{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1c1td9nj8m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Norton, Philip, The Iron Maiden"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203850 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203850"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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achievement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=13.57,15.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and has established the place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=15.3,16.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being one of the outstanding experts on British politics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=16.84,20.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has published several books,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=20.91,23.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many articles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=23.75,25.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his work has concentrated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=25.27,27.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the British Conservative Party on British Parliament","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=27.3,31.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly the House of Commons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=31.65,33.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on the British constitution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=33.42,36.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There probably is not anybody who teaches British politics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=36.43,39.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is not familiar with his work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=39.58,42.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And given the quantity and the quality of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=42.37,44.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is very difficult to 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crown,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=48.607,50.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but nonetheless there is one thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=50.6,52.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that is worth some mention in that 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court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=57.34,59.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to interpret the constitution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=59.29,61.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, there is no written constitution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=61.13,63.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So to a considerable extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=63.46,65.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the British constitution is what 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constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=76.33,80.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turns upon the work of tonight's speaker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=80.28,83.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has clarified this 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century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=364.79,367.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When she was still the younger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=368.63,369.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than was Ronald Reagan when he left the White 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=520.82,522.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, what is Thatcherism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=522.74,524.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second, when did it emerge in recognizable form?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=526.41,530.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=532.41,533.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what success has it had?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=533.72,535.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And fourth, is Thatcherism bigger than Mrs Thatcher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=536.84,540.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my answers will actually generate a fifth 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leads.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=554.04,557.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let me if I may take those in turn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=557.86,560.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=561.7,562.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is Thatcherism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=563.72,565.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thatecherism has been more commented upon than defined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=567.29,571.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our attempts at definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=571.22,573.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the two most substantial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=573.43,575.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been by British academics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=575.03,576.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Gamble, and Dennis Kavanagh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=576.58,578.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed, the title of Gamble's book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=579.7,581.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Free Economy and the Strong State\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=581.957,586.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"encapsulates the essence insofar as there is an essence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=586.08,589.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Thatcherism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=589.11,590.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The emphasis is very much upon the liberating effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=592.04,595.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of market 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harmful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=627.75,629.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in essence, illegitimate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209#t=629.28,632.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112209/transcript/25346/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sir Keith now Lord Joseph, he was Mrs. Thatcher's 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Department of Political Science. Over the last decade, tonight's speaker has compiled a really enviable record of scholarly achievement and has established the place as being one of the outstanding experts on British politics. He has published several books, many articles and his work has concentrated on the British Conservative Party on British Parliament particularly the House of Commons and on the British constitution. There probably is not anybody who teaches British politics that is not familiar with his work. And given the quantity and the quality of it, it is very difficult to point to one particular thing and say, \"This is the jewel in the crown,\" but nonetheless there is one thing I think that is worth some mention in that context. As many of you are aware, in Britain there is no supreme court to interpret the constitution. In fact, there is no written constitution. So to a considerable extent, the British constitution is what legal and scholarly experts writing about it say that it is. It's not an overstatement to say that our understanding of one of the key relationships in the British constitution turns upon the work of tonight's speaker. He has clarified this relationship. He has dispelled various myths and misconceptions that were associated with it and has achieved a considerable reputation for that alone, apart from all his other work. Now, this is not just a case of someone tonight who is known to other academics, so that certainly is true. He also is well known to the practitioners, to the practical politicians as well. For example, at the point that he was promoted to the rank of professor and when one of his recent books was published, there were receptions held for him at the House of Commons and among those who came by to extend their congratulations on these events were various national politicians. So his reputation extends to them as well. In addition to the various scholarly research work that he has done, he also has been active in professional associations. In Britain, political science and political scientists belong to the Political Studies Association and he has served on the executive of the Political Studies Association. There's another group, particularly for those who are interested in parliament, the Study of Parliament Group and here again, he has played a very active leadership role in that. And then to get to the international dimension, there is in the United States an organization known as the British Politics Group, he currently serves as the president of that. So this is a further indication of the type of reputation he has established. Now, many of you will be aware that earlier this year, Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister of Britain, observed and I think that's the term we should use because I don't think we can really say celebrated, but Margaret Thatcher observed the 10th anniversary of her rise to power as prime minister in Britain. This is a record that obliterates all of the previous records of the 20th century. All the great names in British politics in the 20th century, all of these names like Churchill and Lloyd George, and Asquith, none of these served as long in office as prime minister as Margaret Thatcher has. So she is indeed a phenomenon and it seemed entirely appropriate that we make this Subject on which we ask our speaker to talk with us tonight. So it is with the considerable amount of pleasure that I present to you, the head of the Department of Politics at the University of Hull in England, Professor Philip Norton.\r\n\r\n- well, thank you very much. I'm delighted to be here. And one of the reasons I accept invitations like this is in order to listen to introductions like that, which was very glaring. And my only worry is to then having to actually live up to it. My focus this evening's just being explained. It's going to be really 10 years of Thatcherism because Margaret Thatcher has dominated British political life in the 1980s. She's Britain's first female prime minister, as we've heard, she's just celebrated 10 years in office which makes a Britain's longest continuously serving prime minister, in fact, since Lord Liverpool at the beginning of the 19th century. She's also the first prime minister since Liverpool's tenure to lead a party to three successive election victories. She's the first prime minister in British history to generate an ism, Thatcherism. And she's the first peace time prime minister in modern history to adopt an ambiguously the leadership role of an innovator. She's also generated one of the most remarkable growth industries in Britain today. And that is the study of her character and her beliefs. More than a scholar of books and innumerable articles that come off the printing presses since she became leader of the Conservative Party in 1975. She's been the subject of several biographies, at premiership has been analyzed in a wide varieties of works of philosophy has been bearishly deselected, criticized and lauded. Her activities are the subject of avid scrutiny nationally and now that she is the longest serving of Western leaders internationally. She has declared her desire to go on and on and on. She's almost certainly the Conservative Party into the next general election. There even some prepared to envisage her as prime minister still at the turn of the century. When she was still the younger than was Ronald Reagan when he left the White House. At the moment, British politics is Margaret Thatcher. Well, given the impact and visibility of Mrs. Thatcher and her hiponymous philosophy, it's not surprising that she and her beliefs are widely studied and commented upon. Yet what is remarkable, is despite such extensive coverage Margaret Thatcher and Thatcherism are so little understood. And perhaps my presentation this evening is really to try to provide a tentative framework, for the understanding of both. So let me begin if I may, by identifying four propositions that can be and properly made about Thatcherism. The first proposition that's been put forward is that Thatcherism constitutes a coherent set of beliefs, a coherent set of beliefs that distinguish it as an exclusive strand of thought within British conservatism. The second proposition is that, that coherent set of beliefs that's Thatcherism emerged in the wake of Mrs. Thatcher's election as leader of the Conservative Party in 1975 and constituted a response and inevitable response to structural decline in the British economy. The third proposition is that Thatcherism generated a clear program of policies that provided the basis for electoral success in three successive elections and fourthly of longer-term significance. That Mrs. Thatcher has caught a change in national mood, reinforced that mood and generated popular attitudes and values that will outlive her tenure of Downing Street. In other words, that Thatcherism is bigger than Mrs. Thatcher. Not all four would seem reasonable and plausible propositions. I take issue with everyone. Collectively, they impact a degree of historical and philosophical consistency that does not exist. Individually, they are inaccurate or in need of serious qualification. And to demonstrate that, I really need to address myself to four questions that are generated by those propositions and my response to them. First, what is Thatcherism? Second, when did it emerge in recognizable form? Third, what success has it had? And fourth, is Thatcherism bigger than Mrs Thatcher? And my answers will actually generate a fifth question, arguably, the most important of all. And that is what explains the continued success of the Conservative Party in Britain, in other words, the party which Mrs.Thatcher leads. Well, let me if I may take those in turn. First of all, what is Thatcherism? Thatecherism has been more commented upon than defined. Our attempts at definition are the two most substantial, have been by British academics, Andrew Gamble, and Dennis Kavanagh. Indeed, the title of Gamble's book, \"The Free Economy and the Strong State\" encapsulates the essence insofar as there is an essence of Thatcherism. The emphasis is very much upon the liberating effects of market capitalism. The market is seen as necessary for wealth creation, competition and efficient marketing, not government intervention create wealth. And the competitive forces of the free market are seen as being essentially democratic. They allow the individual consumer the opportunity to register his or her preference with every purchase. What the consumer desires, prospers, what the consumer does not like will fail. Government intervention in the affairs of the nation is viewed as harmful and in essence, illegitimate. Sir Keith now Lord Joseph, he was Mrs. Thatcher's mentor in the 1970s, observed that there are limits to the good which governments can do to help the economy but no limits to the harm. And government's intervention on this analysis can lead only to inefficiency, monopoly and the decline in the ability of the nation to compete internationally. Individualism is stifled, the individual comes strained and respects for the institutions of government diminished. The essence of a free society declared Mrs.Thatcher is that there are whole areas of life where the state has no business at all, no right to intervene. Well, translated into terms of public policy. What this approach has dictated has been attempts to achieve massive reductions in taxation and public spending, in controlling the money supply and in a adhering to free collective wage bargaining as an alternative to subsidies and pay norms. The consequences of such policies is seen as being to energize individual initiative and so reverse what Mrs. Thatcher sees as the creeping collectivism of post-war years. A collectivism indulged in by both Conservative and Labor governments. So the attempt is being ready to roll back the growth of the state and the state in conjunction with outside groups over the period of post-war years. Yet at the same time, that has been the molding of a strong state of the strengthening of government at the center. And this has been seen as necessary for three reasons. First, in order to undo the collectivist forces created by past governments. Collectivist forces are seen as so well entrenched that they can be dislodged only by a government and clear control of the leavers of power. So the government