{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2n4zg6gk4m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Johannes, R. E., Conservation of Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Conservation of Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity: The Case for Aquatic Resource. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=93.7,96.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a couple months ago saying he had just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=96.48,99.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"received a Pew foundation 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coast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=195.73,199.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll speak for about 50 minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=199.48,202.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that'll leave us a five to 10 minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=202.73,205.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if any of you has any questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=205.75,208.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, let me turn the podium over to Bob","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=208.58,211.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll pass these around some if your interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=212.552,215.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chatting with us about C-CAR later, you can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=216.98,219.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=219.62,220.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, thanks very much, Mike.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=241.69,243.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a real pleasure to be here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=243.15,244.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's really exciting to come to a place that I've 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years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=252.49,255.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And find out how much enthusiasm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=255.23,257.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how much expertise is going in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=257.1,259.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the study of traditional knowledge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=259.06,261.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I want to thank Mike and Judy both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=261.93,266.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judy over there for working to facilitate this talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=266.15,271.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And before I start with the usual 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later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=280.27,283.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this diagram here has to do with the story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=283.44,288.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is a coral atolls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=291.44,292.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is looking down if you're in a plane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=293.97,296.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these rings are Islands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=296.237,298.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the ring around here is shallow coral reef","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=300.16,304.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sand ranging from three to 10 feet under the water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=304.59,307.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of it actually exposed to low tide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=307.493,310.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you were looking at it as a diver","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=310.31,312.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in infinitely clear water under the ocean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=312.64,316.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it'll look like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=317.68,318.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an under sea mountain and it's about this high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=319.72,324.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coral reefs grow here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=325.44,327.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the way around, coral reefs grow to the surface","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=328.369,330.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and erosion wade back some corals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=330.9,334.095"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the sand could pile up and create islands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=334.095,337.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the distance across 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plan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=352.142,354.491"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the resources of this area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=354.491,357.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now (indistinct) and the atoll was heavily overpopulated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=358.54,363.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people there rely very heavily fish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=363.18,367.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traditionally it was essentially their only 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Islanders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=374.13,376.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are considered by the United Nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=376.18,380.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as lesser developed Nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=380.807,383.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, this is very important to them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=384.01,386.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, when I went there as is usual custom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=387.113,390.765"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already I'm a marine biologist, but these days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=390.765,393.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than going into the water and asking fish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=393.38,397.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to tell me what they're doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=397.23,398.684"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will meet fishermen, find out what they know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=398.684,402.412"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they've been there for a long time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=402.412,404.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and whether they eat tomorrow, depends on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=404.82,407.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether they catch fish today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=407.01,409.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, the best of them were very 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island.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=534.329,536.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That I was going to turnover a lot of information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=536.62,539.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to do with 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Caribbean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=545.97,548.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here the same species were very important food fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=548.91,553.098"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, surveys done by my colleagues fishery 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here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=565.699,567.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this fish has an interesting habit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=570.2,572.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the local people could tell you all 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channels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=581.69,585.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and spawn outside over deep water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=586.85,590.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just outside the reef edge, because as I show you before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=590.89,595.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here's the reef edge, kinda this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=598.42,601.114"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This drops off very 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months","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=862.68,864.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and finally wouldn't appear again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=864.567,867.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is a fish remember that constitutes 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than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=875.33,877.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we rely on beef in the United States or sheep in Australia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=877.08,882.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so it's a very important fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=882.62,886.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, because fish produce so many eggs unlike cattle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=887.28,892.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fish can spawn producers potentially 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bonefish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=905.64,910.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the lagoon where people also caught them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=910.4,912.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was still fairly high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=912.45,914.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, people weren't too worried.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=914.71,916.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were very rude because once this spawning ground goes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=917.57,921.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the end, there's no more spawning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=921.15,924.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a few years, he's lived for 67 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this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=933.71,936.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, my colleague the local marine biologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=936.75,941.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I told you, he got more enthusiastic as time goes on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=942.035,944.825"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also more impressed, because the story developed itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=944.825,948.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a serious 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questionnaires","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=956.82,960.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he had circulated to a large percentage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=960.957,963.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the fisherman, something like 73% (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=963.94,968.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended not discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=968.683,971.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They knew that some of these rooms locked up 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beach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1016.523,1018.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and dork the other fishermen as they came in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1018.94,1020.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still very active with what's going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1020.956,1022.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't qualify for service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1022.914,1025.664"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other reasons this scientific approach 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illicit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1042.793,1045.972"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1045.972,1046.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these people are rural, they're shy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1046.837,1049.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they only agree to answer what you're asking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1049.15,1051.939"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they don't know really what you're there for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1051.939,1055.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or why you're asking these questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1055.96,1057.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, they don't really 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because,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1063.89,1067.055"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's constrain of our questionnaire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1067.055,1070.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now random samples, questionnaires are two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1070.32,1073.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the standard methodologies for conventional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1073.54,1076.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scientific research and we failed miserably here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1076.66,1081.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they failed miserably because,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1082.81,1084.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they fail to seek out the experts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1084.55,1086.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then when you find the expert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1086.88,1089.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You go in asking about range of listed 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coincidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1133.81,1138.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he was going to study the biology of bonefish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1139.2,1141.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But after this episode where we interviewed these 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aware","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1167.33,1169.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the term rapid rural appraisal is the kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1169.9,1173.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of thing that you can pick up by rapid rural 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1178.78,1180.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's too quick and dirty, but if,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1180.96,1183.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it's quick but 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now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1190.33,1192.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and give a little bit of an introduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1192.85,1194.