, it turns out. So it turns out that you can use nested sets of these markers to give you very informative genetic markers. The other point that I can make is if we generate 150 of these markers on average, that will give us a marker every two million basis. And that will be a good genetic map that can be used as the first screen to locate on chromosome 14 eg that predisposes one to a particular disease. Now, what is I think, really exciting about this idea is it takes an earlier idea that we proposed in the paper in science and makes it infinitely more useful. We suggested that for physical mapping, a really terrific way to join together the large fragments of DNA that will be necessary to cover an entire chromosome, would be to take a 250,000 base pair fragment to sequence either end of it, and then to use this former Hg reaction to generate a unique signature for each end of the sites and that unique signature is called a sequence tech site, and it's nice for all the reasons that I've listed over there. And I'm not gonna go into the technical advantages, except to say, this approach gives us a language for doing physical mapping and we can store all of these clones not as a physical form, but as a sequence in a computer. And that gives one enormous advantages. And what our approach has done is just to take the sequence tag sites and add to them a genetic marker right in the middle of them, and to give them enormously enhanced power. And of course, that enhanced power then gives us the capacity to tie together the physical and the genetic maps. Because with these polymorphic STS sites, we can use the polymerase chain reaction to pick out the large clones that correspond to each of those 150 sites or so. And with those clones then, we've reduced the problem of creating a physical map from a single problem of 100 million basis to 50 problems of two mega bases and actually easily solvable problem. So polymorphic STS sites can join together, the physical and the genetic maps. So it's going to be an extremely powerful tool in the future, not only for doing genetic and physical mapping, but for automatically being able to screen through very large populations of human beings, to see whether particular phenotypic traits schizophrenia, correlate with any one of the chromosomes that has been so characterized. Now, let me talk about a second type of analysis and that's going to the ultimate physical map DNA sequencing. And of course, the basic approach in DNA sequencing is to insert your DNA into a vector that has just a single strand of DNA, and then use a complimentary oligonucleotide that's been radio labeled at one hand to initiate DNA synthesis in the unknown region. And if you add to the mixture, a dideoxynucleotide that lacks a critical hydroxyl group for DNA chain extension, you can cause a T percent of the change determinate in this case every single A all the way across the unknown sequence. And of course, if you do three other reactions for the other DNA letters, you can create an array of fragments that can be resolved by analysis on gels, and then you can use the ladders to translate to DNA sequences. And what we did at Caltech about five years ago, was to develop a way of automating this technology, by color coding each of the four different arrays of fragments that terminated different bases, by mixing them all together and running them in a single lane of a gel that could resolve nucleotide fragments that differed by a single base. And at the bottom of the gel, you activate fluorescence with a laser beam, and then you'd have a photo detector, photomultiplier tube, that could essentially read into a computer, the four different colors which then could be translated into the DNA sequence, at the end of fragments as they migrate by. So this instruments then has been automated by a company applied biosystems, and the current instrument can actually carry out simultaneously 24 of these analyses, and read off the color coding, and in fact, here is a fingerprint of the human genome carried out by this type of analysis. And typically, we can get 450 to 500 bases in this analysis. Now, what one can begin to appreciate with this simple discussion is the complexity of what is going to be necessary for very large scale DNA sequencing in the future. And in fact, the part we've automated, that is the electric resistance reading out of a sequence is the easiest part of sequencing now. The really difficult part, so the front end where you have to prepare the DNA and carry out the sequencing reactions, and the most difficult of all is the back end, the informatics where you have to put together all little strings into the big string that is a particular human chromosome. Now, the front end has been automated in terms of preparing DNA and sequencing DNA using this robotic workstation that I mentioned earlier, the Biomek, and we can carry out all the sequencing reactions that are necessary to fit these machines very, very easily. And in fact, we can use a machine like this to prepare the DNA that we need to carry off the sequencing reactions as well. So what we're now in a position to be able to do is to take DNA from one of these little bacteriophage at the beginning of the day and carry it through these automated procedures, and carry out the sequence analysis, in fact, at the end of the day. So it's truly a remarkable fit that's possible at this particular point in time. Our strategy for sequencing these large fragments of DNA is to prepare inserts that are of the order of 35 to 40,000 base pairs in length, and then break them up into really small pieces and put then them into these in 13 columns. And then to sequence six or 700 of them, and then ask a computer to assemble together the little strings into a bigger string. And with 700 fragments, we can assemble the strings that cover 98% of the sequence, and the last 2% is generated by using the chain polymerase reaction, making probes from either end of the content. So the procedure is a very straightforward one, and the hardest part of it, is the computational task of assembling all the little strings into the one big string. And it turns out to be incredibly difficult problem, because there is error in sequencing and it's computationally very difficult to take that error into account. But to give you an idea of what these sequencing machines can do, we can run 24 samples per day, and 450 base pairs per run, and we can best get more than 10,000 base pairs per day, and then five days a week and 52 weeks per year. We can get two million base pairs worth of raw DNA sequence, more than two million. Now, if that sounds terrific, but there are two constraints on it. One, we can't keep up with the rest of the things to really keep the machines running at that rate. In fact, for the past last year, we've probably used our machines at the rate of 15 to 20% of their actual productivity, and number two, with a short method we've talked about, you have a six fold redundancy. So you see clients on average is the same thing six times over. And that's terrific to bring it down your error rate. But it certainly is wasteful in terms of the actual sequence that you generate. And in addition, we have control sequences in there that we have to sequence. So by the time you're finished, you go from 2,800,000 base pairs down to the three to 400,000 base pairs. Now we're gonna make the machines 50% more effective and in their throughput, we're gonna cut down the redundancy by a factor of two, and then this will within a few years put us in the position of sequencing easily in a year, a million base pairs. The future I think is very exciting for DNA sequencing, all of these techniques, and I'm not gonna discuss them quickly to breakthroughs, where you could think about doing tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of base pairs per day very easily. The technology that in my view in the near future has the most potential for contributing is mass spectrometry and there is three or four different ways that one could think about using that in the future. Now I spoken about the problem of information analysis. And here is an example of a gene that we've analyzed in an interesting way. And the problems of informational analysis relate to the acquisition, the management, the pattern analysis, there's a pattern of the gene if you will, and its distribution. But the problem with the gene that I've shown you there and its analysis is it's one that is not susceptible to the extended. This is a gene that on its side is only about 5,000 base pairs. Here's what the gene looks like. It's roughly one million of the human genome. And if you have to amplify this two dimensional pattern analysis array by a million fold that would obviously be computationally impossible to handle. And in fact, the major calculations that are necessary for analyzing genes that is looking for similarity, turned out to be incredibly computationally intensive. That is, they're exponential in their demand on computers, as you increase the size of the database and the yearly input of DNA sequencing. So this is slide is two years old. The database then was 25 million bases, the yearly input was about 10 million bases. To do the most rigorous similarity analysis of those two things against one another will take the largest supercomputer down almost a year to do. So you can't do, you cannot analyze the information of a genome by simple, even super computers that operate in a sequential fashion, you have to carry out parallel types of analyses of one sort or another. And what Tim Hunkapiller has done at Caltech for the last three years, is develop a series of super chips that convert into silicon particular algorithms that are essential to fundamental patterns, pattern analysis and biological problems. So, a chip that we collaborated with TRW in making the fast data finder chip is optimized to query large databases for patterns that you can define and specify completely. Whereas a second chip, we've just finished in collaboration with a mathematician Mike Waterman at USC and two jet propulsion engineers, it's base chip has been designed to carry out searches have of local similarity, that is to carry out these homology or similarity searches. So in a sense, there this chip can search for unknown patterns. And it turns out the chips are incredibly complimentary one to another. Both of them operate by virtue of a pipeline architecture. That is, the pattern is ingrained in microprocessors, a series of cells that are placed in series one to another, the entire database is streamed through it as rapidly as you can transfer the information, each cell analyzes the streaming data with regard to its own particular pattern, when it identifies that it takes it out of the stream and then passes it on down in parallel to the downstream micro processors for analysis. And at the end of this time, this incredibly short period of time, this parallel processing approach allows you to sweep through and analyze patterns at an incredible rate. In fact, to give you some idea of what these super chips are going to do, here is a comparison of a SUN Sparc Stack station with regard to cost to efficiency ratios against a credit to against the connection machine. So Cray is a supercomputer. That sequential connection machine is a kind of parallel computer. And in base chip in the SUN workstation is highly parallel but incredibly inexpensive compared to the two things about it. And you can see the incredible price performance ratio. And our idea is, we will design a series of checks that inculcate these fundamental biological algorithms and put them on either simple workstations, or even PCs to give them biologists supercomputer capacity for particular kinds of calculations. Now, computationally, another problem is the database problem. In a few years, we'll have 100 different databases and we have to figure out how to interlink them together so that you as a biologist can traverse through them and get the kind of information that you'd like to obtain from it. It's quite clear then that there are a whole series of problems in biology whose essential answer comes from, must central solution must come from computational analysis. So whether it's one, two or three dimensional image analysis, string theory, predicting the folding structures of proteins from their linear amino acid sequence or the database problem, we have a whole series of very powerful tools to point at these problems. And we and others are in the process of pushing this very hard. Now, if you think about it, the real problem we have is there aren't very many students that could live both in the world of biology and computer science. So what we'd like to do at Caltech is actually have the biotechnology problems always driven by leading edge biology to develop these tools, but to create an educational program, where we would bring in students in biotechnology that would essentially have a double PhD program. They'd take good hardcore biology, they take in this case, good hardcore computer science, and the students would have two metrics. They incense would be the media for communication between the biologists and the computer scientists. And of course, the exciting part about this kind of concept is you could have students to do this for all of the other disciplines that surround biology, and bring in then from those disciplines, very powerful new tools to biology, and at the same time, you create a series of biologists slash whatever that I think the real leaders in biology in the 21st century. And this is the program we've already started with several students on, and it looks like it's going to be able to achieve its objective in all ways. And in fact, the students that we're really interested in many ways are those that have very strong physical and computational backgrounds. Well, let me move to the biological advantages then for the genome initiative. One is it's going to let us identify all these 100,000 different human genes and figure out interesting experiments to decipher how exactly they carry out their functions. And it's important to emphasize then how much that is going to change biology in the future. But as in the past, we all started with biological essays and went to proteins and use the protein sequence information or antibodies to them to get the genes in the future, we'll have all the human genes, and we'll have to devise completely new tools for figuring out how they carry out their functions. And this is going to be an incredibly important challenge, because there are many genes in humans that we don't have the tools for identifying now short of going into the genome initiative. For example, more than half your genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115540#t=0.0,2766.936"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Was a very fundamental rules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=5.482,7.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about development in human organisms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=7.35,9.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hence bacteria and worms and fruit flies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=9.5,12.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and eventually mice are going to be extremely important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=12.52,15.