{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/3n20c4t196/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Berg, Robert J., Preventing the Next African Famine"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203681 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Preventing the Next African Famine is an April 23, 1987 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Robert J. Berg. Robert J. Berg discusses recent famines in Africa and ways to prevent and ameliorate future famines.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9k06x584"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1987-04-23"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Berg, Robert J. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/589/small/lecture.png?1613489378","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=7.38,9.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, I guess I'd like to get started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=11.65,14.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not the Alexander Haig lecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=14.46,17.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you're confused.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=17.39,18.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's our pleasure this afternoon to have with us Bob Berg,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=19.36,24.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps some of you saw my letter to the Daily,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=25.2,28.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was published in advance of the 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fellow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=38.5,39.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Overseas Development Council in Washington, DC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=39.84,43.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is co-director of the Committee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=43.49,45.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on African Development Strategies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=45.13,47.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a joint project of the 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Eichelberger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=51.71,53.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Donald McHenry are in charge of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=53.34,55.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're also fortunate to have Bob for many 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Development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=62.96,64.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquartered in Rome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=64.68,65.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as we are the Ames chapter of SID","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=65.7,68.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are working in very hard today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=69.63,71.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at four o'clock he'll be speaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=72.56,74.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the 124 Ross Hall on donor assistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=74.73,78.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and implications for future aid programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=78.24,81.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob worked for a number of years with the agency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=81.49,83.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for international 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speaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=88.51,90.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about US attitudes towards the third world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=90.65,93.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I hope to see some of you in some of these other events,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=93.12,96.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but our topic for today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=96.51,97.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is preventing the next African famine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=97.947,102.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And without further ado","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=102.42,103.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's our pleasure to have Bob Berg, Bob.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=103.67,105.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=107.236,110.236"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very, very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=112.13,113.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a long overdue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=113.18,115.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for me to be meeting with this chapter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=115.98,118.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm really glad that you've given me the opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=118.55,121.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that at long last I can come and see 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70","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=129.24,133.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or so SID chapters around the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=133.76,136.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with now membership in 120 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I'll.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=147.56,150.509"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=150.509,153.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is my first three talks as you just heard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=153.08,156.429"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some informal chats today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=156.429,160.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I must say my office is 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purpose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=165.27,168.566"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=168.566,171.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry to disappoint you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=171.57,173.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those few of you who aren't on an exploratory committee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=173.86,176.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or but not until Harold Stassen decides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=176.71,181.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether he's going to run again for the ninth time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=182.21,184.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Will I make any decisions on this election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=184.04,186.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, now I wanted to cover four subjects briefly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=188.3,193.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the famine situation now in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=195.98,199.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the lessons learned from the 84, 85 famine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=200.445,205.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the underlying causes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=206.94,209.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what Africa doing about them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=209.37,211.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and finally what the US role might be in the 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too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=218.65,221.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but those are things I think I should cover.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=221.02,223.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two or three years 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shortfalls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=230.45,232.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and lacked the means to buy what they needed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=232.17,235.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for even the normal 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Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1652.66,1657.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're in an average Iowa household,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1657.49,1660.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try adding 75 to 100 people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1660.87,1663.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and dividing the household income equally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1663.45,1665.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll have some 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is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1668.83,1671.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa is in dire poverty and we are not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1671.1,1673.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That realization is part of the reasoning Americans 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justifiably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1693.94,1696.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our response to preventing the next famine has been flawed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1696.77,1700.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are holding back the World 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level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1730.23,1734.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of $2 and 50 cents Per capita in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1735.84,1740.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to about $2 per 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Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1759.43,1761.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to the US Treasury figures is $375 per capita.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1761.79,1765.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can we afford to help Africa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1766.83,1769.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, we can reallocate part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1769.59,1771.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our existing $12 billion foreign aid program to Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1771.44,1775.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can realize that in this decade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1775.89,1777.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our income will gain $3,000 Per 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income,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1784.03,1787.