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somewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=8.89,11.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think we oughta get started in any case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=11.14,13.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm Mike Warren, I'd like to welcome you to 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Mike,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=400.75,402.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm very happy to be here on my first ever proper visit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=402.4,406.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the United States of America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=406.29,407.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, I didn't stay long on the East coast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=407.79,409.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I headed straight over to Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=409.62,412.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the good things that Mike had told me about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=412.55,414.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this part of the world and they all proved to be true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=414.92,417.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now tonight, I got something of a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=418.78,420.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because normally I make up these things as I go 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context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=425.99,428.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the sort of distinguished audience I'd be addressing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=428.45,431.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought this is probably one time in my life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=431.42,433.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I better write the thing up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=433.27,435.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I have a problem with a written out lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=435.13,436.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, I've never done one before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=436.92,438.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I don't know how long,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=438.59,439.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much I should have written to get through in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=440.89,443.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"55 minutes or so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=443.83,445.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We may have to do some revising as we go through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=445.89,448.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least cutting out of large chunks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=448.79,450.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason I don't do written lectures is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=452.32,455.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've noticed a tendency when anyone does","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=455.36,457.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the audience to fall asleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=457.36,459.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in my early days, when I tried one or two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=459.35,462.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I noticed another tendency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=462.52,463.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that was for me to fall asleep,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=463.81,465.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I thought that was probably even worse than the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=465.22,469.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you notice my eyes glazing over,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=470.07,472.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's either the lecture that's putting me to sleep","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=472.6,474.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or more probably the fact that I'm wearing this 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Research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=520.48,523.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These mandates cover work on the food crops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=524.55,526.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and farming systems of greatest 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bilateral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=536.29,539.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and multilateral agencies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=539.45,540.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by host governments in the regions 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point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2092.83,2094.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if so, how can this new flexibility be attained?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2094.71,2098.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It will be clear from the 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Revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2102.1,2103.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that this has run out of steam in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2103.77,2105.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that urgent revisions are 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tradition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2109.75,2111.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from which it derives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2111.81,2113.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe that that tradition stands to 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seriously,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2127.85,2130.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chambers illustrate some of the generic misunderstandings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2130.0,2132.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to which they are prone as a 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point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2138.23,2140.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that famines and their solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2140.8,2142.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are as much questions of beliefs, symbols","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2142.54,2145.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and political will as questions of food availability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2145.16,2148.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This I shall want to argue has important 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clients.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2163.0,2164.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is in this area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2164.26,2165.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I suspect we will find the greatest 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meaningful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2177.1,2179.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to practitioners of so-called traditional agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2179.49,2183.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me now give an 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Frontier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2188.8,2192.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In recent years, there's been a striking upsurge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2192.61,2194.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of academic interest in indigenous agricultural 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celebrating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2198.3,2200.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your university's initiative in establishing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2200.48,2202.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a major international 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corner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2206.26,2207.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of anthropology and ethnobotany,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2207.65,2209.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll be pleased to know Mike.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2209.23,2210.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The field has begun to attract the attention of the agencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2210.72,2213.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supporting the Green Revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2213.65,2215.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partly in the hope of finding answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2215.36,2217.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to some of the problems of clients 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hope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2220.84,2222.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if there is perhaps inevitable danger of the subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=2222.34,2225.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167/transcript/25264/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the cognitive field of farming systems 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I'm Mike Warren, I'd like to welcome you to the third and final lecture in the C card inaugural lecture series funded by the GTE Foundation with support from the Iowa State University Lectures Committee, The Graduate College C card, the Iowa State University Chapter, the Society For International Development and the ISU, Nigeria, Dutch and British Student Associations. They all provided some funding, one sort or another. After the speech we're all going to, any of you who would like to join us, we're going over to 100 UV where the British, Dutch and Nigerian students have pull together some drinks and food, and things. The C card research associates have also been very active in this. So you're all welcome to join us and take advantage of one last shot of Paul Richards who's a very elusive man. Like a couple of the other speakers we've managed to lasso and bring in here this week. Paul and I have known each other for a long time. Good friends and colleagues, and for the past three years have been in the planning stages of doing a manual and guide for recording indigenous knowledge and decision-making systems. He's always out in some rural village in Sierra Leon and I go off to Zambia, and Compton's off in Thailand or the Philippines, and this was the first time we've managed to get together. I think we're back on track. Paul's a geographer and an anthropologist at the University of College London and has been a big inspiration for many of us. Spent many years in Nigeria and in Sierra Leone and has pulled together many, many articles. In fact, some of you have used his book, there's a textbook in a couple of my classes. If you're not familiar with these, these are two really exciting pieces that get into some of the material that he'll touch on tonight. Indigenous systems of dealing with improving rice varieties and things like that at the indigenous level particularly, among the Mende. In fact in a few days, he'll be heading back out to Sierra Leon for another nine months. I think funded by the World Bank this time and once that's done he will then become a full time administrator, Chair of the Anthro Department at University College London. So here you'll be hanging out on Gower street a little more regularly. I presume his academic productivity will decline, dramatically at that point. Paul's had some really interesting experiences in addition to the field work over quite a number of years in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and other places. He's one of nine rather prominent citizens of the UK who helped a few rather famous Band people who pull together Band Aid for the drought in Africa and they allocated, what was it? $100 million. $120 million in probably what was some rather interesting decision-making sessions. Most recently, he's done a final report now for office for technology assessment, US Congress. Apparently it's just out in the last few months, right? The final report on low resource farmers in Africa. We've got the draft report and we'll be getting the final report soon. He's also done a similar study for Rockefeller Foundation and I thought it was rather interesting with the C Card Network which goes all over the place more than 100 countries. We ended up getting documents literally every day for our documentation unit and Anne Waters Byra, a Canadian friend of ours married to a German. Who spent many years in Northern Nigeria working with pastoralists in indigenous systems of milk production. This just came in, Eco Farming And Agricultural Development published by GTZ, the West German aid agency and chapter three is entitled, An under utilized resource: Indigenous Eco farming Knowledge. And the two subdivisions are indigenous eco farming practices and indigenous experimentation, and lots of references to Dr Paul Richards in this 1989 publication, which will get accessed and put into the C card documentation unit. Now, tonight, Paul is going to tackle some very interesting topics. Some of which, if he includes some of the ideas he's picked up out of the Iowa context it'll make it even more interesting. But he's gonna be talking about indigenous Ag knowledge and a focus, particularly on the international Ag research centers. It's with a great deal of pleasure that after many years of trying to get him here, we have finally succeeded and I'll turn the floor over to Paul.