actually have to centralize power in order to achieve a degree of autonomy from groups in British society. Second, it's been seen as necessary to actually help wealth creation the States holding and policing therein within which market forces can operate. And third, it's seen as necessary in order to fulfill those tasks which government alone can fulfill. Primarily, the defense of the realm abroad maintenance of the Queen's peace at home. That is consonant with traditional conservative values, with an emphasis on the strong defense and on maintaining law and order. But two of the three reasons, the first two do present a seeming paradox because the attempt to remove government from the economic arena necessitates government intervention in order to achieve its realization. In other words, the actual circumstances with which market purists are faced necessitates deviation from the principle, principle which they actually seek to implement. But in so far as on the economic side there is an essence of Thatcherism. It is embedded in the free economy and by virtue of circumstance, the strong state. But there is more to Thatcherism than that. There's also a very clear moral strain with an emphasis on family values and on the maintenance of public and educational standards. Mrs. Thatcher has been keen not only to load and create the economic liberalism of the Victorian era, but also to load and recreate Victorian morality as well. And the implications of this moral strain I'll return to shortly. So there's an economic side of Thatcherism there is also a moral side. But there's also more to Thatcherism in terms of its approach to politics than a set of beliefs. It encompasses also the manner in which it seeks to achieve them. Indeed, the most visible form of Thatcherism is its style. That style is an aggressive and combative one. Mrs. Thatcher and her supporters being prepared to proclaim publicly and confidently the values which they espouse and to take on all those who are prepared to challenge them. No apologies are given, no quarter given. Mrs.Thatcher's disparaging dismissal of some of her colleagues as being wet, refers as much to the half-hearted commitment to pursuing that case as much as to the case itself. Mrs. Thatcher has no hesitation at all in using the public arena for the proclamation of a personal credo and if necessary, for mobilizing support for it. There is a very clear, popular strain to Thatcherism. So Thatcherism then embodies both an economic strain, a moral strain, and also a style of politics. And that provides a very quick thumbnail sketch of what Thatcherism is. But it is necessary also to establish what it is not. It is not an exclusive strand of thought within British conservatism. Conservatism in Britain really exhibits two principles strain, so each may be further subdivided. But the principle strains are those of Tori and wig. In the Tori's strand of thought, the emphasis is on morals, on order, on maintaining social harmony and harmony between leaders and lead and on the here and now on what is happening at present. The wig strand is more forward-looking. There's an emphasis on economics essentially on the imperatives of capital accumulation and on achieving future goals. Now for most of the 20th century, the Conservative Party has been led by leaders drawn from the Tory strand of thought within British conservatism. In post-war years, and that's meant Winston Churchill, Sir Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, and Sir Alec Douglas-Home. The party changed in 1965 when it chose its leader, the Parliamentary Party elected its leader, Edward Heath, who ostensibly was seen as being drawn from the weak strand of thought within the party and within the weak strand from the neo-liberal element of weak thought, in which the emphasis on the free market is pronounced and where a free market is seen as an end in itself. In fact, it emerged that he was drawn from the other element of weak thought, which is been categorized as a corporate weak strand of thought where the free market is merely a means to an end, the end being economic efficiency. And if government withdrawal from economic life fails to achieve that efficiency, then government intervention may be necessary to help create it instead. And that is the approach that Heath took. He was essentially a corporate week. He was concerned to create more efficiency when government withdrawal from the economy did not achieve that, British industry did not respond, they engaged instead in government intervention in economic affairs in 1972 with U-turns on economic policy and on government aid to industry. Now success of Mrs. Thatcher is quite clearly unjustifiably associated with that neo-liberal element in weak thought. That is the emphasis on the market economy and the market economy being seen as intrinsically good and therefore, an end in itself. However, to characterize Mrs.Thatcher as being exclusively a neo-liberal divorce completely from the Tory wing of the party is to misunderstand both British conservatism and Margaret Thatcher. Every conservative in Britain exhibits values which are not confined to one particular strand of thought. The strands of thought within British conservatism are not only separate but they are overlapping. So one doesn't have to mutually exclusive camps of weak and Tory. And that in essence is why the Conservative Party is not a factional party but rather to use Richard Rose's terminology, a party of tendencies. What is really an issue, is not whether there's an overlap between the strands of conservative thought but rather the extent of that overlap. So other than exceptionally, one does not have a conservative who is a pure neo-liberal sharing none of the values associated with other strands of conservative thought. And it is significant in Britain that the pure neo-liberals are to be found not in the Conservative Party but in various research institutes and think tanks such as the Adam Smith Institute, which presently support the policies of the Conservative government that are not part of the Conservative Party. If you like that, they stand on the sidelines and cheer but they are not actually involved in the game itself. Now as a conservative, Mrs. Thatcher is not exceptional. She is preponderantly a neo-liberal but by name means exclusively so. Indeed, she may be described rather as a neo-liberal by intellectual persuasion, but a combative Tory at heart. She has not been able to rate herself though she has tried. Of a Tory and indeed her Methodist antecedents. She equates reward with effort and scale. That is a very clear moral equation, one which she was brought up on and cannot rid herself off. As I touched upon already, there is a very clear moral strain to Thatcherism. So within Mrs. Thatcher, there is both the neo-liberal but also the Tory with the emphasis on maintaining standards and values and an emphasis in particular on maintaining law and order. Whereas, within the pure neo-liberal strain, there's very much a libertarian element which is very much lacking in Mrs. Thatcher's thought. The circumstance necessitating a strong state, and Mrs.Thatcher's inbred morality has militated against Thatcherism as a set of beliefs being acquainted wholly and exclusively with pursuit of a market economy. Nor should one be misled by the style of Thatcherism. The aggressive parties on the stance of Mrs. Thatcher actually masks very acute political antenna and the willingness to compromise in the face of insurmountable political odds. Mrs. Thatcher has a remarkable capacity to sent what is acceptable to the nation's electors and to the party supporters. It is a capacity enjoyed by no other politician in Britain at the moment or in recent history. Politicians traditionally tend to look at policies in terms of the here and now in terms of whether they are popular or not. Mrs. Thatcher can view them from the perspective a more future oriented perspective of whether they will actually prove to be acceptable or not. And that is a remarkable skill which has not really left her at all over the past 10 years. And it's a skill that really has been demonstrated by no other politician in Britain. And when she recognizes that a policy is not likely to prove acceptable, she modifies or abandons it. And indeed, the change in the rules for the leadership of the election of the Conservative Party leader and the more independent attitude on the part of Conservative Members of Parliament since 1970s has actually made Mrs. Thatcher far more responsive to her own Parliamentary Party than any of her recent predecessors as Conservative leader. So in the face of threatened defeat or in the face of widespread dissension among her own supporters, she and indeed her ministers since 1979 have been willing to withdraw bills or modify or abandoned policy proposals. So Thatcherism is thus more complex in terms of beliefs and style than is popularly perceived. To a large extent, the rhetoric of Thatcherism masks its reality. So Thatcherism is a fairly complex phenomenon with an economic strain, a moral strain, a particular style but each somewhat more complex than that description would suggest. But basically we have something that could be termed, it could be recognized as Thatcherism. Well, given that, coming on to my second question, when did it emerge? When did Thatcherism come on to the scene? Well, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the Conservative Party in February, 1975 and she was elected for one particular reason, she was not Edward Heath . Heath style of leadership had created such resentment among Conservative Members of Parliament producing a Parliamentary Party that was ready particularly after two successive election feats in 1974 to change the leader. The party was uncertain as to why Heath proposed to lead it and no longer convinced that he was the man to do so. Now at the time, there was actually no formal means for removing the party leader. In 1965, the party had introduced a method of electing the leader by the Parliamentary Party. Before 1965, the leader of the Conservative Party was produced by a method known as emergence. That is, the leader just emerged following the previously to going. This on occasion created problems, particularly, when there was more than one person wanting to emerge as a leader since there was no formal means of choice. And on two occasions created the embarrassment because the choice was then left to the Queen who would rather not make such a political decision. So to avoid future embarrassment, in 1965, the party introduced a method of electing the leader by at the Parliamentary Party. But the tenure was to be freehold rather than leasehold. In other words, once elected, that was it. The person was leader until such time as the leader decided otherwise. There was no method of annual election of subjecting the leader to re election. Well, in 1974, in the aftermath of defeat in the October general election pressure within the Parliamentary Party builds up for the leader to be subject to regular elections. And believing himself to be in vulnerable to defeat, he had to agree to the new electoral rules and believing that he would be reelected, but that process would get rid of some tension within the Parliamentary Party. So new rules were introduced stipulating the annual election of the leader of the party by the Parliamentary Party. And that is the condition now in place. Formally, the leader of the party is elected each year in the autumn. So the beginning of 1975, an election was called, Heath was obviously a candidate. And initially his principal opponent was Sir Keith Joseph, a leading member of the shadow cabinet. But after a rather politically inactive public speech, one in which basically he suggested that working class women should not have children. And this was considered politically just a little unwise to make in a public arena, not considered a big vote-getter and created general worries about what he might do were become prime minister at some stage. He reconciled the writing on the wall that he'd killed his own chances and withdrew from the race. And his place was taken by a very little known front bencher called Margaret Thatcher. Hardly anybody knew who she was but she stepped in to fill the gap on the grounds that somebody had the challenge Heath rather than giving him just a clear run on reelection. So she stepped in as the challenger to make a fight off it. And in the first ballot on the 4th of February, Margaret Thatcher received 130 votes, Edward Heath, whom everybody more or less expected to win received 119 votes. So, Mrs. Thatcher had an 11 vote victory on that first ballot. Edward Heath was mortified as indeed he still is. And still refuses to accept he lost and still refers to his successor as that woman. And I think the only contact with her since has been on one occasion where he spoke in monosyllables, well, in fact, one monosyllable. When she asked him if he'd like a job under her and his reply was, \"No.\" And that was it. Heath was mortified and withdrew from the contest. His leadership was dead. Then in the second ballot, which was required under the party's rules in which fresh challengers could actually come forward, Mrs. Thatcher achieved an absolute majority of votes and became leader of the Conservative Party, the party's first female leader. But Mrs. Thatcher's election as party leader should not be equated with either the election or the immediate emergence of Thatcherism. Mrs. Thatcher was clearly influenced by and increasingly associated with the neo-liberal stand within the party. And that was clear at the time of her election. And she offered clearly a new direction in which to lead the party. But the reasons for her support among Conservative Members of Parliament was because she offered a new direction rather than because of the direction itself. On economic policy, the majority of Conservative MPS were and remain agnostic. There was not nor has there been a widespread conversion among the Parliamentary Party to the cause of neo-liberalism. Indeed, Thatcherism with its clear emphasis on the free economy and then the strong state was not to emerge clearly until the party was returned to office in 1979. Until that time, Mrs. Thatcher was still working towards a personal philosophy and in any event was constrained by political circumstance, both within and outside the party. There was a labor government to be taken on and challenged on many issues other than the economic particularly constitutional issues such as de-evolution. Within the party itself, Mrs. Thatcher's own supporters were lacking in government experience. All those with previous ministerial experience had supported Heath. So for her frontbench team, she largely have to surround herself with those who were associated with Heith's premiership. This some extent, she was constrained in her choice of front benches. And that clearly affected the party's emphasis during this period. Indeed, the first major policy document of a leadership called the Right Approach published in 1976, was a very broad document extolling the virtues of previous conservative governments and reminding readers that an economic system predominantly based on private enterprise does not make us a laissez-faire party. A second document, The Right Approach to the Economy published the following year contained a clear signal of the preference of monetarism but also call for a new spirit of cautious realism and included reference to governments having to come to some conclusions about the scape of pay increases if large-scale unemployment was to be avoided. Not until she was ensconced in office, was Mrs. Thatcher able to unleash a battery of policies that marked out her approach as distinctive and one that could be recognized as being essentially neo-liberal in orientation, particularly in those first few years of government. So Mrs. Thatcher's leadership actually predates Thatcherism by several years. Now, come back presently with the Thatcherism is likely to outlast Mrs. Thatcher. That Mrs Thatcher's party leader predates the emergence of Thatcherism. And recounting the circumstances Mrs. Thatcher's election also helps qualify the assumption made by some that Thatcherism was an inevitable response to structural decline in the British economy. Mrs. Thatcher's approach was glad to embrace policies designed to deal with basic problems in the British economy. So, Thatcherism in that sense may be seen as a response to structural decline. But there is a danger in imparting some degree of historical determinism to that correlation. Economic pressures of the time certainly induce significant and novel policy responses. But the nature of the response would likely have been very different had Edward Heath remained as leader of the Conservative Party as he very nearly did. Had six conserve MPs voted differently, he would still have been leader. And what made the difference between his reelection and defeat was not his economic policy, but his Olympian style of leadership. He was turned down because of the way he led the party, not necessarily because of the substance of the policy that he was pursuing. And in challenging him, Mrs. Thatcher took eight chance. The outcome was by no means predictable and indeed hardly anybody expected her to be elected as party leader and she only achieved it very narrowly. So the outcome was by no means so. But nonetheless, by 79, we had a prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. We have something that we could now recognize and describe as