{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1c1td9nh3s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Simanek, Donald E., Hoaxes, Mistakes and Gullibility in Science"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203349 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Hoaxes, Mistakes and Gullibility in Science is a January 26, 1984 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Don Simanek. Don Simanek discusses hoaxes that have been perpetrated in the history of science.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=9.37,13.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wish we had a few more chairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=13.47,15.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of us are gonna have to stand and sit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=15.19,18.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see and lay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=18.85,19.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before we get started tonight, by the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=21.61,23.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my name is John Patterson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=23.26,25.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I am a professor of material science and engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=25.87,29.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm hosting our speaker tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=29.13,31.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But before we get started on that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=31.19,32.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tom Emerson asked me to make a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=32.8,35.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of announcements of upcoming seminars on January 30th","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=35.28,39.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and January 31st.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=39.41,40.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On January 30th at 8:00 PM.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=40.243,44.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently in the pioneer room,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=45.18,47.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have a speaker on the Silkwood affair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=47.52,50.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the title of that is \"Silkwood beyond the movie.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=50.45,53.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's by Daniel P Shehan, this is the ad","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=53.91,57.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for it that you'll be seeing posted around campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=57.46,60.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apparently he's the general console","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=60.6,62.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Ken Silkwood fund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=62.22,66.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He'll be speaking here again on Monday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=66.16,68.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"January 30th, 8:00 PM, Pioneer room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=68.4,70.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other announcement is for the following night,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=70.95,73.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a talk on Granada,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=73.2,74.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the legal and historical perspective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=76.416,79.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's by Lennox H Heinz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=79.84,82.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that'll be in LeBaron auditorium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=82.07,84.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over where my colleague Welther is over there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=84.56,88.581"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(class laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=88.581,90.066"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On Tuesday 8:00 PM, January 31st.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=90.066,92.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, all right, that brings us to tonight's talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=95.51,98.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don Sermonic is a friend of mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=100.21,102.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've known each other for some time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=102.15,104.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's internationally known as the editor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=104.06,106.584"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Vector magazine and a little inside joke there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=106.584,111.584"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's a skeptic somewhat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=111.59,114.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like myself and the amateur magician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=114.17,116.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have a few things in common","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=116.45,118.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's my pleasure to be the host for this talk tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=118.41,121.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm really happy to see so many people here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=121.42,123.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By way of 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of--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=159.14,162.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry at Pennsylvania state university","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=162.92,164.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing a thesis project in solid state physics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=164.9,168.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his interests include photography","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=168.07,170.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the history of 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tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=175.1,178.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And his illustrated lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=178.22,180.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has a whole series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=180.21,181.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these is a series of lectures reads like a litany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=181.19,184.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I, my bottle was a 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area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=188.91,190.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since he came here two or three days ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=190.87,192.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think the bottom 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tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=234.95,236.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you very often don't hear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=236.19,237.452"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from other sources or from scientists too frequently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=237.452,241.