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this regard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=15.88,17.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the most exciting concepts to me is the idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=17.81,21.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can use the genome initiative to essentially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=21.94,25.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identify the molecular recognition units","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=25.71,29.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are control units that regulate each gene.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=29.76,32.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I can see the time in the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=32.2,33.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you can dial into the computer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=33.573,36.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kidney and it'll print out 10,000 different genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=36.18,39.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are expressed in the kidney.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=39.83,41.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you can print out a particular cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=41.473,44.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the kidney and that'll cut out the sub cell of genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=44.36,46.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are expressed in that particular cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=46.97,49.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=49.56,50.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has to be that there are molecular addresses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=50.393,55.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that serve to coordinate the expression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=55.15,58.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these large sets of genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=58.66,59.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are present in particular cells.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=59.703,62.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So once we identify these molecular area code addresses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=62.18,66.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll be in a wonderful position to use computers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=66.92,70.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make conjectures, and then to go to real biology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=70.31,73.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to test our ideas out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=73.78,76.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it follows from all of this, as I said before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=76.72,79.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the year 2000 or so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=80.81,83.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"none of you will be cloning or sequencing human genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=83.33,86.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That'll all be done, much of it will be done,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=86.623,89.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll be in the computer waiting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=89.81,91.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for you to figure out several things to do with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=91.38,93.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I've already pointed out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=95.08,97.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why we should sequence mouse is the same time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=97.28,100.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we sequence human to get these conserved regions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=100.47,103.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tell us about genes and regions of regulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=103.06,106.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in chromosome functions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=106.41,108.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what I haven't pointed out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=108.01,109.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that proteins that appears are made up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=109.89,112.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a fundamental series of building blocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=112.6,114.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're called Protein motifs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=114.84,116.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've maybe identified 20 or so of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=116.42,118.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My guess is there maybe an alphabet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=118.94,121.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of perhaps somewhere between 100 and 500.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=121.2,124.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The human genome initiative will give us all the genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=124.35,127.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by computer analysis that will give us all the motifs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=127.72,131.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And once we have the motif,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=131.31,133.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll be important in two ways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=133.0,135.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Number one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=135.06,136.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The motifs will be associated with particular structures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=136.17,139.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they will be one fundamental building block","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=139.67,142.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to helping us predict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=142.59,143.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the three-dimensional structure of 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be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=149.51,151.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the fundamental keys","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=151.83,153.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for us deciphering what unknown genes do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=153.23,157.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is looking for the corresponding protein motifs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=157.15,161.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But again, to return to the whole issue of the fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=161.22,165.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll have all the genes, we'll be able to translate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=165.45,167.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their protein structures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=167.81,169.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think in the same timescale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=169.3,171.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the genome initiative is done,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=171.87,173.464"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will decipher the rules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=173.464,175.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=175.41,178.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Using theoretical energy minimization calculations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=178.79,182.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using Eddie ever increasing library","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=182.54,184.919"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of three-dimensional structures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=184.919,187.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enabled the theory out chemical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=187.19,189.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in vitro mutagenesis on particular structures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=189.0,193.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the thing I just 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structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=197.227,200.117"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of proteins, we are a long ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=200.117,202.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from being able to figure out what they do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=202.62,205.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is a problem essentially unsolved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=205.07,207.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for any protein today, even hemoglobin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=207.56,210.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the best study proteins still has advocates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=210.8,213.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arguing over alternative ways for executing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=213.49,217.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of its functions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=217.28,218.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one of the challenges of the future is to 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are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=225.84,229.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing automated techniques for 2d gel analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=229.36,233.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can use these two-dimensional fingerprints","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=235.33,239.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of complex mixtures of 5,000 proteins,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=239.41,241.849"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can digitize the information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=241.849,244.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can look at those patterns of proteins and cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=244.38,247.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are normal and have been neoplastically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=247.843,250.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transformed, and then you can look at the 10 or 20","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=250.7,254.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or 100 spots that are different than those two cells.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=254.52,257.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can micro sequence those proteins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=257.72,259.862"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could put those sequences into the computer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=259.862,262.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and instantaneously identify the 100 genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=262.76,265.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are different in a cancer cell from a normal cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=265.64,268.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then go straight to questions of why","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=268.78,270.849"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have those proteins very quantitatively or qualitatively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=270.849,275.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this will be the super active analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=275.07,278.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coupling 2d gels together with the genome initiative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=278.33,281.738"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be an extremely powerful tool in future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=281.738,284.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I give you only a few examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=284.68,287.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how biology is going to change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=287.087,289.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the change will be profound and leave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=289.32,292.836"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How about the benefits to medicine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=292.836,294.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=294.96,295.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you've got all 100,000 genes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=295.793,297.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're not only going to have wonderful potential","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=297.89,300.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapeutic reagents but you're going to open up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=300.78,303.461"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a whole world of DNA diagnostics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=303.461,306.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me just say a word about DNA diagnostics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=306.87,309.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that is likely one of the most profound channels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=309.9,313.362"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's going to come to medicine in the next 50 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=313.362,317.