\r\n\r\n- Thanks very much indeed Mike, and I'm very happy to be here on my first ever proper visit to the United States of America. You see, I didn't stay long on the East coast, I headed straight over to Iowa. All the good things that Mike had told me about this part of the world and they all proved to be true. Now tonight, I got something of a problem because normally I make up these things as I go along. When Mike described the kind of context and the sort of distinguished audience I'd be addressing I thought this is probably one time in my life when I better write the thing up but I have a problem with a written out lecture. First of all, I've never done one before. So I don't know how long, how much I should have written to get through in the 55 minutes or so? We may have to do some revising as we go through or at least cutting out of large chunks. The reason I don't do written lectures is I've noticed a tendency when anyone does for the audience to fall asleep. But in my early days, when I tried one or two I noticed another tendency and that was for me to fall asleep, and I thought that was probably even worse than the other. So if you notice my eyes glazing over, it's either the lecture that's putting me to sleep or more probably the fact that I'm wearing this suit. If someone could step forward quickly and release the tie. So there's nothing for it but to start plowing through this thing, I think. Science is a collective venture. In consequence, it's interesting and frequently profitable to pay attention to the social and cultural context within which scientific activities take place. My theme tonight is the project for improvement of agriculture in tropical and subtropical environments, popularly known as the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution depends on agricultural research undertaken in a network of 13 international centers, mandated by an organization known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. These mandates cover work on the food crops and farming systems of greatest importance to a majority of small scale farmers in poorer parts of the world. The international agricultural research centers are funded by a consortium of Western bilateral and multilateral agencies, and by host governments in the regions concerned. This research activity is without doubt one of the most important strategic initiatives in the contemporary global battle to alleviate hunger and poverty. My focus in this lecture will be on the relationship between the international centers and the client groups for whom they work. I shall lay a special emphasis on the need to understand the cultural and historical background to this relationship. By drawing attention to the cultural context in which agricultural knowledge is both produced and transmitted, I hope to illuminate some current dilemmas of the Green Revolution. Especially in Africa, whether it's wide agreement that thus far progress has been disappointing. I wonder whether I might be forgiven for beginning with a brief reference to my own cultural milia. As a school boy in a Lancaster cotton town my life had a strong east-west orientation. I think that's probably why I became a geographer. To the east we looked to the Pennine Hills from whence as the Bible had taught us came our help. In my case, it came specifically in the form of an old bicycle and a pair of boots with the aid of which I explored Blake Lo and Kinder Scout and so developed a long lasting love affair with wilderness places and their geography, and ecology in particular. Westwards the bicycle took me towards Liverpool where I discovered the more dubious delights of the metropolitan seaport. Liverpool brought me my first intimations of two regions of enduring significance to any Lancastrian, West Africa or the United States. Liverpool was a city that had first grown prosperous on profits from the Atlantic slave trade. The Lancaster cotton industry was later to depend on American agriculture as a major source of its raw material. From this early stimulus came a deep and abiding fascination with these two regions and with their social organization, and agriculture in particular that remains with me today. It's more than an accident of biography however, that makes me want to bring these two enthusiasms into a single focus on the present occasion. The reason it's more than an accident at biography is that the science upon which the Green Revolution is founded is in a special and characteristic achievement of middle American intellectual life. The International Agricultural Research Centers are in a direct line of descent from the state experimental stations and agricultural faculties of the US Land Grant universities. In present company, there'll be no need to remind you of the way in which these institutions grew out of and were influenced by the needs, attitudes and mental temper of life on a major agricultural frontier. The United States and West Africa are linked by more than the Atlantic slave trade. Much of West Africa in the 19th century was like middle America, still an agricultural frontier. This frontier, for example, the forest lands of upper Guinea, an area I know it firsthand from fieldwork, was far less well endowed than the United States frontier. And the hazards posed by disease and climate were in all probability considerably greater than those faced by pioneers in this part of the world. Where American farmers eventually prospered, West African farmers were grateful to survive. What they share in common however, is the intellectual legacy of the battle to turn wilderness into productive farmland. Many West African farming communities are to this day and despite their poverty as open and oriented towards change and innovation as their American frontier equivalents. The major difference is not an intellectual liveliness but in the resources available for building on such foundations. The university of real life and the harsh conditions of the African frontier builds no monuments to it's success. It lacks wealthy alumni associations to endow chairs and fund laboratories but there should not and must not blind us to the striking intellectual quality, and practical ingenuity of indigenous technical knowledge accumulated under such conditions. Such a local knowledge is often of its most valuable where it represents reflection upon situations and circumstances profoundly different from anything we may have experienced in more fortunate environments. Even where the results of such reflection lead in directions different from those suggested by our own scientific training, it is rarely a waste of time to think through what lies behind them. If this now appears to be the case the Green Revolution has begun to run into difficulties when attempts are made to apply its principles in less well favored environments. We might do well to re-examine some of its key assumptions from the perspective of, and through the debates current among the organic intellectuals of the African frontier. This at any rate as the standpoint of the boy on the bicycle, now more than ever fascinated by the divergent intellectual achievements of the two great agrarian civilizations, first glimpse from that Liverpool waterfront 30 years ago. Let me now say something, well first of all I'll blow my nose otherwise I'll choke to death. I told you this would be a trial and tribulation to me. Let me say something now about the American roots of the Green Revolution. Middle America has two overriding characteristics. It's an agricultural environment, favorable soils and a relative paucity of indigenous germplasm. The need to invest state resources in sponsoring a global search for plant materials with potential utility in American conditions received early recognition. Support for plant exploration on an organized and systematic basis received a boost in 1838 when the US Navy authorized its first official plant exploration expedition. With the country as yet lacking any infrastructure for experimental agriculture, this exotic germplasm was disseminated directly to farmers to make of it what they could. In fact, they were remarkably successful and by 1860 many new crops were firmly established. In Jack Kloppenburg's words, \"The development of the adapted base of germplasm \"on which American agriculture was raised \"is the product of thousands of experiments \"by thousands of farmers \"committing millions of hours of labor \"in thousands of diverse ecological niches \"over a period of many decades.\" United States indigenous agricultural knowledge. This process was facilitated by Commissioner Peyton's, Henry Ellsworth, and his successors who made a special efforts to send small seed packets to farmers in as many locations as possible. Over a million such packages had been distributed by 1855. I was also fascinated to find out this evening that Seaman Knapp, who is one of the plant explorers who helped establish the Louisiana rice industry is actually buried in the Iowa State University graveyard.\r\n\r\n- How did you find out?\r\n\r\n- I've read a book on your bookshelf, Mike while I was printing out the paper. I thought we all ought to make a pilgrimage to it perhaps but... Too late, tomorrow morning, 6:00 AM. Organized science makes its first significant impact on North American agriculture from the second half of the 19th century with the establishment of state agricultural experimental stations in land grant colleges. At first farmers were skeptical about what the college boys had to offer. The late 19th century rediscovery of the work at Mendel laid the foundation for a new and effective applied science of plant breeding. Plant exploration remained important as a starting point but the increasingly exact science of plant breeding brought about an important shift of emphasis. Hither too plant explorers had looked for plants that might adapt well to American conditions as they stood. Now, breeders held out the prospect of combining interesting characteristics from two or more varieties. As Kloppenburg puts it, \"Plant exploration became a search not for useful plants \"but for useful genes.\" Up until the 1930s public sector researchers dominated plant breeding. There was a wide uptake among farmers and research station improved varieties. Thereafter, with the development of high yielding hybrids the picture changed substantially. Hybrids offer greater incentives to the private sector than their open pollinated counterparts. From that date plant breeding research in the United States and the rest of the industrially developed world has become increasingly within the purview of the private sector. There is still some controversy as to the precise balance between public and private research in plant breeding. It is not relevant to enter into these controversies at present but the general point is clear. Farming in the industrial world is fully commercialized and there seems little doubt that in such circumstances private sector breeders are likely to be in better touch with farmers needs than say university-based rivals. That's because they've got to make a profit to survive and therefore it's in their interest to find out what farmers are looking for. For poorer farmers in the tropics the picture is different. The essential point grasped by the architects of the Green Revolution was that many, perhaps most small scale farmers in much of Asia, Africa and Latin America are excluded from the benefits of private sector plant breeding by their lack of purchasing power, and the general weakness and unreliability of their commercial institutions. In consequence, there was a case for the replicating the kind of public sector initiatives that have been so beneficial to the United States farmer in the period up until the second world war. To some extent the colonial powers had already made a start. In parts of Asia, India, especially publicly funded plant breeding programs were well advance prior to independence. Elsewhere, activity was at best diffuse and sporadic. Hence the decision to concentrate resources in the well endowed international centers, such as CIMMYT, the research center in Mexico for maize and wheat and IRRI, the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. These great centers of international public scientific enterprise were to be complimented by new or reformed national institutions for adaptive crop research intended to fine tune, improve lines to local needs. In conformity with this approach, USAID went to considerable lengths to introduce and modify the land grant university model to suit Asian and African conditions. I have had the interesting experience of a long-term association with one such institution namely Angella University College and the University Of Sierra Leone. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach are the strengths and weaknesses of its American antecedents. Poorer farmers and countries gain access to the benefits of plant exploration and agricultural research enjoyed by American farmers 1830 to 1930. Wider diversity of planting material, crosses combining desirable traits from local and exotic parents, crosses selected by breeders to match specific local needs and circumstances. Furthermore, and characteristic of the phase of publicly funded plant breeding research in the United States, many of these benefits are at little or no cost to the adopters. Farmers in Sierra Leone regularly acquire small amounts of improve rice varieties as gifts from friends or relatives. This'll be enough to start them off. If a trial gives positive results, their own trial not an extension trial, then they will simply multiply the variety in question until they have enough to plant a significant area. Thereafter, they will keep back from each year's harvest enough of the favored variety to meet their planting needs in the following year. If for any reason, their strategy fails. If for example, they lose the materials set aside in store. Well they will simply beg or borrow from a friend with the required variety. Only very occasionally will they deem it necessary to buy in bulk from the Ministry of Agriculture or other seed supply source. Which is really a good job because the Ministry of Agriculture is pretty badly organized for that sort of thing. It is clear enough that where improved varieties and associated inputs Eg fertilizer, pesticide, water control, really do work in farmers conditions. Then the uptake of Green Revolution innovations is rapid. Francesca Bray in a recent important book, The Rice Economist, on the Green Revolution and the white rice zone of Southeast Asia argues as that success stems not as some of suppose from the transformation of a static agrarian technology by Western science but from the fact that the International Rice Research Institute emphasis on high yield, short straw varieties under labor intensive water management regimes is consonant with the longterm trajectory of technological and socio-cultural change in Southeast Asian societies. From her command of the historical sources in Chinese and Japanese, and field based knowledge of social organization in present day rural Malaysia, she is able to demonstrate conclusively to my mind that the Green Revolution has cultural roots in local practices going back many centuries. Of the middle American model of plant science works in Southeast Asia it is because like in America it met farmers' needs and grew out of what they were doing already. However, a key aspect of Bray's study is that this consonance appears to be largely fortuitous. She's at pains to point out that outside observers have long underestimated innovation in Southeast Asian agriculture because of the trajectory of indigenous change fails to fit that predicted by Western agrarian theorists, grounded in European debates about the cost of labor and the virtues of mechanization. One Karl Marx is one of her stocking horses. But there was nothing in the intellectual equipment of the Green Revolution that's especially equipped it to cut through this fog of irrelevant theory from Lock to Marx and beyond. White rice in Southeast Asia was on Brays account largely a matter of beginner's luck. I mean the Green Revolution, white rice is of short straw varieties. Elsewhere that luck has failed to hold. This is most notably the case in Africa but it is also true in those parts of Asia where climatic conditions are highly variable and where soil resources and prospects for water control are poor. This is a point that I think you were making this afternoon. Under these conditions, the relatively and sometimes absolutely disappointing performance of the large, publicly