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is some of the mistakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=241.03,243.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hoaxes that have occurred within the realm of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=243.56,247.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And with that, I'd like to turn the podium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=247.97,250.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over to professor Sermonic for tonight's talk, Don.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=250.16,255.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(class clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=255.38,258.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Dr. Patterson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=262.55,263.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in view of the crowd here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=265.03,267.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should perhaps indicate what I'm going to 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you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=272.75,274.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who expected something else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=274.46,275.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and might rather be elsewhere (laughs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=275.74,278.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then to discuss some hoaxes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=281.29,282.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of which are well known.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=282.93,285.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Berenger hoax with fossils,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=285.1,287.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the New York sun moon hoax","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=287.23,290.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Cardiff giant, N-rays, Mitogenetic radiation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=290.27,295.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mistakes like LOLs mistakes about the canals of Mars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=297.27,301.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poly water and just a few other short miscellaneous things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=301.98,306.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I intend to keep it about 40 minutes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=306.31,310.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to go over that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=310.55,312.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will want the lights out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=313.29,315.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we'll keep you in the dark","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=317.01,318.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there are pictures going at all times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=318.36,321.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deliberate falsification of important research is rare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=324.9,327.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in science, but unfortunately it seems to be happening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=327.92,331.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and getting in the news more frequently today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=331.42,334.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps because of the pressures of publishing 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God","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=554.29,556.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is in several directions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=556.79,558.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this evidence of sculpting only convinced 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Griffiths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1801.1,1803.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who use the simple camera","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1805.07,1806.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and were said to be lacking any 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company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1827.52,1828.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are still people today who believe it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1828.96,1831.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder for how long though, all this time the girls 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cutouts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1843.69,1846.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they've drawn copied from magazines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1846.21,1849.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, the navel on the gnome, which didn't show 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born","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1855.99,1858.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like we are, was actually the head of a hat pin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1858.98,1862.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to stick the thing on the (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1862.68,1864.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(class laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1864.417,1867.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, enough of deliberate hoaxes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1876.48,1879.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's look at more honest mistakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1879.29,1881.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Incidentally, it's my philosophy that 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ones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1903.4,1906.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and discard them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1906.59,1907.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The trouble is after discarding them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1907.87,1909.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we like to forget that we ever made the mistakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1909.86,1913.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they don't often end up in textbooks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1913.85,1916.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why I feel it's maybe useful now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1916.47,1919.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then to review some of these.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1919.14,1921.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you can see by now, the kind of presentation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1921.63,1924.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm giving today is designed for students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1924.92,1927.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not designed to impress faculty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=1927.19,1929.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you want more scholarly details, there are 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erratic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2630.25,2632.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sensitivity was playing distinguish time differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2632.37,2635.