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no more in 1990 than they had in 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1787.34,1791.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can share some of our 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relevant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1806.54,1810.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our experience and ending our own dust bowl","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1810.58,1813.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this part of the country and in the South is 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farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1818.63,1821.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our banks and trading houses are needing to play their part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1821.35,1824.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our money is needed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1824.48,1825.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we must be clear what we are about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1827.31,1829.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is first to help Africa survive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1829.87,1833.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second to foster reformed economies and growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1833.74,1838.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will benefit the poor in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1838.29,1840.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And third to foster the flowering of human choices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1841.77,1844.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pluralism if you will and human dignity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1844.84,1848.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All this requires more of our country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1848.273,1850.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than we are currently offering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1850.7,1852.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Will there be drought in Africa in the future?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1852.94,1855.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Without a doubt yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1855.76,1857.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"searing droughts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1857.21,1858.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Will there be famine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1858.87,1860.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe, that's up to Africa in a substantial sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1860.73,1865.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is up to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1865.17,1866.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1866.75,1867.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1880.1,1883.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm part of a policy economist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1886.96,1889.172"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I remember 1976,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1889.172,1891.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world food conference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1891.77,1893.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1893.302,1895.469"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the dilemma was often brought up by the African members","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1898.16,1903.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when the drought came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1903.96,1906.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have then to cancel development plan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1907.61,1910.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you really fed the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1912.007,1914.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had to put all off anti-poverty measures for many years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1914.41,1919.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several years at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1922.54,1924.429"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I know that they're covered by aid, I 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this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1932.6,1934.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I sensed that that time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1934.63,1936.115"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was almost a population or development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1936.115,1940.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was almost saving lives or saving development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1940.91,1944.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I know that that sounds hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1944.31,1946.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but could you speak to that the real problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1946.87,1949.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the extent to which now the leaders,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1949.77,1954.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you perceive it would say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1954.21,1955.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the highest priority is saving the lives of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1955.94,1958.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not developing the country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1958.927,1961.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I don't think there's any choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1961.63,1963.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're a political leader,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1963.73,1965.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can't just say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1965.76,1966.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry, we're gonna build this bridge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1966.75,1968.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You folks out there then have to die for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1969.84,1972.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was sort of the way the great wall of China was built","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1972.59,1975.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think the ethics sort of changed in that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1975.05,1977.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It does disrupt development severely,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=1978.85,1981.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it has caused African leaders to 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first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2015.43,2017.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if that means the development activities are halted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2020.18,2025.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are 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treatment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2039.04,2043.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to recapitalize farm families as rapidly as possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2043.44,2047.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that it wasn't just a matter of 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forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2064.96,2067.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is how to get people back on land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2067.22,2069.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as rapidly as possible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2069.67,2071.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they can become productive again in the economy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2071.22,2074.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At SID North South round table session,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2075.326,2080.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I even created bargain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2081.77,2085.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not as pleased about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2085.36,2088.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I may have been in other areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2088.45,2091.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I felt so strongly about it that did it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2091.56,2096.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the question was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2096.83,2098.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do you assure that people will be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2098.18,2100.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to plant in the next season in Ethiopia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2100.84,2103.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were facing this in early 85.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2103.84,2105.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People had eaten the seeds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2106.82,2110.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'd save them one season,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2110.2,2111.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the crop didn't come,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2111.87,2113.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they planted didn't come,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2113.39,2115.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything they'd say after that they'd eaten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2115.62,2118.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there were no 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in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2126.56,2128.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would be strange to the farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2128.77,2130.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Teff seed was terribly 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farmers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2145.8,2147.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I suggested to the head of the World Food Program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2148.32,2151.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have a fousty end bargain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2151.72,2153.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we trade with the government any crop they wanted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2154.38,2158.