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mike asked me earlier, how I got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1196.15,1197.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the study of traditional knowledge, and it seems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1197.93,1201.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everybody got into it by and by a different route.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1201.22,1204.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was a conventional Marine biologist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1204.71,1208.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I spent a lot of time studying the ecology of coral 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too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1235.12,1238.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, that was natural when I read this stuff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1238.06,1240.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I kept coming across tidbits of information, 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data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1538.69,1541.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this was in 1933 and nobody picked him up on it until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1541.41,1546.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until I did in 1970 something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1547.24,1549.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I told you, I got far more than I bargained for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1550.95,1554.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, you might ask, okay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1555.71,1558.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this sounds a little bit interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1558.0,1559.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe a little bit colorful, but why 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whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1566.7,1568.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're only a little more than 200,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1568.86,1572.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in Micronesia, Henry Kissinger is 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politics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1601.76,1605.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we are knocking off cultures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1605.3,1607.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Percentage-wise a lot 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attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1611.35,1613.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to our own cultures than we do to species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1613.95,1617.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to play down the 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diversity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1622.48,1626.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the two go hand in hand, particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1626.33,1630.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Pacific islands, where there's no trading to speak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1630.02,1633.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of and most Pacific islands, there's no dependence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1633.46,1636.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon other places for what you live off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1636.3,1639.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You live off what's right within a few miles of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1639.15,1642.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for your housing, for your clothing, for your food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1642.329,1646.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, the environment and the culture are interdependent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1646.89,1650.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You destroy one and you're liable to wreck the 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knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1658.96,1661.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I was curious, that's all just curious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1661.13,1664.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I became caught up in two other 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nodes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1676.588,1680.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to do this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1680.17,1681.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1682.32,1683.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other thing that makes this kind of work more 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$2,500","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1692.13,1696.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or less in their boats and gear, and other words","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1696.66,1699.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pittance compared to the fishermen were used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1699.84,1702.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to in the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1702.13,1704.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are responsible for one half of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1705.21,1708.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World's catch of food fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1708.94,1712.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Furthermore, they invest one 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fishermen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1727.4,1731.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the other half that are caught using a lot more energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1731.41,1734.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot more capital in great big boats.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1734.21,1737.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And otherwise, in other words","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1737.15,1739.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the artisanal fisheries, small scale fisheries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1739.11,1742.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and native fisheries, the three terms are used,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1742.0,1743.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interdependently are enormously 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things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1751.4,1753.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we don't recognize that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1753.35,1754.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reason we don't is because these fishermen are poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1754.597,1759.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're scattered, they live in small villages typically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1759.3,1762.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they have no political 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themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1769.0,1769.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so politicians tend to ignore them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1769.833,1773.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Furthermore, an awful 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bartered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1816.41,1820.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given, eaten within the family, represents a pound","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1820.2,1823.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fish that doesn't have to be bought from outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1823.34,1826.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's worth as much to the economy as the tuna.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1826.8,1829.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, this is the reason that these fisheries 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1837.15,1840.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that fisheries science, which is a misnomer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1840.37,1845.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's nothing very scientific 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fisheries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1851.31,1854.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you're only dealing with a few species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1854.81,1856.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the tropics you're dealing with a hundred plus 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be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1863.85,1865.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot more difficult than they realized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1865.39,1867.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, 45% of the 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fished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1873.92,1877.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A number of other percent probably are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1877.5,1879.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but nobody's quite 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value.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1950.82,1955.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are much too sophisticated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1955.28,1956.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And many of the things often people when they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1958.65,1962.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand before you, they like to tell you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1962.17,1963.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how remember my mother told you such and such.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1963.69,1968.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you realize now, as you grew up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1968.37,1970.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that she was right, well, mother or father told you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1970.449,1974.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that anything worth doing is we're doing well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1974.74,1977.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that's not right at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1977.7,1979.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was decidedly wrong in that case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1979.49,1981.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The choice in the tropics is either to 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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1991.97,1994.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the question beyond the pale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1994.26,1995.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We haven't achieved it in the temperate zone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1995.9,1997.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problems are much worse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1997.53,1998.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the available money was much less than the tropics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=1998.97,2001.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so forget it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2001.76,2003.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, what we need to do is use the local knowings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2003.47,2007.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's available here is an example where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2007.05,2012.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have one spawning run left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2012.14,2014.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, at this point, we don't aim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2014.72,2016.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for maximum yield or maximum profit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2016.5,2018.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or maximum export value or mass maximum social benefit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2018.79,2023.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We take steps to protect that run from obliteration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2024.38,2028.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is a big step.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2029.69,2032.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet it doesn't require anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2032.92,2034.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the sophisticated knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2034.44,2036.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it does in order to achieve these other objectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2036.22,2038.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but most Marine biologists aren't satisfied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2038.97,2041.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless they have the information to choose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2041.97,2044.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and work towards the sophisticated objectives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2044.76,2047.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, they do nothing until I've got that information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2047.35,2050.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they never get it, so they end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2050.66,2051.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up never doing anything and I'm not exaggerating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2051.96,2055.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, choice is not between perfect and imperfect advices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2058.0,2061.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the choice between imperfect advice and nothing at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2061.96,2065.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we collapsed and we're concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2065.42,2068.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with protection rather than control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2068.76,2071.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the kind of management we're dealing with here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2071.94,2075.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I don't want to give you the impression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2075.2,2077.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that traditional knowledge is all marvelous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2077.95,2081.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wonderful and spot on because it's not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2081.01,2083.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like scientific knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2083.483,2085.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or any other kind of knowledge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2085.03,2086.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's full of imperfections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2086.15,2087.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you have to know when you're studying this kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2087.69,2090.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of information, you have to have enough background","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2090.01,2093.