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about three times 10 to the minus 10 seconds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2635.1,2637.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the sparks, outside skeptics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2637.17,2639.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, plenty of opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2639.31,2640.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for mismeasurement and self-delusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2640.78,2643.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irving Langhammer discusses this in his 1953 talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2643.47,2646.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pathological science which is still available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2646.96,2648.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on micro card from General Electric.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2648.91,2651.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But so far as I know the whole story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2651.64,2653.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this remains to be told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2653.37,2654.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I included here only to ask if any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2654.53,2656.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of you faculty know more that you might communicate with me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2656.24,2661.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is the nature of those stake?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2663.44,2664.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't claim to know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2664.84,2665.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's hard to analyze the data from the published literature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2665.92,2670.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there anyone still who was there when it happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2670.57,2672.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who could relate more about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2672.94,2675.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't found anyone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2675.17,2677.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the classic case of self-delusion is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2679.05,2681.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the canals of Mars, Shepper Ralley","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2681.05,2683.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even earlier, the people astronomer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2687.91,2690.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saatchi had published sketches of Mars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2690.02,2694.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from observations made through a telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2694.53,2697.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaparrally mapped them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2697.03,2698.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He mapped 113 Cannally, he called them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2698.45,2701.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it was personable Lowell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2702.7,2703.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The American AmaTerra turned into professional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2703.97,2706.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"astronomer who popularized these features as canals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2706.32,2709.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He mapped over 500 of them and explained them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2709.14,2711.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as irrigation canals built by intelligent creatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2711.54,2714.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alike to us in spirit, though not informed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2714.15,2717.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some astronomers could see the canals, others couldn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2717.2,2720.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those who couldn't remain skeptical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2720.73,2722.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Photographs showed no canals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2722.59,2725.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then you have the trouble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2725.11,2726.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of atmospheric turbulence and long exposures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2726.75,2729.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is well known that the eye can distinguish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2729.45,2732.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some details with telescopic observation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2732.31,2735.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that on those slow films you couldn't record on the film.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2735.84,2739.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Though I'll argued that the human eye overcomes the effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2741.87,2743.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of atmospheric turbulence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753#t=2743.92,2745.22"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22772/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/772/original/AV203349_Hoaxes_Mistakes_and_Gullibility_in_Science_a.vtt?1613498617","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/772/original/AV203349_Hoaxes_Mistakes_and_Gullibility_in_Science_a.vtt?1613498617"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22773","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203349_Hoaxes_Mistakes_and_Gullibility_in_Science_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105753/transcript/22773/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I think perhaps we should get started. I'm delighted to see such a large crowd here at night. I wish we had a few more chairs. Some of us are gonna have to stand and sit. I see and lay. Before we get started tonight, by the way my name is John Patterson and I am a professor of material science and engineering and I'm hosting our speaker tonight. But before we get started on that Tom Emerson asked me to make a couple of announcements of upcoming seminars on January 30th and January 31st. On January 30th at 8:00 PM. apparently in the pioneer room, we have a speaker on the Silkwood affair and the title of that is \"Silkwood beyond the movie.