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So again, DNA diagnostics is looking between a probe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=317.67,321.736"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a target chromosome for molecular mismatches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=321.736,325.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've already talked about this technique of DNA 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so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=346.417,349.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now to give you an idea of the power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=349.55,351.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what this DNA diagnostic technique can 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important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=377.3,379.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to identify genes that predispose you to disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=379.8,383.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it be the cardiovascular system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=383.64,385.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it be auto-immune, whether it be particular types","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=385.96,390.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of heart disease, or nervous diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=390.03,393.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the central nervous system, or what have you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=393.26,395.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'll talk 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dominant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=399.19,400.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and recessive RP genes and to study cancer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=400.99,403.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in various ways, DNA diagnostics is really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=403.63,406.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gonna revolutionize the diagnosis of infectious diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=406.88,410.409"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's going to be rapid, it's going to be explicitly 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possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=416.8,421.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or conceivable way that the more biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=421.22,424.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approaches could do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=424.36,425.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is probably gonna be the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=425.8,428.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forensics will be carried out in the 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pharmacology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=456.35,457.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we figure out how all these systems in their genes work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=457.81,460.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll be able to design rational therapies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=460.9,463.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immunotherapy. I talked about this afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=463.95,466.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gene replacement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=466.717,468.661"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first gene replacement experiment has already been 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disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=474.38,478.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what I would really emphasize for the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=479.2,481.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is I think in 15 years, we will identify 100 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unequivocally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=492.45,494.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this child is predisposed to these four diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=494.88,497.761"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And more than that, this is what the 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well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=512.804,516.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There will be enormous cost savings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=516.28,520.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, rheumatoid arthritis costs American 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dollars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=524.92,526.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suppose we had diagnostic techniques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=526.4,528.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could essentially circumvent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=528.39,530.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that single autoimmune disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=530.58,532.425"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, the savings to society would be absolutely enormous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=532.425,537.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I talked this afternoon about techniques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=537.28,539.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whereby we can use a study of the receptors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=539.44,542.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the immune system to predict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=542.892,545.845"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether or not you'll be susceptible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=545.845,547.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for particular auto-immune diseases and use that knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=547.747,551.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then to avoid these auto immune diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=551.43,554.042"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can also point out to you that in the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=554.042,557.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll be able to map genes, probably in a matter of weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=557.097,560.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me give you the counterpoint to this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=560.648,563.285"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The gene for Huntington's disease was localized generally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=563.285,566.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost seven years ago now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=566.74,569.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the short arm of chromosome 14.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=569.05,571.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they still haven't gotten any closer to it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=571.52,574.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the entire sequence of the human genome,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=574.13,576.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can use computers to look at the sequence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=576.91,580.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the region of the gene we'll identify all the genes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=580.45,583.812"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, then there are a variety of strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=583.812,586.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can use to determine which gene","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=586.45,589.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is likely to cause the particular disease trait.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=589.0,592.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then you can check the hypothesis you've made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=592.46,596.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against the genes of the person or patients with the disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=596.99,600.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, to drive home what in effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=600.42,602.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is going to have in cost savings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=602.59,604.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Francis Collins estimated that it costs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=604.76,606.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere between 150 and $200 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=606.79,609.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to isolate the gene for cystic fibrosis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=609.83,612.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we have this sequence of the human genome","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=612.183,615.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would estimate we can isolate virtually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=615.41,618.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any single gene for well under $ 100,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=618.154,621.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the cost savings is absolutely (speaking 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in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=627.94,630.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just exactly where we'd like to put them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=630.15,632.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is called homologous recombination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=634.06,636.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is going to be then a world of making models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=636.61,640.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in mice of human diseases, where we can study physiology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=640.03,644.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course there are limitations in mice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=644.4,646.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they behave sometimes differently than humans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=646.94,649.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to a first approximation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=649.76,651.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these mouse models should be marvelous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=651.28,653.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for working out the tools of molecular pharmacology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=653.05,657.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally, I would say in the 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sequence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=664.893,668.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to determine its three-dimensional structure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=668.113,671.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to determine a compliment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=671.2,672.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that three-dimensional structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=672.69,674.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then to make either a protein","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=674.8,676.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a very small organic molecule","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=676.69,678.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can recognize any 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reagents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=684.43,686.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could kill in this case, the cancer cell, for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=686.543,689.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So protein engineering I 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science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=729.31,730.748"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've argued that it's big science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=730.748,732.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that again is a fundamental misunderstanding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=732.81,736.737"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What the genome initiative demands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=736.737,740.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is interdisciplinary science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=740.67,742.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the group we have at Caltech","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=742.98,744.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't have more than two or three people working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=744.57,747.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on computers or working on the quake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=747.1,749.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a chemistry are working on large-scale sequencing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=749.49,752.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what we do need to put together is all these groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=752.53,756.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So their combined expertises can 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tomorrow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=762.95,765.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and solving the genome initiative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=765.95,768.