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not just not a ton for ton 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plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2167.62,2169.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get their lives restored again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2169.94,2172.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so there was a little triaging that went 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season.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2177.56,2182.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, one has to then work back from famine into development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2183.41,2188.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can do that in the relief programs 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program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2629.99,2633.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but different motivation and different dynamics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2633.35,2636.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we simply really don't know how to advise couples now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2636.76,2641.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the midst of that situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2643.544,2646.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with very, very low medical budgets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2646.32,2648.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you say a few words about corruption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2653.63,2656.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a problem both in the famine prevention area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2656.56,2661.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also the long term economic development needs of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2661.66,2664.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe to give a few outstanding of good stories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2667.1,2670.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you've had in terms of the white","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2670.05,2673.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the black side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2673.467,2674.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I live in Washington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2679.19,2680.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what would I know about corruption?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2680.19,2681.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2681.633,2684.466"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, some of the interesting studies talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2688.81,2691.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about good corruption and bad corruption.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2691.27,2693.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Corruption sometimes can be the informal payment mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2693.57,2698.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that moves goods and services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2698.66,2700.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not quit an apologist for corruption.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2700.84,2703.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that there's a factor about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2705.24,2709.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I would like to just touch on for a moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2709.64,2712.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm concerned about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2716.72,2718.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm concerned when leaderships get greedy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2718.2,2723.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond even historic bounds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2726.66,2728.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe there's a problem in Kenya now of that sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2730.64,2734.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's sad to see that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2734.55,2736.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because Kenya is facing major long-term problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2736.59,2740.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if it has greedy leadership at the same time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2741.2,2745.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's putting an enormous burden on that society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2745.94,2748.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2753.42,2754.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we are facing courageous leaders in these reform cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2755.53,2760.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them even in countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2763.59,2765.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there had been substantial corruption.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2765.85,2768.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zaire is one that is on the list of either World Bank","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2770.72,2774.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of countries undergoing substantial reforms now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2774.56,2777.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Lord knows they've had substantial corruption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2777.84,2780.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and probably still do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2780.36,2781.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberia now has undergone reforms and agreed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2784.82,2788.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to really almost turning over financial cheque signing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2788.73,2793.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What concerns me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=2797.42,2798.763"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22491/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/491/original/AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_a.vtt?1613489380","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/491/original/AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_a.vtt?1613489380"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22492","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589/transcript/22492/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Need a crossing guard. Okay, why don't I have this. Okay, I guess I'd like to get started. This is not the Alexander Haig lecture, if you're confused. It's our pleasure this afternoon to have with us Bob Berg, and perhaps some of you saw my letter to the Daily, which was published in advance of the lecture, which I'm very pleased to see. Bob is a senior fellow at the Overseas Development Council in Washington, DC and is co-director of the Committee on African Development Strategies, which is a joint project of the ODC and the Council on Foreign Relations that Ambassadors Eichelberger and Donald McHenry are in charge of. We're also fortunate to have Bob for many reasons. One also he is a vice president for the Society for International Development, headquartered in Rome. And as we are the Ames chapter of SID we are working in very hard today at four o'clock he'll be speaking in the 124 Ross Hall on donor assistance and implications for future aid programs. Bob worked for a number of years with the agency for international development the United States Foreign Assistance Arm of our government. And this evening at eight o'clock he'll be speaking about US attitudes towards the third world. So I hope to see some of you in some of these other events, but our topic for today is preventing the next African famine. And without further ado it's our pleasure to have Bob Berg, Bob.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very, very much. It's a long overdue for me to be meeting with this chapter, and I'm really glad that you've given me the opportunity and that at long last I can come and see you and celebrate one of the vibrant and interesting and needed chapters of the world among the 70 or so SID chapters around the world with now membership in 120 countries. So it's nice to see you thriving here. This is the first of three speeches\r\n\r\n- We're not hearing very well\r\n\r\n- It is, it's radio unfortunately it's not okay, I'll. This is my first three talks as you just heard and some informal chats today. And I must say my office is convinced that anybody making that many talks in Iowa in one day is clearly out here for some other purpose. I'm sorry to disappoint you. Those few of you who aren't on an exploratory committee or but not until Harold Stassen decides whether he's going to run again for the ninth time. Will I make any decisions on this election. Today, now I wanted to cover four subjects briefly that the famine situation now in Africa. Then the lessons learned from the 84, 85 famine, some of the underlying causes and what Africa doing about them and finally what the US role might be in the solutions. I'll be happy of course to answer questions about the Society for International Development, them too but those are things I think I should cover. Two or three years ago. Some 20 Sub-Saharan African countries had major food shortfalls and lacked the means to buy what they needed for even the normal insufficient at least in a chloric sense, certainly levels. Some 30 million people were suffering substantial malnutrition, 10 million of those were in serious condition, 5 million we're in refugee status. Now two good years of rain have come. The great majority of refugees have gone home. Many African countries are in surplus and some of these are even having trouble marketing substantial surpluses. Four countries have unusual malnutrition still and one is really in famine, Ethiopia, Sudan, Angola and Mozambique. And it all four weather it's not really to blame civil strife is. If we want to end severe malnutrition, unusually severe malnutrition in those countries, we ought to be investing and settling disputes, arbitration, peacekeeping forces, ending our own role in fostering strife in Angola especially and other means that can, and those kinds of situations now. But those are not the typical cases of famine and we have to learn from the 84, 85 famine because we're likely to face similar drought situations in the future over larger numbers of countries again. Much of what I will say in this part of the talk is drawn from conclusions of the society for international developments, North, South round table. It's a group which been meeting on a private basis to see about bringing lessons of development together and Maurice Strong who headed the United Nations Emergency Operations for Africa and did a magnificent job the UN did and he did too. He and I put on a meeting last year to bring together ministers who had been leaders in 17 of the 20 worst effected countries and we asked them to tell us what they had learned from the famine. The first lesson they said is that they are now convinced the drought will reoccur. It's a fact of life in Africa's future. I must say that after the drought in the early seventies the conventional wisdom was the drought would come in 50 year cycles. I commissioned the paper to compare that drought with the drought of 1915, 17 so that our grandchildren could cope with the drought in the year 2025. That was the conventional wisdom. Now the wisdom is these droughts are coming sooner. The minister from Somalia said \"we expect severe difficulties in weather every five years moderate difficulties every three years.