\" And it's by Daniel P Shehan, this is the ad for it that you'll be seeing posted around campus. Apparently he's the general console for Ken Silkwood fund. He'll be speaking here again on Monday January 30th, 8:00 PM, Pioneer room. The other announcement is for the following night, a talk on Granada, the legal and historical perspective and that's by Lennox H Heinz. And that'll be in LeBaron auditorium over where my colleague Welther is over there. On Tuesday 8:00 PM, January 31st. Well, all right, that brings us to tonight's talk. Don Sermonic is a friend of mine. We've known each other for some time. He's internationally known as the editor of the Vector magazine and a little inside joke there. And he's a skeptic somewhat like myself and the amateur magician. So we have a few things in common and it's my pleasure to be the host for this talk tonight. And I'm really happy to see so many people here. By way of introduction. Don grew up in a farm near Walker, Iowa and attended the university of Iowa where he received a BS degree and the masters of science degree in 1961. He worked as an undergraduate assistant for Jay van Allen the cosmic Ray research group and later worked in nuclear physics area. After three years of teaching physics at Mankato state college in Minnesota, Don took his teaching position in Lockhaven university in Pennsylvania. He's completed his PhD at the university of-- I'm sorry at Pennsylvania state university doing a thesis project in solid state physics and his interests include photography and the history of science. And as a result of these two interests, we're going to have some of Don's slides tonight. And his illustrated lecture. He has a whole series of these is a series of lectures reads like a litany. And I, my bottle was a mind. And in fact, he's already given four talks in the central Iowa area since he came here two or three days ago. And I think the bottom line, those of us that are in science are often complaining about the gullibility of people who are not in science and people who are in the funny sciences and so forth then what you don't often hear. But we think that it really it's very important and that is that there is a great deal of gullibility and all of us those of us that are in science or an engineering and the person that's most vulnerable as the person who assumes that it's the other guy that's vulnerable and that he knows enough to protect himself. That's a weakness that we would do well to try to counter. And the talk like the one that we're gonna hear tonight is a step in that direction because what you will hear tonight you very often don't hear from other sources or from scientists too frequently. And that is some of the mistakes and hoaxes that have occurred within the realm of science. And with that, I'd like to turn the podium over to professor Sermonic for tonight's talk, Don.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Dr. Patterson. I think in view of the crowd here, I should perhaps indicate what I'm going to do and what I'm going to say, just in case there are some of you who expected something else and might rather be elsewhere . And then to discuss some hoaxes some of which are well known. The Berenger hoax with fossils, the New York sun moon hoax the Cardiff giant, N-rays, Mitogenetic radiation, mistakes like LOLs mistakes about the canals of Mars, Poly water and just a few other short miscellaneous things. And I intend to keep it about 40 minutes. I don't want to go over that. We will want the lights out. So we'll keep you in the dark because there are pictures going at all times. Deliberate falsification of important research is rare in science, but unfortunately it seems to be happening and getting in the news more frequently today, perhaps because of the pressures of publishing parish. Most of what I'll be talking about tonight deals with far older science, science before the 20th century. There have been a number of hoaxes deliberate hoaxes, and I'll consider those first before I consider the honest mistakes. In the early 18th century many geologists thought fossils were nothing more than the bones of dead creatures buried in ancient floods and turned to stone. Leonardo DaVinci had even accepted that explanation. And that was an era when even the best scientists mix science and theology producing a model to mass. As an example of the confusion considered this fossil. Schweitzer thought it was the skull of an early man who had been drowned in the biblical flood of Noah's time. There were other theories about fossils. Some thought fossils were simply rocks which happened to mimic animals shapes, sports of nature they were called, certainly many did not resemble animals still living. Perhaps God had chosen to fashion some stones to look like fish skeletons who are we to question his reasons for doing so. Dr. Hogan Bartholomew, Adam Berenger of the faculty of medicine of Hertzberg thought some few of these stones might be dead animals fossils but most were just handy works of God executed for God's own pleasure. He lectured widely on this theme and was highly respected in certain quarters, but he made enemies. So I'm following him arrogant and dogmatic and his views. Two of his detractors conceived a scheme to show him up as a fool. Well, we don't know many of the details of this affair. We don't even have a picture of the participants. We do know who the hoaxers were. Jaic Knots Roderick was professor of geography algebra and analysis at the university of Richberg. The other was honorable Garg Yvonne Eckard, public counselor and librarian to the court of the university. Berenger had a special Hill. This is a friend of the piece to his book where he dug his stones. This is quite fanciful. He hired young men to do the digging, Roderick and Eckert bribed one of the diggers to plant some special stones in the diggings. When these were discovered, Berenger was elated. In addition to the more usual images of animals, some rather strange ones turned up. They were so remarkable that Berenger published a book at great expense. And these are taken from his book. It had elaborate plates showing the stones very clearly, and these pictures are from it. Some remarkable stones were found. One showed the sun and rays from the sun. Another showed comets and stars. And finally some turned up with Latin Arabic and Hebrew characters. Berenger had scholars translate them. And was amazed for the words gave the name of God, Jehovah. Berenger was elated. Here was proof God signing his own handiwork. Even before the publication of the book, critics were pointing out that some of the stones showed evidence of a sculptor's chisel. This is the front page of the book. Now Berenger saw that she was linked too, he said in his book and I quote, \"The figures are so exactly fitted \"to the dimensions of the stones \"that one would swear they are the work \"of a very meticulous sculptor \"and they seem to bear the unmistakable indications \"of the sculptors knife\" He even notes that the top surface shows smoothness while the lower surfaces were rough and unfinished. He even sees the evidences of carving. One would swear, he says that he discerned on many of them the strokes of knife gone awry and superfluous God which is in several directions. But this evidence of sculpting only convinced him that the chisel was wielded by the hand of God God was executing his skills as a sculptor. One thing about religious ideas is that no evidence or fact can disprove them. A clever person can always find arguments although empty arguments, which allow him to rationalize his position to his own satisfaction. Roderick and Eckhart had one point apparently felt the thing was getting out of hand. They tried to convince Berenger the stones were a fraud without however admitting they were the hoaxers. Berenger relates to this incident. He says, \"Two men, perhaps the best described as a pair of antagonists, tried to discredit the stones.\" Beringer had permitted one of them to enter his dig. And he says, quote, \"Unbeknownst to me he proposed proceeded to throw the digs open to the public appointed a number of diggers and in the presence of the townspeople indulging and drink he mockingly condemned to the honors stones as false. A short time later, the other of this pair carved into some of the more impressionable stones, Hebrew characters the figures of a wing to drag in a mouse, the lion, a pomegranate, et cetera.\" Then Berenger appeals to the reader of his book to see that this was just a plot to discredit his work. Quoting Berenger again, \"They want to bring down to the dust on my sacrifices and my labor and my very reputation.