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is network science, interdisciplinary science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=768.13,771.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It isn't a big science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=771.823,773.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense of the supercollider.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=773.23,775.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That it's an inappropriate training ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=776.06,777.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for young 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biology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=785.959,787.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these other technologies, frankly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=787.05,789.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are gonna be the real leaders in the biology of 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tools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=799.61,801.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the future is going to demand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=801.7,803.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The real objection to the human genome initiative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=803.887,806.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is this last issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=806.55,807.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the unfortunate truth is the genome initiative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=807.955,811.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"makes up 1% of the budget for molecular biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=811.9,815.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you erased it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=815.037,817.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it wouldn't help general biology at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=817.18,820.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there is a crisis in funding in the United States 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crisis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=829.72,833.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has come about because of a lot of very poorly thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=833.56,837.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out decisions at NIH about how they're gonna carry out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=837.697,841.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long scale funding for science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=841.16,845.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are a lot of ethical 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determine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=851.0,854.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for individuals there are predispositions to disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=854.03,857.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are fundamental 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employer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=860.48,862.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your future employer has a right to access","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=862.47,864.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=864.9,866.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would say, unequivocally, no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=866.26,868.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have to set up safeguards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=868.62,870.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that information is held between you and your doctor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=870.18,873.536"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question of prenatal diagnosis, DNA diagnostics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=873.536,875.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is gonna let us analyze any human genetic disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=875.947,879.074"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can make a rational decision about therapeutic 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society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=885.703,888.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The long-term implications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=888.95,890.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of being able engineer human beings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=890.44,893.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me say that the engineering in our life line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=893.307,896.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is basically gonna be single gene, single trait 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individual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=961.84,965.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in design therapies that are specific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=965.53,967.995"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for their physiology and their disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=967.995,970.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something we can't begin to do at this point in time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=970.78,974.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, as we understand how the networks of 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work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=981.53,983.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can start to approach on a rational basis the diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=983.8,986.586"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that arise as a consequence of genetic defects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=986.586,990.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these particular systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=990.85,994.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think you can begin to understand then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=994.4,997.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the unique feature of the genome project","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=997.79,1000.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that it really is closed ended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1000.87,1003.232"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it will be possible to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1003.232,1004.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least much of the human genome sequence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1004.73,1007.854"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The results will be interesting, incredibly useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1007.854,1011.049"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A striking technologies will merge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1011.049,1013.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the point I haven't really talked about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1013.79,1015.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the problem is international in its dimensionality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1015.61,1019.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a real challenge is going be working together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1019.91,1022.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with other countries of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1022.98,1025.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in closing, let me thank my maybe colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1025.99,1029.482"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this interdisciplinary effort we have at Caltech","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1029.482,1033.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have carried out the development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1033.54,1036.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has made possible electrolyte this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1036.35,1039.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see that it isn't very many people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1039.04,1041.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the interdisciplinary nature and the interactions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1041.85,1045.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their talents can really have quite remarkable effects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1045.25,1049.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think this is one area of enormous 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Hood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1072.5,1074.702"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a reception here, right in the back corner here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1074.702,1078.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after question and answer, (speaking faintly) right now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1078.947,1081.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you wanna talk to (indistinct), its up to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1087.043,1091.932"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1091.932,1092.765"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Several companies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1093.953,1095.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been doing(speaker faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1095.66,1100.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wonder if you could tell us about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1100.424,1103.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the relationship between (speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1103.162,1108.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's really a good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1114.587,1116.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you about my philosophy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1116.12,1118.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the difference between academic and industrial research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1118.68,1122.348"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We take the risks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1122.348,1124.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We try to develop the new technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1124.23,1126.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We develop the prototypes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1126.32,1127.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the industry has to go on and package.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1127.81,1130.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And under this rubric, the technologies that we developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1130.19,1134.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have, for example all been patented by Caltech.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1134.56,1137.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if a company then takes 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Institute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1142.268,1147.268"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and go back to the laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1147.3,1149.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's made these discoveries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1149.84,1152.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now with regard to the whole question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1152.28,1154.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sequencing the human genome itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1154.9,1157.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the genome initiative is going to make everything public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1157.62,1160.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nothing is going to be 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sequencing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1167.14,1170.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You make a formal commitment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1170.17,1172.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how you were going to make public your sequences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1172.24,1175.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there was an enormous pressure to make them public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1175.47,1177.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you ever write papers on them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1177.64,1179.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they're in the database.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1179.44,1181.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they are available to anybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1181.32,1183.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who might wanna do anything with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1183.02,1185.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, having said that when companies own genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1185.3,1189.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sequence genes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1189.06,1190.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do have the right to patent these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1190.01,1192.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And no one can alter that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1192.04,1193.831"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although they are going to find it 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effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1197.76,1199.746"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really swings into a full operation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1199.746,1203.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But quite frankly, that isn't going to 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now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1208.01,1211.