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Marine science in the case of fisheries knowledge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2093.55,2096.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To recognize the valuable information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2096.81,2100.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differentiate it from information that's correct,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2100.07,2102.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but everybody knows it already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2102.91,2104.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the information which is obvious, usually wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2104.72,2108.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the examples of information that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2108.04,2112.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very misleading is the fishermen tells you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2112.89,2116.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over fishing is occurring, he could be wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2116.05,2119.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His intuition leads him to make this judgment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2119.76,2124.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a situation where he could well be wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2124.33,2126.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a circumstance where the biologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2126.437,2129.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does indeed know more than the fishermen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2129.19,2131.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you fish a population down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2131.67,2133.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the point which you're getting the maximum yield","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2136.04,2139.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per unit time from that fishery is a point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2140.53,2142.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at which the mean size of the fish has shrunk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2142.7,2146.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're not catching fish as big as you used to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2146.01,2148.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you've fished out all the slow growing old timers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2148.29,2152.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the catch rate has decreased to one half to one third","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2152.0,2155.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what it was when the fishing was virgin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2155.46,2159.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now decreasing size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2159.85,2162.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and decreasing catch rate mean to a fisherman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2162.03,2165.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fishing is going all to hell, but within limits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2165.15,2167.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't really mean that at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2167.99,2169.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, just to get across the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2169.66,2172.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can't accept traditional knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2172.01,2175.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being gospel, you have to be well enough versed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2175.29,2178.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the subject to be able to differentiate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2178.81,2182.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the good knowledge and the not so good 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there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2187.16,2189.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I read in several anthropological treaties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2189.77,2193.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about the moon calendars and Pacific 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moon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2199.393,2201.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the full moon and not well, that's interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2201.95,2204.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder why that 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ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2552.24,2555.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rather corrupt chief made a deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2555.36,2557.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some people from Singapore to come in and 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fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2563.11,2564.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to catch them by hook and line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2565.71,2567.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put them in a life tank, water tank","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2567.99,2570.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and carry them back to Singapore and sell them for a fortune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2570.5,2572.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in their live fish trade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2572.8,2574.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Singaporeans, as is the case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2574.37,2576.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with many Southeast Asians, like their fish really fresh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2576.75,2580.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like they're still alive in the tank five minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2580.27,2582.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before they're cooked and on your plate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2582.49,2584.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In three years that was the end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2584.9,2587.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complete obliteration of the spawning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2587.82,2590.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aggregations are really vulnerable to over exploitation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2590.13,2593.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, that's why this information is so 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guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2600.81,2604.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, I told you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2604.57,2605.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the causeways that block, the spawning migrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2605.403,2608.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the bonefish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2608.71,2610.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those causeways block the strong currents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2610.14,2612.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tended to flow in and out with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2612.67,2614.045"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the rising and falling tides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2614.045,2616.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They caused fine sediments to settle out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2616.7,2620.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the lagoon, in the vicinity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2621.65,2623.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what was once a channel, change the characteristics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2623.16,2627.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the bottom in such a way that seagrass, which looks like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2627.74,2630.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawn grass only is there's a little bit taller typically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2630.39,2633.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sea grass, cultivated these areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2633.369,2638.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were just bare bottom before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2638.65,2641.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's a gastropod, a snail grows about that big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2641.97,2645.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's also an important food","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2645.84,2647.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this Island group that happens to like that kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2648.48,2651.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of habitat and they thrive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2651.96,2655.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the causeways, we're not an unmitigated disaster here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2655.51,2659.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a positive example, they have more shellfish now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2659.22,2662.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doesn't make up for the loss of bone fish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2662.19,2665.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's still a significant plus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2665.04,2666.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this information was verified.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2668.19,2670.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We never would have known enough to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2672.28,2673.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"however, if we hadn't been told by fishermen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2673.9,2675.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went back and looked at aerial photographs made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2675.67,2678.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by us military during the second world war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2678.66,2683.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the whole area and the seagrass beds stand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2683.94,2686.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out very clearly in the photographs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2686.65,2688.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this was before the channel was blocked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2688.42,2690.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And sure enough, you could see the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2690.67,2693.205"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the spreading of the seagrass beds over time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2693.205,2696.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the way the fishermen told us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2696.54,2698.656"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a very important part of traditional knowledge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2698.656,2701.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You, you must try and verify as much of it as possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2701.35,2704.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is really important that you either be an expert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2704.54,2708.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the field that you're studying or have at your disposal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2708.59,2712.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next expert to help you evaluate what's significant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2712.5,2715.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what's not, and how to go about verifying it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2715.9,2718.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because if you don't verify it, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2718.0,2721.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's like anything else and you don't verify it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2721.804,2723.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't really be sure it's true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2723.29,2725.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay. How much time have I been?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2730.78,2731.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have much time left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2731.693,2733.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I'll skip a few things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2733.67,2735.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let me tell you a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2735.74,2736.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about turtles, this is a fun story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2736.68,2740.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I told you about turtles, always returning to the same beach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2741.72,2744.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this being discovered by Archie Carr centuries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2744.557,2748.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after fishermen around the world around the tropics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2748.4,2750.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew it in Palau, in Micronesia, they had a legend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2750.81,2755.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how this Lang psycho was first described and turtles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2756.36,2760.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like fish tend to have a lunar laying cycle, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2760.68,2763.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tend to lay every approximately 28 days, which is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2763.84,2767.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the same number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2767.5,2769.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of days between one full moon and the next","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2769.26,2772.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the story goes that a woman from one village","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2772.02,2775.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a man from another, had a rendezvous on a deserted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2775.98,2779.