\" Second, that one can manage relief situations and not let the drought turn into famine. Botswana with cereals crops down 87%, over a long period of time. No great losses of human life, Kenya, the height of the drought there had a million people on relief, no great losses of life. Sahel managed the drought to great deal better this time around than in the early seventies. So there are many things that can be done to save lives. The third emphasis brought home to them was the need for food production, somewhat as opposed to export crop production and therefore a focus on small farmers and particularly women as the mechanisms for food production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Fourth, the lesson that some crops are more drought resistant than others, and a new respect for sorghum and millet as opposed to maize and wheat. Fifth, that donors will come but they will come late. And the greatest risk to people is early therefore and so the real onuses on African states to mobilize their own resources first. And indeed some of that went on to a remarkable extent, but we just didn't get it in our news. The first relief food to reach Mozambique came from Zimbabwe for example. Six, a new respect for livestock. Livestock now being seen suddenly as a means for plowing, whereas most often it had been seen as food component or component to culture and the losses in Mozambique of so many hundreds of thousands of I've herd of livestock has had a real, made a real difference to the ability to cultivate land. And in some, and I had been asked to summarize that meeting. I told them a different point of view by national leaders. I heard something rather exciting it seemed to me in that session. I told the ministers that in previous times I had seen them act as kind of carpenters of development, building structures having the pride of a carpenter, standing back, looking at it, seeing that it was built and in operation but not having that sense of a team attachment to it. That the sense that you sort of have to live in that house that you built you can just move on to the next structure. Now, so many of them talked in terms of the fact that the tragedy of they're losing lives, the accomplishment of savings lives a much more of a view that medical doctors have and a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of peoples. That was rather important. All these lessons and change perspectives are important but they will not be enough to change Africa's current prognosis, prognosis over the medium and longterm far more guarded than any other part of the world. The deeper problems the fundamental problems are the real causes of famine in Africa and that real problem is poverty. Even those of you who may have farm holdings don't that aren't entirely self-sufficient in your food production. We all depend on buying on the market. And in Africa even during drought, food can reach markets if people have enough money, but of course they don't. Africa must be able to overcome it's poverty if the next droughts are to be prevented from becoming famines. What has caused this poverty? Why is income per capita been on the decline almost all the last 15 years in Sub-Saharan Africa? Why is food production per capita decline on the average for over a decade or more? Why in spite of a good deal of foreign help, does Africa face the prospect of more famine? Part of what has gone into these answers is a National Commission on Sub-Saharan Africa, which resulted in a report, Compact for African Development which had a rather important influence on African proposals to the world community in May of last year and a book called Strategies for African Development, University of California press my publisher, the family wish me to state that, that book is available at neighborhood stores. The conclusion of 20 major studies and very serious conversations with African development leaders in a neutral settings off the record and discussions among many donors, led to a formula, which was essentially adopted at the UN special session on Sub-Saharan Africa last may. What we now have is an unprecedented consensus on what Africa's fundamental problems are. And this is an asset of tremendous worth in fostering national action international cooperation. The consensus is that the interplay of high population growth adverse environmental trends and a crisis in agriculture work together to erode foo security almost continuously, and that all parts of this nexus must be worked upon Working on just one side of the problem is not going to do it. Another part of the consensus is that debt and the adverse trade situation facing Africa in recent years combined to preclude growth And that the problems of debt and trade as well as the structural problems in agriculture environment and population have to be addressed if poverty is to be reduced. And finally, the both African development strategies and donor strategies must be changed reformed if you will. If there is reform and more aid certainly as needed the aid will be used in a much more efficient way. Now let me look at these factors with you one at a time. First the question of the consensus and the importance of that until recently African states and the international donor community were often in disagreement. This was almost codified at the beginning of the decade with Africa's Lagos Plan of Action and the World Bank own analysis most often called the bird report a different bird by the way. A small cottage industry of academic commentary has since taken place contrasting the two reports. But the point is that in the last few years, African leaders and foreign donors have agreed in all the essentials and both have moved to a point of consensus. Let's look at the measure of the consensus on agriculture population and environment and why these are interrelated. As you know, agriculture in Africa is an extensive system. The main gains and productions have generally come from bringing more land into cultivation. Intensive systems of agriculture are largely undeveloped. They are very complex given so many environmental conditions. There won't be a green revolution quick fix in Africa. It's take years of hard agriculture research to develop and micro applications intel intensive agricultural systems are adopted. In the meantime, families expand planting areas. Farmers are forced to let their land rest less often, and they are compelled to farm even more marginal lands. Land limits have been reached in 14 countries in Africa now, and land the basic natural resource capital in Africa next to its people being used up. The land is thin and fragile, and it's literally blowing away. A little over a year ago, the faculty cars at the university of Southern Florida, were getting a strange dust on them and the faculty couldn't figure it out. Of course, this made for a research project and they found that the soil side has discovered that the dust was West African soil that had blown across. The physical environment in Africa is being pressed beyond natural limits and is breaking down. This agricultural and environmental crisis is of course driven by galloping population growth rates. Rates of growth of three and 4% per year, which no amount of prudent agriculture change can hope to catch. And it can't be covered up with numbers as the Kenyan Government year 2000 plan does by saying, \"don't worry about our 4% population growth rate because we predict the between now and the year 2000, we will have a 5% agricultural growth rate.\" I don't remember any country that ever had a sustained agricultural growth rate at 5% a year, but maybe you experts we'll know that. The prognosis as agreed to by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Bank is that per capita food production will drop by another 30% in the next 25 years if this rate of poverty growth continues. And if agriculture breakthroughs are not fine between now and then. Food imports would then be twice that of total African farm exports, unless than that number of changes take place. Agriculture needs major changes, increased incentives, more intensive systems of cultivation need to be developed even using current technologies and there's good play in current technologies. And of course, a real program, a crash program perhaps and agriculture research. This also will require better supporting infrastructure in the rural areas. There is food often in rural Africa that doesn't get the deficit areas just because of the poor lee existing and poorly maintained infrastructure. Agriculture has to be on an environmentally sounder basis or respect has to be paid to soil management, agroforestry better water management. And I think an extremely important point is that we're missing the large climate effects that are occurring in Africa. So that we tend to do this in the Sahelian areas to say, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger you've got to have better environmental practice. And we're not looking at the forestry denuding going on in the Ivory Coast and the other coastal areas which is having a longterm impact. We've got to start getting a synergistic agricultural approach and climate approach and making neighbors realized their responsibilities to other neighbors and to themselves in the deforestation going on in the coastal areas. Population control needs to be addressed both by assuring that existing children live to give families more security and by helping couples plan smaller family sizes. The AIDS pandemic is a complication in this line of argument which we might wish to discuss. It creates some scary factors now to any traditional population planning argument in Africa. The third area I mentioned was trade and debt. Africa has the misfortune of being a supplier of a group of commodities, coco, jute, copper, coffee. The plain truth is that the depression and commodity prices we're seeing for the last decade is probably going to continue in those commodities for many, many years to come. Africa must find patterns of development less dependent on imports and using more viable commodities and other processed foods and products for exports. The trade dilemma in part explains Africa's great difficulty in repaying her debts. Low export earnings plus repayment schedules, which are totally unrealistic such as the International Monetary Funds bunch to very high repayments over these current years have created a financial crisis far worse than that of Latin America in terms of the ability to repay. In 1980 African needed only 11% of its export earnings to repay debt. Last year, it was over 50%. This leaves no room to pay for vital imports to restore growth. Africa needs help from its trading and banking partners or the whole picture cannot improve. And finally reform. Necessary and somewhat belated wisdom has pushed Africa to all there economic course. We simply do not appreciate the courage and the scope of the ongoing reforms in Africa. Inflation which is as late as 1984 was 20% is now less than half of that, whereas in Latin America, it is in many cases still over a hundred percent. The World Bank special facility for Africa was started a few years ago predicated on the fact that perhaps 10 Africa countries would be reforming their economies to the extent they could use this special facility funds. Now it's oversubscribed as 22 countries are considered eligible for the fund. There are many reforms going on in agricultural strategies and foreigners exchange management in government employment, in the rationalization of parastatals. And here are the donors come in. The donors encouraged reforms. They said, \"if you reform you are certainly at risk.