Thatcherism. My third question is, what success has it had given this 10 years of Thatcherism and Mrs. Thatcher in government. Well, Thatcherism has really had a major impact on British politics. Since 1979, Mrs. Thatcher has helped change the agenda of political debate. She leads the rest of the political pack, supporters and opponents alike dragged along in a wave, some applauding, some complaining the very few managing to keep up with that. So over the past 10 years, the face of British politics has clearly changed and many of the policies pursued by Mrs Thatcher will clearly continue for some time. But in hard policy terms, what has actually been achieved? Well, the record is essentially mixed. On the plus side, one of the most significant changes has come about in an area not anticipated when the party was in opposition. And that has been in that the area of privatization which has produced the most extensive and tangible success for the government. A policy hit upon almost by accident. A range of public utilities and companies, so far 17 in all, including gas, telephones British Airways have been returned to private ownership. And the privatization of several other public utilities is planned or underway. At the moment the water industry has been privatized. There have been signals that in the next parliament the coal industry will be in line for privatization. So privatization has been extensive. And another success of the party has been the extension of private ownership, not only in terms of property ownership, principally through the policy of allowing the sale of local authority housing, but also in terms of share ownership and development itself encouraged by privatization. Since 1979, more than 1 million public sector tenants have bought their own homes. That's putting beyond doubt that Britain is a home owning society of something like two-thirds of adults now owning their own homes and over 20% of the adult population are three times the proportion in 1979, now own shares quoted on the stock exchange. Inflation relative to the rate in the latter half of the 1970s, when at one stage it was over 25% has been reduced and reached a low at the beginning of 1988 when it fell just below 4%. Taxes have been reformed and the basic rate of income tax reduced from 33% in 79 to 25% since last year. And indeed now just two essential rates of income tax brought in to replace several rates before two basic rates, 25% and 40% replacing the several rates that existed before 79, the highest of which was 83%. Public spending as a proportion of the gross domestic product is now at it's lowest level for about 17 years. At the same time, the strong state has been realized through a variety of measures, most natively the abolition of certain councils, local councils, particularly the Greater London Council and the Metropolitan Councils and by statutory constraints on others and also through the reform of the trade unions limiting the legal protection that previously they enjoyed. And over and above the wide range of significance, often radical measures have been introduced in the first session of this parliament alone for example, major measures were passed reforming Britain's education system, reforming housing and reforming local government finance. At the same time, the government can point to a high level of economic stability, than when it entered office and much higher levels of business confidence. Party publications regular lists the successes of the government and the latest such publications run to about 40 to 50 pages. However, there's also a negative side. Clearly a pure market economy has not been realized. For the reasons I've touched upon, there was little chance that it could be. Public spending continues to rise. The government has managed to slow the increase rather than achieve a real reduction. Meaningful money growth targets had been abandoned and fiscal fine tuning, applying the accelerator and then the break is back in fashion with interest rates in Britain are reaching new highs. There's also now a very significant deficit on a balance of payments on current account. And inflation started to rise after from the beginning of last year, reaching a peak last month of just over 8% and now occurs to some extent to have leveled off. But relative to other Western economies, the rate remains one of the highest. And throughout the period of tantric government, the rate of unemployment has remained at historically high levels. In the years between 1960 and 79, the percentage of the economically active population that was unemployed remained well, below 10%, peaked in the 70s in 1977, six and a half percent. Since 1979, the percentage rose, reaching a peak in 1986 of around 12%, though it's declined since, I mean, consistently declined since. It remains high both in historical terms and when compared with unemployment in other Western economies. And then since 1979, we've witnessed some degree of social tension with the so-called North South divide widening up and with a tension, quite often racial tension in certain inner city areas sparking riots in 1918, 1981 and 1985. And critics also tend to point to the fact that what success the government has achieved maybe attributed in part to a favorable global economic climate since 1982 following the economic recession that mark the years before and for most of Mrs. Thatcher's first term of office. What that provides if you like something of a balance between the pluses and the minuses. The list is by naming is exhaustive. It is sufficient for demonstrating the mixed record. And how you view that record depends on where you stand. Relative to the record of many past governments, it is more radical, more substantial and on many indicators, more successful in terms of achieving the government's declared goals. Relative to the goals dictated by a free market, that is a neo-liberal approach it clearly falls short of expectations. Relative to the government's own rhetoric and to public expectations, the record is clearly one off partial success. So a record of partial success particularly relative to what proceeded it. But it's Thatcherism bigger than Mrs. Thatcher. Thatcher government has clearly had a major impact on British politics, both in substance not just outlined and in the agenda determining the agenda of the political debate. But what about its long-term significance? Clearly many of the policies have been introduced such as privatizations effects that that will outlive Mrs Thatcher. But what about Thatcherism as a set of beliefs actually continuing beyond her tenure of Downing Street? Is it possible that she's been able to mold public debate attitudes to ensure that those beliefs as Thatcherism actually outlive a tenure of Downing Street? And the short answer is, no. Mrs. Thatcher in short is bigger than Thatcherism. The continuation of any elements of Thatcherism beyond Mrs. Thatcher is contingent, not certain. Basically, all depends upon the circumstances in which Mrs. Thatcher ceases to be leader of the Conservative Party. Despite the impact which Mrs. Thatcher has had upon British politics, she has not wrought a significant change in attitudes. She is prime minister and continues to be prime minister despite Thatcherism. Not because of it. The trends in public opinion analyzed by Craige Donald Searing published last year in the American Political Science Review, reveal that only one of 10 issues did the attitudes of the electorate become more Thatcherite in the period between 1974 and 1987. On the remaining nine issues, the electorate became less statured, in some cases markedly so. I'll quote brief, if I may, from Craige Searing, ask to choose between tax and social service cuts or tax and social service increases. The public was evenly divided, 37% a piece when the Conservatives came to office in May, 1979. By 1983, service increases outnumbered tax cutters by 52% to 24% and by May, 1987, by the even greater margin of 64% to 13%. Mrs. Thatcher may have triumphed in 1987, but Samuel smiles did not. Those findings are also reinforced by British Social Attitudes Survey published last year, which revealed that given a choice between holding down inflation, which is the government's priority and holding down unemployment, only 23% of respondents favored holding down inflation, 73% favored holding down unemployment. And it is possible to argue that in many respects, Mrs. Thatcher is the victim of her own success. By reducing the level of inflation, popular concern has shifted to the problems of unemployment and of maintaining at the welfare state. Nor has Mrs. Thatcher effected a major and lasting shifting attitudes within the Conservative Party. Party supported in the country, that's party activists give their support to Mrs. Thatcher because she is leader and also because of her manner of leadership, the style is popular. Within the Conservative Party, party loyalty traditionally flows to the leader as indeed it did to Edward Heath in 1975. Constituency activists who happened to know sands election leader were strongly behind Heath. Anyone Mrs. Thatcher knew on that first ballot, did appear within the party that's outside parliament switched decisively behind her. And within the Parliamentary Party, only a minority of Conservative MPS may be categorized as neo-liberals. I did a recent survey of every Conservative Member of Parliament to try and identify a particular groupings within the Parliamentary Party and less than 20% of the Parliamentary Party can be described as Thatcherite. Almost equal by the number that can be described as waste and damps. But the largest single number, well, over 50% of the party falling within a category that can be described as the party faithful. Their loyalty is to the party and ideology and have it's leader basically comes second. They're loyal to the leader as long as the leader looks likely to produce success. And success in conservative terms means electoral success. Majority of the Parliamentary Party are essentially agnostic on the economic policy. And deeply within the cabinet itself, neo-liberals are in a minority, indeed, more so in this parliament than in the last parliament. So the Conservative Party generally in the Parliamentary Party has not been created into a Thatcherite body. It is not, to use a popular term in Britain, in respect to Mrs. Thatcher being handbagged. When Mrs. Thatcher retires, it will be the Parliamentary Party that will elect her successor. And who a successful will be, a Thatcherite or non-Thatcherite will depend in large measure upon the nature of her departure. If she goes as a time of her own choosing, when the party is in government and riding high in the opinion polls, she'll be in a position, a relatively strong position to at least influence, not necessarily determine but at least influence the choice of her successor. If she goes into wake of an election defeat or at a time when the party has plummeted in the opinion polls, then her hold on the loyalty of Conservative MPS will be low increasing the likelihood of a non-Thatcherite being elected. And whoever is elected to succeed her will determine the direction in which the Conservative Party then marches. 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e All other bodies within the party are advisory only.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=6.12,9.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the formal 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policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=16.76,18.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then so too, will be her successor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=18.84,22.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mrs. Thatcher is not needed to centralize power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=22.97,24.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the party, because it's there already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=24.82,27.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the source of her strength.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=27.91,29.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is also the reason why she cannot guarantee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=29.69,32.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Thatcherism out lives her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=32.0,33.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She can not formally bequeath it to a successor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=33.7,36.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she has not created a party,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=36.91,38.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Thatcherite party that will carry it forward naturally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=38.99,42.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by virtue of their attitudes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=42.42,45.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So whether Thatcherism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=46.33,48.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whether a Thatcherite indeed is selected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=48.28,50.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to replace, Mrs. Thatcher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=50.58,52.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will depend upon the variable that is central","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=52.84,55.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to understanding British conservatism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=55.33,57.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is circumstance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=57.42,59.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it all depends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=59.91,61.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, given my answers to those four 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Britain?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=73.61,75.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why has the Conservative Party remained popular?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=75.27,78.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's won three general elections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=78.15,79.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each with very large parliamentary majorities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=79.76,82.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for much of the time, since 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polls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=87.52,90.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet, as we've seen there's been no shifts in attitudes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=90.04,91.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to explain this success.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=91.89,93.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conserves were elected despite Thatcherism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=93.88,95.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not because of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=95.927,97.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And though electors favor many of the policies pursued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=98.89,101.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Conservative 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government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=105.26,107.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are demonstrably unpopular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=107.85,109.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the moment for 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charge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=114.56,116.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or poll tax is also extraordinarily unpopular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=116.17,119.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed there's no major 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popular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=128.31,130.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, why then the continued success","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=131.49,134.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Conservative Party?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=134.29,135.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I ended there and went away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=137.6,138.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll all then be sat there guessing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=138.433,140.081"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Good to heavens what could it be?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=140.081,141.428"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughing in the background)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=141.428,143.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Good night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=143.34,144.