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=2779.42,2780.253"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27437/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/437/original/AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_a.vtt?1622148488","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/437/original/AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_a.vtt?1622148488"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27438","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659/transcript/27438/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Literally dozens of academic disciplines from well over a hundred countries. And one of the exciting individuals we have communicated with for a number of years is Bob Johannes, who comes here from Hobart, Tasmania in Australia. And Bob was a Marine biologist. His first two degrees were taken at University of British Columbia and his PhD was at University of Hawaii. He was born and brought up as Canadian and then migrated south. And currently lives on two passports, Australian and US. He's worked literally all over the Pacific and has written to some of the really sterling pieces on the ways in which indigenous peoples have managed their marine biological resources. These are some of the documents that we have in the C-CAR documentation unit. All of you are welcome to take advantage of if you're interested in these. Bob currently is with the Commonwealth Scientific and industrial research organization and contacted me. It was a couple months ago saying he had just received a Pew foundation fellowship and was heading off to Roanoke, Virginia for meetings. And so, we got them to drop off in Iowa in route from Tasmania to Virginia. And we got him here for a couple of days with us. We then, I think learning I think it was 12 hours we had when the students found out the lectures committee was going to meet. And it was our only opportunity to try to secure some funding. And they went into a triple overtime action and it was the student society for indigenous knowledge and development that pulled all the paperwork together for it, which we're most grateful as well as Sociology, Anthropology, CCAR, the African Student Association and the Nigerian Student Association, Technology and Social change program, fisheries and wildlife biology. And of course the lectures committee funded by government and student body. The original title for tonight's talk was the case for indigenous knowledge is it's related to aquatic resource management. And the lectures committee felt that would be too boring and nobody would show up. So, they encouraged us to add a few keywords and we put in conservation of cultural diversity and biodiversity to pull the crown out. And obviously it worked real well. Anyway, we're very pleased that Bob was able to stop at Iowa state in route to the East coast. And we'll speak for about 50 minutes and that'll leave us a five to 10 minutes if any of you has any questions. So, let me turn the podium over to Bob I'll pass these around some if your interested in chatting with us about C-CAR later, you can. Bob.\r\n\r\n- Well, thanks very much, Mike. It's a real pleasure to be here And it's really exciting to come to a place that I've heard about and read about and corresponded with for quite a number of years. And find out how much enthusiasm and how much expertise is going in to the study of traditional knowledge. And I want to thank Mike and Judy both. Judy over there for working to facilitate this talk. And before I start with the usual introduction I thought I'd start first with a story and then do the sort of the introductory part of the talk later. And this diagram here has to do with the story. Now this is a coral atolls. This is looking down if you're in a plane and these rings are Islands. And the ring around here is shallow coral reef and sand ranging from three to 10 feet under the water, some of it actually exposed to low tide. If you were looking at it as a diver in infinitely clear water under the ocean, it'll look like this. This is an under sea mountain and it's about this high. Coral reefs grow here and all the way around, coral reefs grow to the surface and erosion wade back some corals. Some of the sand could pile up and create islands and the distance across here, this particular atoll is about 25 miles. Okay, I went there with a group of people who are asked by USAID to come up with a management plan for the resources of this area. Now and the atoll was heavily overpopulated and people there rely very heavily fish traditionally it was essentially their only source of animal protein and they're very poor. They're the few among Pacific Islanders who are considered by the United Nations as lesser developed Nations. And so, this is very important to them Now, when I went there as is usual custom, already I'm a marine biologist, but these days rather than going into the water and asking fish to tell me what they're doing. I will meet fishermen, find out what they know because they've been there for a long time and whether they eat tomorrow, depends on whether they catch fish today. And so, the best of them were very observant. And they've forgotten more about the waters in areas like than a marine biologist will ever learn. So, when I got there, the capital is concentrated on these two islands. I got a local marine biologist to a native of this country as my interpreter, cause he could speak the language and we went out, to all these islands in sequence, to interview old time fisherman. Now, the interpreter I had was well-educated, bright, personable, highly motivated, and very skeptical, in other words, the perfect person to work with you. And so, it was a joy to work with him. The reason he was skeptical is that, this atoll has an extraordinary number of marine biologist. Perhaps the highest number per capita than any place I've ever been. And on other things, they had systematically surveyed a lot fisherman using a long questionnaire not just once, but several times over a period of years, he was a hot shot with a computer much greater than I am. And he had analyzed this information of all these fishermen in the area, something like of all the fishermen. He had a lot of ratings and then from the monitors he could get . So, as I was saying, he was very personable, very supportive and . On the first day he was skeptical, by the second day he's getting round and teaching me , by the third day, he was really enthusiastic and started saying, yeah I really get it, I agree to the answer of this question. We're really making progress. By the forth day, he was my colleague, he was not just an interpreter of my questions, he was contributing questions, varying questions in order to answer the questions. Now, we learned a lot of things during the course of these interviews that went sequentially around the island. That I was going to turnover a lot of information has to do with bonefish. Now, bonefish as a few of you may know is an important sports fish Caribbean and here the same species were very important food fish. In fact, surveys done by my colleagues fishery commission showed that it constituted 20% of the total seafood intake. This one species in the tropics right here. Now this fish has an interesting habit the local people could tell you all about. On every full moon, plus or minus a day throughout the year the bonefish would migrate up through certain channels and spawn outside over deep water, just outside the reef edge, because as I show you before, here's the reef edge, kinda this. This drops off very quickly. So, the fish were migrating out of here, spawning here and then moving be back in here. Now in the old days, they were using area photographs taken during the second world war, one could see fish traps native stones piled up on the reef, out here. Perhaps this would be 50 meters across 60, 70 meters long. And as the bonefish of migrated back in from their spawning they would hit here and follow into the trap, and get trapped there at low tide. And there was a french terrestrial ecologist. Who and interested in fishing in the Who describe that around the early fifties what happened when the bonefish migrated back into their spawning, they got trapped in here and people caught between 400 in a bad month and 3000 in a good month of fish averaging one kilogram a piece. Okay, those were the good old days. Now, in the meantime, there'd be several causeways that have been built between islands in order to the increasing number of motorcycles, motorbikes, and subsequently cars to reach a number people supported by foreign aid to go back and forth in. Those coast ways were not taller than bridges and they blocked the migration of bonefish completely. Most important around the bonefish have to be right here This also was the major population center spread between these two islands. They put a causeway across near the bonefish migration. Now some of the more distant islands from the population center didn't have to causeways, but as the bonefish, no longer migrated here anymore. The fishermen from here where the population centers were would come over here on the days of the full moon, around the full moon and set their gill nets across here. Now in the old days, that wouldn't have been permitted, because there was a tradition which I'll talk about more tomorrow to a smaller group, that each island owned a particular stretch of reef. And in the old days this could never happened and everybody would come and set their nets across here, because the locals controlled the fishing. And British game, just like the Americans French, Japanese and the Germans throughout the Pacific and destroyed, or made efforts to destroy these customs, being forced on at the time from our understanding, rationed marine resource management. The islanders were right and we were wrong and we now use what's called in the United States and Australia, all over the modern sophisticated world, have used for near centuries before the discovery. what you leave behind can be ripped off by anyone that comes along. And that's the case here today Okay so, as we went around the islands, we discovered that not only have the causeways blocked some of these migration patterns paths, but also the humans had blocked all the reefs except for one to the extant that exterminate it. Now this path right here was the last one left And the number of fish going through it was going down all time and in fact for several months when we got here, the patterns were supposed be around four meters. Which is the same kind of symptoms of collapse showed up here. You get a fish coming every month to come every second month wouldn't come for four or five months and finally wouldn't appear again. Now this is a fish remember that constitutes 20% of the catch for a population that rely on fish for their animal protein and a lot more bigger than we rely on beef in the United States or sheep in Australia, so it's a very important fish. Now, because fish produce so many eggs unlike cattle. Fish can spawn producers potentially for tens to hundreds, thousands, millions of eggs. So, this spawning ground by itself ignoring all the rest of the been destroyed produced enough eggs that the population of bonefish in the lagoon where people also caught them was still fairly high. So, people weren't too worried. We were very rude because once this spawning ground goes that's the end, there's no more spawning and in a few years, he's lived for 67 years. That'll be the end of 20% of the catch. Now, what can we learn from this? Well, my colleague the local marine biologist as I told you, he got more enthusiastic as time goes on and also more impressed, because the story developed itself into a serious state. I told you before that he was involved in a major study of the fishery's knowledge involving questionnaires that he had circulated to a large percentage of the fisherman, something like 73% ended not discovered They knew that some of these rooms locked up here, but that's all they knew. But why hadn't they learned about this. They hadn't learned about it for two reasons. One is that they're a random sample of fishermen. If you're serious scientist random samples and you only sampled fishermen that are active. But the population is growing so fast at this atoll. That most of the fishermen were very young and they don't know what the past was like. Most of them are in their 20s. What would they know 30 or 40 years ago. And many of the old men who knew a lot of what happened 30 or 40 years ago in fishing. They were too old to fish, so they sat on the beach and dork the other fishermen as they came in, still very active with what's going on. They didn't qualify for service. other reasons this scientific approach failed was that, supposing there was a young first amongst the people they interviewed who in fact didn't know about this, because it ran Posed more questions on the questionnaire to illicit this information. And these people are rural, they're shy and they only agree to answer what you're asking, because they don't know really what you're there for or why you're asking these questions. So, they don't really volunteer. So, even if there's one who could have provided this information, who didn't because, he's constrain of our questionnaire. Now random samples, questionnaires are two of the standard methodologies for conventional scientific research and we failed miserably here. And they failed miserably because, they fail to seek out the experts and then when you find the expert. You go in asking about range of listed questions that you've written, because that expert knows important things that you even know enough to ask about. So, what you do is, you interview them in such a way that you let him steer the conversation. And when he hits something interesting then you let him go. Say okay, let's hear more, that's really interesting. but if you don't do that if you constrain yourself by what's often most unfortunately called the scientific method then you're in for a lot of trouble. Now my colleague interestingly, who had a master's degree and was intending to go back to university in Australia and get a PhD studying bonefish, just purely by coincidence. And he was going to study the biology of bonefish. But after this episode where we interviewed these people and found out this serious information he decided to study the ethnobiology of bonefish. which means studying with the local, his people knew about bonefish and then going out as a biologist and, and trying to verify this information, trying to make sure that it was correct. So, that was a nice development. This, by the way, for a few of you who are aware of the term rapid rural appraisal is the kind of thing that you can pick up by rapid rural appraisal. And despite the fact that some anthropologists looked down their noses at it, because it's too quick and dirty, but if, if it's quick but directed in the right way, it can be very useful. Okay, I'll start at the beginning now and give a little bit of an introduction. Mike asked me earlier, how I got into the study of traditional knowledge, and it seems that everybody got into it by and by a different route. And I was a conventional Marine biologist. I spent a lot of time studying the ecology of coral reefs. I got my PhD, as Mike said in Hawaii which gave me a casual interest in the anthropology of Pacific islands. And although I'd never taken any courses in social science I attended for recreational reading to read some of the anthropological work that had been done in the Pacific islands. And I particularly concentrated on fishing which is extremely important in the Pacific Islanders and me too. So, that was natural when I read this stuff and I kept coming across tidbits of information, suggesting that these fishermen knew some really important things, but it was always suggestive. And the reason was that anthropologists quite reasonably I'm not being critical. Were not trained in Marine biology. And therefore we're not trained to recognize when they got a significant answer, when they got something that would be important to a scientist interested in the sea. So, they never followed it up. So, I was itching to follow this up. So, I gave away my test tubes and closed down my lab and got a little money and, and headed up to Palau in Micronesia, which is in the, the Northwest quadrant of the tropical Pacific and stayed there with my wife and my then five-year-old son for a year just in order to find out what local fishermen knew about Marine biology, that Marine biologist didn't. And I thought that if I was lucky I could come back and write a paper about it. And I came back and wrote a book and eight papers about it, because what I discovered was that these people had an encyclopedic knowledge, hard, practical verifiable knowledge about what went on in their waters that was completely unknown to Marine biologists. And in my reading I also discovered that there had been people before me that had discovered this a long time before me, for example the fishermen in Opimian's time knew that octopus died after they laid their eggs, which is quite unusual. Most species managed to lay except some insects and certain other tiny things reproduce several times but octopus die almost, except for one species in Australia die after the first spawning. They knew that many centuries ago, we verified it quotation marks, in the 1970s, Aristotle spent a couple of years on an Island interviewing fishermen there because he was interested in local indigenous knowledge. And one of the things they told him were that groupers, which is an important food fish that lives on coral reefs but also lives in the Mediterranean that they're hermaphroditic which means as they get older they change from one sex to another. That was Aristotle's time. The fishermen knew it then. We verified it in the late 19th century. Archie Carr, whom a few of you probably will have heard of is a famous turtle biologist, died a few years ago from Florida. For years, he'd been hurt hearing fishermen all over the world, say that turtles came back to the same beach to lay their eggs every year or a few years. And nobody else believed it, but Archie decided to check it out. And