\" You can't raise your agriculture prices without having your urban populations get awfully angry with you. You can't cut down unemployment without having sources of resentment. We understand that. We also know that reforms take some time. They aren't magical, problems don't get created at once they don't get solved at once. So that you need to have both successful reforms and you need to have growth because without growth you can't demonstrate to your populations that going through the agony of reform is actually worth it. And to have those both, you need external resources. So said the donors, \"we have our side as well.\" If you go out and if you undertake the reforms we'll be there to help you. And so the donors, the last piece of the puzzle. The UN special session called for these reforms and it also called for the donors to increase their support of them. And in fact, that support has not been forthcoming. UN special session said not only must there be reforms on the African side, there must be reforms on the donor side of two kinds, an improved quality of aid and an improved quantity of aid. Kenya has helped us understand why the quality of aid must change. Only three years ago, their top career financial official told my Africa committee \"we Kenyans are too poor to turn down any aid offer even though we know some aid is given for the wrong reasons and some will finance things we don't want.\" But last year, the Kenyans realized they could no longer afford bad aid. They announced that they would try to cut back the number of aid projects by 50% to a portfolio size that they could manage. They asked for more reasonable conditions and they stated they would not accept aid unless the technology offered was appropriate and the administrative cost of aided projects was low. Yesterday in Washington, I addressed a group of Francophone African officials, who said the number one problem that they had with foreign donors was the lack of coordination by Western donors in their countries. These kinds of donor reforms getting to the more important problems, better coordination, better concentration in key sectors were endorsed at the UN special session. And I have been urging donor leaders to follow through on the qualitative reforms. But so far there's been relatively little movement even on that score. Besides quality changes from donors, quantitative changes are also needed. The truth is that Africa cannot recover from this last famine, regain economic momentum and make needed reforms without a lot of foreign help. Everybody agrees to the need. No one is really acting on it. Where does the US fit into this? We are second importance only to the Africans themselves in this equation. We are chairman of the board of the Western world. Our grain surpluses mean our response capability to the famine is second to none. We have deep cultural geopolitical and economic ties and beyond all of this, we care. We have a tradition which goes back to our early days as a nation, responding to those struck by disaster and responding to those needing help to get out of poverty. We have a sense of justice and fair play. With all our budget and domestic problems. We still see a Sub-Saharan Africa with 400 million people where these 51 nations have a combined gross national product equivalent to the state of Illinois. The Iowa per capita GNP is 31 times that of Africa. If you're in an average Iowa household, try adding 75 to 100 people and dividing the household income equally. You'll have some notion about what the African standard of living in economic terms is. Africa is in dire poverty and we are not. That realization is part of the reasoning Americans believe that Africa should be our top aid recipient. And tonight I will talk a little about that poll that led to that conclusion. Our private and public response to the recent major famine was generous and made our country feel good about itself justifiably. Our response to preventing the next famine has been flawed. We are holding back the World Bank and other vital international institutions. We are now in substantial arrears to the World Bank. In exactly those funding areas where the World Bank is devoting most of its resources to Africa. We have cut off funding to the two major population groups, making the most difference in Africa. The international planned Parenthood Federation and the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. Our aid program to Africa will shrink from its 1984 level of $2 and 50 cents Per capita in Africa to about $2 per capita. At the same time a continuation of a Central America program which provides them $60 per capita and Egypt aid programs $65 per capita. And on Israel aid program of $1,000 per capita, by the way, United States Government aid to Iowa, according to the US Treasury figures is $375 per capita. Can we afford to help Africa? Yes, we can reallocate part of our existing $12 billion foreign aid program to Africa. We can realize that in this decade, our income will gain $3,000 Per capita, while Africa we'll be lucky to wind up with a 10th of that as their total income, no more in 1990 than they had in 1980. We can share some of our gain. Are we relevant to Africa? Of course we are. Our agricultural and medical research facilities are top and can help build their own capabilities. Our management know how is relevant. Our information processing know how is relevant. Our experience and ending our own dust bowl in this part of the country and in the South is relevant. Soil conservation, forestry, low-interest credit to farmers. Our banks and trading houses are needing to play their part and our money is needed. But we must be clear what we are about, it is first to help Africa survive, second to foster reformed economies and growth that will benefit the poor in Africa. And third to foster the flowering of human choices, pluralism if you will and human dignity. All this requires more of our country than we are currently offering. Will there be drought in Africa in the future? Without a doubt yes, searing droughts. Will there be famine? Maybe, that's up to Africa in a substantial sense that is up to us. Thank you very much. Now I be happy to take your questions or comments on Africa or SID or SID and Africa or anything like that.\r\n\r\n- I'm part of a policy economist and I remember 1976, the world food conference and the dilemma was often brought up by the African members that when the drought came you have then to cancel development plan. And if you really fed the people you had to put all off anti-poverty measures for many years, several years at least and I know that they're covered by aid, I suppose. But you said you were so pleased with the full ownership of this. I sensed that that time that was almost a population or development. It was almost saving lives or saving development, and I know that that sounds hard but could you speak to that the real problem? And the extent to which now the leaders, as you perceive it would say that the highest priority is saving the lives of people not developing the country?\r\n\r\n- Well, I don't think there's any choice. If you're a political leader, you can't just say sorry, we're gonna build this bridge. You folks out there then have to die for it. That was sort of the way the great wall of China was built and I think the ethics sort of changed in that. It does disrupt development severely, and it has caused African leaders to recognize that a pattern of development activities going on everywhere was costing so much in recurrent costs that they were losing their options and really channeling resources to more fundamental problems. I just don't think that it is a satisfactory ethical response to not respond to famine first. And if that means the development activities are halted, they are halted. But it should mean something to what the follow on response is and to how famine itself is treated. One of the most important issues during the famine treatment was to recapitalize farm families as rapidly as possible. So that it wasn't just a matter of feed and wet food kitchens or dry food kitchens, that was an insufficient response to people who had had to sell there animals and their farm tools and so forth. The question is how to get people back on land as rapidly as possible, so they can become productive again in the economy. At SID North South round table session, I even created bargain. I'm not as pleased about this as I may have been in other areas, but I felt so strongly about it that did it, the question was, how do you assure that people will be able to plant in the next season in Ethiopia? We were facing this in early 85. People had eaten the seeds, they'd save them one season, the crop didn't come, they planted didn't come, anything they'd say after that they'd eaten. So there were no seed and no seed in the important local grain of Teff. Now there could be seed coming in, it would be strange to the farmers. But Teff seed was terribly important. And who held the Teff? Well, the government held the Teff and they were using for feeding their military. So the question then became, how do you get the Teff seed out of the government and back to the farmers? And I suggested to the head of the World Food Program that we have a fousty end bargain and we trade with the government any crop they wanted and not just not a ton for ton basis, two for one anything that got that seed out so that the farmers could clip plant and get their lives restored again. And so there was a little triaging that went on so that that seed would not get eaten up which would have had dire consequences in the 86 season. Well, one has to then work back from famine into development and you can do that in the relief programs itself. When you do that, you make the transition back in development programs a lot easier than it would be otherwise. That's the best I can answer your question.\r\n\r\n- Ted Efros, how many African governments already addressing population problems or population policy in a very explicit way, what needs to be done for those that aren't?\r\n\r\n- Well, it was interesting to see the difference between the Bucharest meeting of the first world conference on population in 74 was that? And the Mexico meeting that was 85, 86 I forget the exact date. At the Bucharest meeting, I think two African States spoke out in favor of population planning programs. At the Mexico city meeting that the committee that really carried the weight of the conference over the objection of our United States official position which as you may remember, was sort of funny. Was chaired by a Ghanaian and almost all the African states chimed in either with a neutral position or a positive position. The ministers of planning of Africa met to recommend positions to their heads of state for the United Nations special session early last year. And they said that there were 12 priorities that Africa had to face and they listed them in the priorities that they felt were important. Don't ask me to repeat the priorities I can't, but I remember that number one was population. Now when the heads of state met, to create the position that they then forwarded to the United Nations, population was still on the list but it was number 12. I was glad it wasn't on the list at all. That to me was some significant progress. You look for two things in African population, you look for government support and you look for acquiescence. Sometimes you will not get full support but you can get an awful a lot acquiescence. So the United Nations fund for population activities is in 42 African countries. And the International Planned Parenthood Federation is in 28 African countries. At the time the United States Government canceled their support for these two organizations and said, \"we'll take it on ourselves.