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There really two 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1987.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=604.72,607.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the Conservative Party has benefited enormously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=607.82,610.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from its opponents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=610.21,611.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the moment it's doing so less than before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=612.2,615.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's suffering from images as I've just 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difficulties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=624.51,626.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But also having had a policy review over the past two years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=626.71,629.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which suggested to becoming more moderate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=629.28,631.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is somewhat more United.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=631.08,632.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it has picked up in the opinion polls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=632.69,635.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a few weeks ago had a 9% lead over the Conservatives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=635.73,638.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but two weeks ago that was down to 5%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=638.69,641.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, from that one cannot extrapolate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=642.6,645.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what will actually happen at the next general election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=645.64,647.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The leader 5% given the events of the past few months","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=647.83,651.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is surprising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=651.21,652.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is it surprising that Labor's lead is not greater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=652.043,655.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it certainly does not suggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=655.49,656.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Conservative Party is going to lose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=656.92,660.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=660.26,662.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed, given the electoral arithmetic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=662.0,664.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Conservative Party might not win the next election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=664.49,667.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's going to be extraordinarily difficult,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=667.06,668.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for it to lose it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=668.66,669.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in terms of explaining the success","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=671.09,673.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Conservative Party,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=673.0,674.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one has to look not at Thatcherism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=674.53,677.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather at Mrs. Thatcher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=677.04,679.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Conservative Party,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=679.29,681.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the nature of its opponents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=681.37,683.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are the variables,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=683.04,685.544"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that explain the success of the Conservative Party to date.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=685.544,688.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And those are the variables,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=688.19,689.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will determine whether or not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=689.93,691.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Conservative Party is returned at the next election","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=691.75,695.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a fourth and unprecedented term of office.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=695.09,698.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And on that particular note, I shall conclude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=698.85,701.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people clapping in the background)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=702.385,706.718"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we have had a fascinating paradox presented here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=713.483,716.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the one hand there is something that has enough coherence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=716.97,720.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to merit the label of an ism to be called Thatcherism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=720.68,725.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It did emerge somewhat after Mrs. Thatcher herself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=725.45,728.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arose to power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=728.92,730.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The record has been somewhat varied,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=730.45,733.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's certainly a lot of achievements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=733.21,735.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And despite all that and the positive side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=735.21,737.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is the point that Thatcherism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=737.22,739.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is extremely tenuous and vulnerable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=739.89,743.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, with that as sort of the paradox,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=743.49,746.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure there are a number of questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=746.27,747.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may have occurred to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=747.94,749.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Professor Norton has agreed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=749.21,750.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he will take questions for a while.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=750.75,752.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So whoever would like to be first, I'll let.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=752.44,755.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, actually I have two questions (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=757.873,759.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the first is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=761.024,762.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do you think your analysis depends at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=762.137,764.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on whether you agree or disagree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=764.91,766.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Margret Thatcher's political views?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=766.42,768.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly, could you explain how,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=770.143,771.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the British governance had certain treatments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=773.157,774.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of British universities, (indistinct) overall analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=774.973,778.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of yours?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=778.785,780.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=780.36,781.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first question is, no,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=781.78,783.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think it's influenced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=783.48,785.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, my (indistinct) is not influenced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=785.38,787.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I can take a sufficiently detached view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=787.123,790.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though I have an element of a participant observer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=790.9,793.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of what's going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=793.94,795.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But many of the views,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=796.7,798.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of the writings that I mentioned at the beginning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=798.22,800.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are influenced by that very perspective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=800.92,804.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what you tend to get are polemics of one sort or another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=804.04,806.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Either saying why,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=806.61,808.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thatcherism is dreadful, bound to fail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=808.22,811.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or from a slightly different perspective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=811.37,812.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the less Thatcherism is dreadful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=812.37,814.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the manner of leadership is wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=814.49,815.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And why can't we do the same?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=815.477,817.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's that element on that side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=817.1,819.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on the right explaining, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=819.23,821.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why Thatcherism is wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=821.07,822.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why it will continue into the next century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=822.93,825.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And why it has the answer to every problem imaginable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=825.21,828.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to some extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=828.26,829.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see my task is just actually standing back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=829.6,831.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and trying to put it in a broader perspective,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=831.56,834.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and seeing what there is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=834.35,835.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While I don't think you can ever have anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=838.5,839.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's totally value free,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=839.68,841.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I like to think that it's at least reasonably detached.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=842.16,846.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when I was talking on this subject,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=846.07,848.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to an academic audience last week","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=848.41,851.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the topic of Thatcherism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=851.05,852.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was speaking on the phone to the person responsible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=854.05,856.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for it later, and he said he asked his class afterwards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=856.51,858.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether they thought I was Thatcherite or non-Thatcherite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=858.97,861.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, 50% thought I was a Thatcherite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=861.6,863.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 50% thought I was a non-Thatcherite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=863.48,865.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which suggests I've probably achieved my detachment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=866.73,870.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the second element in terms of British University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=871.86,874.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are the recipients if you like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=875.92,877.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of both elements of Thatcherism in terms of economic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=877.93,879.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the moral.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=879.81,881.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of the economic of just cutting public 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1981.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=896.25,897.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And has been cut basically in real terms every year 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service,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1331.38,1332.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it would like to do away with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1332.55,1334.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the government is trying to combat that 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patient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1386.42,1389.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is likely to stay as it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1389.57,1392.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Is it possible anymore (indistinct) at the present 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aspects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1400.75,1403.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like water and coal mines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1403.38,1406.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and leave less controversial or more popular ideas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1406.6,1410.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near to the election time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1412.23,1414.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the only thing is they're cutting it pretty 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reflation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1419.98,1422.