funded international agricultural plant breeding research centers can be explained in part on genetic and ecological grounds. Simmons has pointed out that some of the staples of these regions have much less potential for biological improvement than wheat, maize and rice by in large crops have the better favor tropical regions. He suggests that there is no Green Revolution around the corner for crops such as cassava. The ecological specificity of many resource poor tropical regions is also a major complication. IITA, the International Institute Of Tropical Agriculture and about in Nigeria, for example, has found that improved varieties and practices work well only within the immediate vicinity of its main site in Abadan, Nigeria Climatic and soil conditions often very markedly within short distances in the West African tropics and local cultivars and farming practices are highly adapted to these variations. Good practice in one, they make nonsense in one area, they make nonsense 20, 30 miles away. As recently arrived stranger farmers sometimes find to their cost. To my mind however, the relative failure of the Green Revolution in much of Africa owes as much to cultural as to biological factors. What do I mean by this? At one time, it would be assumed that I was talking about the backwardness and lack of receptiveness to change of African peasant farmers. More recent work from the famous study by Polly Hill of Ghanaian in cocoa farmers onwards has surely laid this hoary old myth to rest. I have more in mind the failure to analyze the cultural context of the Green Revolution itself. The question as to whether local attitudes to agriculture techniques and agrarian organization are compatible or incompatible with an alien scientific tradition cannot be left to chance. We need an adequate theory of these issues, grounded in a thorough understanding of cultural assumptions on both sides of the fence. And if such reflection will bring us face to face, I would suggest, with a essential conceptual dilemma characteristic of all Green Revolution agricultural research. Namely how to assess and respond to client needs. Modern economic wisdom in the West advocates a clear split between long-term strategic research and short-term client oriented research. The latter is in current British political parlance, sometimes dubbed near market research. When I say current British political parlance I mean the parlance of Mrs Thatcher. This type of research activity, it is argued, should be guided into appropriate paths by the willingness of clients to pay for it. In effect the researcher's agenda are set by market forces. This is the logic behind current moves in Britain to privatize much agricultural research until so recently funded by the state through the research councils. The point about the Green Revolution, however, is that although much of the research undertaken in the international centers is and ought to fall into the short-term client oriented category. It's totally unrealistic to expect impoverished farmers to exert effective control of the research agenda through their capacity to pay. It is doubly inappropriate to expect the market to order research priorities in communities close to the edge of survival. Where market institutions are themselves often tenuous in the extreme. In such circumstances, other means must be found to assess farmers' needs and to set research agenda accordingly. This is where I want to argue that cultural analysis has an important role to play, both as a guide to relevant and feasible research in a given context. And also as a means of recognizing, harnessing or steering around the particular biases and enthusiasms, of scientists and their clients So now I turn to cultural analysis and the Green Revolution. There's already considerable recognition of the potential value to Green Revolution research of the kind of cultural analysis undertaken by anthropologists and related disciplines. I've argued elsewhere in the book, Indigenous Agricultural Revolution. That in effect Green Revolution policymakers have already internalized a considerable body of anthropological theory in setting the agenda for the research stations. Unfortunately, however, I believe that it is the wrong sort of theory being derived in the name from writings in the cultural evolutionists tradition. Linking technical change in agriculture to population pressure. It is not that I think such arguments are necessarily wrong. My objection is more that because this body of theory is concerned with long range perspectives. It is often silent on precisely those points where the Green Revolution needs guidance. Namely, the detailed processes through which real and identifiable groups and individuals learn about and are motivated to develop and adopt agricultural innovations. Esther Bowserup, for example, argues that population pressure is the driving force behind agricultural innovation but she has no theory of the intellectual processes through which such innovations are achieved or at least no theory that she's seen fit to include in her book. She is silent on the cultural resources that must be brought into play before any agricultural activity can be modified. Green revolution policymakers to the extent that they have set their targets according to the arguments of the Bowserup kind are like navigators approaching their goal by dead reckoning through something of a sociological fault, one might add. I want to talk briefly about two pieces of work that set much higher standards in this regard. The first is a book by Robert Chambers, Rural Development; Putting The Last First. I have to talk about this because in fact, Mike phoned me up and said that when his committee had been thinking about lecturers, the person they really had in mind was Robert Chambers. Since Chambers wouldn't come, I would do instead. And Chambers swore me to silence on the fact that he's actually currently in the United States of America. I liked stirring and I'm I think they're called in French parlance. Chambers directs his attention, in particular, to the process whereby policymakers and development agents form their impressions of life in impoverished, rural communities. In this, he is as entertaining as he is instructive. There will be few development professionals who having read the book will not have to admit me too. As he gently teases out, some of the biases built into our busy working schedules. We've all at times being guilty of basing our judgments on short visits to roadside villages in periods of dry season, plenty. Having failed entirely to spot the carefully rehearsed spontaneity of our welcome. Even those of us who undertake a full seasonal cycle of village residents for purposes of fieldwork are given to place in undue weight on the evidence of the year we were actually there. Forgetting that it may not have been typical, indeed is any year ever typical. Having diagnosed the source of some systematic misperceptions of client group problems to which policymakers and researchers are liable. Chambers sets about prescribing a number of deliberately contrive reversals for their cure. These methodological medicines at times come close to re-inventing the field methods of the great anthropologist, Bronisław Malinowski. No matter, if the Green Revolution won't fly perhaps a set of wheels is what it badly needs. My second instance concerns Professor Emarta Sen's recent and brilliant attempts to reshape our conceptualization of the problem of hunger and famine. When I first went to teach at London University School of Oriental and African Studies in the mid 1970s, I was asked by one of my new colleagues what were my research interests? I answered, famine and food supply in Africa to which he replied crustily, no subject for a serious scholar. The army has people to deal with things like that. At the time I thought this was a typical remark of one of the old colonial buffers all to evidence in science at the time. It was only when I read the work of Professor Sen that they began to see his point. Sen's work on famine has two routes. Both very different from those which have nourished Green Revolution research. The policy oriented tradition of welfare economics, closely linked in Sen's University Oxford to debates in moral philosophy. Well, it was his university, Harvard then went and bought him. And a long tradition of practical famine relief in his native India. In colonial India much famine relief had indeed devolved upon the army. And one of Sen's points is that such work requires the mental agility of a master tactician. The kind of tactician who wins battles against the odds by overturning conventional wisdom. Sen wishes to ween us from the automatic assumption that famines are about food shortages. He shows that in many cases there is more than enough food to go around. Food availability decline is not a sufficient explanation of famine but neither is he making a trite point about the need for improved distribution. The real issue, he suggests, concerns entitlements to food. People starve where they suffer a loss of entitlement. Entitlements break down in a variety of ways. Refugees may starve when they lose contact with relatives or patrons who would otherwise be obligated to offer assistance. The long-term unemployed may starve when they fall through the net of social security, by failing, for example, to register with the appropriate authorities. Most commonly, however, the problem is one of lost purchasing power. As when, for example, troops are billeted on a town and the price of food escalates beyond the means of the poor on a fixed income or when inflation wipes out savings, or when drought afflicted pastoralists dependent on steady sales of cattle to buy grain are forced to sell their animals cheap because they lack the grazing to keep them alive any longer but at the same time have to buy their grain dear. This results in a familiar paradox, food going to waste at the height of a famine because the starving lack legitimate means to acquire it. No society, however inegalitarian, can afford to allow its members to starve to death on a systematic and regular basis. Famines arise in unprecedented circumstances. When the system breaks down, where the circumstances are highly irregular. What Sen is arguing is that to have a famine means that the system just isn't working and you've got to start again, whatever your system was. This irregularity is the nub of the problem since it presents a challenge to all accepted wisdoms. Fitting the circumstances to the polarities of existing political discourse often makes the problem worse. This happened in the case of the Irish potato famine in the 1840s, where the new liberal government in Westminster proved to be less the mock progressive government of the day. Proved to be less flexible in its attitudes to relief than the outgoing conservative administration appeal. This lack of flexibility, it has been argued, was a corollary of a general confident belief in the progressive and enlightened character of the new government's policies as a whole. Sen has argued a similar point in relation to India and China. The Chinese precisely because they had a more principled inegalitarian system for ameliorating poverty during normal times found it more difficult to cope with unprecedented contingencies. Famine was a challenge to the theoretical integrity of the system itself, therefore it was ignored until too late. Indian politicians from a less principled and committed starting point, found it easier to admit that things were going wrong and to improvise answers. India and China are thus neatly contrasted cases. Sen sees evidence of more malnutrition in India on a regular basis but Indian politics is better able than Chinese politics to deal with sudden and irregular famine crises. At the risk of laboring the point, let me emphasize that this is not a question of which political ideology is correct. Free trade liberalism help the starving Irish peasantry as little as Marist Marxism help the starving Chinese. What we have to consider is that in an unprecedented crisis, any theory established under normal conditions may serve to fog the issues. Maybe this implies that famines are best dealt with by political leaders who are unprincipled rogues. Perhaps this is what Jesus meant with his advice to befriend the mammon of unrighteousness. Perhaps a more widely acceptable conclusion is that crisis management requires sufficient mental flexibility to be able to abandon precedence and rapidly to improvise new and perhaps temporary approaches. Has the crisis in African agriculture brought us to such a point and if so, how can this new flexibility be attained? It will be clear from the foregoing that I have a somewhat qualified admiration for the Green Revolution. I think that this has run out of steam in Africa and that urgent revisions are required. Although I yield to no one in my admiration for the intellectual tradition from which it derives. I believe that that tradition stands to gain a new lease of life by taking culture seriously. There's nothing unduly esoteric in this. The examples I have given are a fair illustration of what might be involved by taking the practices and routines of development professional seriously, Chambers illustrate some of the generic misunderstandings to which they are prone as a group. By paying attention to contrast and culture, Sen is able to illuminate the important point that famines and their solution are as much questions of beliefs, symbols and political will as questions of food availability. This I shall want to argue has important implications for the problem of client orientation in the Green Revolution. The products of agricultural research have to be more meaningful than just of practical relevance. They also have to be meaningful both to practitioners and to clients. It is in this area that I suspect we will find the greatest payoff to the current interest in indigenous agricultural knowledge because the analysis of such knowledge takes us as Professor Levy Strozier so successfully demonstrates it. To the heart of what is meaningful to practitioners of so-called traditional agriculture. Let me now give an illustration. In recent years, now this illustration is called Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge On African Frontier. In recent years, there's been a striking upsurge of academic interest in indigenous agricultural systems and practices. So much so that we are tonight celebrating your university's initiative in establishing a major international center for the documentation of such knowledge. No longer a dusty corner of anthropology and ethnobotany, you'll be pleased to know Mike. The field has begun to attract the attention of the agencies supporting the Green Revolution. Partly in the hope of finding answers to some of the problems of clients orientation alluded to above. I share this hope. Even if there is perhaps inevitable danger of the subject like the cognitive field of farming systems research being oversold in some quarters. The days of plant exploration are not yet over and the practical reasons for tapping local botanical knowledge are as valid as ever. I'm more doubtful about some strong claims currently being made for the superiority of farmers over scientists solutions to problems of farming systems development. The superiority where it exists is unlikely to be an inherent property of indigenous wisdom. More plausibly, it means there's something seriously wrong with the science. A situation unlikely to remain corrected for long once properly diagnosed. So we know we might be doing ourselves quickly out of a job. I think there may be more mileage in the notion of trying to integrate farmers into on farm programs of trials and