\" The United States was operating population programs in eight African countries. That's why I thought it was such a tragedy that these organizations had already had acceptance in so many countries where they're operating effectively generally, if I read their evaluations correctly and we pulled the plug in part. There's still it needs to do that needs to be a lot of work. The cultural heritage of preferring large families is extremely strong. But I do think that there is substantial progress possible if our tactic is to permit and encourage and help existing children survive and existing mothers survive. Highest maternal mortality rate in the world is in Sub-Saharan Africa. And the security of survival is powerful in leading people then to face the possibility of smaller family size. Now I mentioned earlier that AIDS is a complication. And I haven't worked this out in my own mind yet. I'm beginning to think that in some parts of Africa where the AIDS pandemic is particularly fearsome that it would not be efficacious to argue for family planning because the population losses will be so high as to at least until more demographic data comes in at least to hold in suspension a little bit once judgment about what is right and what is right in the midst of communities where large losses are taking place and larger will take place A very senior state department official called me a couple of weeks ago in near tears and said, \"we just got the viral incidents rate in. It may be fragmentary, but it's the best evidence we have for a large African city in a country which nobody even lists as a major AIDS problem country now.\" He said, it's 34%. Now, what do you do with statistics like that except shutter? And the national government involved has not yet informed their people because it's so scary. And what is scary about this particular one as an approach of all the sort of biblical plagues that have hit Africa, most of them have drawn on community strengths. People have become refugees as a community or they have entered into agricultural self-help programs as a community. This is a threat which undermines the community fabric. And it is therefore in my mind, something we've got to think about a great deal more, and we're just, we're already seriously concerned about the demography of this in East and Southern Africa and just beginning to understand what's happening in West Africa. I think the figure now in infant deaths because of aid in Zambia next year is predicted to be 6,000. And so that's why I have some hesitations about this even though I think I approached this question and say family planning in terms of family well being has got to be part of that equation. And a good AIDS campaign may have the same mechanical prescriptions as a good family planning program but different motivation and different dynamics that we simply really don't know how to advise couples now in the midst of that situation with very, very low medical budgets.\r\n\r\n- Could you say a few words about corruption as a problem both in the famine prevention area and also the long term economic development needs of Africa. Maybe to give a few outstanding of good stories that you've had in terms of the white and the black side.\r\n\r\n- I live in Washington. So what would I know about corruption? Well, some of the interesting studies talk about good corruption and bad corruption. Corruption sometimes can be the informal payment mechanism that moves goods and services. I'm not quit an apologist for corruption. And I think that there's a factor about this that I would like to just touch on for a moment. I'm concerned about it. I'm concerned when leaderships get greedy beyond even historic bounds. I believe there's a problem in Kenya now of that sort and it's sad to see that because Kenya is facing major long-term problems and if it has greedy leadership at the same time that's putting an enormous burden on that society. I do think that we are facing courageous leaders in these reform cases. Some of them even in countries where there had been substantial corruption. Zaire is one that is on the list of either World Bank of countries undergoing substantial reforms now, and Lord knows they've had substantial corruption and probably still do. Liberia now has undergone reforms and agreed to really almost turning over financial cheque signing. What concerns me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105589#t=0.0,2803.344"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_b.mp3"]},"duration":702.24,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/590/small/lecture.png?1613489383","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/590/original/AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_b.mp3?1613489383","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":702.24,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's true, you've been walking the streets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=6.625,8.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a tattered shirt for the last year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=8.65,11.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if you came into the bank and laid out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=11.9,14.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$10 million in foreign exchange,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=14.537,16.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will say to you, thank you very much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=18.07,19.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as opposed to you go straight to jail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=19.98,21.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this was obviously ill gotten gains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=21.9,25.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan has raised 600 million with that bonding exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=25.9,30.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm all in favor of having an amnesty period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=33.05,37.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get African resources back to Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=38.51,40.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not in favor of having new corruption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=43.12,45.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to create resources that go abroad","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=45.66,47.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we'll have to bring back in five years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=47.65,49.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how to end it any more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=51.49,53.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than I know how to get rid of the shenanigans in Washington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=53.06,57.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=58.79,59.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you folks have the first crack at that and the caucus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=59.78,62.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=64.784,65.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Maybe on the same line of corruption.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=65.617,67.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I heard from someone else that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=67.56,70.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some of the money that was to be sent to Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=70.18,73.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's relief from American donors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=73.72,76.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there were certain groups that were much more likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=76.69,81.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have the money get to the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=81.343,82.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than other groups that were less 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organizations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=268.78,270.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will see a lot of them on the questionable list","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=270.84,274.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the domestic side and fairly 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Interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=286.61,289.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I work with them, should they be a self policing agency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=289.8,294.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think they should and I think there's a lot of 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for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=312.24,315.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international development purposes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=315.27,317.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would be very safe I think, to say probably less than 5%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=319.38,324.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe less than 1%, but unfortunately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=325.09,329.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's that one good news story on such an organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=329.17,332.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which really does tremendous harm to all the others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=332.54,334.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are very conscientious,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=334.66,336.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whose people work at salaries that put them right in league","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=336.44,340.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the research assistants at universities in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=340.04,344.299"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know remuneration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=344.299,347.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=347.333,348.166"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I like to know how you view our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=349.523,351.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international political situation in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=351.64,354.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like it's a Soviet presence in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=354.01,358.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so with blocked countries like the Cubans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=358.24,361.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the North Koreans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=361.73,363.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well does that factor complicate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=363.13,365.