he found out that it was absolutely true that turtles migrate thousands of in between spawnings in between nestings I should say, migrate to the same beach. Now this is a very powerful tool for conservation, because if you know that the turtles on a particular beach belong to one population and no matter where they go around the world, in the meantime, there's still that one population they're still related to one another. Then you can start doing serious research and all the research that's done on turtles today or I shouldn't say all, but 90% of it is done in wild turtles is done on the nesting beaches, based on this knowledge that these turtles belong to a single population When it comes the Pacific islands, before my work nobody had done anything like I did in Palau except for one man. And he was neither an anthropologist nor Marine biologist. He was a novelist. He was Charles Nordhoff the coauthor of Mutiny on the Bounty, who had spent a lot of time in Tahiti and spent a whole year going out with tuna fishermen traditional tuna fishermen, and studying their methods and writing a marvelous article, that's not journalistic. It's anthropological, it's accurate, it's concise, it's beautiful. And describing all the knowledge that these tuna fishermen had, but he acknowledged that there were a great many species of fish inside the reef. The fishermen also knew a lot about and all he'd studied was tuna and there was a lot more to be done. And he said, the time is right for some trained. Photocopy is blurred here. For some trained person to settle in these islands learn the language and devote five years to a complete account of fishing inside and outside the reef such a work would assume proportions almost encyclopedic and bring to light a massive curious data. Now this was in 1933 and nobody picked him up on it until until I did in 1970 something. And as I told you, I got far more than I bargained for. Well, you might ask, okay, this sounds a little bit interesting maybe a little bit colorful, but why bother? I mean, there are only 25,000 people on that at all. I showed you in Micronesia as a whole they're only a little more than 200,000. And in Micronesia, Henry Kissinger is famous because one time when he was debating some policy issue that affected Micronesia, he said but there are only a hundred and some thousand people out there, that was 20 years ago when that's how many of were, who gives a damn. Well, there are eight different cultures out there, eight different languages, eight different ways of looking at the world. Eight different ways of laughing, telling jokes making love, cooking, doing politics. And we are knocking off cultures. Percentage-wise a lot faster than we're knocking off species today. And yet we pay an awful lot less attention to our own cultures than we do to species. I don't want to play down the importance of maintaining biodiversity, but I want to play up the importance of maintaining cultural diversity and the two go hand in hand, particularly in the Pacific islands, where there's no trading to speak of and most Pacific islands, there's no dependence upon other places for what you live off. You live off what's right within a few miles of, for your housing, for your clothing, for your food. And so, the environment and the culture are interdependent. You destroy one and you're liable to wreck the area. So, whereas I started out with a mode of simply of studying this knowledge because I was curious, that's all just curious. I became caught up in two other things. One was cultural preservation and the other was management and conservation of Marine resources and became acutely aware of how important it was to study local nodes in order to do this. Now, the other thing that makes this kind of work more important than you might think is that small scale fishermen which are often defined as fishermen who invested $2,500 or less in their boats and gear, and other words pittance compared to the fishermen were used to in the United States they are responsible for one half of the World's catch of food fish. Furthermore, they invest one fifth of the amount of capital in order to do so. They use one fifth, the amount of fuel and that half that they catch employs something like a hundred times as many fishermen as the other half that are caught using a lot more energy a lot more capital in great big boats. And otherwise, in other words the artisanal fisheries, small scale fisheries and native fisheries, the three terms are used, interdependently are enormously important in the social and the economic and the biological scheme of things. But we don't recognize that. And the reason we don't is because these fishermen are poor, they're scattered, they live in small villages typically and they have no political clout. They have no overarching organizations to draw attention to themselves. And so politicians tend to ignore them. Furthermore, an awful lot of their catch is bartered in the village. It doesn't go through a market. And if doesn't go through a market as far as economists are concerned, it doesn't exist. If dollars aren't transferred, then forget it. But when you the most important fisheries in terms of dollar transfer in the Pacific islands are tuna, but time and time again, if you look at the statistics you discovered that there are more fish caught locally and consumed locally on the reefs. Than there are tuna that are exported for dollars but the politicians don't realize it's never occurred to them that each pound of fish that is caught on the local reef and consumed within the village, bartered, given, eaten within the family, represents a pound of fish that doesn't have to be bought from outside and it's worth as much to the economy as the tuna. So, this is the reason that these fisheries are not paid enough attention to. Another reason for studying traditional knowledge is that fisheries science, which is a misnomer, because there's nothing very scientific about most of it is doing a very bad job of managing a temperate zone fisheries where you're only dealing with a few species. In the tropics you're dealing with a hundred plus species. Now that's not a criticism of Marine biologists. The job has turned out to be a lot more difficult than they realized. And so, 45% of the species in the United States that are fishing commercially off both coasts are known to be seriously over fished. A number of other percent probably are, but nobody's quite sure, cause they don't have the statistics. Now, given the fact that Marine biologists can't do a good job of managing fish in Marine waters, they do a better job in lakes and streams. Can't do a decent job by and large in the temperate zones. They've got vastly greater problems in the tropics. They've got far more fish, they've got far more methods. Each of which selects different fish in different sizes which complicates their calculations enormously. They have innumerable distribution channels. They land their fish at all hours of day and night all along the beach in the different villages. There's no central landing place or places like there is with commercial fisheries. All these things make it enormously difficult for the typical but conventional Marine scientist to get the kind of information that is considered necessary to manage the fishery. Under the circumstances and it doesn't seem yet to be realized by a lot of biologists. You don't aim for the kind of things that we normally aim for which is the maximum sustained yield or the maximum sustained profit or the maximum social benefit or the maximum export value. Those are much too sophisticated. And many of the things often people when they stand before you, they like to tell you about how remember my mother told you such and such. And you realize now, as you grew up that she was right, well, mother or father told you that anything worth doing is we're doing well. Well, that's not right at all. She was decidedly wrong in that case. The choice in the tropics is either to manage imperfectly or not managed at all. Ideal management is quite out of the question beyond the pale. We haven't achieved it in the temperate zone. The problems are much worse and the available money was much less than the tropics, so forget it. So, what we need to do is use the local knowings that's available here is an example where we have one spawning run left. Now, at this point, we don't aim for maximum yield or maximum profit or maximum export value or mass maximum social benefit. We take steps to protect that run from obliteration and that is a big step. And yet it doesn't require anything like the sophisticated knowledge that it does in order to achieve these other objectives, but most Marine biologists aren't satisfied unless they have the information to choose and work towards the sophisticated objectives. So, they do nothing until I've got that information and they never get it, so they end up never doing anything and I'm not exaggerating. So, choice is not between perfect and imperfect advices. It's the choice between imperfect advice and nothing at all. And we collapsed and we're concerned with protection rather than control in the kind of management we're dealing with here. Now, I don't want to give you the impression that traditional knowledge is all marvelous and wonderful and spot on because it's not. It's like scientific knowledge or any other kind of knowledge. It's full of imperfections. And you have to know when you're studying this kind of information, you have to have enough background in Marine science in the case of fisheries knowledge. To recognize the valuable information differentiate it from information that's correct, but everybody knows it already. And the information which is obvious, usually wrong. And one of the examples of information that is very misleading is the fishermen tells you over fishing is occurring, he could be wrong. His intuition leads him to make this judgment in a situation where he could well be wrong. And this is a circumstance where the biologist does indeed know more than the fishermen. When you fish a population down, the point which you're getting the maximum yield per unit time from that fishery is a point at which the mean size of the fish has shrunk. You're not catching fish as big as you used to, because you've fished out all the slow growing old timers. And the catch rate has decreased to one half to one third of what it was when the fishing was virgin. Now decreasing size and decreasing catch rate mean to a fisherman. The fishing is going all to hell, but within limits. It doesn't really mean that at all. So, just to get across the point that you can't accept traditional knowledge as being gospel, you have to be well enough versed in the subject to be able to differentiate between the good knowledge and the not so good knowledge. Well, one of the things I learned in Palau that intrigued me before I got there. I read in several anthropological treaties is about the moon calendars and Pacific Islanders. And I found five different accounts in which they said that the fishing was best around the new moon and the full moon and not well, that's interesting. I wonder why that is. And so, I set out to find out and I discovered in Palau that even children knew the answer to it. That is many different species of reef fish come together in large dense aggregations in order to spawn at very specific locations, specific seasons and specific phases of the moon. And for most species those phases are full moon, a new moon. Those happen to coincide with the largest tides. I discovered that the fishermen Palau knew quite clearly, somewhat more fussily an additional number, but quite clearly collectively they could tell me about the spawning seasons, locations and precise timing of the spawnings of 55 different species of reef fish. Now, this was more knowledge on that subject than was known in the scientific literature for the entire world. At that time, more than twice as much, twice as many species. The reason they knew so much is because this was a time to clean up. This was a time the fish were not only aggregated in large numbers, but they were also rather docile and less wary than usual. It's like a lot of animals including humans when they're involved in sex they're kind of preoccupied and they're not really as concerned as usual with what's going on including fishermen trying to catch them. So, they cleaned up, but the information was important scientifically because scientists can clean up to in a situation like this. The most important thing to know about any stock whether you're talking about moose or rainbow trout or coral trout, is how many there are in the population. And coral reef, fish are spread out thinly all over the reef. All the different species are spread out and counting them and getting some idea of their populations under normal circumstances is extremely difficult and it's not worth the effort, but when they come together and all the adults come together at a time and a place that you know about ahead of time, you can be there are waters clear. Typically the aggregations are in shallow water and you're in a great, great shape to measure to count the number of fish, get an idea of how many there are in the population here. And over a period of years of this kind of counting you can figure out whether there's a downward trend or not. If there's a downward trend and then it gets too far down then you can bring in regulations that control the fishing in, on the spawning grounds. And in fact, Pacific Islanders did just that in a number of islands and have done so for centuries, the chiefs would say, Hey, look the spawning aggregations are getting too low. Nobody from this village can fish that aggregation. And of course, nobody else could, because in those days they own their own fishing grounds. And so it was taboo and everybody else the fishing chief could control fishing pressure. But as I say, we destroyed that custom. The Pacific Island was invented every basic fisheries conservation measure that we invented centuries before we did it. It wasn't until the turn of this past century that we realized that it was possible to over fish Marine fish populations. The reason for that is that we're continent dwellers which means two things. One, we have a wide continental shelf of lots of fish. And two, we have large supplies of terrestrial animal protein and deer and Buffalo in the old days and cattle and sheep and so forth today, pigs. So, we don't rely on the sea as much, but in addition, the sea provides more anyway These people were surrounded by a very narrow rim of reef for which they depended for 90 plus percent of their animal protein. And very quickly after a few generations of occupation they learn that man had the capacity to over harvest. And so, they did something about it. They invented size limits, closed seasons, closed spawning grounds, limited entry, all the things that we use today, all the things that we invent only at the turn of the century because as late as 1888 the famous scientist, British scientist T H Huxley said, and he was one of the members of the British fishing commission said that, as far as we signed as a concern man is incapable of over fishing the sea and we can catch as much as we want. It was only just a few years later that we suddenly discovered that that was not the case, but these local fishermen, wasn't the third. I'm not trying to imbue them with superhuman intelligence. It wasn't that they were smarter than we are necessarily, but simply that they were in a situation where their environmental limits became obvious to them earlier than they became obvious to us. And so, they invented all these traditional conservation methods and we colonialists be American or German or Japanese or French or Australian or British tended to destroy them, because we thought they were primitive when we went in. These spawning aggregations by the way, can be obliterated. And they have been obliterated. We have four or five records of spawning aggregations that have been wiped out in the Caribbean, four or five more that have been wiped out in, in the Pacific. And I seriously believe that many, many more have been wiped out before anybody was concerned enough to record the information. In Palau a few years ago, a rather corrupt chief made a deal with some people from Singapore to come in and fish one of their spawning aggregations of groupers, one of the most important fish. In order to catch them by hook and line put them in a life tank, water tank and carry them back to Singapore and sell them for a fortune in their live fish trade. The Singaporeans, as is the case with many Southeast Asians, like their fish really fresh like they're still alive in the tank five minutes before they're cooked and on your plate. In three years that was the end complete obliteration of the spawning aggregations are really vulnerable to over exploitation. So, that's why this information is so important. There's some good stories too, that come out that you would never guess, a biologist would never guess. For example, I told you about the causeways that block, the spawning migrations of the bonefish. Those causeways block the strong currents that tended to flow in and out with the with the rising and falling tides. They caused fine sediments to settle out in the lagoon, in the vicinity of what was once a channel, change the characteristics of the bottom in such a way that