experiments, much good work along these lines. From throughout the tropics, it was reported to a conference on complimentary methods of agricultural research held at IDS, University Of Sussex in 1987. Shortly to be published as a book edited by Chambers, Percy and Throp, called Farmer First, Farmer Innovation in Agricultural Research. Now I've completely discharged my obligation to Robert Chambers, he asked me to put that in. He said that was the only thing he would talk about. The obvious danger here is that farmer participation serve simply as a source of cheap labor for the management of experimental plots. Several papers at the Sussex conference however, had given considerable thought to ways of incorporating farmers' knowledge and ideas at the stage of experimental design. Christina Carly and Jim Sundberg working on Allie Intercropping technologists since IITA. Even went so far as to suggest that farmer initiatives should be an unplanned variable in the experiment. In effect farmers were encouraged to play with the inputs on offer and come up with their own treatments. Carly and Sandberg's approach is interestingly reminiscent of the early emphasis in American agriculture on distributing exotic germplasm to farmer communities as widely as possible and seeing what farmers themselves made of the inputs. But I think that encouraging farmers to make their own experiments is more than just a practical expedient pending more satisfactory arrangements. Cultural anthropologists have long argued that it is in the area of play, fantasy and magic that people make statements about the kind of world they would like to see realized in practice. The anthropologists Alfred Gel has recently pointed out that practical necessity is by itself and implausible mother of technological innovation. He suggests that we are unlikely to conceive new needs without first engaging our imaginations. Following Malinowski, he suggests that magic is one of the areas where people evoke and experiment with ideal and alternative visions of the world in relatively costless ways. All societies need magic. Only that in our modern world we tend to call this experimental conceptual space where aspirations are first invoked and new needs rehearsed by different names. Malinowski thought that advertising was a modern equivalent of magic. I don't advocate the International Agriculture Research Centers retaining the services of an advertising agency. I think they would do better to encourage farmers to experiment and to observe the outcome closely with the eye and cultural insights of a latter-day Malinowski. This is why for a number of years I paid attention to the ideas of Mende farmers in Sierra Leone about agricultural experimentation. The Mende are rice farmers, for the past two centuries or more they've been engaged in settling and taming the forest frontier of the upper Guinea coast. Forest shifting cultivation is still the mainstay of their agriculture. Constant with the dynamism inherent in their ecological circumstances, they adopt a remarkable experimental approach to many of their farming activities. To study these experiments is to gain clear insights into a number of important Mende ideals. In particular Mende ideas about rice varieties and the extent to which varieties are open to human manipulation server as an especially clear introduction to the competitive principles on which Mende village life is based. The Mende they have access to over a hundred rice varieties. Many are along established others are recent emergence or introductions. Mende farmers believe in the inherent dynamism of their germplasm, it is in the nature of rice to change. God made it so they will say. Long established varieties are continually modified by farmer selective pressure and the Mende take great pride in these local selections, in these local variations. Furthermore, farmers accept change as a matter of course and expect to be able to take up new selections when their own circumstances change. In Mawama, the village where I work there are about 50 local varieties in current use, they're 98 farms. In any year, each farmer will plant from two to six varieties but over the last five years as many as 1/3 of farmers in the village have entirely changed the selections they grow. I've been tracking them year by year. This is in a village where modern varieties have not yet had much impact. This process is not seen as innovation diffusion as it would be in Iowa, a one way movement to a better and higher yielding varieties. Mende farmers are quite happy to revert to a variety used in the past if the circumstances seem right. Much depends on soils, remember they changed their farm sites each year and on fluctuating personal preferences. Freedom of choice is both a necessity and a right in a poor community beset by a large number of environmental hazards. Hanging loose is important to Mende farmers, if they are to feel right with the world. To assert this point they will sometimes abandon a good variety simply because it looks old or take up a less good one abandoned long ago, just to be awkward. Mende farmers acquire rice germplasm through a number of channels. New or interesting varieties will be begged from friends or kin. The harvest is often carefully rolled to acquire hitherto unknown off types, mutants or spontaneous crosses. Adventitious varieties spread by animals or birds are collected in the bush or from along farm tracks. One of the most important of the long established Mende varieties is called helekpoi, literally elephant dung. The source from which it was first acquired. The elephant has great symbolic force in Mende society. Many towns are said to have been founded on the spot where a great hunter killed an elephant. Mende warriors and political leaders are sometimes thought to be transmuted elephants. The symbolism of helekpoi is as follows. The big men like elephants fighting in the forest or grazing a rice farm may cause mayhem but when conditions calm down the poor often benefit from the famine thus caused. To follow in the wake of an elephant, and collect a new and valuable rice variety, ready fertilized, is one such example. New varieties are then taken to the farm where they are subject to systematic investigation. A test plot will be laid out in a favored locality on the boundary between two soil types near the farm hut for security or an an especially fertile spot where sticks have been burned during clearing. Sometimes the boundary will be specially marked. Most times the amount of seeds sown will be carefully measured in a tin or calabash in the same vessel used to measure the harvest. Occasionally two varieties will be planted side by side to assess their relative merits. A trial of this sort is called Mendehugo, literally to look into something. Hungwei, in an important sense is entirely a matter between the farmer and the seed under investigation. It is an inquiry undertaken in private close to the bush into the raw properties of nature, untrammeled by social claims. The distinctly non-social character of agricultural experimentation may at times arouse suspicion and envy. In other parts of Sierra Leone farm trials are heavily guarded secrets hedged by anti witchcraft medicine. The Mende by contrast seemed to find agricultural experimentation less socially threatening. I think the reason is connected with the rather open conditions of life on the forest frontier with its emphasis on the adaptive value of farmer innovations. This is already apparent in the helekpoi story. The poor are supposed to live off their wits in the spaces in the forest, trampled down by elephants intent on, altogether different games. This becomes clear in a story told me in Mawama about a stranger who arrives with nothing, attaches himself to a landowning patron and is given a remote piece of land to farm. This stranger never comes to the village but lives in the farm, and through hard work and shrewd investigation of the potentiality of his new surroundings is able to amass considerable rice surpluses. With this rice, he's able to rescue his patron fallen into deep debt as a result of ill judged involvement in political trials of strength, court cases, and chieftaincy elections. He was rewarded with a wife and married into the town becomes an actor on the political stage. Only to find himself later facing the same kind of ruin and in need a rescue by a poor client whose meanwhile being quietly checking out the properties of unfamiliar rice varieties in a remote farm on the edge of the village. Building up a healthy surplus as a result and so the cycle continues. Thus the Mende distinguished quite clearly between two senses of the words trial or experiment and in so doing recognize as those Western science, the need for space in which to investigate natural processes relatively free of social constraint. These spaces used to be called universities until they became commercial corporations. Hungo means to look into in the sense of to open up some thing and thoroughly root around inside. Social and political trials of strength are seen in a different light. Interestingly, the word the dictionary gives for contest or bet can also be glossed as challenge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112167#t=0.0,2802.05061"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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notions:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=7.88,11.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those of epistemic and aleatoric probability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=11.68,15.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probability is a degree of 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disaggregation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=25.8,29.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a bet is a social challenge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=29.46,32.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An experiment is to examine 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for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=706.47,708.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some questions if you have them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=708.7,710.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, like I 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are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=988.7,991.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think inferring for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=991.23,992.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that producing some possibilities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=992.83,994.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the failure of the Green Revolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=994.84,996.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but more on an institutional 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applied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1001.42,1002.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as understanding farmers themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1002.45,1004.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also when we get deviations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1004.64,1007.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the normal set of opportunities and constraints","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1007.26,1009.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we may see more 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literature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1013.8,1015.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you see that as an important area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1015.68,1018.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well this is, sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1018.98,1020.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I did this some report for Rockefeller Foundation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1021.66,1026.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was really to put some sort of 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way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1030.74,1034.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as befits the Rockefeller Foundation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1034.08,1035.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after all, it is in New 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best","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1041.12,1044.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sources tried to try to trace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1044.65,1046.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the history of the concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1046.44,1047.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of indigenous experimentation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1047.66,1049.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and indigenous agricultural knowledge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1049.36,1051.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I re-read after many, many years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1052.17,1054.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Shleppers great book on exam day agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1054.27,1058.095"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already familiar with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1058.095,1059.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Additionally, it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1059.26,1060.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presumably originally it was from Belgium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1060.57,1063.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But somehow he ended up working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1064.2,1065.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Colonial Agricultural Service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1065.77,1067.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Southern Sudan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1067.41,1069.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and realizes as an agriculturalists he really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1069.07,1071.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't making any progress at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1071.3,1072.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he had to go away and retrain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1072.78,1075.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he retrained as an anthropologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1075.07,1077.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Evans-Pritchard refused","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1077.52,1080.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to show him any of his Zande work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1080.02,1081.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until he been done his own stuff then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1081.89,1083.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they can compare notes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1083.83,1085.