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem of you know, development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=365.28,368.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. The most destabilizing political force in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=368.356,373.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my view, although I understand well, the situation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=373.32,378.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in Ethiopia, Mozambique and Angola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=380.18,384.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not from Moscow, it's from Pretoria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=386.3,389.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in terms of the damage done to economies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=391.15,394.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would have to be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=398.734,399.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'd have to say that two of the four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=401.06,403.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"current famine situations in Africa are South Africa caused","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=403.84,408.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not Eastern block caused that is Mozambique and Angola.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=409.38,414.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The situation in Ethiopia is different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=415.87,418.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a situation where an ineffective government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=419.85,424.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Haile Selassie government was replaced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=425.12,428.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a maniacal government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=428.42,430.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what I worry about frankly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=431.82,435.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not only their politics, which I think is unfortunate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=437.11,441.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although I think it is quietly changing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=441.12,444.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, somebody came to my office recently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=444.25,447.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had been a really senior person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=447.11,448.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a private and voluntary group handling major resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=448.87,453.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is now gotten the Ethiopians to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=453.23,455.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agree to joint venture in a partially private capital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=455.42,460.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rural development schemes in Ethiopia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=460.96,463.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kind of unexpected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=465.12,466.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worry part about that the policies involved,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=467.486,472.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I worry more frankly, about the sanity of their leader.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=472.91,476.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have long been a proponent of having a staff psychiatrist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=480.8,484.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a consultant for any secretary of state we have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=484.52,487.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause it's one thing to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=487.1,488.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not necessarily for the person themselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=490.13,491.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the person that the secretary has to deal with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=491.5,494.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George Schultz, I think is sane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=496.13,498.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Mingus Du, I don't think is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=498.34,500.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think we have to learn how to deal with people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=500.03,503.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who really are off the deep end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=503.17,506.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I judge that, not from any news accounts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=506.22,509.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but from talking to people who were in his cabinet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=509.17,512.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had to deal with him personally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=513.18,515.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what a life-threatening situation that was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=515.52,518.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, it happens that the Russians are the only people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=520.6,524.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who can deal with Ethiopia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=524.43,526.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've cut themselves off even from Chinese advice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=526.8,530.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Tanzanian advice and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=530.21,532.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it happens that the Soviet Union has been left","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=533.63,536.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scot free for most of the equations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=536.6,539.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in dealing with Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=539.92,543.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They came to the UN special session","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=543.57,545.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they said the same thing that they have said now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=545.28,547.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for at least 30 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=547.75,549.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well folks, they said, \"You know all these problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=549.59,552.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all caused by colonialism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=552.15,555.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were never a colonial power in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=555.0,557.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's up to the ex colonial powers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=557.88,560.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to solve these problems and we wish them Godspeed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=560.75,564.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Mark speed.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=568.06,568.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway they,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=568.893,570.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that excuse is wearing thin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=573.517,575.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a view on this and that is that the Soviet Union","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=577.36,581.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is now trying inch by inch to get into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=581.62,585.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international economic system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=585.05,586.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is applied for membership at the general agreement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=587.61,590.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on tariffs and trade and been turned down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=590.32,592.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the United States but that's only a matter of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=592.11,594.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's only a matter of time when it will be in their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=594.76,597.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advantage to seek membership in the IMF and the world bank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=597.46,601.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when they want to do these sorts of things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=602.47,604.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's fine and dandy and the long-term benefit of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=604.44,607.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world to create more interdependence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=607.67,611.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that there ought to be very clear signals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=611.0,613.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sent to the Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=613.88,615.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you become a player in the international system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=615.73,618.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and want to be acquainted with Europe and North America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=620.65,624.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you pick up certain responsibilities as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=624.64,627.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is up to the Soviet Union to start demonstrating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=629.45,632.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is able to participate in the international economic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=632.78,636.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system by not having these ridiculously outdated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=636.22,640.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Molotov vintage excuses for working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=640.74,645.