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To give you an idea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1211.18,1212.321"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the naive labs that do DNA sequencing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1212.321,1216.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or I should say the unsophisticated labs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1216.15,1218.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do DNA sequencing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1218.02,1219.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you calculate in all the costs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1219.77,1221.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably it comes to somewhere between 20 and $40","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1221.86,1226.152"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per base pair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1226.152,1227.741"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the large scale labs that have really optimized things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1227.741,1232.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can push this cost down to 2 to $3 that they spare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1232.11,1235.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The objective of the genome initiative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1235.67,1237.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to push it down to 5 to 10 cents a base pair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1237.81,1242.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that's certainly gonna be doable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1242.07,1244.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the next 10 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1244.37,1246.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But all of the instrumentation I talked about here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1246.55,1249.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've developed at Caltech has been commercialized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1249.39,1251.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in all cases, Caltech and the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1251.83,1255.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course have the patent stuff too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1255.44,1257.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and primary control of the (speaking faintly).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1257.513,1260.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other question? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1261.04,1262.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1262.932,1266.015"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I'll tell you what my policy would be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1292.007,1294.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look, diagnosis is always going to precede therapy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1294.87,1298.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a given,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1298.23,1299.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would argue we should never ever do diagnostics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1299.71,1303.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except for one of two justifications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1304.1,1306.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One would be that we have the therapeutics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1306.35,1309.382"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can compliment it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1309.382,1310.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or the second would be in some cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1310.42,1312.259"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the question of therapeutic abortion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1312.259,1314.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that is a legitimate kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1314.63,1316.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But beyond that, for example, if you come up from a family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1316.53,1321.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has Huntington's disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1322.1,1323.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you have to think very carefully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1324.97,1326.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether you ever wanna have that test done on you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1326.89,1330.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's a hell of a thing to know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1330.67,1333.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, it's great. If you don't have the chromosome","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1333.04,1335.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you do have the chromosome, then you have to wait","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1335.37,1339.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until you're 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1339.08,1342.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're going to go through just a horrible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1342.6,1344.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neurodegenerative process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1344.794,1347.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my own general policy would be never do DNA diagnostics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1347.8,1352.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless you have a therapeutic approach to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1353.02,1355.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or the question of prenatal abortion, rhesus (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1355.64,1360.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How (speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1363.143,1366.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How rapidly will it come?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1371.33,1373.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1373.487,1374.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Won't begin to keep pace with the genome initiative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1374.32,1377.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, we don't know how long it's gonna take","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1377.08,1381.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get generalized gene therapy by that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1381.41,1384.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, having vectors that can deliver good genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1384.43,1388.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to any target organism in a human,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1388.703,1391.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that just seems like it's a long ways off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1392.74,1395.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although we can think about great theoretical ways to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1395.4,1398.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's proven very difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1398.01,1400.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think once the general problem is solved,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1400.06,1402.539"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then things will be done very, very quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1402.539,1405.828"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And maybe it'll take us two years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1405.828,1408.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe it'll take us five years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1408.52,1409.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe it'll take us 10 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1409.99,1411.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think once we do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1411.16,1412.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then I think we'll have enormous capacity to target genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1412.31,1416.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to wherever we'd like to target them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1416.4,1418.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think frankly in the end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1419.68,1421.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it may well be done using the solutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1423.7,1428.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of molecular complimentarity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1429.17,1430.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you can identify in the target organ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1430.72,1433.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a unique protein on the cell surface","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1434.97,1436.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can make it's complimenting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1436.62,1438.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can use that then to target Biosense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1438.03,1440.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whatever it is to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1440.82,1442.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think those are going to be some of the strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1442.29,1444.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will be generally successful in the future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1444.82,1447.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's gonna take long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1447.173,1448.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So now the other thing I guess I would point out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1448.69,1453.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is will diagnostics really outstrip therapeutics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1453.78,1457.104"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess in a general sense, the answer is no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1457.104,1459.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you have to realize we're not gonna do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1459.66,1461.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much human sequencing for the next 10 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1461.53,1464.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, my guess is by the end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1464.43,1467.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the first five-year period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1467.45,1468.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we'll have done 0.2 or 0.3%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1468.81,1472.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the end of the second five-year period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1472.24,1474.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we'll be very lucky to beat 1%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1474.08,1477.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then I think it'll explode after that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1477.245,1480.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if that is the timescale of genetic engineering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1480.1,1484.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it could happen right in parallel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1484.01,1486.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1488.37,1489.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1492.004,1495.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What kind of DNA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1498.146,1499.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Non-coding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1499.508,1500.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Non-coding DNA, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1500.77,1502.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1502.89,1505.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Two good questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1536.781,1538.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First with regard to the issue of junk DNA,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1538.64,1541.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fact that maybe 97% of the DNA is non-coding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1541.49,1546.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My own feeling in this is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1546.31,1548.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Number one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1548.47,1549.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a lot of information in that other DNA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1549.303,1551.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Number two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1551.89,1552.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't know where the information is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1552.723,1553.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the easiest way to find where the information is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1553.867,1556.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to actually carry out the sequence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1556.73,1558.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Number three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1558.837,1559.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't know what fraction will be informational","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1559.67,1561.