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is probably good advice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1085.07,1086.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the flipper wrote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1086.69,1088.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a really wonderful book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1088.17,1089.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the kind of natural complement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1089.09,1090.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the Evans-Pritchard wrote a really wonderful book on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1090.93,1093.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Zande witchcraft\" and \"lied to goodness\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1093.287,1094.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we never teach the two side by side,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1094.98,1096.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can only speculate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1096.8,1098.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I mean, we're familiar with some of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1098.41,1100.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"structural divisions within anthropology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1100.3,1103.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But marvelously, I think it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1103.09,1104.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an appendix at the end,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1104.96,1106.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I discovered this little gem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1106.17,1107.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I've never noticed before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1107.49,1109.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which he's describing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1109.11,1110.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happened to Zande 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hilarious,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1326.45,1328.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are trying to get farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1328.27,1329.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do pinnacle selection to try and set aside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1329.52,1333.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best quality planting materials for next year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1334.03,1336.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we explained this all elaborately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1336.83,1338.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But John was doing it brilliantly well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1338.79,1340.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then they because he's thought deeply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1340.57,1342.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the linguistic resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1342.35,1343.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you need to translate this concept into Mende.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1343.81,1346.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it was of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1346.54,1347.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it translated it into really good Mende,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1347.373,1349.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everyone's eyes lit up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1349.34,1350.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they said, Oh my goodness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1350.43,1351.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if this is science we've been doing all the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1351.59,1354.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1361.9,1363.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we could go further in our confidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1363.06,1364.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and build up and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1364.98,1366.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm still hopeful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1366.332,1368.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that science has got a great deal to 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were,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1371.58,1372.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mandate have gone a long way down that road,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1372.413,1374.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have this linguistic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1374.69,1376.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultural communicational problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1376.28,1378.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the sorts of structures that we've inherited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1378.57,1380.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from all the cyber culture really don't help us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1380.86,1384.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carolyn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1386.02,1387.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all I say thank you (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1387.65,1391.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly, I want to ask you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1391.64,1395.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this would be possible to work out that plan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1395.013,1399.238"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks indistinctly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1399.238,1402.405"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I mean, we're actually hoping to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1406.46,1408.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that at the moment, I've got a program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1408.84,1411.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think is now being funded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1411.29,1412.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by vote put on project, is a German a project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1412.97,1417.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all the sort of 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not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1420.8,1423.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, has come out just now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1423.15,1424.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it persuades some of the bureaucrats in Ashkelon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1424.69,1427.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's probably worth putting up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1427.42,1428.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some extra money to do this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1428.58,1430.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's more or less agree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1430.26,1431.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we will have a 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Programme","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1435.82,1438.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they have in that project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1438.21,1439.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the rice breeding section","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1439.44,1441.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of recuperation Research Station,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1441.63,1443.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and various groups of farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1443.66,1445.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are being identified at the moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1445.41,1447.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who would like to participate in the program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1447.1,1449.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focusing on short duration varieties,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1449.25,1451.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and trying to then get initially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1451.7,1454.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to look at the germ plasm that's available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1454.28,1456.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and test it and see what works were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1456.83,1458.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then subsequently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1458.83,1460.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go into say five to 10 year breeding program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1460.24,1463.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the plant breeders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1463.33,1464.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will have taken their bearings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1464.97,1466.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from this initial interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1466.78,1468.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the farmers and will try","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1468.87,1470.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do some lab reading at the local level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1470.43,1472.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even see whether they can teach farmers to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1472.41,1475.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some elements of the work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1475.17,1477.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And from that point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1477.59,1479.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see what happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1479.18,1480.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There is one more question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1481.726,1483.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you will be able to discuss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1483.95,1486.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could we learn more about British culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1486.45,1488.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by studying here and this creativity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1488.56,1491.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with roses? Really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1491.19,1492.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean, it's an interesting question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1495.5,1496.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was asking John Jacques Klausenburg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1496.97,1498.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other day about whether or not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1498.387,1500.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one point of entry in the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1500.1,1502.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was precisely gardeners","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=1502.13,1503.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because now 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power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2134.21,2136.158"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bad power to get that signal removed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2136.158,2138.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a shorter period of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2138.567,2139.932"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you think of African situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2139.932,2142.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, from here now after 20 years of up new 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whatever?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2148.62,2152.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you visualize this problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2153.025,2155.102"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2155.102,2156.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I accept your argument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2157.92,2159.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that in Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2159.64,2161.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a bit unfortunate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2161.63,2163.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way the arguments of the Green Revolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2163.32,2165.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became polarized around those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2165.07,2167.412"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were judging that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2167.412,2170.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they made a technological breakthrough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2170.07,2171.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those that we're making the 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Griffin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2178.15,2180.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Andrew Pierce,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2180.87,2181.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost the feeling that they're saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2181.91,2183.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if there hadn't been a technological breakthrough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2183.67,2185.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things would have been enjoyed side better,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2185.47,2186.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's a technological breakthrough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2186.86,2188.