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the international system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=645.71,647.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But by demonstrating that they can extend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=647.06,649.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the terms of finance on African debt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=649.83,652.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they can become a constructive player","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=652.92,655.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the economic development of places like Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=655.14,658.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a demonstration effect that is terribly important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=658.04,660.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is meaningful and the international economic discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=661.85,666.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just as Geneva talks are meaningful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=666.0,667.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the arms of discussion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=667.69,669.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I hope that we can start getting those kinds of factors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=669.13,672.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the East-West agenda at some point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=672.12,674.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we don't like to hear, Bob will continue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=676.5,679.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will have the chance this afternoon at four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=679.25,681.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 140 Farrar and also this evening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=681.23,683.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at eight o'clock in the gallery","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=683.33,685.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my assistant is gonna lead us out of here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=685.54,688.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob, thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=689.413,690.695"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=690.695,692.297"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22493/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/493/original/AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_b.vtt?1613489385","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/493/original/AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_b.vtt?1613489385"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22494","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203681_Preventing_the_Next_African_Famine_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590/transcript/22494/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- It's true, you've been walking the streets in a tattered shirt for the last year, but if you came into the bank and laid out $10 million in foreign exchange, we will say to you, thank you very much, as opposed to you go straight to jail, because this was obviously ill gotten gains. Pakistan has raised 600 million with that bonding exercise. And I'm all in favor of having an amnesty period to get African resources back to Africa. I'm not in favor of having new corruption to create resources that go abroad that we'll have to bring back in five years. I don't know how to end it any more than I know how to get rid of the shenanigans in Washington. But then again, you folks have the first crack at that and the caucus. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Maybe on the same line of corruption. I heard from someone else that with some of the money that was to be sent to Africa, that's relief from American donors, that there were certain groups that were much more likely to have the money get to the people than other groups that were less likely to get to the people.\r\n\r\n- I'd be delighted to tune in at four o'clock for an extensive answer to that question. The short answer, which I don't think I'll go into that is there were, sure in a vast array of organizations, some will be a lot better than others. Some are used to handling food supplies others weren't. Before the famine, Catholic Relief was handling 80% of the United States food distributions. They were going through private groups in Africa. So you didn't have to teach them a lot about that. You have to teach CARE a lot about that. Some groups had to learn pretty much from scratch. Some were fast learners. Some groups were criticized because they held back some relief monies in order to do very much this transition back into development. I'm on the advisory board for USA, for Africa, we'd get terrific criticism from a lot of newspapers because they say Americans gave you money to do relief. And you're spending about a third of that on development activities. All the development activities are related to try to prevent the next famine in the ways that I've talked about. Part of the problem then is that Americans have a view about what private and voluntary organizations do. Private volunteer organizations, according to popular view are relief organizations. And when they spend their money on development purposes, it loses something in the translation where the public at large, that by the way is not unexpected because these organizations go out and peddle themselves as relief organizations. And for the religious base ones particularly, this is a tough problem because it's called lying to the customer, false advertising. And yet they haven't figured out a way to tell their donor public's what business they're actually in. Now, whether that that's the major criticism that these groups were under. And I think the problem is not in how they spend their money, it's how they educate their donors. There are a couple of groups, there was one in California that was clearly out collecting money. If you look up the range of American domestic charities and look at the ones that are on the list of the National Information Bureau, which is kind of the watchdog agency, looking at charity organizations, you will see a lot of them on the questionable list on the domestic side and fairly few on the international side but there are problems in both. And one of the problems the trade association of non-governmental organizations has now it's a new organization, it's called Interaction and I work with them, should they be a self policing agency. And I think they should and I think there's a lot of feeling in the community that they're gonna have to do that. It is by no means, I mean, I have no evidence to indicate that this is a large problem in relation to the total amount of monies collected in America for international development purposes. I would be very safe I think, to say probably less than 5%, maybe less than 1%, but unfortunately it's that one good news story on such an organization, which really does tremendous harm to all the others who are very conscientious, whose people work at salaries that put them right in league with the research assistants at universities in terms of you know remuneration. Yes.\r\n\r\n- I like to know how you view our international political situation in Africa. Like it's a Soviet presence in Africa, so with blocked countries like the Cubans and the North Koreans. Well does that factor complicate the problem of you know, development.\r\n\r\n- Yeah. The most destabilizing political force in Africa in my view, although I understand well, the situation, I think in Ethiopia, Mozambique and Angola is not from Moscow, it's from Pretoria. I think in terms of the damage done to economies, it would have to be, you'd have to say that two of the four current famine situations in Africa are South Africa caused and not Eastern block caused that is Mozambique and Angola. The situation in Ethiopia is different. It is a situation where an ineffective government, the Haile Selassie government was replaced by a maniacal government. And what I worry about frankly, is not only their politics, which I think is unfortunate. Although I think it is quietly changing. That is, somebody came to my office recently who had been a really senior person in a private and voluntary group handling major resources who is now gotten the Ethiopians to agree to joint venture in a partially private capital, rural development schemes in Ethiopia. Kind of unexpected. I worry part about that the policies involved, but I worry more frankly, about the sanity of their leader. I have long been a proponent of having a staff psychiatrist as a consultant for any secretary of state we have, cause it's one thing to say, not necessarily for the person themselves, but the person that the secretary has to deal with. George Schultz, I think is sane. But Mingus Du, I don't think is. And I think we have to learn how to deal with people who really are off the deep end. And I judge that, not from any news accounts, but from talking to people who were in his cabinet and had to deal with him personally, and what a life-threatening situation that was. Now, it happens that the Russians are the only people who can deal with Ethiopia. They've cut themselves off even from Chinese advice and Tanzanian advice and so forth. And it happens that the Soviet Union has been left scot free for most of the equations and in dealing with Africa. They came to the UN special session and they said the same thing that they have said now for at least 30 years. Well folks, they said, \"You know all these problems were all caused by colonialism. We were never a colonial power in Africa and it's up to the ex colonial powers to solve these problems and we wish them Godspeed or Mark speed.\" But anyway they, and that excuse is wearing thin. I have a view on this and that is that the Soviet Union is now trying inch by inch to get into the international economic system. It is applied for membership at the general agreement on tariffs and trade and been turned down by the United States but that's only a matter of time. It's only a matter of time when it will be in their advantage to seek membership in the IMF and the world bank. And when they want to do these sorts of things, I think that's fine and dandy and the long-term benefit of the world to create more interdependence. But I think that there ought to be very clear signals sent to the Soviet Union. When you become a player in the international system and want to be acquainted with Europe and North America, you pick up certain responsibilities as well. And it is up to the Soviet Union to start demonstrating that it is able to participate in the international economic system by not having these ridiculously outdated Molotov vintage excuses for working in the international system. But by demonstrating that they can extend the terms of finance on African debt, that they can become a constructive player in the economic development of places like Africa. That's a demonstration effect that is terribly important and is meaningful and the international economic discussion just as Geneva talks are meaningful in the arms of discussion. And I hope that we can start getting those kinds of factors on the East-West agenda at some point.\r\n\r\n- No, we don't like to hear, Bob will continue. We will have the chance this afternoon at four in 140 Farrar and also this evening at eight o'clock in the gallery and my assistant is gonna lead us out of here. Bob, thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36543/file/105590#t=0.0,702.24"}]}]}]}