seagrass, which looks like lawn grass only is there's a little bit taller typically. Sea grass, cultivated these areas that were just bare bottom before. And there's a gastropod, a snail grows about that big that it's also an important food in this Island group that happens to like that kind of habitat and they thrive. So, the causeways, we're not an unmitigated disaster here. As a positive example, they have more shellfish now. Doesn't make up for the loss of bone fish, but it's still a significant plus. Now this information was verified. We never would have known enough to look however, if we hadn't been told by fishermen. We went back and looked at aerial photographs made by us military during the second world war of the whole area and the seagrass beds stand out very clearly in the photographs. And this was before the channel was blocked. And sure enough, you could see the the spreading of the seagrass beds over time just the way the fishermen told us. And this is a very important part of traditional knowledge. You, you must try and verify as much of it as possible which is really important that you either be an expert in the field that you're studying or have at your disposal the next expert to help you evaluate what's significant and what's not, and how to go about verifying it because if you don't verify it, you know, it's like anything else and you don't verify it. You can't really be sure it's true. Okay. How much time have I been? I don't have much time left. I think I'll skip a few things. Now, let me tell you a little bit about turtles, this is a fun story. I told you about turtles, always returning to the same beach and this being discovered by Archie Carr centuries after fishermen around the world around the tropics knew it in Palau, in Micronesia, they had a legend about how this Lang psycho was first described and turtles like fish tend to have a lunar laying cycle, right? Tend to lay every approximately 28 days, which is which is the same number of days between one full moon and the next and the story goes that a woman from one village and a man from another, had a rendezvous on a deserted beach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115659#t=0.0,2786.472"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_b.mp3"]},"duration":910.296,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/660/small/lecture.png?1622148493","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/115/660/original/AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_b.mp3?1622148493","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":910.296,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And had to weave an impromptu grass skirt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=7.05,9.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so she could scuttle back into the village.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=9.79,11.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes many days to make a proper grass skirt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=11.41,13.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so she had to sneak in with this little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=13.59,15.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of, you know, vine around her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=15.597,18.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, before they split, they made an agreement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=18.27,22.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have another rendezvous the next month","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=22.89,25.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the night of the full moon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=25.56,27.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And while they were lying on the beach making love","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=27.35,29.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on that second night of the full moon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=29.67,32.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up crawls a turtle getting ready to nest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=32.23,34.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a fragment of grass skirt tangled around one flipper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=34.213,39.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's how palowans are supposed to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=39.1,40.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initially discovered this lunar cycle of the turtles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=40.9,43.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as one of my students commented when I told him this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=43.62,46.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this could have been the world's first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=46.87,48.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tag and recapture experiment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=48.29,49.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Australia, there's a fish called barramundi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=54.65,56.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like the Nile perch for some of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=56.92,59.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who work in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=59.01,59.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll be familiar with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=59.843,60.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a big fish, it's a fantastic sports fish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=60.89,63.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it tastes great, and it's important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=63.47,65.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commercially and recreationally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=65.73,68.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, there's been an argument among biologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=68.1,72.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for some years about whether it spawns from coastal waters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=72.44,76.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whether it goes upstream to spawn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=76.1,78.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A colleague of mine showed, unmistakably,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=78.8,82.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in Torres Strait, and I won't bother telling you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=82.6,84.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it is because it doesn't matter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=84.99,87.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spawned along the coast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=87.15,88.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went several years later to work with some Aborigines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=90.29,94.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the coast of northern Arnhem Land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=94.82,96.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some few hundred miles away, and I was interviewing them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=96.21,100.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a lot of different things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=100.33,101.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one of the questions I asked them was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=101.81,102.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where do barramundi spawn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=102.9,104.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I knew a lot about barramundi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=104.21,106.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they said they spawn upstream.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=106.92,110.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought, wait a minute, it's been proven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=110.089,112.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they spawn in coastal waters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=112.17,114.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is funny.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=114.46,115.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This guy that I was interviewing sounded pretty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=116.31,119.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like he knew what he was talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=119.3,120.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this was really a sour note","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=120.75,123.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the information I was getting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=123.14,124.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This guy was wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=124.4,125.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I asked a couple other people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=125.956,127.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they said the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=127.197,128.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally, I brought it up to the 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colleague,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=132.84,134.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps they do spawn in coastal waters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=134.59,137.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over where he works, but here, they spawn upstream.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=137.53,140.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, another colleague of mine, about two years later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=141.01,143.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was working in the area on barramundi and discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=143.97,146.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in that area they spawned upstream,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=146.323,148.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we found what the explanation was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=148.48,151.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were making the assumption that barramundi chose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=151.28,154.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a geographic area, a coastal versus upstream,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=154.83,159.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a geographic area in which to spawn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=159.89,161.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But barramundi choose a particular salinity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=161.53,164.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particular saltiness of the water to spawn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=164.65,167.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in the area where they spawned offshore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=168.34,170.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a huge river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=170.46,171.922"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the sepic, not the sepic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=171.922,174.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've forgotten the name of the river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=175.6,176.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway, it's a Papua New Guinea 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together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=182.12,184.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, you have to go a long way along the coast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=184.33,186.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you can find water of 28 parts per 1000 salinity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=186.72,191.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pure seawater is about 35 parts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=191.04,192.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in northern Arnhem Land where the Aborigines were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=193.838,197.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that told me that they spawned upstream, this was an area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=197.05,199.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the rivers were small and where the 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slope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=207.58,210.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to find salinity in 28 parts per 1000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=210.75,214.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had to go way up the river to find it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=214.08,216.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find this dilution, this appropriate mixture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=216.56,219.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of salt and freshwater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=219.55,220.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the Aborigines were right and we had been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=220.71,223.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we thought we'd solved the problem when the first set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=223.74,226.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of biologists showed that the fish spawned along the coast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=226.44,229.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But here was a case where I was really quite skeptical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=229.04,232.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the fishermen knew what they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=232.6,233.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were talking about, and they did, indeed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=233.433,236.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I better skip quite a bit, here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=241.25,245.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to stress the fact before I 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valuable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=254.68,259.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's encyclopedic, it's dying out rapidly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=259.977,263.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because young people aren't interested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=263.37,264.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's not infallible by any means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=264.79,267.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, I was working with a 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coral.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=310.41,312.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, coral is mostly calcium carbonate with a thin film","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=312.52,316.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of tissue over them, so when they 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was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=373.66,375.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they didn't recognize that it is spawning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=375.75,377.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they understood all this behavioral 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peoples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=407.03,410.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are in tune with nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=410.08,411.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them were, some of them 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limit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=422.92,426.