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some way, but I gave you examples of some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1561.84,1563.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the other things that will be buried in non-coding DNA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1563.45,1567.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Regulatory information can be hundreds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1567.29,1570.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of kilobases in particular gene families.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1570.07,1572.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly there can be a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1572.63,1573.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of information that's conserved that relates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1573.98,1575.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to chromosomal functions such as this convection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1575.91,1578.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1578.39,1579.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think it's gonna be very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1579.3,1581.422"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do the entire sequence, to find the information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1581.422,1584.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also aren't gonna be able to know where the genes are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1584.92,1587.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the only way to get all the genes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1587.92,1589.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to make sure you've sequenced everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1589.51,1591.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the final point I'd make is in 10 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1591.61,1594.044"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to be able to sequence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1594.044,1596.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10 million base pairs a day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1598.67,1600.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or 100 million base pairs a day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1600.34,1601.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the problem is going to very different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1601.82,1603.404"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in its dimensionality than it is today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1603.404,1606.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think you have to keep that whole issue in mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1606.28,1609.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the issue of repetitive DNAs is really a good one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1609.7,1614.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My own feeling is the central Meric repetitive DNAs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1614.14,1618.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the very, very large block","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1618.11,1619.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of very similar repetitive DNA's, won't be sequenced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1619.61,1622.895"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, what I think you'll do is you can use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1622.895,1627.048"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clever techniques to measure very precisely their size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1627.048,1630.565"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you'll assign a general repeat sequence to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1630.565,1634.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you won't worry about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1634.347,1636.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other eater spurs would be such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1636.22,1638.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as aloes and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1638.42,1640.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don't present serious technical problems for the sequencing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1640.3,1645.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now they may present really serious technical problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1645.01,1649.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for cloning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1649.11,1650.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is we know there are human clones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1650.4,1653.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are extremely unstable and we may have to devise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1653.63,1657.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either very clever cloning techniques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1657.244,1660.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for stabilizing these intrinsically unstable points","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1660.24,1664.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or what I think is much more likely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1664.29,1666.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're going to develop very, very powerful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1666.57,1669.851"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long scale PCR technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1669.851,1672.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can make transcripts right directly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1672.59,1674.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off the chromosomes and sequence them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1674.7,1676.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we don't have to clone things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1676.67,1678.664"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and worry about those kind of instabilities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1678.664,1681.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But those are my points of view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1681.13,1683.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the repetitive DNA's certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1683.73,1685.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the centromere(speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1685.42,1687.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're not gonna bother to do those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1687.03,1689.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll just make general measurements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1689.42,1691.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1691.88,1693.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We hear a very different number(speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1693.33,1698.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What I'm getting from NIH.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1705.382,1706.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean the budget edits most is gonna go up to 2% overall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1706.46,1711.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, where the numbers could differ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1711.11,1713.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is what you include in the denominator.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1713.71,1718.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, what is molecular biology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1718.35,1720.632"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I can say this, I can say NIH in a general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1720.632,1724.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent since then $7 billion last year on research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1724.12,1727.875"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The genome initiative for NIH was about $50 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1727.875,1731.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's an incredibly small fraction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1731.77,1734.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can say for AIDS, they spent more than 30 times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1734.51,1737.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as much on the genome initiative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1737.79,1740.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would argue from all the things I've said here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1740.28,1742.665"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a hell of a good thing to do from molecular biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1742.665,1746.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we can invest 1% or 2% or 5%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1746.127,1749.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then I think intellectually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1749.58,1751.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're an incredibly impoverished nation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1751.85,1754.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, that's how I answered these people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1755.13,1757.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, you can come up with different denominators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1757.57,1760.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it really doesn't matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1760.05,1761.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it 5% or is it 1%?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1761.63,1763.159"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a small fraction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1763.159,1764.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You can take one more question and then (speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1765.746,1769.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1769.644,1770.977"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (speaking faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1770.977,1774.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, you've asked about three different questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1789.17,1791.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, the first one is the most interesting one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1791.1,1793.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How accurate can you sequence DNA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1793.74,1795.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the answer is we don't have any idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1795.76,1798.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cause there aren't any very good objective measures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1798.18,1801.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to characterize it back against,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1801.49,1804.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we're trying to devise tests to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1804.31,1807.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the questions of how you assemble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1807.43,1810.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these little strings and the big strings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1810.304,1812.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there you have to build algorithms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1812.89,1815.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can tolerate 20% error rates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1815.76,1818.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're what make it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1818.5,1819.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so incredibly computationally intense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1819.92,1823.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there actually are people that have 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drawn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1829.31,1832.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the biological problems posed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1835.437,1837.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the computational people are going to let them get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1838.52,1841.789"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very very fundamental issues in computational science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1841.789,1846.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they're gonna lead them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1846.47,1847.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to completely new ways of thinking about computer science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1847.55,1850.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to give you an example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1850.85,1852.346"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ken Kennedy is director of the science and technology center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1852.346,1856.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for parallel processing at rice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1856.45,1858.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a couple of years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1858.88,1860.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we started talking about this DNA assembly problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1860.34,1863.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we've done some things together on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1863.1,1865.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he told me recently that he's working now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1865.88,1869.