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, about a year before the next election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1422.14,1424.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's an element of 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parliament,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1429.24,1430.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then sort of move towards the more popular ones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1430.99,1432.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towards the end of the parliament.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1432.98,1434.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem with that is the next general election","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1436.15,1437.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is only likely to be two years away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1437.97,1439.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a maximum three years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1439.9,1441.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cause it must be within five years at the last one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1441.1,1443.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the community's charged the poll tax","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1443.36,1445.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has already taken effect in Scotland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1445.64,1447.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it doesn't take effect in England and Wales","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1447.5,1449.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'til the 1st of April next year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1449.43,1451.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's going to be cutting it pretty fine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1451.94,1453.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the next election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1453.87,1455.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the moment, the committee charge is very unpopular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1455.21,1457.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the government's theory is it may be less popular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1457.58,1459.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once it's actually in place people are paying it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1459.79,1461.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a lot of people realize they're not paying as much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1461.287,1463.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they did in the old system of rates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1463.25,1465.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they're hoping that will be the effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1465.59,1468.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it is cutting it pretty near to the next election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1468.03,1470.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Water privatization. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1470.61,1472.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, that will be out the way by the autumn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1472.79,1475.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the end of this parliamentary 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acceptable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1478.94,1480.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she won't be too worried about that by itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1480.92,1483.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's only important at the moment combined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1483.74,1485.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the other issues I've mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1485.28,1486.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make the government unpopular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1486.84,1488.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the community charge mailing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1488.09,1492.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's also the question of Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1493.26,1494.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is likely to be continuing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1494.36,1496.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's going to be the most significant problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1496.46,1499.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But to some extent, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1499.37,1500.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, traditionally governments do try to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1500.44,1502.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the controversial most radical measures out the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1502.67,1506.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early in a parliament,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1506.03,1506.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than leaving it too close to an election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1506.863,1509.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there is a history of when governments haven't done that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1509.74,1511.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had controversial measures close to election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1511.94,1514.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's clearly harmed them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1514.4,1515.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's an element of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1515.65,1516.899"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's this 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indicators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1518.69,1521.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become much more favorable over the next two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1521.69,1524.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I mean, the underlying import","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1524.96,1526.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your question is correct, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1526.98,1528.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There's been a trend Britain especially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1531.794,1534.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since World War II to try,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1535.4,1537.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all the parties to try and put the class issues away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1537.98,1542.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then try and minister important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1543.92,1546.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but (indistinct) also the charge of Mrs. Thatcher personally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1547.05,1551.897"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and very successfully has reintroduced class differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1551.897,1556.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to British society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1556.14,1558.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How true is that idea exactly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1558.04,1559.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e To a large extent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1559.85,1560.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that's probably valid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1560.683,1561.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that she is the warrior on behalf of the middle class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1561.81,1565.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which distinguishes it from previous Conservative leaders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1567.29,1569.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the Tory's strain used to provide 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aristocracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1575.02,1578.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who had very much the Tory paternalist approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1578.39,1581.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it was the person on high reaching 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one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1718.18,1719.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct) You said early.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1722.998,1724.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you think the Conservative Party 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within","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1729.53,1732.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the face of so little opposition outside?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1732.7,1734.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. It depends at what level the opposition takes place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1736.05,1739.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, Mrs. Thatcher's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=1739.513,1741.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opposition to Mrs. Thatcher as 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area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2223.75,2225.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think one would have to rely more on self prescription,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2225.5,2228.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than objective indicators.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2228.88,2230.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the middle class has grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2230.36,2232.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and certainly grown since 1979.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2233.77,2236.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which has been part of the purpose of the government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2236.59,2239.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's still probably rather smaller than you might see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2240.117,2242.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e in the U.S the middle class-\nOh yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2242.603,2244.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you give us some sort of proportion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2244.794,2245.784"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you might put out-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2245.784,2247.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I would say now, I mean, you're right about United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2247.06,2249.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense of the perception in Britain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2249.38,2250.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the United States is basically a middle class society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2250.5,2253.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's really nothing at either end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2253.77,2255.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of proportions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2257.17,2258.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of sort of two-thirds and one-third.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2258.51,2260.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say the middle class now is at least 40%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2260.63,2264.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I suspect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2264.25,2265.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"higher than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2268.21,2269.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, if you take it in self-description","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2269.24,2270.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would put it probably somewhat higher now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2270.57,2273.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2275.48,2276.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I mean, there's been a change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2277.49,2278.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The middle class has grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2278.96,2280.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the working class has declined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2280.06,2282.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also from (indistinct) British politics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2282.89,2285.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which also significant there's been class dealignment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2285.77,2288.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of voting behavior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2288.88,2290.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, class is no longer taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2290.97,2292.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being a significant indicator of voting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2292.84,2296.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it could be really before the mid 1970s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2296.22,2299.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, you've had class dealignment in political terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2299.92,2304.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a less clear division between the working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2304.03,2308.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the middle class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2308.39,2309.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the middle class expanding certainly over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2309.78,2313.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the past decade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2313.38,2314.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think we can allow one more question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2315.95,2317.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then that should be it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2317.43,2318.514"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, you decide (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2318.514,2321.952"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2321.952,2324.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e In the addition to the amount of impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2324.29,2327.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the (indistinct) have at the moment (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2327.063,2330.111"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you project in the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2330.111,2331.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and say whether or not these cut backs won't have an impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2331.157,2334.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the nature of British society itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2334.33,2336.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the next 10, 15 years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2336.657,2338.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, they will in terms of knock-on effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2339.963,2342.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Cause the problem at the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2342.76,2345.