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's causing the injustice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2188.35,2189.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas to my reading of the situation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2189.95,2192.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little I know about Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2192.28,2194.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's that the technological breakthrough worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2194.1,2196.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on things that were already on just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2196.36,2198.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it were within the society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2198.61,2199.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they made things worse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2199.97,2201.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, that clearly is going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2201.52,2203.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be a problem as well in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2203.03,2206.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2206.41,2207.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the big the big problem in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2207.243,2208.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is getting the technological breakthrough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2208.64,2209.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you've got your technological breakthrough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2209.787,2211.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, you can worry about how to redistribute the income.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2211.69,2214.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas in the African 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problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2218.58,2220.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he has a good opportunity for Africa to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2220.67,2223.252"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crosstalk)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2223.252,2225.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm hoping well, two 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arguing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2228.64,2231.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the indigenous agricultural knowledge approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2231.41,2234.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would the, or could be more egalitarian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2234.86,2239.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's depending on the skills","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2239.48,2242.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and initiatives of 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afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2276.73,2278.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's on stage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2278.46,2279.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as fine modeling and arguing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2279.64,2284.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with his academic colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2284.06,2285.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether they 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wherever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2288.23,2291.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and convince President General Babangida","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2291.09,2294.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the indigenous technical 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discoveries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2321.33,2323.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at village level that we forget this larger picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2323.64,2326.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, I think it's quite 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off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2329.71,2331.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he's thinking about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2331.65,2332.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exactly the kinds of issues you should be raising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2332.77,2335.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e On behalf of speaker and I will stay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2336.686,2339.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to make a collective thank","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2339.12,2341.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that not only to the fine presentation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2341.79,2345.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've just had from Paul,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2345.25,2347.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also like to thank our other guests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2347.54,2352.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Slipcovers that have come from Holland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2352.43,2354.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amelia from Dubuque,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2354.38,2355.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buju from Champaign Urbana via Boston,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2357.18,2360.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our colleagues from Madison,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2360.89,2362.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who joined us here at Iowa State","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2362.77,2364.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to really make the last three days,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2364.49,2366.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, really exciting for us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2366.72,2368.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and stimulating and making it appear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2368.47,2372.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think a lot of frustrations we faced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2372.04,2375.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the last 18 months","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2375.62,2376.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or certainly have been well worth it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2376.94,2379.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and gives us the motivation to plunge ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2379.5,2384.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'd like to thank all of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2385.09,2387.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wish you safe journey","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2387.71,2389.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to your states and countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2389.72,2392.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look forward to getting together with you again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2392.68,2395.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and would definitely like Paul Monday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2395.14,2398.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give me my two books back before he leaves for Madison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=2398.45,2401.642"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25266/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/266/original/AV203827_Indigneous_Agriculture_Knowledge_and_the_International_Resource_Center_b.vtt?1620124037","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/266/original/AV203827_Indigneous_Agriculture_Knowledge_and_the_International_Resource_Center_b.vtt?1620124037"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25267","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203827_Indigneous_Agriculture_Knowledge_and_the_International_Resource_Center_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168/transcript/25267/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Disaggregation in 17th century, European thought of two previously intertwined notions: those of epistemic and aleatoric probability. Probability is a degree of belief and probability is something inherent in the object or process in question. Mende thought in trying to separate agriculture from politics has arrived at a similar disaggregation, a bet is a social challenge. An experiment is to examine nature. Evidently in the open, but hazardous conditions of life on the upper Guinea forest frontier, agricultural experimentation was too valuable or resource to be messed around with by the political classes and by University vice chancellors. As a postscript to this account of the cultural significance of experimentation in Mende agriculture, it is interesting to note the probability that a significant number of the slaves shipped to South Carolina were from the upper Guinea forest frontier region. Walter Rodney cites evidence that many of the slaves passing through the Sierra Leone slow 40 bumps Island came from Kissy country. And many of those slaves we know were shipped to Charleston. Today, the Mende recognized Kissy country on their Northeastern boundary as a major center for indigenous experimentation in rice and the source of many of their local varieties. The historian Littlefield in his book \"Rice and Slaves\" has argued that the emergence of rice as a major crop in South Carolina, or much to the technological expertise of those first Afro-Americans. Whether this expertise came fully fledged from West Africa is a moot point. Perhaps the most important asset the African slaves brought with them was an experimental adaptive, innovative frame of mind. Judging by the fascinating range of rice farming practices developed by the slave and ex-slave populations, their own subsistence in South Carolina, populations which is documented by the Iowa boasts historian Emilia Vernon, who's here tonight, seem to my mind too little to either Africa or Europe. It is tempting to conclude that Mende traditions of stubborn inventiveness in unpropitious circumstances survive the Atlantic crossing. Now, I come to my conclusion. First, let me summarize why I think the documentation and analysis of indigenous agricultural knowledge is relevant to the future of the Green Revolution, most especially in those parts of the world like Africa, where publicly funded agricultural research seems not yet to have had the transformative impact its supporters and sponsors expected. Then second, let me say something about why it seems to me especially appropriate there's Iowa State University is one of the major Land Grant Institutions should have begun to exercise initiative in developing this field of intellectual inquiry. This evening, I've talked about the importance of the cultural dimension in agriculture, in particular the role of the imagination and inventiveness in agricultural transformation. By implication, I have suggested that development agencies have not paid enough attention to the imaginative lives of those for whom they labor. Perhaps to put it bluntly, one of the problems of the Green Revolution in Africa is that it is boring. Poor people deserve and require intellectual stimulation as much as the rich. In fact, there are reasons for supposing that those who live by their wits in hazardous environments may be much more demanding in these regards than those of us who have more comfortable existences. Life or death struggles with intransigence and unforgiving nature may sharpen the intellectual appetite as well as concentrating the mind. Perhaps then, the architects of the Green Revolution will have to pay specific attention to the intellectual texture and imaginative depth of the processes of transformation they wish to initiate. This is not to deny that there are good utilitarian reasons for exploring indigenous knowledge systems. Looking at the content of Mende on farm experiments, for example, gives a good insight into what issues Mende farmers find problematic and what changes they would find most important and beneficial. The Director of Public Sector Rice Research Institute concerned to give clients a greater say in setting forthcoming research agenda would stand to gain much from such a survey. Here he or she would straightaway learn the importance the majority of Mende rice farmers are short duration varieties so far neglected by formal research because of their poor intrinsic yield potential, but offering all important release from the constraints of the hungry season. They'll say Magana farmers have hunted out and systematically screened a range of short duration varieties in recent years on their own initiative. In other cases, local research offers more than an insight into farmers constraints, it also offers suggestions that might well be built upon by scientists in the formal sector. One mundane example that comes to mind is a local interest in cultivating a mix of long and short duration rises in the same field to make use of changing most conditions in riverine grasslands, double cropping without the expense of water control. But as my remarks are both have indicated, the practical and utilitarian is far from being the whole story. Much of the payoff to an interest insensitivity to indigenous knowledge will be found, I believe, when researchers in the formal sector know and care enough to respond to local concerns by tuning in on the appropriate cultural wavelength. They are or should be like composers looking to create a hip song. It is this then that brings me to the second part of my conclusion, in which I want to say why I think it's especially appropriate that Professor Warren and his colleagues, as students of culture working in an environment largely dominated by the so called hard sciences should be engaged in setting up a project on indigenous knowledge systems. In 1950, the Iowa State College Press published a book entitled \"America's Crop Heritage\" by Nelson Klose. The book is a history of foreign plant introductions by the federal government. As I noted earlier, the success of American agriculture in the 19th century was built on germ plasm imported from other parts of the world. These were for the most part, not wild plants, but cultivars selected and shaped by human initiative over many generations, in celebrating initiative of the men and women who collected and adapted this germ plasm to American conditions... Lost me place. So laying the foundations for the world's most powerful Agrarian Society closes indirectly celebrating the importance and utility of indigenous agricultural knowledge. In one case, he goes even further, this is the