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Intel with their latest, super chip.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1869.22,1871.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he says, it's interesting that the most fundamental part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1871.8,1875.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the new algorithm they're developing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1875.52,1877.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is essentially the DNA assembly problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1877.87,1880.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are going to be really interesting offshoots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1880.75,1885.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the computational problems we'll solve for biology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1885.28,1887.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in many other disciplines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1887.85,1889.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The chip we've developed this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1889.75,1891.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this chip is going to have an incredible impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1891.47,1893.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think on geophysics because it is a chip that conserves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1893.88,1897.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through seismic patterns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1897.34,1899.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you shoot off a charge of dynamite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1899.39,1902.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get an incredible array of patterns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1902.07,1904.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from different points that you have to analyze.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1904.3,1906.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this chip is designed to do a pattern search","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1906.67,1909.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is made to order for that kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1909.2,1912.021"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the global environment business","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1912.021,1914.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking down from satellites at the earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1914.54,1916.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and generating enormous erasing information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1916.64,1919.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, apart from the patterns search problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1919.21,1921.178"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fall into these chips that we've talked about here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1921.178,1924.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, there's a very interesting commonality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1924.21,1927.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=1929.266,1932.266"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27211/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/211/original/AV203944_Biotechnology_The_Genone_Initiave_and_Medicine_of_the_21st_Century_b.vtt?1622140671","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/211/original/AV203944_Biotechnology_The_Genone_Initiave_and_Medicine_of_the_21st_Century_b.vtt?1622140671"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27212","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203944_Biotechnology_The_Genone_Initiave_and_Medicine_of_the_21st_Century_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541/transcript/27212/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Was a very fundamental rules about development in human organisms, hence bacteria and worms and fruit flies, and eventually mice are going to be extremely important in this regard. One of the most exciting concepts to me is the idea that we can use the genome initiative to essentially identify the molecular recognition units that are control units that regulate each gene. And I can see the time in the future when you can dial into the computer, kidney and it'll print out 10,000 different genes that are expressed in the kidney. Then you can print out a particular cell in the kidney and that'll cut out the sub cell of genes that are expressed in that particular cell. That is, it has to be that there are molecular addresses that serve to coordinate the expression of these large sets of genes that are present in particular cells. So once we identify these molecular area code addresses, we'll be in a wonderful position to use computers to make conjectures, and then to go to real biology to test our ideas out. And it follows from all of this, as I said before, by the year 2000 or so, none of you will be cloning or sequencing human genes. That'll all be done, much of it will be done, and we'll be in the computer waiting for you to figure out several things to do with it. Now I've already pointed out why we should sequence mouse is the same time we sequence human to get these conserved regions that tell us about genes and regions of regulation in chromosome functions. But what I haven't pointed out is that proteins that appears are made up of a fundamental series of building blocks. They're called Protein motifs. We've maybe identified 20 or so of them. My guess is there maybe an alphabet of perhaps somewhere between 100 and 500. The human genome initiative will give us all the genes and by computer analysis that will give us all the motifs. And once we have the motif, they'll be important in two ways, Number one, The motifs will be associated with particular structures so they will be one fundamental building block to helping us predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins. And number two, particular motifs are associated with certain functions and they will be one of the fundamental keys for us deciphering what unknown genes do that is looking for the corresponding protein motifs. But again, to return to the whole issue of the fact, we'll have all the genes, we'll be able to translate to their protein structures, and I think in the same timescale is the genome initiative is done, we will decipher the rules for determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Using theoretical energy minimization calculations using Eddie ever increasing library of three-dimensional structures enabled the theory out chemical and in vitro mutagenesis on particular structures. And the thing I just mentioned these proteins motifs we've talked about. Once we can predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins, we are a long ways from being able to figure out what they do. That is a problem essentially unsolved for any protein today, even hemoglobin and the best study proteins still has advocates arguing over alternative ways for executing some of its functions. So one of the challenges of the future is to go from three-dimensional structure to proteins. The other point that I would make is we are developing automated techniques for 2d gel analysis. So you can use these two-dimensional fingerprints of complex mixtures of 5,000 proteins, you can digitize the information, you can look at those patterns of proteins and cells that are normal and have been neoplastically transformed, and then you can look at the 10 or 20 or 100 spots that are different than those two cells. We can micro sequence those proteins. We could put those sequences into the computer and instantaneously identify the 100 genes that are different in a cancer cell from a normal cell. And then go straight to questions of why have those proteins very quantitatively or qualitatively. So this will be the super active analysis coupling 2d gels together with the genome initiative will be an extremely powerful tool in future. So I give you only a few examples of how biology is going to change but the change will be profound and leave. How about the benefits to medicine? Well, again if you've got all 100,000 genes, you're not only going to have wonderful potential therapeutic reagents but you're going to open up a whole world of DNA diagnostics. And let me just say a word about DNA diagnostics because that is likely one of the most profound channels that's going to come to medicine in the next 50 years. So again, DNA diagnostics is looking between a probe and a target chromosome for molecular mismatches. And I've already talked about this technique of DNA ligation to be able to detect the variations that you see in humans. So you can use this technique as a very powerful tool for DNA diagnostics. And in fact, we've used it to study a whole series of human genetic diseases very, very effectively over the last six months or so. Now to give you an idea of the power of what this DNA diagnostic technique can do is it is going to allow you to identify genetic mutations that are stable. That is for this technique to work, you have to know the mutation so you can pick out common genetic diseases in large populations. And we're setting up to do very large scale screening for cystic fibrosis in this particular regard. Another area that is particularly important is to identify genes that predispose you to disease whether it be the cardiovascular system whether it be auto-immune, whether it be particular types of heart disease, or nervous diseases of the central nervous system, or what have you. And I'll talk more about disease predisposition in just a moment. This can be used to look at dominant and recessive RP genes and to study cancer in various ways, DNA diagnostics is really gonna revolutionize the diagnosis of infectious diseases. It's going to be rapid, it's going to be explicitly specific and it's going to be able to give you the potential to sub-classify in ways that there is no possible or conceivable way that the more biological approaches could do it. And this is probably gonna be the way forensics will be carried out in the future. Now, one of the issues that comes up is if you can do DNA diagnostics and genetic diseases or genetic predispositions, is that a good thing? And I think to a first approximation, the answer is no unless you can do something about what you've diagnosed. And of course the approaches will be the avoidance of environmental dangers, molecular pharmacology, as we figure out how all these systems in their genes work we'll be able to design rational therapies. Immunotherapy. I talked about this afternoon, gene replacement. The first gene replacement experiment has already been done, human bone marrow cells for an enzyme that causes a particular immune deficiency disease. But what I would really emphasize for the future is I think in 15 years, we will identify 100 genes that predispose us to disease. And we will be able then to take newborns to analyze their DNA, to feed that information into a computer and to say unequivocally that this child is predisposed to these four diseases. And more than that, this is what the physician should do to circumvent the potentiality of those diseases. So what DNA diagnostics will be able to do is move medicine into a preventive mode away from this reactive mode where we try and make sick people well. There will be enormous cost savings. For example, rheumatoid arthritis costs American society somewhere between a billion, and a billion and a half dollars. Suppose we had diagnostic techniques that could essentially circumvent that single autoimmune disease. Again, the savings to society would be absolutely enormous. I talked this afternoon about techniques whereby we can use a study of the receptors for the immune system to predict whether or not you'll be susceptible for particular auto-immune diseases and use that knowledge then to avoid these auto immune diseases. I can also point out to you that in the future we'll be able to map genes, probably in a matter of weeks. And let me give you the counterpoint to this. The gene for Huntington's disease was localized generally almost seven years ago now to the short arm of chromosome 14. And they still haven't gotten any closer to it with the entire sequence of the human genome, We can use computers to look at the sequence and the region of the gene we'll identify all the genes. Well, then there are a variety of strategies you can use to determine which gene is likely to cause the particular disease trait. And then you can check the hypothesis you've made against the genes of the person or patients with the disease Now, to drive home what in effect, this is going to have in cost savings, Francis Collins estimated that it costs somewhere between 150 and $200 million to isolate the gene for cystic fibrosis. If we have this sequence of the human genome I would estimate we can isolate virtually any single gene for well under $ 100,000. So the cost savings is absolutely it's also quite clear that with our ability to put genes in, just exactly where we'd like to put them, this is called homologous recombination. There is going to be then a world of making models in mice of human diseases, where we can study physiology. And of course there are limitations in mice because they behave sometimes differently than humans but to a first approximation these mouse models should be marvelous for working out the tools of molecular pharmacology. And finally, I would say in the future, therapeutics are essentially going to center around our ability to look at a protein sequence to determine its three-dimensional structure, to determine a compliment to that three-dimensional structure and then to make either a protein or a very small organic molecule that can recognize any part of the protein you'd like to serve as a target to which could be coupled therapeutic reagents that could kill in this case, the cancer cell, for example. So protein engineering I think is really going to revolutionize what we can do in human medicine, in the future. Now there are naysayers or the human genome initiative and these are major categories of objections that have been raised. Some have argued that it's bad science. And I think that really comes from not understanding what the genome initiative is all about. And it's about two things, technology development and providing an infrastructure which is the computerized sequence of the human genome. It isn't science, it's providing the tools to do science and it's providing tools that are gonna revolutionize how we do science. They've argued that it's big science and that again is a fundamental misunderstanding. What the genome initiative demands is interdisciplinary science, but the group we have at Caltech we don't have more than two or three people working on computers or working on the quake as a chemistry are working on large-scale sequencing. But what we do need to put together is all these groups. So their combined expertises can network to generate the kind of tools we're gonna need for