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most significant problem is that in the next few years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2345.97,2349.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's going to be a shortage of graduates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2349.23,2351.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the perspective of employment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2351.69,2353.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Industrialists employers generally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2356.83,2358.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just waking up to the fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2358.39,2359.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that British universities now are not producing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2359.96,2362.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sufficient graduates for their needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2362.35,2364.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's not so much in the particular subject areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2364.51,2366.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that concerns them, they want graduates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2366.24,2369.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are going to be insufficient graduates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2369.03,2371.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably over the next decade to meet their needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2371.55,2374.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is going to be exacerbated at the moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2377.6,2379.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by present demography,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2379.41,2381.326"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause of a downturn in number of 18 year olds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2381.326,2383.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the 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olds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2452.64,2454.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only about four or 5% will have a university education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2454.58,2457.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About 20 odd percent will go onto some 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graduates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2488.46,2489.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and through employers saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2489.64,2490.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is not good enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2490.53,2492.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and putting pressure on government to do something about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2492.4,2494.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is only just starting to happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2494.74,2496.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you think in short terms (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2498.03,2503.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e In terms of the 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profession,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2515.9,2517.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was some people being brought in from other parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2517.9,2520.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the European community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2520.18,2521.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to actually take jobs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2521.127,2522.539"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teaching in secondary schools,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2522.539,2523.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in areas where there's a teacher shortage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2523.93,2526.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So yes, I think that's a good point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2527.51,2529.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that is likely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2529.03,2530.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, from an employee's point of view,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2530.74,2532.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it may prove necessarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2532.15,2533.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a shortage of British graduates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2533.21,2535.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They may have to turn to the rest of the European community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2535.83,2538.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which as you've indicated will not now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2538.64,2540.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not be difficult post 1992.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2540.73,2542.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, let me thank all of you for coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2544.54,2546.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for your interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2546.287,2547.706"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then again, to thank Professor Norton","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2547.706,2549.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for being with us tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2549.44,2551.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for making these comments about Thatcherism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2551.34,2553.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and about other things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2553.82,2554.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general British interests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2554.88,2556.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, if there are those,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2556.54,2558.566"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people clapping of hands in the background)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2558.566,2559.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, let's do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2559.532,2560.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people clapping of hands)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2560.587,2564.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was simply going to add that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2566.892,2567.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know there were a number of other hands up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2567.93,2569.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it didn't get to ask question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2569.173,2571.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So after we break up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2571.15,2572.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if there was a question that you did want,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2572.69,2575.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that didn't get answered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2575.1,2576.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe Professor Norton can deal with it very briefly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2576.63,2578.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and formally afterwards, but in other words,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2578.68,2581.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thank you for being here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=2581.25,2582.5"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25348/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/348/original/AV203850_The_Iron_Maiden_b.vtt?1620124254","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/348/original/AV203850_The_Iron_Maiden_b.vtt?1620124254"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25349","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203850_The_Iron_Maiden_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210/transcript/25349/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- All other bodies within the party are advisory only. That is the formal position. So while leader, Mrs. Thatcher is formally all powerful in terms of determining party policy. But then so too, will be her successor. Mrs. Thatcher is not needed to centralize power within the party, because it's there already. That is the source of her strength. It is also the reason why she cannot guarantee that Thatcherism out lives her. She can not formally bequeath it to a successor and she has not created a party, a Thatcherite party that will carry it forward naturally by virtue of their attitudes. So whether Thatcherism or whether a Thatcherite indeed is selected to replace, Mrs. Thatcher, will depend upon the variable that is central to understanding British conservatism. And that is circumstance. So it all depends. Well, given my answers to those four questions and particularly the answer to the last one, it does generate a final question. What explains the continued success of the Conservative Party in Britain? Why has the Conservative Party remained popular? It's won three general elections each with very large parliamentary majorities. And for much of the time, since 1987, since last general election maintained a lead in the opinion polls. Yet, as we've seen there's been no shifts in attitudes to explain this success. Conserves were elected despite Thatcherism, but not because of it. And though electors favor many of the policies pursued by the Conservative Party, at least favored the opponents, many of the present policies pursued by government are demonstrably unpopular. At the moment for example, privatization of the water industry is very unpopular. Introduction of the community charge or poll tax is also extraordinarily unpopular. Indeed there's no major issue, no major proposal, or measure introduced by the government in the past two or three years, that has actually been popular. So, why then the continued success of the Conservative Party? If I ended there and went away, you'll all then be sat there guessing, \"Good to heavens what could it be?\" Good night. There really two explanations, confluence of two factors. One lies in the nature of the Conservative Party itself and Mrs. Thatcher's manner of leadership. And the second interrelated factor, it lies in the nature of the party's opponents. Now, looking at the Conservative Party first, the Conservative Party is sometimes described as the natural party of government, but it's best to see it as a party of governance. And there's three essential elements to the success of the party as a party of government. First, there is a belief that the Queen's government must be carried on. This is a long-standing imperative, which the Conservative Party inherited from its Tory predecessors in the 1830s. Party squabbles all and other transitory problems, such as ideology, must be subordinated to the need to ensure that government is carried on. I mean, arguing about beliefs and ideology that's secondary, government is the primary responsibility. Government must be carried on. So there's an orientation to government to being in government and to carrying on government. Which you might think is rather obvious, but does stand in contrast to the position of the Labor Party, a faction of which would rather be right than in office. And which interrelates with something I'll come on to presently. But there is a difference in orientation. The Conservative Party has a strong emphasis on government being in government and maintaining the Queen's government. Secondly, there are certain dispositions as to how government should be carried on. It's not just a case of keeping the ship of state afloat. It's also a feel for how it should be kept afloat and in what direction it should be going. And in this area, the party defers to the leader, the leader differs the direction in which the ship of state should be steered. A major attention has tend to be on Mrs Thatcher in giving that direction to the party. But that rather ignores the third element, which is far more important. And that is a field for office. Once in office, ministers have to deploy certain skill in order to achieve desired goals. They have to not only have this feel for office, they also have to demonstrate publicly that they've got that feel for office. In other words, that they understand government. That they know where they going. And that they know how to govern. In other words, they have got to convey, the sense that they are a competent party of government. And that, is really the success of the Conservative Party over the past 10 years. Mrs. Thatcher has demonstrated firm leadership. She has demonstrated that she knows what she wants and that she knows how to achieve it. She's demonstrated an unrivaled feel for office be it in terms of knowing what's acceptable, and just as important knowing what is not acceptable. So the Conservative Party and Mrs. Thatcher has been able to demonstrate clear competent government. A feel for office, for knowing what it wants to do. And people like that. Electors like that, they are not concerned so much with the individual policies. They might dislike them. But if the government seems to know what it's doing, they defer to that sense of competence. And that is why the Conservative Party has done this so well. And the only times the Conservative Party over the past 10 years has lagged behind its opponents in the opinion polls, is when it is jeopardized it's claim to being a party of governance. In other words, it's created the impression of not being a competent party in government. That happened in 1980 to 81, when it was clearly split on economic policy, didn't seem to have a clear sense of direction lag behind in the opinion polls. Just briefly in 1982 for a few days after the Argentinian invasion the Falkland Islands had the government not send a taskforce, it almost certainly would have fallen. But once the islands were retaken that restored a belief that the government was strong and competent gave it a massive lead in the opinion polls. At the beginning of 1986, in January 1986, over the Westland crisis. Hardly any electors knew what the issues were, in terms of the Westland crisis. But they perceived it as a crisis of government that Mrs. Thatcher was unable to keep her cabinet together. Senior ministers were resigning or being forced to resign. She was not able to impose her will upon the cabinet. The government appeared to be coming apart at the seams. Nothing to do with the specifics of the issue, but the perception that government was coming apart. And that carried through to the summer of that year. And again at the moment, the past few months the government has been lagging in the opinion polls. Partly for economic indicators, partly from unpopular policies. Which by themselves would not have mattered. It's just when combined with other factors. And the appearance at the moment that the Conservative Party is divided, particularly on the issue of the European community. Mrs. Thatcher takes one particular view about the European community, a section of the party takes a very different view. Mrs. Thatcher is a functionalist. A certain section of the party is essentially integrationist. There's a very clear divide in the Conservative party and very public divide, on the stance the party should take in response to the direction in which the European community should be developing. So there's a perception of a divided party. They've also been one or two splits between Mrs. Thatcher and the Chancellor on the economic policy. So, conveying the impression that it is losing it's feel. That it is divided. That isn't the competent party of government that it was say at this time, last year. So, it is slipping just at the moment. But, with those exceptional periods for the rest of the time since , the Conservative Party, the Conservative government and then Mrs. Thatcher, has been able to demonstrate the impression of being a competent government, a government that knows what it's doing. That it is in fact, a party of governance. So demonstrating fairly strong leadership and in Britain strong leadership is very compatible with the political culture. The political culture of Britain favors as it has done, I'd say at least since the 13th century and possibly before, strong leadership. Which to some extent is not contrast to some of the emphasis across In Britain, the political culture favors strong leadership. That is what Mrs. Thatcher and the government have offered. So, Mrs. Thatcher leading