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there was no limit, functionally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=426.0,427.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They always had more than they 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so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=444.41,448.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things start to go downhill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=448.35,449.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this traditional feeling of harmony with nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=449.79,453.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not something you can depend upon in modern generations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=453.88,457.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A good example of it is the countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=457.22,461.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the Gulf that are oil rich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=461.18,463.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the Koran, as I was shown when I was in Saudi Arabia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=463.58,467.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few years ago, is a remarkable compendium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=467.89,471.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or contains a remarkable compendium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=471.78,474.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ecological advice and wisdom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=474.14,477.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It vastly is vastly superior to the Bible in this regard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=477.27,481.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It sounds like it was written yesterday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=481.64,483.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it is so precise, so sound in its ecological advice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=483.56,488.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how to treat and respect your environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=489.0,491.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, and as you probably all know, the people who,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=491.785,496.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Muslims are, they pray five times a day and they adhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=498.5,503.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very closely to the prescriptions of the Koran, in theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=503.05,508.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they are ruining their environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=508.43,510.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as fast as their petro-dollars will allow them to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=510.56,513.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the fact that the Koran is such an important document","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=513.53,516.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and guide, it doesn't seem to carry much weight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=516.94,519.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it comes time to, when you've got the cash","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=519.92,522.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to wreck your environment in the name of progress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=522.78,525.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So on this kind of expertise, I'm talking about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=525.66,529.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess I better finish, I was gonna tell you a good story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=531.47,533.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Saudi Arabia but it's past time to quit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=533.44,536.929"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This expertise is completely lost in some places, now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=536.929,539.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Nauru it's gone, totally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=539.47,542.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Noe of the people there fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=542.51,543.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to be marvelous fishermen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=543.75,545.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back in the 1920s and 30s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=545.26,546.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Hawaii, it's almost gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=546.77,549.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In New Zealand, it's mostly gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=549.05,551.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many other places, it's narrowed down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=551.04,553.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the memory capacity of just a very few people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=553.38,555.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as they die, they young people lose it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=555.537,558.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not interested in it, by and large,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=558.91,560.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they don't see its importance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=560.39,561.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of them are going off to universities and coming back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=561.66,564.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking what do my people in the villages know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=564.41,567.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These unsophisticated people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=567.36,569.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They may be nice but they're ignorant, you know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=569.42,571.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So their knowledge is not worth learning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=571.11,573.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they don't learn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=574.53,575.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's, we are allowing an enormous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=576.63,580.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"encyclopedic squared legacy to vanish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=580.65,585.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we don't try to collect as much of it as we can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=585.35,588.934"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while the time permits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=588.934,590.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Already, it's much too late for some areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=590.003,593.948"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=593.948,595.095"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(attendees applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=595.095,598.345"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There's time for a couple of questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=603.382,605.509"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anybody raise an issue or ask Paul something?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=605.509,609.259"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, you two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=613.097,614.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How can (question inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=615.267,620.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm sorry, did you hear that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=622.25,623.188"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How an aquaculture would factor into (unclear).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=623.188,628.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It depends entirely on how it's done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=628.04,630.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aquaculture is the wave of the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=630.76,633.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no doubt about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=633.44,634.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that the day will come within another two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=635.6,637.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or three decades, perhaps within one decade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=637.56,640.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we get more fish from aquaculture than we do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=640.89,643.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from conventional fisheries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=643.15,645.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But aquaculture has destroyed a lot of natural production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=645.89,649.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, the most blatant example is the clearing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=649.96,653.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of mangrove swamps along the coast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=653.77,656.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the growing of shrimp and other fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=656.47,659.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the mangroves are the nursery areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=659.797,662.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a great many wild fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=662.1,663.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when you destroy the mangroves, the baby fish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=663.74,667.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't have any playpens anymore; there's no place to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=667.16,669.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as a result, and shrimp also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=669.227,672.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as a result, the offshore catch of wild fish goes down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=672.06,675.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you're robbing Peter to pay Paul.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=675.94,678.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's an example of aquaculture that doesn't work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=678.6,681.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way it's supposed to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=681.18,683.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, aquaculture tends to concentrate a lot of money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=683.09,686.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the hands of the few wealthy people who can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=686.06,688.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buy up these coastal lands, whereas the wild fisheries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=688.09,691.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to be open to anyone who's got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=691.82,693.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a dugout canoe in developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=693.41,695.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it all depends on how it's done whether it's good or bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=695.57,698.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Anybody else?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=701.822,703.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You comment on say, Muslims, say Iran,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=707.538,710.871"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the nations (unclear)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=713.402,716.434"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can you explain a little bit what you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=716.434,720.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=720.9,724.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are, I worked for a little while","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=726.06,728.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Saudi Arabia ministry for the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=728.63,732.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for wildlife and development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=732.77,736.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they told me that a great many of the native mammals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=736.29,741.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cats and the animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=742.2,745.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit like dingos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=747.4,748.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dog-like animals, some of the hawks and eagles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=748.37,752.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as they could tell, were either extraordinarily rare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=752.4,755.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or were extinct because of over-hunting by people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=755.44,758.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who just went out and shot them down for fun,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=758.34,760.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now that they had jeeps and machine guns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=760.72,763.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and could do it, easily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=763.29,765.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is one area where the groundwater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=765.29,767.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is being pumped out to grow wheat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=767.85,770.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cost of pumping that groundwater out means the wheat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=772.54,775.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"costs five times as much as wheat does normally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=775.51,780.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's grown for the international market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=780.4,782.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Saudi Arabia has been given an award","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=782.87,785.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the United Nations because it ships this wheat off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=785.11,788.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to countries that need wheat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=788.39,790.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore is being looked upon as a good citizen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=790.23,793.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's paid five times the normal cost to grow this wheat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=793.27,797.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by pumping up groundwater and the groundwater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=797.1,799.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going down at the rate at between five and ten,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=799.77,803.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the water table, between five and 10 meters per year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=803.1,807.