case of the Smyrna figs. My wife's family comes from Smyrna, so I have to tell the story of the Smyrna figs as part of my conclusion. Smyrna figs are pollinated by a wasp, which normally lives in the wild Capri fig, but which regularly confuses its flowers with those of the Smyrna fig. Mediterranean farmers ensure fruiting by hanging Capri figs among the branches of their Smyrna figs. With a great fanfare, the San Francisco bulletin organized the introduction and distribution of 14,000 cuttings to California in the 1890s, all of which failed. The paper excused itself on the grounds of the chicanery of the native Smyrnans, who it claimed had sent rubbish to protect their own market. But it took some years for the scientific mind to catch up with the lifecycle of the wasp. It never occurred to American agriculturalists, close notes, that the local practice of hanging Capri fig fruits among the branches was anything other than some old fertility rites, it is less likely today, seems to me, with initiatives like second, that the scientific minds of American agriculturalists, to quote close, will so readily dismiss this as mere superstition. So let me end by combining elements from two cultural traditions based on the little I have learned from both African and American cultural practices. I want both to deliver a message from our sponsors, while at the same time pouring a libation to the ancestors. Specifically, I want to invoke the spirit and blessing of that remarkable man Henry Wallace, one time Iowa State corn breeder, founder of the company that is now a pioneer hybrid sponsors to this evening, Secretary for Agriculture and finally a presidential candidate. Klausenburg describes Wallace as a complex man with a visionary conception of the beneficent power of science. In the premium Delian world of IR agriculture in the late 19th century, varietally improvement was encouraged by farm shows in which farmers exhibited their own selections and competed for prizes according to aesthetic criteria. As an out breeder, there's little chance that open pollinated corn will breed true, every plant is liable to end up a unique cross. The problem was that corn show criteria were not correlated with yield. While this was an early convert to the new hybrids. Some of his colleagues saw the corn shows as an obstacle to the adoption of seed varieties. To quote Kloppenburg, \"Many scientific breeders have criticized the shows without much affecting the faith of the farming community in their time on practices.\" Henry Wallace was wiser. He realized that the corn show if nothing else, was a super popular theater, the corn show focused farmers attention on corn varieties in a highly dramatic and concentrated fashion. While it's recognized that if he could preserve the theater, but change the script, he could use the venerable shows to publicize hybrids. Now one of the problems of course, with having a prepared paper is that when you lose the last page, you then have to go scraping around to see whether you can... It's in here somewhere folks. Sorry, I've got it. Don't worry, don't worry, I did that deliberately. Wallace followed up this insight into the durability of the indigenous culture of Iowa farmers with the Iowa State Authorities, and thus was born the Iowa Corn Yield Test. Here was a man who understood his own native knowledge system and seized upon its potential as culture. The Green Revolution will remain a public sector project largely reliant on external funding. Its most immediate and pressing problem is how to connect up with the world of the farmer. It must be grafted onto local cultural roots. This I believe is where the documentation and study of indigenous knowledge systems will have its greatest significance. Agriculture is not only technique, it is also and perhaps pre-eminently culture. Poor people tenaciously defend their cultural traditions because within those traditions they find the mental stimulus and courage with which to live. They are likely to reject innovations that are culturally uninteresting. Conversely, those that have cultural resonance are accepted even in unpropitious circumstances. Mende farmers have a rice variety, with such a tiny grain that researchers were not certain it was a rice when they first came across it in the 1930s. It's not a particularly high yielder, but it's still cultivated today. When I asked one young man why he chose to grow it, he said, because it made him laugh. Perhaps we have to aim for less earnestness and more laughter in the Green Revolution. In the United States, I noticed that in the interest of your fable deficiency, you shorten the long ponderous word agriculture to Ag. My suggestion, and I believe Wallace might have been with me on this one, is that this is symbolic of having taken a major wrong turning, if you must shorten the word, drop the first four letters, not the last seven. It is in this spirit that I invoke the blessing of the ancestors on the infant succumb.\r\n\r\n- See, I told you to do as well as chambers. Thank you very much for really nicely packed one hour. Would take a few minutes for some questions if you have them. And then, like I said, any of you would like to join us in formally over 100 UV, certainly welcome. Jerry.\r\n\r\n- My question is the number of varieties of rice. Is there some competition among the members of the society to perhaps identify and grow the best, so that they have a big effort to get the widest number of varieties that you possibly can? Is there a competition?\r\n\r\n- I think one interesting difference between the Iowa corn shows and Mende rice farmers growing their own varieties is that the corn shows were competitive. So you want it to be recognized as having the best variety. In the whole, the assumption being that was the best in the whole of Iowa, or wherever the the hinterland of the corn show was. Whereas the Mende are more highly individualistic, life has taught them some bitter lessons about how even just a few miles apart, the opposite side of the villages of weather conditions are different. So they have the notion that, it's a question of which variety is good for you, if you may have a kind of particular spiritual affinity for certain varieties. And part of that is you like to have varieties that are interesting enough to attract attention. So sometimes people will grow, there are some varieties which are almost black, the grain is black. And often they're grown just simply because it looks so spectacular in the field, and instead of a golden waving field of rice, you have a fair, black rice. And that causes people to start in talking comments. So that kind of brings attention to you, and that they're like that, but they wouldn't necessarily want to argue that this is one of the problems, you see with adoption of modern varieties because it's a uniformity, which they're deeply suspicious about.\r\n\r\n- And I think that really brings out the point you're trying to make that agriculture is not only growing food, but something beyond that something very comfortable. Turn James, talking about rice, something never dries out Syria alone. We have to talk about why what the West African Rice Research and Development Authority. What is the relationship between weather as an analyze\r\n\r\n- It was so fluid? And the water is currently being totally restructured. And about 18 months ago, Sierra Leonean scientists, Eugene Terry was appointed the director general and what has been very disappointing. I think it would be true to say, partly because they have had operational difficulties like the member governments haven't paid their subscriptions, are they really being strapped for funds, but I think they've operated at a fairly lofty IITA inspired kind of level. And I think the new, what we're hoping will come out of it will be a much more healthy relationship between Water and National Agricultural Research scientist and farmers, and already the first fruits of that are being seen at the Recupero Rice Research Station in Sierra Leone, where there's been a terrible situation where waters is physically been on that station, having inherited by the CGI, our mandate, all the national research in mangrove swamps. So if you didn't get appointed to water, you just saw your own institutions material taken over by the water people. And they were earning kind of international level salaries and facilities, you could tell the water houses because it all in the normal stations that have little private generator grinding away at night and night time when there isn't even electricity anywhere in town around the station. But that's beginning to change. And water is actually now agreed for the first time, for example, to put in a generator that will supply the whole of the station whether or not they're National researchers or international researchers. And I think that's kind of indicative of a new spirit of trying to really take the linkage downwards seriously, but we've not yet seen I think any, I mean, there's some good work being done by individual researchers don't get me wrong, but I think institutionally, they've not really had the scenario set, right? But I'm hoping that under Dr. Terry, things are going to do a lot better.\r\n\r\n- But yeah, I was particularly struck by the idea of crisis management or an idea I've been working on in terms of stress. And I've been talking to Mike about this for some months. And that may be in fact, the area where we're more likely to see more innovation. And it seems that most of your talk you are, I think inferring for that producing some possibilities in the failure of the Green Revolution, but more on an institutional level. But it seems to me the same kind of notion can be applied or is being applied as far as understanding farmers themselves. It's also when we get deviations from the normal set of opportunities and constraints that we may see more innovation. I'm wondering from your own experience, are your review of the literature, if you see that as an important area.\r\n\r\n- Well this is, sorry. When I did this some report for Rockefeller Foundation, it was really to put some sort of well, like tonight's talk, but perhaps in a more Golden subsided way as befits the Rockefeller Foundation, after all, it is in New York. I did a review of as it were the best sources tried to try to trace the history of the concept of indigenous experimentation and indigenous agricultural knowledge. And I re-read after many, many years, the Shleppers great book on exam day agriculture, already familiar with it. Additionally, it was presumably originally it was from Belgium. But somehow he ended up working in the Colonial Agricultural Service in Southern Sudan and realizes as an agriculturalists he really wasn't making any progress at all. So he had to go away and retrain, and he retrained as an anthropologist and Evans-Pritchard refused to show him any of his Zande work until he been done his own stuff then so they can compare notes, which is probably good advice. So the flipper wrote a really wonderful book, which is the kind of natural complement. So the Evans-Pritchard wrote a really wonderful book on \"Zande witchcraft\" and \"lied to goodness\" we never teach the two side by side, I can only speculate. But I mean, we're familiar with some of these structural divisions within anthropology. But marvelously, I think it's in an appendix at the end, I discovered this little gem, which I've never noticed before, in which he's describing what happened to Zande farmers after they really mean walloped by drought or some pest attack. I can't remember the details now. And he noted that in the aftermath, everyone experimented like crazy. And they were kind of explicit about this experimentation. But what he points out, which Krishna elders will really love, is that the really neat experimenters those who were most energetic for this, if this was conceptually, I mean, it wasn't that he was judging them to be experimenting. And they were just doing what came naturally. They were out there explicitly experimenting, trying to find new crop combinations that were more drought resistant, and so on. And he knows that women are the best experimenters and the most energetic in doing this presumably, because I think he makes the point is it middle aged women, widows, people who are on more on the margins of survival than anyone else who have the kind of, the greatest experience and enthusiasm for these things. Anil Gupta has been doing some really wonderful work, I think in the Indian dry lands trying to work through his whole point in which he's arguing that normal science is completely hopeless when you're dealing with poor farmers, and that the reason for looking at indigenous agricultural knowledge is not as a kind of substitute for where the normal science can get, but the reason normal science he recommends is no good it's not conceptualized, the decision making problems of living on the margins of existence and that there are interesting as it were statistical conceptual problems. Theory of probability might well change if we took seriously what these people were doing. So he thinks that the case for doing indigenous agricultural knowledge is not that it's applied and utilitarian, but there's it might pick up, might really boost the Agricultural Sciences on the backside. And we might end up with some really fundamental rethinking of how we do experiments and questioning the fundamental assumptions of experimental methodology. So I think that's more or less the same point that both got to.\r\n\r\n- You've really helped me being the Mende thing to be extremely proficient experimenters and extremely good at adapting crops to their own land, which might differ considerably from one place to another. What in the world and the more formal aid stations do for these people?\r\n\r\n- I think if we got in the right mode, if we paid attention, I mean, we as the follow side of the equation, if we paid attention to what farmers were saying about the agenda of issues that they want addressed, they can go there, many of them are very conscious of being able to go so far, but no further. And you soon come across instances of things they would like to do. But for various reasons, they don't quite well, they don't come up with technical knowledge. And they're not doing systematic crossing, all the crosses that they're picking up are in fact, spontaneous crosses. And they confess that there comes a point where their knowledge pegs out and they... So if I could get researchers who are willing to come live with them long enough to understand what the issues are, I would sincerely relate to them in a cultural Indian, if we could get out of the scientific framework, or find an equivalent, because that's why I'm looking at Mende notions of experimentation, because there's a language, that you could reformulate some of your basic principles of agricultural experimentation within. In such a way I hope it would then kind of take off that life comes into people's eyes. Well, we were doing this at the moment. So the bulk of your project and my colleague, John Kareem, and we have one hilarious, we are trying to get farmers to do pinnacle selection to try and set aside best quality planting materials for next year. And we explained this all elaborately. But John was doing it brilliantly well. And then they because he's thought deeply about the linguistic resources, you need to translate this concept into Mende. So it was of course, it translated it into really good Mende, everyone's eyes lit up, and they said, Oh my goodness, if this is science we've been doing all the time. But then, I mean, I laughed, and I said, on the other hand, it would really be fun if you folks came down and did some more, because we'd feel encouraged that we've been doing the right thing. And then we could go further in our confidence and build up and so on. So I'm still hopeful that science has got a great deal to offer. But all I'm saying is, as it were, the mandate have gone a long way down that road, but we have this linguistic, cultural communicational problem. And the sorts of structures that we've inherited from all the cyber culture really don't help us. Carolyn.