effectively a party of governance, constitutes if you like, the positive reason for continued success. And the secondary reason constitutes if you like, a negative reason. And that is the nature of the party's opponents. Historically, the Conservative Party has been remarkably fortunate in its opponents. They have done whatever the Conservative Party really would have liked them to do, which is to split. The Liberal Party split at the end of the 19th century, very helpfully on the issue of home rule. Liberal Union is splitting off from the Liberal Party and later joining the Conservatives. And that's a great help the Conservative Party. Then at the beginning of this century, the Liberal split between the Asquith, Lloyd Liberals and the Lloyd, George Liberals. Neither of which would speak to another anymore. And eventually the national Liberals splitting off from Liberals and later joining the Conservative Party. And the Labor Party, which became the main opposition party in 1922, has consistently had a factional divide, which has been very helpful to the Conservative Party. Splits between left and right. And that has certainly helped over the past 10 years when the Labor Party has clearly been divided. It has been a very strong challenge from the left and when the Labor Party has been perceived, as pursuing a very left-wing programs, particularly in the 1983 and 1987 general elections. And the left-wing drift of Labor in 1981, explain the split away and the creation of the Social Democratic Party, which then helped drain some support from Labor, making the Conservative margin of victory even greater in 1983 and 1987. So the Conservative Party has benefited enormously from its opponents. At the moment it's doing so less than before. It's suffering from images as I've just outlined, of splitting to some extent on the issue of Europe. The Labor Party at the same time is giving the impression of getting its act together at the moment. A, by exploiting the government's difficulties. But also having had a policy review over the past two years, which suggested to becoming more moderate and is somewhat more United. So it has picked up in the opinion polls. And a few weeks ago had a 9% lead over the Conservatives, but two weeks ago that was down to 5%. So, from that one cannot extrapolate what will actually happen at the next general election. The leader 5% given the events of the past few months is surprising. That is it surprising that Labor's lead is not greater. And it certainly does not suggest that the Conservative Party is going to lose the next election. Indeed, given the electoral arithmetic, the Conservative Party might not win the next election. It's going to be extraordinarily difficult, for it to lose it. But in terms of explaining the success of the Conservative Party, one has to look not at Thatcherism, but rather at Mrs. Thatcher, and the Conservative Party, and the nature of its opponents. Those are the variables, that explain the success of the Conservative Party to date. And those are the variables, that will determine whether or not the Conservative Party is returned at the next election for a fourth and unprecedented term of office. And on that particular note, I shall conclude.\r\n\r\n- Well, we have had a fascinating paradox presented here. On the one hand there is something that has enough coherence to merit the label of an ism to be called Thatcherism. It did emerge somewhat after Mrs. Thatcher herself arose to power. The record has been somewhat varied, but there's certainly a lot of achievements. And despite all that and the positive side there is the point that Thatcherism, is extremely tenuous and vulnerable. So, with that as sort of the paradox, I'm sure there are a number of questions that may have occurred to you. And Professor Norton has agreed that he will take questions for a while. So whoever would like to be first, I'll let.\r\n\r\n- Well, actually I have two questions . And the first is, do you think your analysis depends at all on whether you agree or disagree with Margret Thatcher's political views? And secondly, could you explain how, the British governance had certain treatments of British universities, overall analysis of yours?\r\n\r\n- Right. The first question is, no, I don't think it's influenced. Well, my is not influenced. I think I can take a sufficiently detached view. Even though I have an element of a participant observer in terms of what's going on. But many of the views, many of the writings that I mentioned at the beginning, are influenced by that very perspective. So what you tend to get are polemics of one sort or another. Either saying why, Thatcherism is dreadful, bound to fail. Or from a slightly different perspective on the less Thatcherism is dreadful but the manner of leadership is wonderful. And why can't we do the same? There's that element on that side and on the right explaining, you know, why Thatcherism is wonderful. Why it will continue into the next century. And why it has the answer to every problem imaginable. And to some extent, I see my task is just actually standing back and trying to put it in a broader perspective, and seeing what there is. While I don't think you can ever have anything that's totally value free, I like to think that it's at least reasonably detached. And when I was talking on this subject, to an academic audience last week on the topic of Thatcherism, I was speaking on the phone to the person responsible for it later, and he said he asked his class afterwards, whether they thought I was Thatcherite or non-Thatcherite. And he said, 50% thought I was a Thatcherite and 50% thought I was a non-Thatcherite. Which suggests I've probably achieved my detachment. On the second element in terms of British University. They are the recipients if you like, of both elements of Thatcherism in terms of economic and the moral. In terms of the economic of just cutting public expenditure. So universities have suffered as a consequence of cuts in public expenditure. As indeed of most bodies in the public sector, starting in 1981. And has been cut basically in real terms every year since. So, universities have suffered primarily on the economic side because there's been a cut in funding of education. Then within the funding, what money is made available centrally that's now determined by University Funding Council rather than by government. Although there may be indications from government as to what they would like that to achieve. But there's also the element of an emphasis on maintaining certain standards. And also on if you'd like a degree of academic excellence the university's responses is, \"If you don't give us enough money, we can't provide that excellence.\" The response is, \"You should reallocate what money is made available to encourage excellence and get rid of dead wood.\" That has not proved possible, because of the timescale of the cuts. The cuts came very suddenly and they would, and it was meant to be used, cuts were then meant to follow in terms of staffing and so on. Designed to get rid of dead woods and all that was left, it was if you like the excellence. Now the problem with that approach, was that you need to save money quickly and therefore if anybody was ready to, prepare to leave university was allowed to go. And the people who went first of course were the really good people because they are jobs they could go out to outside. And there was quite a useful financial package to induce people to go. So they sort of took the money off of by universities and then went off to well-paying jobs elsewhere. And were quite in a good position. And the people who stayed in universities or some of the people who have stayed in universities. With a dead wood, who were hanging on for dear life, on the grounds they could get a job outside. The others of course staying on for purely vacation reasons. So, there was a problem in achieving if you like, the moral side of it. And that will never really be achieved. The government's trying to address that by removing tenure. Because traditionally once one was in the academic world in Britain, you enjoy tenure straight away. There's no waiting once you're in automatic tenure. The government's trying to get rid of that. So that universities can then dismiss people on grounds of redundancy. I think they'd like universities also to dismiss people on grounds of not being academically competent, but universities will never really grasp that particular neck and there's only one university that's actually dismissed anyone, which happened last year. So, it's it's very difficult to actually achieve, sort of the emphasis that government wants if you like, on the moral side of the equation of achieving excellence and so on. And the arguments the cuts have been so severe it's now not got rid of just the fat but is actually eating the flesh of the British educational system. So, the economic side has been the driving force basically in what is happening to British universities and also an emphasis within that of saying, well, look your funds are being cut, but you can make them up by going out attracting funds from the private sector and elsewhere. And that is proving remarkably difficult, nature of British industry which is not very good at funding research. I mean, went from the same research, industry spending in R and D in Britain is remarkably low. I mean, it's appalling compared with other Western economies. So they're not particularly willing to go outside of British University to encourage particularly speculative research. What research they want is, is applied research. So, it's creating a trends problem for universities at the moment having to cope with what amount to real reductions each year. You're never quite sure how hard your institution's going to be hit one year to another. So, it's having significant problems at the level of higher education. Which and the problems in some cases are quite severe. Although the impact has been even greater at below universe level because the \"Education Reform Act of 1988,\" Which has basically reformed secondary education. But there the emphasis has been far more on the moral side of new standards of having a national curriculum and so on. So if you like, the moral element has been more pronounced at secondary level. Whereas the impact at the tertiary level, at the level of higher education has largely been a consequence of the economic side of the cuts in public spending across the board. But we're still having to keep with those problems. And universities are suffering from the fact that they're not politically astute and really didn't have their act together. I mean, there were plenty of signals coming even before the Conservative government, that they would have to make cuts. They were getting a lot of money and really not being responsive to any outside influences and just going on, you know, their own sweet way arguing the, you know, the courses in Oriental basket weaving which still quite significant, and they should be allowed to maintain them and so on. It was actually Shirley Williams a Laborer, education section sent the first warning signals, which universities ignored and universities had no political strength, they hadn't got their act together. Hadn't got their friends in Whitehall, Westminster. So when the cuts came they were politically vulnerable. There were certain other sections of society were extraordinary well politically entrenched. At the moment the legal profession and the medical profession, which are resisting government proposals for change. The medical profession particularly effectively. Whereas universities just didn't have the political clout though the political knowledge, in order to resist. So, and then to some extent that still remains the case. Universities are still vulnerable. So other groups in societies that are farther incited, that are far better organized and they're far able to resist plans for change for reform or for cutting spending.\r\n\r\n- All right, speaking of medicine. What do you see as the future of socialized medicine in Britain?\r\n\r\n- We call it the \"National Health Service.\"\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- Yes. Those of you that , secret or not so secret agenda on the part of government to actually limit the health service. But the government's fear is that, there is a total commitment to a free provision of service at the point of, you know, reaching the patient. So, all parties have a commitment to \"National Health Service.\" The government's position is, that it wants to reallocate resources within the National Health Service. So it's actually targeted more on those who actually need it, on the patient and on particular services, than on administration. And on making the health service at the moment more responsive. And what they're trying to do at the moment, well, there are several proposals in that package for reform. One is to actually allow for self-governing hospitals. Another is to make doctors more responsive and aware of what they're doing particularly in the prescription of drugs. I mean, there's a massive amount spent on medicines and plenty of evidence a lot of medicines are just prescribed by doctors to keep patients happy, and to save time. And so doctor doctors are supposed to now to have indicative budgets, to say, can check up on what doctors are spending a lot and so on. Which they're resisting extraordinary strongly. But it's changes at that nature, changes within the system. Rather than getting rid of the system itself. And indeed the government is remarkably vulnerable on this because it's reformed, and just it's general approach is seen as being somehow negative towards \"National Health Service\", that the government would like to erode it, that it is not sympathetic towards the \"National Health Service\", and Mrs. Thatcher and most of the ministers themselves would go to private, the private hospital, things like that for their own health care. So it's perception to government unsympathetic towards the health service, that it would like to do away with it. And the government is trying to combat that impression because that is harming the government electorally. It is quite clear from all the survey evidence that, a vast majority of the population are very strongly committed to the health service, do not want to see any changes in it. I mean public opinion, generally on law and order issues, is fairly right-wing. On things like the health service and social issues, it is fairly left. Highly committed to the \"National Health Service\", and any perceptions that a government is trying to erode it then harms the government. And that is what the government is having to combat at the moment. So one is not going to see a departure from the \"National Health Service.\" What we tend to call across sensationalized medicine. But then change will be within the context of the system, in the way the government's attempting at the moment. But no radical departure from the concept of the national health system, in terms of free treatment at the point of the patient. That is likely to stay as it is.\r\n\r\n- Is it possible anymore at the present moment, the government wants to get three of the worst controversial aspects like water and coal mines and leave less controversial or more popular ideas near to the election time?\r\n\r\n- Yes, the only thing is they're cutting it pretty fine. I mean, that's the traditional approach of government. So we're expecting some degree of reflation, you know, about a year before the next election. There's an element of that that you'd get the unpopular measures out way early in a parliament, and then sort of move towards the more popular ones towards the end of the parliament. The problem with that is the next general election is only likely to be two years away at a maximum three years. Cause it must be within five years at the last one. Now, the community's charged the poll tax has already taken effect in Scotland, but it doesn't take effect in England and Wales 'til the 1st of April next year. So that's going to be cutting it pretty fine in terms of the next election. At the moment, the committee charge is very unpopular. I think the government's theory is it may be less popular once it's actually in place people are paying it, and a lot of people realize they're not paying as much as they did in the old system of rates. So they're hoping that will be the effect, but it is cutting it pretty near to the next election. Water privatization. Yes. I mean, that will be out the way by the autumn by the end of this parliamentary session. I think that would be one issue where Mr. Thatcher would think it is likely to prove acceptable and she won't be too worried about that by itself. And it's only important at the moment combined with the other issues I've mentioned to make the government unpopular. But the community charge mailing, and there's also the question of Europe which is likely to be continuing, and that's going to be the most significant problem. But to some extent, yes. I mean, traditionally governments do try to get the controversial most radical measures out the way early in a parliament, rather than leaving it too close to an election. And there is a history of when governments haven't done that and had controversial measures close to election. It's clearly harmed them. So there's an element of that. And there's this assumption that government will try and manipulate it so the economic indicators become much more favorable over the next two years. So I mean, the underlying import of your question is correct, yes.