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is fossil groundwater, that is to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=807.56,810.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's water that was made from rain that fell on the average","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=810.62,815.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 10,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=815.28,817.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which means once you pump it down, it ain't gonna fill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=817.13,819.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back up again any time soon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=819.75,821.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they are mining a valuable resource,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=821.56,823.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm thinking, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=823.91,825.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these are just two examples of blatant destruction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=825.33,829.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the local environment because when you've got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=829.02,830.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots of money, what the hell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=830.74,832.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thou shall make a correction (question inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=833.916,838.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This may be the behavior of the Arabs (unclear).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=842.809,847.809"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you travel a little bit far away, maybe to (inaudible).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=848.203,852.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I'm sorry, you misunderstood me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=852.8,855.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't say that that behavior was because of Islam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=855.38,858.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said it was despite Islam which I said the Koran","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=858.95,863.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a remarkable fine document","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=863.9,866.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the ecological wisdom it contains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=866.73,870.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But people who pump out the groundwater at that rate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=870.12,872.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and destroy their wildlife are ignoring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=872.69,875.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the teaching of the Koran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=875.22,877.129"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=877.129,879.629"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, well, we appreciate very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=881.2,884.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopping you (inaudible) and Iowa State","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=884.09,887.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and your move to Virginia and wish you well as you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=887.06,890.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head out to the (inaudible) foundation (inaudible).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=890.47,894.416"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thanks for sharing the--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=894.416,895.701"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=895.701,898.951"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27439/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/439/original/AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_b.vtt?1622148494","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/439/original/AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_b.vtt?1622148494"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27440","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204172_Conservation_of_Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660/transcript/27440/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And had to weave an impromptu grass skirt so she could scuttle back into the village. It takes many days to make a proper grass skirt so she had to sneak in with this little bit of, you know, vine around her. Anyway, before they split, they made an agreement to have another rendezvous the next month at the night of the full moon. And while they were lying on the beach making love on that second night of the full moon, up crawls a turtle getting ready to nest with a fragment of grass skirt tangled around one flipper and that's how palowans are supposed to have initially discovered this lunar cycle of the turtles. And as one of my students commented when I told him this, this could have been the world's first tag and recapture experiment. In Australia, there's a fish called barramundi. It's like the Nile perch for some of you who work in Africa. You'll be familiar with it. It's a big fish, it's a fantastic sports fish and it tastes great, and it's important, commercially and recreationally. Now, there's been an argument among biologists for some years about whether it spawns from coastal waters or whether it goes upstream to spawn. A colleague of mine showed, unmistakably, that in Torres Strait, and I won't bother telling you where it is because it doesn't matter, spawned along the coast. I went several years later to work with some Aborigines in the coast of northern Arnhem Land some few hundred miles away, and I was interviewing them about a lot of different things. But one of the questions I asked them was where do barramundi spawn because I knew a lot about barramundi. And they said they spawn upstream. I thought, wait a minute, it's been proven that they spawn in coastal waters. This is funny. This guy that I was interviewing sounded pretty like he knew what he was talking about. But this was really a sour note in the information I was getting. This guy was wrong. And I asked a couple other people and they said the same thing. And finally, I brought it up to the group and they said, essentially, with all due respect to your scientific colleague, perhaps they do spawn in coastal waters over where he works, but here, they spawn upstream. Well, another colleague of mine, about two years later, was working in the area on barramundi and discovered that in that area they spawned upstream, and we found what the explanation was. We were making the assumption that barramundi chose a geographic area, a coastal versus upstream, a geographic area in which to spawn. But barramundi choose a particular salinity, particular saltiness of the water to spawn. Now in the area where they spawned offshore there's a huge river. It's the sepic, not the sepic. I've forgotten the name of the river. But anyway, it's a Papua New Guinea river that has more outflow and has more volume discharged than all Australian rivers put together. And therefore, you have to go a long way along the coast before you can find water of 28 parts per 1000 salinity. Pure seawater is about 35 parts. Now, in northern Arnhem Land where the Aborigines were that told me that they spawned upstream, this was an area where the rivers were small and where the gradient was very slight so that tides washed salt water way up the river, because there was such a slight slope. And to find salinity in 28 parts per 1000 you had to go way up the river to find it, to find this dilution, this appropriate mixture of salt and freshwater. So the Aborigines were right and we had been, we thought we'd solved the problem when the first set of biologists showed that the fish spawned along the coast. But here was a case where I was really quite skeptical that the fishermen knew what they were talking about, and they did, indeed. I think I better skip quite a bit, here. I would like to stress the fact before I end that I don't want to give you an inflated impressions of traditional knowledge insofar as it's really valuable, it's encyclopedic, it's dying out rapidly because young people aren't interested. But it's not infallible by any means. For example, I was working with a group in the Solomon Islands who told me when the groupers in the area came together to spawn. And I found their information was remarkable detailed and precise to a degree that I'd never encountered before. And I spent a whole week on the spawning grounds following from hour to hour exactly what happened. Everything happened the way they said it would. But I asked them if they'd ever seen these groupers actually spawn. And they said no, we haven't seen that. Subsequently, I discovered that they had seen it. And what happened was to back up for a minute and talk about another fish, parrot fish are another reef fish that eats coral. Now, coral is mostly calcium carbonate with a thin film of tissue over them, so when they crunch with their tough, their teeth, they crunch the coral, most of what they get is chalk and just a little bit of tissue. Well, they have to eat an awful lot of coral and they have to eject the waste rather frequently. And so you see parrot fish, typically, on the reef day in and day out venting stuff that looks like the consistency and color, and shape of talcum powder. And they do it about every five minutes. And so the fishermen were familiar with this behavior. But when a fish spawns and releases its milt and its sperm, it looks about the same. And these fishermen had seen this behavior when the groupers spawned, they sort of twirl together and then the water became milky, they didn't realize that was spawning because they didn't see any penis and they didn't know what external fertilization was. So they didn't recognize that it is spawning. So they understood all this behavioral material bu they didn't realize they'd seen the ultimate event because they thought the fish to, how they described it were just shitting was the way they described it to me. So there are times when you can get fouled up by often the observations are correct but the interpretation may not always be accurate. The other thing that I caution you against is there've been an awful lot of publications, recently, books come out on how traditional peoples are in tune with nature. Some of them were, some of them weren't. Some of them had a conservation ethic, some of them didn't. Some groups didn't have a conservation ethic because they lived in an environment that supplied them with so much of everything the needed that they never realized there was no limit because there was no limit, functionally. They always had more than they needed. But in addition to that, the profit motive seems to destroy this traditional conservation ethic where it does exist. Once you get a few people in the culture who see they can make a fast buck, they make a fast buck and things start to develop, and within a generation or so, things start to go downhill. So this traditional feeling of harmony with nature is not something you can depend upon in modern generations. A good example of it is the countries around the Gulf that are oil rich. Now the Koran, as I was shown when I was in Saudi Arabia a few years ago, is a remarkable compendium or contains a remarkable compendium of ecological advice and wisdom. It vastly is vastly superior to the Bible in this regard. It sounds like it was written yesterday because it is so precise, so sound in its ecological advice about how to treat and respect your environment. But, and as you probably all know, the people who, the Muslims are, they pray five times a day and they adhere very closely to the prescriptions of the Koran, in theory, but they are ruining their environment as fast as their petro-dollars will allow them to. And the fact that the Koran is such an important document and guide, it doesn't seem to carry much weight when it comes time to, when you've got the cash to wreck your environment in the name of progress. So on this kind of expertise, I'm talking about, I guess I better finish, I was gonna tell you a good story about Saudi Arabia but it's past time to quit. This expertise is completely lost in some places, now. In Nauru it's gone, totally. Noe of the people there fish. They used to be marvelous fishermen back in the 1920s and 30s. In Hawaii, it's almost gone. In New Zealand, it's mostly gone. In many other places, it's narrowed down to the memory capacity of just a very few people and as they die, they young people lose it. They're not interested in it, by and large, they don't see its importance. Many of them are going off to universities and coming back thinking what do my people in the villages know? These unsophisticated people? They may be nice but they're ignorant, you know? So their knowledge is not worth learning. So they don't learn. So it's, we are allowing an enormous encyclopedic squared legacy to vanish if we don't try to collect as much of it as we can while the time permits. Already, it's much too late for some areas. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- There's time for a couple of questions. Anybody raise an issue or ask Paul something? Yeah, you two.\r\n\r\n- How can\r\n\r\n- I'm sorry, did you hear that?\r\n\r\n- How an aquaculture would factor into .\r\n\r\n- It depends entirely on how it's done. Aquaculture is the wave of the future. There's no doubt about it. And that the day will come within another two or three decades, perhaps within one decade when we get more fish from aquaculture than we do from conventional fisheries. But aquaculture has destroyed a lot of natural production. For example, the most blatant example is the clearing of mangrove swamps along the coast for the growing of shrimp and other fish. Now the mangroves are the nursery areas for a great many wild fish. And when you destroy the mangroves, the baby fish don't have any playpens anymore; there's no place to go. And as a result, and shrimp also, and as a result, the offshore catch of wild fish goes down. So you're robbing Peter to pay Paul. So there's an example of aquaculture that doesn't work the way it's supposed to. Also, aquaculture tends to concentrate a lot of money in the hands of the few wealthy people who can buy up these coastal lands, whereas the wild fisheries tend to be open to anyone who's got a dugout canoe in developing countries. So it all depends on how it's done whether it's good or bad.\r\n\r\n- Anybody else?\r\n\r\n- You comment on say, Muslims, say Iran, to the nations can you explain a little bit what you mean?\r\n\r\n- Yes, I can. There are, I worked for a little while with the Saudi Arabia ministry for the environment and for wildlife and development. And they told me that a great many of the native mammals, the cats and the animals, a little bit like dingos, dog-like animals, some of the hawks and eagles, as far as they could tell, were either extraordinarily rare or were extinct because of over-hunting by people who just went out and shot them down for fun, now that they had jeeps and machine guns and could do it, easily. There is one area where the groundwater is being pumped out to grow wheat. The cost of pumping that groundwater out means the wheat costs five times as much as wheat does normally that's grown for the international market. But Saudi Arabia has been given an award by the United Nations because it ships this wheat off to countries that need wheat and therefore is being looked upon as a good citizen. But it's paid five times the normal cost to grow this wheat by pumping up groundwater and the groundwater is going down at the rate at between five and ten, the water table, between five and 10 meters per year and this is fossil groundwater, that is to say, it's water that was made from rain that fell on the average of 10,000 years ago. Which means once you pump it down, it ain't gonna fill back up again any time soon. So they are mining a valuable resource, I'm thinking, right? And these are just two examples of blatant destruction of the local environment because when you've got lots of money, what the hell.\r\n\r\n- Thou shall make a correction This may be the behavior of the Arabs . If you travel a little bit far away, maybe to .\r\n\r\n- No, I'm sorry, you misunderstood me. I didn't say that that behavior was because of Islam, I said it was despite Islam which I said the Koran is a remarkable fine document in terms of the ecological wisdom it contains. But people who pump out the groundwater at that rate and destroy their wildlife are ignoring the teaching of the Koran.\r\n\r\n- Okay, well, we appreciate very much stopping you and Iowa State and your move to Virginia and wish you well as you head out to the foundation . Thanks for sharing the--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42985/file/115660#t=0.0,910.296"}]}]}]}