\r\n\r\n- First of all I say thank you And secondly, I want to ask you, this would be possible to work out that plan.\r\n\r\n- Yes, I mean, we're actually hoping to do that at the moment, I've got a program which I think is now being funded by vote put on project, is a German a project. So all the sort of stuff that's going through their research networks, it's highly helpful that not, for example, has come out just now because it persuades some of the bureaucrats in Ashkelon, that it's probably worth putting up some extra money to do this. And it's more or less agree that we will have a program, which will link together the Participatory Extension Programme that they have in that project. With the rice breeding section of recuperation Research Station, and various groups of farmers who are being identified at the moment who would like to participate in the program, focusing on short duration varieties, and trying to then get initially just to look at the germ plasm that's available and test it and see what works were. But then subsequently, to go into say five to 10 year breeding program in which the plant breeders will have taken their bearings from this initial interaction with the farmers and will try and do some lab reading at the local level and even see whether they can teach farmers to do some elements of the work. And from that point, see what happens.\r\n\r\n- There is one more question. I hope you will be able to discuss. Could we learn more about British culture by studying here and this creativity with roses? Really?\r\n\r\n- I mean, it's an interesting question. I was asking John Jacques Klausenburg the other day about whether or not one point of entry in the United States was precisely gardeners because now is, well, I suppose in many European North side, as well, many enthusiasts clubs, where there's an enthusiast for endangered species and all varieties of crops have been rejected by commercial agriculture, which is still lovingly cared for in a sort of amateur governors context. And I'm just wondering, Jack and I were playing around with the notion, as it were could we find anything similar in so Mende culture and Wisconsin culture where we could see some lessons from that kind of enthusiast society and whether it would be useful even to couple them up into some sort of corresponding relationship that we can trigger off something so in farmer level in Sierra Leone, and instead of going through an NGO like Oxfam, trying to get the some rose breeders or being breeders, I mean, enthusiast amateur gardeners kind of association to get interested in this stuff, collect the money to do the sort of programs.\r\n\r\n- Most active programs here in Iowa, on Roseberry the seeds, the seeds that Robert Rhodes is coming through you sometime soon funded by the National Geographic, so we'll be stopping and see card after he goes to decor. But there are quite a few of those sellers. It's a we got time for three more we'll take today and Paul, and then Doctor .\r\n\r\n- What extent is the product and process in other eyes in Sierra Leone consideration in their choice of breeding?\r\n\r\n- Oh, very much. One of the things I didn't have time to say is that we've been trying to get some sort of model of the dimensions, Mike does this thing. That's an idea, because he's a linguistic anthropologist, he just loves that sort of stuff. But they're trying to get some kind of multi dimensional model of how people look at rice varieties, because sure is anything, they don't just look at rice varieties in terms of yield. And they affect a lot of practical considerations beyond you like how easily it costs? What happens to it when you're pounding it? Whether it cracks up a lot. They're very fussy about quality in the ground, like red, black brown on like the International rice purchases, do tend to reject it partly because that guarantees that it's got a red skin, and it's one of their own deeply traditional upland varieties, which they insist tastes better. But then taste is a multi-dimensional thing in itself, because it's all to do with cooking properties. And women have the most amazing, marvelous knowledge which they, I mean, either they're just bamboozling me or that it's real virtual sort of stuff. I mean, some of these varieties you have to know and then kind of two minutes, by the way, how long have you cooking them, and they don't have to do one for 15 minutes, and it will be ruined. But the next one is going to need 20 minutes, or else it's not cooked. And there's all sorts of issues like does it keep overnight because the way that food is served. Hospitality requires that the household cooks, the women cook in the early morning, or in the middle of the day. And then plates of food are kind of set out for various people who've got different schedules who will come in at any time. And sometimes it's a question of if you don't eat all you've been given you keep it all night, and how it how the texture hangs together, what doesn't hang together, but it clogs up, I'm afraid they have this dreadful notion that American rice is which they called potapota rice that derived the word from Europe, where it means mud. That they think I'm afraid and EPL for it rises just slushy because it sticks together in a great cold porridgy lump if you leave it for more than four or five hours. So all those factors, and then the aesthetic factors or the color of the thing or look at the plant, taste, the size of the grain. So something like 16 or 18 major dimensions, which you've got to think about when people are scoring varieties. But it's like, Henry Wallace and his Iowa Corn Shows.\r\n\r\n- You talked a lot about variability and uniformity, cultural variability and biological variability in the way the biological environment is so varied. And that seems to be antithetical to the approach taken by the major Crop Research Institute and Center where they develop a variety of promising mine and they put it out in lots over 20 countries. And then they take the average of all those plots or all those 20 countries and then they take the average, like I have 30 seats which is 40% of us. That's it engineering. And then it's given to the Extension System, the Extension System, going to pushing this one variety. And so you get a very, very uniform crop over possibly a very, very diverse set of ecosystems. Now, it seems that the cultural and biological diversity demands a different type of approach. Now, you've talked a little bit about the research system and how the researchers can work with it. Could you talk a bit about the extension system and how you see the extension system working with this type of diversity?\r\n\r\n- Well, we're trying to use the extension system in this project that we're working with I was describing earlier, they're very good at setting up meetings and finding the right sort of farms and having an idea who's interested in it was really good as experimentation's on but I think my own feeling is very negative about extensions unless extension becomes research, that I'm not really convinced that it's ever going to work. But the model that I'm interested in at the moment is in effect, one which was outlined by example by someone called DP Moria, who was one of the papers in this chambers Pacey volume on farmer experimentation by Marlon Bottrell. He's a rice breeder in London, an Indian Agricultural University, who has practically been marginalized and kicked out by his dean because he's never actually on campus because he insists on living in a village 20 miles down the road. And his argument is that rice breeding is fundamentally gone wrong. Because the era people think, as it were creating for all time, a great variety. Well, we all know it's not for all the time, but at least they think in terms of something that will spread over 1000s of miles and will last 10 or 15 years and will bring an equivalent to the Nobel Prize if you can get your name attached to IR36, or whatever. Whereas Marlon's approach is to say that the rational searcher is really a guy who does a little bit of storage on the back of evolution. And that farmer selective pressure and changing environmental circumstances and so on, but this is all the germ plasm is kind of rolling on in an evolutionary sequence that you can do a little bit of, well I call it like bicycle riding. And it's very difficult to actually tell someone how to ride a bicycle to come up with a manual instruction, but just a sense of balance, and so on. And he's there riding his bike as a plant breeder, interacting day by day with the folk with growing his stuff. He's recommending that he's getting good, nothing dramatic, but he's rejected in public, he got into this by being forced to do these very adaptive trials. And finding everything very sensitive, really just was like an electric blade sank without trace. And the only way he could get anything going too, it's a marginal area with all sorts of summarization problems, and so on, because of natural urgency, not because of irrigation. And so he's in there in a creative, interactive relationship with the farmers in which he's improving productivity, but not dramatically. And it's a kind of rolling relationship. So I think that kind of fits the point because it's something I think that has to be addressed that the ecological realities of hazardous environments don't permit some of the solutions that we've tried in the past. And this is what got to means by a new conceptual framework for science in which science becomes much more kind of in tune the social processes and also into in tune with evolutionary processes.\r\n\r\n- Final question.\r\n\r\n- It's clarification, that the adoption of data backing you take some of the actually countries including India? This enable I suppose, the depth to the production, other things. But after 15, 20 years, we realized one problem that although this approach to the income distribution is not quite proper. So in spite of growth in the assets, for example, in India, the income is not populating to certain section of the society and the efficiency of Gemma. So, there is no purchasing power, because there is a regional economy concentrated and concentrated in certain section of the farming community. So, in spite of this in-semi growth the question of poverty still remains. Now that depends specifically on how your land is distributed. The aggregate structure. If there is a large section of landless labor, marginal farmer won't be able to accept this technology simply because they don't have enough of these technologies finance intensity. So now we are facing a problem of equity, we are talking about equity and farming. Now, I think that we are talking about Africa, if we have this awareness well in advance, if we have this kind of erogenous earlier, the study which indicate that Japan had a sort of fair distribution of land, so income distribution is not a problem. But Philippines 70% are the problem. So again society with a little better distribution of the land, when technology enters, it is a reasonable distribution of income and purchasing power and bad power to get that signal removed in a shorter period of time. What do you think of African situation? For example, from here now after 20 years of up new media to make a technological breakthrough, combining science with indigenous knowledge, or whatever? What do you visualize this problem this interview?\r\n\r\n- Well, I accept your argument. I think that in Asia, it's a bit unfortunate, the way the arguments of the Green Revolution became polarized around those that were judging that they made a technological breakthrough, and those that we're making the point that this isn't leading to social justice, because the two things are not necessarily coupled together. And the times you get into the work of say, Griffin, or Andrew Pierce, almost the feeling that they're saying if there hadn't been a technological breakthrough, things would have been enjoyed side better, because it's a technological breakthrough, that's causing the injustice. Whereas to my reading of the situation, a little I know about Asia, it's that the technological breakthrough worked on things that were already on just as it were within the society, and they made things worse. Now, that clearly is going to be a problem as well in Africa. But at the moment, the big the big problem in Africa is getting the technological breakthrough, and you've got your technological breakthrough. Now, you can worry about how to redistribute the income. Whereas in the African case, I think we're worrying about what kind of technology but you're quite right to bring up the problem, because he has a good opportunity for Africa to do I'm hoping well, two things. One, is that this kind of approach that implicit then arguing for the indigenous agricultural knowledge approach, would the, or could be more egalitarian because it's depending on the skills and initiatives of people who are otherwise classed as marginal. But also, I think that was why I introduced the example of CEMS work, because I think he's thinking really imaginatively about political culture. And the imaginative leaps that the political classes, both those who write critically about politics and those who try and do it. Some large imaginative leaps are going to be required in the near future. Now like we're going to have to, it was a question I didn't get the chance to ask Tom to this afternoon, but it's on stage, as well as fine modeling and arguing with his academic colleagues about whether they agree with his model upload at some stage, he's going to have to go to build up barracks or wherever and convince President General Babangida that the indigenous technical knowledge is worth taking on. And that kind of process is going to require some very hard thinking, and maybe some hard struggling as well. But you're right to put in a marker at this point, I think, so that this whole area of politics and indigenous agricultural knowledge needs to be thought about, that is why I'm so keen to get incentives work, because I think he provides a balance, some of us tend to be so wrapped up in our own wonderful ecological discoveries at village level that we forget this larger picture. And therefore, I think it's quite important that we tune into debates like the debate that Sanders triggered off because he's thinking about, exactly the kinds of issues you should be raising.\r\n\r\n- On behalf of speaker and I will stay, I'd like to make a collective thank that not only to the fine presentation we've just had from Paul, but also like to thank our other guests. The Slipcovers that have come from Holland, Amelia from Dubuque, Buju from Champaign Urbana via Boston, and our colleagues from Madison, who joined us here at Iowa State to really make the last three days, I think, really exciting for us and stimulating and making it appear that I think a lot of frustrations we faced over the last 18 months or certainly have been well worth it and gives us the motivation to plunge ahead. So I'd like to thank all of you and wish you safe journey back to your states and countries and look forward to getting together with you again and would definitely like Paul Monday to give me my two books back before he leaves for Madison. So, we will see you all at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40514/file/112168#t=0.0,2415.20327"}]}]}]}