the science of tomorrow and solving the genome initiative. And this is network science, interdisciplinary science. It isn't a big science in the sense of the supercollider. That it's an inappropriate training ground for young scientists. I think again, is it a lack of a fundamental misunderstanding because I think the people that we're gonna train that are gonna know biology and these other technologies, frankly are gonna be the real leaders in the biology of tomorrow. And that is exactly the kind of people we should train. And I think the genome initiative provides a unique opportunity to provide them with these interdisciplinary tools that the future is going to demand. The real objection to the human genome initiative is this last issue. And the unfortunate truth is the genome initiative makes up 1% of the budget for molecular biology. And if you erased it, it wouldn't help general biology at all. So there is a crisis in funding in the United States today in science and that's something we all have to fight against. But I think the genome initiative is not going to provide an answer to that real crisis, which has come about because of a lot of very poorly thought out decisions at NIH about how they're gonna carry out long scale funding for science. There are a lot of ethical problems that can come from various issues and DNA diagnostics. For example, if you can determine for individuals there are predispositions to disease there are fundamental questions about confidentiality that is does an insurance company or your employer, your future employer has a right to access to that information. And I would say, unequivocally, no we have to set up safeguards. So that information is held between you and your doctor. The question of prenatal diagnosis, DNA diagnostics is gonna let us analyze any human genetic disease. You can make a rational decision about therapeutic abortion. And of course, this is an area of enormous collision at this point in time in society. The long-term implications of being able engineer human beings. Let me say that the engineering in our life line is basically gonna be single gene, single trait engineering and they don't touch the fundamental properties of human intelligence, emotional stability, physical attractiveness. These are all complicated multigenic traits that are off in the future. What is interesting is the genome initiative is the first initiative that has put 5% of its budget in to considering these kinds of questions trying to make a step forward in their resolution for society. So I think you can see then how the genome initiative is going to give us the tools to approach this complicated problem of the development of the human organism, starting as a single cell and going through this area code array of differentiation. I think you can see how it is going to dramatically alter medicine in the future, shifting it from this reactive mode to a much more preventive mode. And what it is also going to do is give us very powerful tools for looking uniquely at each individual in design therapies that are specific for their physiology and their disease. Something we can't begin to do at this point in time. And of course, as we understand how the networks of genes for the cardiovascular system or the immune system or the nervous system begin to work, we can start to approach on a rational basis the diseases that arise as a consequence of genetic defects in these particular systems. So I think you can begin to understand then that the unique feature of the genome project is that it really is closed ended that it will be possible to do at least much of the human genome sequence. The results will be interesting, incredibly useful. A striking technologies will merge. And the point I haven't really talked about is the problem is international in its dimensionality. And a real challenge is going be working together with other countries of the world. So in closing, let me thank my maybe colleagues in this interdisciplinary effort we have at Caltech that have carried out the development that has made possible electrolyte this. And you can see that it isn't very many people but the interdisciplinary nature and the interactions of their talents can really have quite remarkable effects. And I think this is one area of enormous opportunity for biology in the future, thank you.\r\n\r\n- Just one quick announcement before questions over to Dr. Hood. There is a reception here, right in the back corner here after question and answer, right now, If you wanna talk to , its up to you.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- Several companies have been doing And I wonder if you could tell us about the relationship between\r\n\r\n- That's really a good question. Let me tell you about my philosophy of the difference between academic and industrial research. We take the risks. We try to develop the new technologies. We develop the prototypes. Then the industry has to go on and package. And under this rubric, the technologies that we developed have, for example all been patented by Caltech. So if a company then takes them for a commercial distribution, they pay to Caltech royalties that go to the Institute and go back to the laboratory that's made these discoveries. Now with regard to the whole question of sequencing the human genome itself, the genome initiative is going to make everything public. Nothing is going to be copyrightable. It's going to be published. In fact, one of the real imperatives for the human genome initiative we write a grant for large scale DNA sequencing. You make a formal commitment about how you were going to make public your sequences. And there was an enormous pressure to make them public before you ever write papers on them so that they're in the database. And they are available to anybody who might wanna do anything with them. Now, having said that when companies own genes and sequence genes, they do have the right to patent these things. And no one can alter that although they are going to find it more and more difficult to do that as this large-scale sequencing effort really swings into a full operation. But quite frankly, that isn't going to happen probably for 10 years, just because it's too costly to sequence now. To give you an idea, the naive labs that do DNA sequencing, or I should say the unsophisticated labs to do DNA sequencing, when you calculate in all the costs, probably it comes to somewhere between 20 and $40 per base pair. Now the large scale labs that have really optimized things can push this cost down to 2 to $3 that they spare. The objective of the genome initiative is to push it down to 5 to 10 cents a base pair. And I think that's certainly gonna be doable over the next 10 years. But all of the instrumentation I talked about here, we've developed at Caltech has been commercialized. And in all cases, Caltech and the government of course have the patent stuff too and primary control of the . Other question? Yes.\r\n\r\n- Well, I'll tell you what my policy would be. Look, diagnosis is always going to precede therapy. And that's a given, I would argue we should never ever do diagnostics except for one of two justifications. One would be that we have the therapeutics that can compliment it. Or the second would be in some cases for the question of therapeutic abortion. I think that is a legitimate kind of thing. But beyond that, for example, if you come up from a family that has Huntington's disease, I think you have to think very carefully about whether you ever wanna have that test done on you because it's a hell of a thing to know. I mean, it's great. If you don't have the chromosome if you do have the chromosome, then you have to wait until you're 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 year, you're going to go through just a horrible neurodegenerative process. So my own general policy would be never do DNA diagnostics unless you have a therapeutic approach to it. Or the question of prenatal abortion, rhesus\r\n\r\n- How\r\n\r\n- How rapidly will it come?\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Won't begin to keep pace with the genome initiative. I think, we don't know how long it's gonna take to get generalized gene therapy by that. I mean, having vectors that can deliver good genes to any target organism in a human, that just seems like it's a long ways off although we can think about great theoretical ways to do it. It's proven very difficult but I think once the general problem is solved, then things will be done very, very quickly. And maybe it'll take us two years, and maybe it'll take us five years, and maybe it'll take us 10 years, But I think once we do, then I think we'll have enormous capacity to target genes to wherever we'd like to target them. And I think frankly in the end it may well be done using the solutions of molecular complimentarity. If you can identify in the target organ a unique protein on the cell surface you can make it's complimenting you can use that then to target Biosense or whatever it is to that. I think those are going to be some of the strategies that will be generally successful in the future, but it's gonna take long. So now the other thing I guess I would point out is will diagnostics really outstrip therapeutics I guess in a general sense, the answer is no because you have to realize we're not gonna do very much human sequencing for the next 10 years. I mean, my guess is by the end of the first five-year period, I think we'll have done 0.2 or 0.3%. By the end of the second five-year period, I think we'll be very lucky to beat 1%. But then I think it'll explode after that. And if that is the timescale of genetic engineering, then it could happen right in parallel. Yes. What kind of DNA?\r\n\r\n- Non-coding.\r\n\r\n- Non-coding DNA, right.\r\n\r\n- Two good questions. First with regard to the issue of junk DNA, the fact that maybe 97% of the DNA is non-coding. My own feeling in this is, Number one, There is a lot of information in that other DNA. Number two, we don't know where the information is and the easiest way to find where the information is is to actually carry out the sequence. Number three, we don't know what fraction will be informational in some way, but I gave you examples of some of the other things that will be buried in non-coding DNA. Regulatory information can be hundreds of kilobases in particular gene families. Certainly there can be a lot of information that's conserved that relates to chromosomal functions such as this convection and so forth. So I think it's gonna be very important to do the entire sequence, to find the information. We also aren't gonna be able to know where the genes are. So the only way to get all the genes is to make sure you've sequenced everything. And the final point I'd make is in 10 years, we're going to be able to sequence 10 million base pairs a day or 100 million base pairs a day. So the problem is going to very different in its dimensionality than it is today. So I think you have to keep that whole issue in mind. Now the issue of repetitive DNAs is really a good one. My own feeling is the central Meric repetitive DNAs or the very, very large block of very similar repetitive DNA's, won't be sequenced. I mean, what I think you'll do is you can use clever techniques to measure very precisely their size and then you'll assign a general repeat sequence to that. And you won't worry about it. The other eater spurs would be such as aloes and things like that. Don't present serious technical problems for the sequencing. Now they may present really serious technical problems for cloning. That is we know there are human clones that are extremely unstable and we may have to devise either very clever cloning techniques for stabilizing these intrinsically unstable points or what I think is much more likely. We're going to develop very, very powerful long scale PCR technology. So we can make transcripts right directly off the chromosomes and sequence them. And we don't have to clone things and worry about those kind of instabilities. But those are my points of view. So the repetitive DNA's certainly at the centromere you're not gonna bother to do those. You'll just make general measurements. Yes.\r\n\r\n- We hear a very different number\r\n\r\n- What I'm getting from NIH. I mean the budget edits most is gonna go up to 2% overall. Now, where the numbers could differ is what you include in the denominator. So, what is molecular biology? But I can say this, I can say NIH in a general spent since then $7 billion last year on research. The genome initiative for NIH was about $50 million that's an incredibly small fraction. I can say for AIDS, they spent more than 30 times as much on the genome initiative. And I would argue from all the things I've said here, this is a hell of a good thing to do from molecular biology. And if we can invest 1% or 2% or 5% and then I think intellectually we're an incredibly impoverished nation. So, that's how I answered these people. I mean, you can come up with different denominators but it really doesn't matter. Is it 5% or is it 1%? It is a small fraction.\r\n\r\n- You can take one more question and then\r\n\r\n- Okay.\r\n\r\n- Well, you've asked about three different questions. I mean, the first one is the most interesting one. How accurate can you sequence DNA? And the answer is we don't have any idea. Cause there aren't any very good objective measures to characterize it back against, but we're trying to devise tests to do that. Now, the questions of how you assemble these little strings and the big strings, there you have to build algorithms that can tolerate 20% error rates and they're what make it so incredibly computationally intense. But there actually are people that have done very clever things in that regard. One of the interesting conclusions that I've drawn is that the biological problems posed to the computational people are going to let them get very very fundamental issues in computational science. And they're gonna lead them to completely new ways of thinking about computer science. And to give you an example, Ken Kennedy is director of the science and technology center for parallel processing at rice. And a couple of years ago, we started talking about this DNA assembly problem and we've done some things together on it. And he told me recently that he's working now with Intel with their latest, super chip. And he says, it's interesting that the most fundamental part of the new algorithm they're developing is essentially the DNA assembly problem. So there are going to be really interesting offshoots from the computational problems we'll solve for biology. I think in many other disciplines. The chip we've developed this, this chip is going to have an incredible impact I think on geophysics because it is a chip that conserves through seismic patterns. When you shoot off a charge of dynamite you get an incredible array of patterns from different points that you have to analyze. And this chip is designed to do a pattern search that is made to order for that kind of thing. And the global environment business looking down from satellites at the earth and generating enormous erasing information. Again, apart from the patterns search problems fall into these chips that we've talked about here. So, there's a very interesting commonality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42921/file/115541#t=0.0,2002.512"}]}]}]}