\r\n\r\n- There's been a trend Britain especially since World War II to try, in all the parties to try and put the class issues away and then try and minister important, but also the charge of Mrs. Thatcher personally and very successfully has reintroduced class differences to British society. How true is that idea exactly?\r\n\r\n- To a large extent. And I think that's probably valid in that she is the warrior on behalf of the middle class. Which distinguishes it from previous Conservative leaders because the Tory's strain used to provide leaders that were drawn basically from the upper classes, the subset, the aristocracy. Who had very much the Tory paternalist approach. So it was the person on high reaching down to help the working class and to achieve some degree of harmony between leaders and lead. So very much an emphasis on social harmony, of eroding. Eroding, not hierarchy, 'cause it was a belief in social status and basically social class but getting rid if you like of the harsh elements, so everybody could mix equally. Even though everybody still knew their place. And class is still very important, both in objective terms but also subjectively in terms of people's lifestyle. I mean, 'til this determine a lifestyle on a very significant basis. I mean, middle class people will live in a certain housing. They will play squash. World-class people will live in terrace housing they'll tend to play darts, and so on. There are very clear social divisions, you know, like how to get anybody who's middle class following darts. Now Mrs. Thatcher, who simply doesn't follow darts is very much middle class. She recognizes she's middle class. And is willing to take on opponents at the middle class including those within her own party, so the Tory paternalist. The establishment, who want this social harmony, and she's having none of that. She thinks the middle class had been clearly effected by post-war governments. The opportunity to improve themselves, to create wealth and so on has been stifled. And that really what she's doing, I mean, through all the measures she's introduced through tax measures and so on. And the deed through extending property ownership. ownership is designed to both help the existing middle class, but actually to enlarged as well to give the opportunity for others to become part of that middle class. So that is middle middle class aspirations. which she's always had, and which is now trying to realize. And therefore that is her goal to a large extent. And because of the nature of her leadership her very manner, she makes no bones about it. I mean, it's quite clear, that's what she wants to achieve. That's what she's going to do. If you disagree with her, she will argue with you. None of this let's soften class divisions or anything like that. I mean, it is let's defend the middle class they've been put down for far too long. And so that I would say really was a very central feature of her leadership. So I mean, yes you're, the underlying assumption of your question is a valid one.\r\n\r\n- You said early. Do you think the Conservative Party itself is capable of regulating itself, providing opposition from within in the face of so little opposition outside?\r\n\r\n- Yes. It depends at what level the opposition takes place. I mean, Mrs. Thatcher's, opposition to Mrs. Thatcher as leader is not at the moment on a significant scale. So she's not likely to be turned out while the party's in government. Though when things start to go a little badly you always know that there's an underlying current. When rumors start that somebody might be put up against her as a candidate in the leadership election in the autumn, 'cause in '79 she'd been returned unopposed. And you know perfectly well nobody's gonna dare put up a candidate against her. But nonetheless the signals that might happen suggest something. But now, the opposition on particular policies it will depend on the policies on some occasions certainly, that opposition has been so strong the government has abandoned particular measures. On odd occasion's being defeated. But more often what has happened is that the government has seen the opposition coming within its own ranks. And when it's been on a significant scale, has then modified the measures in advance of them going public. In advance of them reaching the floor of the \"House of Commons.\" And that's happened on a string of issues since 1979. Including in the last parl' when the government had a majority of over 140, which is the largest Conserve majority since 1935. Yet during that parliament, the government had to withdraw proposals on things like student grants. When it was quite clear if it pursued that particular policy a majority of the parliamentary party would vote against it. It also backtracked on a proposal to sell off parts of British Leyland to Americans. The objection wasn't the sale of British Leyland it was to sale to Americans that caused the problems and they had to backtrack on that. And the tremendous opposition to the \"Shops Bill,\" which designed to introduce Sunday tradings would be like good liberalizing measure. And a lot of Conserve MP didn't like it for a variety of reasons. And the government thought, \"Well, that's all right we'll still have the majority for it.\" 72 Conserve MPS voted against it. And it was defeated on its second reading. So that went down to defeat. I mean, it was a major defeat for government. The only thing that overshadowed it was the same evening as the government's being defeated was the fact that American bombers were over Libya dropping a few bombs. Which managed to occupy the headlines the following morning so that rather downplayed it. But it was a significant defeat for government. And on a number of issues they've modified proposals. I mean the leader of the house until recently, John Wade can admit it he saw his role as being Mr. Fix-it. A whole range of issues. I mean last year, kicked with the examples last year in April were three separate issues on which the strong dissension within the Conservative ranks. So the government modified proposals on housing benefit, nurses pay and also the community charge. And made concessions that cost something like 240 million pounds. Which is quite significant in British terms. So, there has been opposition within the parties ranks on particular policies. You'll get different groupings coming together. I mentioned earlier there are different groupings within the Conservative Party. You've got Thatcherites, which are three brands. You've got wet stamps, party loyalists, populists and some depend upon the issue as to how those groupings come together. I mean, on something like Europe, it's fairly predictable on other issues that may not be. Or on some it is predictable, but it's just one particular small grouping within the party are objecting. So it really depends upon the nature of the issue. But on some issues, the opposition has clearly been sufficiently strong within the party to limit government. And as your question infers, that is sometimes been seen as necessary on the grounds that provides more effective opposition than is provided by the opposition parties, partly by reasons of numbers, but also by reasons of not getting their act together and being internally divided. In fact, if they'd been more united and organization efficient, who on two issues on which the government would have been defeated when it Conserve MPs voted against the government. And if the opposition party had turned out in full numbers, would actually have defeated the government. So there is opposition within government ranks at times not to the extent it limits government, but at other times certainly sufficient to limit government on particular issues. But it, as I say, will depend on the issue and it's not always observable. The reasons I mentioned that as it takes place early on, the government gets wind of it decides not to proceed. So the issue doesn't have to become public. It never comes to the floor of the \"House of Commons.\" So it's difficult to quantify fully. But it clearly exists. So Mrs Thatcher and the government are more limited, than previous Conservative governments in that respect. And Mrs. Thatcher as I mentioned is somewhat more responsive to the parliamentary party, which is a power base anyway. Then her predecessors 'cause basically, sure it happened to Heath. I mean, she was a factor in creating what happened to Heath. But he was turned out because he was manner of leadership. And to some extent she'd seen her leadership as a deliberate attempt to reverse the particular things that he did. I mean, in terms of the style of leadership. So the mistakes he made in the style of leadership, she has consciously sought to reverse. Which has meant to some extent being more responsive to the parliamentary party. After 10 years in government, you tend to go a bit stale, and she's losing that touch to some extent. But nonetheless, there is that effort to stay in touch with opinion within the parliamentary party.\r\n\r\n- The answer you gave before on to the question of classes. May have satisfied the audience but I think that you know, American, the audience view the middle class as quite an extensive class. Certainly in America it is, but it isn't in Britain a rather small class? Maybe growing, but-\r\n\r\n- Oh, I mean, it's not anymore. Traditionally the working class has been seen to constitute something like two thirds of the electorate, the working class approximately one third. And the Conservative Party traditionally got at least a third of its support from the working class, which has made it a major party of government. No, I mean, if you look at in terms of, well it depends now, there's a problem in the defining class in Britain, the indicators that one would use to do that. If you look at it increasingly in terms of private consumption and private ownership, then the middle class is growing and growing markedly. If you take it, for example, in terms of ownership of houses, private ownership is now quite significant. Increasingly private consumption, private ownership of cars, of shares. And a decrease in the working class on some indicate, for example, trade union membership. There is a growth in, as well in middle class occupations. So, traditional working class occupations which were associated with manual unions, are very much on the decline. There is a growth in the service economy in Britain and in other words more white collar workers coming in. And the only growth that is taking place in unionism in Britain is among the white collar union. So the old traditional manual unions are declining significantly. And those new unions do not really correlate to the same extent, with if you like, with class voting that used to be the case. So, I mean the indicators are creating a problem, so, actually now define where the working class ends and the middle class begin. I mean, that's objectively there's a further problem in terms of self-description. Cause a lot of people, a very large percentage of those that are non-objective scale hold working class jobs, actually perceive themselves as being lower middle class. If you take into account the objective changes of service economy and the decline in union membership and take into account also self-description, then the middle class in Britain is now a very significant body. More so than ever before. So the old two thirds, one third division no longer applies. But it's difficult to provide a very clear quantification now of the two classes, because there's clearly a very large gray area between the two. And I really to, sort of, to distinguish those in that gray area, I think one would have to rely more on self prescription, than objective indicators. But the middle class has grown and certainly grown since 1979. Which has been part of the purpose of the government.\r\n\r\n- It's still probably rather smaller than you might see in the U.S the middle class-\r\n\r\n- Oh yeah.\r\n\r\n- Can you give us some sort of proportion that you might put out-\r\n\r\n- I would say now, I mean, you're right about United States in the sense of the perception in Britain is the United States is basically a middle class society. And there's really nothing at either end. In terms of proportions instead of sort of two-thirds and one-third. I would say the middle class now is at least 40%. And I suspect higher than that. I mean, if you take it in self-description I would put it probably somewhat higher now than before. So, I mean, there's been a change. The middle class has grown and the working class has declined. And also from British politics, which also significant there's been class dealignment in terms of voting behavior. So, class is no longer taken as being a significant indicator of voting, as it could be really before the mid 1970s. So, you've had class dealignment in political terms and a less clear division between the working and the middle class. And the middle class expanding certainly over the past decade.\r\n\r\n- I think we can allow one more question then that should be it. So, you decide\r\n\r\n- In the addition to the amount of impact the have at the moment . Could you project in the future and say whether or not these cut backs won't have an impact on the nature of British society itself in the next 10, 15 years?\r\n\r\n- Well, they will in terms of knock-on effect. 'Cause the problem at the moment, the most significant problem is that in the next few years there's going to be a shortage of graduates from the perspective of employment. Industrialists employers generally just waking up to the fact, that British universities now are not producing sufficient graduates for their needs. And it's not so much in the particular subject areas that concerns them, they want graduates. And there are going to be insufficient graduates probably over the next decade to meet their needs. That is going to be exacerbated at the moment by present demography, 'cause of a downturn in number of 18 year olds at the moment. So the knock-on effect is likely be that the British economy is not serviced by the numbers of graduates that employers need. So it's going to be, the most significant area is going to be that knock-on effect. There's an absence of graduates as far as society as a whole is concerned. There are problems within academic life now because of a very narrow age range of academics. Arguably in over 55 to an academic life very few below 30 in academic life so that's affecting the nature of the institutions themselves. But in terms of their output and the impact on society it's going to be in a shortage of graduates over the next few years. Employers are crying out for them and they're not going to be there. That is going to be more significant and tangible effect. Rather than if you like, in terms of any popular perception of a decline in the quality of education, things like that. 'Cause most people in Britain aren't really geared to understanding what universities are about. So, not any of the universities not have any political clout because friends in Westminster and Whitehall. They're also vulnerable at the popular level, because maybe people don't know what universities are about their fairly elitist institutions. Only about of 18 year olds, only about four or 5% will have a university education. About 20 odd percent will go onto some form of further education. only 4 or 5% university education. So it's seen as fairly elitist. So, popular perceptions are a bit hazy about what universities do, to some extent the certain anti-intellectual streak in British society as well. So there's no great popular regard for universities. So, a diminish say in education quality is not going to have some wider impact, in terms of perceptions of the quality of education. So the real and the tangible impact is going to come in the next few years to a shortage of graduates and through employers saying, this is not good enough and putting pressure on government to do something about it. Which is only just starting to happen.\r\n\r\n- Do you think in short terms\r\n\r\n- In terms of the jobs?\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- That's a good question. I'd have thought that, yeah, I mean, that's almost, I'd have thought they're very good likelihood. 'Cause that's what the employers will do. If they want graduates, they'll bring them in. I mean the teaching profession, there was some people being brought in from other parts of the European community to actually take jobs teaching in secondary schools, in areas where there's a teacher shortage. So yes, I think that's a good point. I think that is likely. I mean, from an employee's point of view, it may prove necessarily. There's a shortage of British graduates. They may have to turn to the rest of the European community which as you've indicated will not now, will not be difficult post 1992.\r\n\r\n- Well, let me thank all of you for coming and for your interest. And then again, to thank Professor Norton for being with us tonight and for making these comments about Thatcherism and about other things, general British interests. So, if there are those, Yes, let's do that. I was simply going to add that I know there were a number of other hands up that it didn't get to ask question. So after we break up, if there was a question that you did want, that didn't get answered, maybe Professor Norton can deal with it very briefly and formally afterwards, but in other words, thank you for being here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40536/file/112210#t=0.0,2589.25714"}]}]}]}