\" But he says this crude trick of planting fakes doesn't know way discredit the other authentic stones. There is a story that they even planted a stone with Beringer's own name, but that's probably purely fable. There is also a story that he realized he'd been hoaxed and tried to buy up all the copies of his expensive book but that just doesn't square with the fact that he put out a second edition to the book defending the same views and not retracting anything. And you will often see it said that he was hoaxed by his own students but the court records that survive clearly say show who they were and that student, the story is false. Beringer's still defended his theory. He said, God, the founder of nature would fill our minds with his praises and perfections radiating from these wondrous effects so that when forgetful man grows silent these mute stones might speak with the eloquence of their figures. Berenger brought Eckerd and Roderick to court, charging them with ruining his reputation. Some of the court transcripts still exist. And in the testimony, the hoaxers made clear that their reasons were to discredit Berenger because they said he was so arrogant and despised us all. The scandal not only discredited Berenger, it ruined the reputations of Eckerd and Roderick. Roderick had to leave Wurtzburg and Eckert lost his post and privileges to use the library and archives, which put a cramp in his own historical researchers left unfinished at his death. There is available a good book which reprints Beringer's original book with reproductions of the plates and a good commentary on the whole story. Your library very well might have it. A Brazilian priest in 1709 father Bartholomew Lorentus is said to have invented the flying machine which he proposed to the King of Portugal hoping to interest Portugal and acquiring and exploiting it. It has some interesting physical features, at A, at the top sales to govern the ship that she may not run at random. B, a stern to govern the ship that she may not stern governorship, at C, a pair of bellows in each end of the ship, which must be blown when there is no wind. I love that. Years and years ago I remember seeing the science fiction film with Jane Fonda Barbarella. And at one point she gets in an ice boat with a fellow and the ice boat has a sail. And she says, but there's no wind. And he says, no problem. He pulls the lever and up comes a fan behind it. Lowe's on the sales and away they go. And I and my wife were the only people laughing at the theater. At D we have two wings to keep the ship up right at E metal Globes, representing the heaven on earth covering to load stones, the load stones where to draw the ship after them, a propulsion system apparently. You see the ship happens to be made according to the description of thin iron plates covered with straw mattes. If you want to go forward you uncover the front load stone and take away the matte. Apparently that shields the lodestone someway and it draws the ship forward. A little strange physics there. An iron wire net is at F above the guy's head with large Amber beads, fast into it. This by a secret operation will help keep the ship aloft and this ship needs all the help it can get. The sun's heat will cause the straw mats to be drawn upward towards the Amber beads for reasons undisclosed. G is the artist quote scientist. H, I like H, H is the compass. And I'm wondering how it's gonna work so near those low stones. And U, to pull ropes to hoist the sails. Another one in the same vein, and at 1783, the journal de Paris printed a letter from a watchmaker announcing a discovery to enable man to walk on water based on new principles of ricochets. And the author promised to walk across the sane on new year's day on the special shoes he had invented. If a subscription of 200 Louie were to wait upon his arrival. In a week, the journal collected 3,243 leavers from subscribers including prominent men like Lafayette who gave one of the sums. And the the hoax was exposed by the end of December and the money ended up being given to charity. That wasn't an era in the 18th century when people were very susceptible to hoax as especially those involving investments. People were wanting to make money for nothing, just like today. In the late 1800s newspapers and the Sunday supplements pioneered by appeal it's are often carried sensational hoaxes masquerading as news to enhance credibility. This story quoted a French Explorer in both English and French saying, \"To be certain that I was not the play thing of an illusion. I felt his tail,\" a man with a tail here perfectly not just a journalist to Cokes. In 1720, bones were dug up in Siberia, which captain Tabert of the Swedish army reconstructed into a unicorn. They actually remained with bones. In 1845, Dr. Albert Cox sea serpent was exhibited on Broadway for an admission of a dollar, a magnificent skeleton 114 feet long and weighing 7,500 pounds. Coke called it hydrocas, which is Greek for water King and said it was the Leviathan mentioned in the Bible. What did scientists think of it? Well, Dr. Richard Harlan praise the exhibit, though he did note slight errors, such as the tusks being mounted as horns. Others like Jeffries Wyman attacked it as a forgery, remembering that Cok had earlier exhibited another monster, Missourium, which consisted of several mammoth skeletons wrongly put together. Cok had managed to sell that fake to the British museum for $23,000, quite a sum in those days. But the British museum paleontologists may have gotten their money's worth, for they took Missouri apart and put the bones back together correctly. Getting one very fine. Mastodon is said to be still on displaying their fossil mammal gallery and considered one of the finest in existence, though it did like tusks. When this fossil, when let's say serpent fossil alleged toward England scientists, there were hostile. Richard Owen denounced it in a paper to the geological society of London and Charles Lee also doubted its authenticity. Someone near the projector, is it on its highest brightness setting? Okay, that's probably a dark slide. Cok even invented a scientific name for his beast. Hydrocas Scilla Mani honoring Gail professor Benjamin Silliman. There he is. One critic said it would be a silly man indeed, who believed in hydrocas Scilla Mani. Silliman was not pleased. So Kotch renamed it Hydraulic Harlan, honoring Dr. Harlan who had once praised Kutch works in a moment of weakness. Harlan didn't object freed already died. Here's the one close to your home. In the late 1870s, the Reverend Jacob Glass uncovered inscribed tablets and two tobacco pipes in the shape of elephants. These artifacts appeared to prove that the mountain builders were a lost race from the Eastern hemisphere so that the race was familiar with elephant like Mastodon he said. They attracted international attention and were interpreted by various scholars to be a record of old Testament daily agenda show connections with Syrian, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean cultures. Only the Smithsonian institution concluded that the artifacts had been planted in the ancient mound and suggested that while the objects could have been created innocently the Navy commences with the introduction of them into the mound for the purpose of deception. One Smithsonian scholar stated the pipes had been soaked in grease to make them look old. The controversy led to the expulsion of two members of the Davenport Academy of science who said the artifacts were spurious and resulted in legal charges of libel. The late judge, James Ballinger of Davenport who was 9-years-old at the time of the hoax and was later a member of the Academy explained the trick after he did some research on it. As an attempt by Academy members to discredit Guss who had discovered many genuine objects in mountains the fraudulent artifacts were manufactured in the basement of the Academy. Plant had been what hoaxers thought was an obvious manner to make the prank evident after Guss had been deceived, the judge said, but he hadn't seen through it. Ballinger later obtained another shingle from the old slate house. One of the sporting houses on the upper Mississippi river and found it identical to one of the artifacts known as the calendar stone. So that settled the question of where the stolen come from a white house. One of the most famous American hoaxes was the Card of Giant, it was the creation of George Hollow tobacconist in Binghamton, New York. How had an argument with a traveling evangelist about the existence of giants in biblical times. How thought anyone who believed that that business about giants in the earth in those days was a fool and conceived a plan to see how many such fools there wanna be. Howell hired a stone cutter, Edward Solly, and Iowa to carve this 12 foot tall Japs statue of gypsum. To make it look old, he made pours by hammering darning needles into it, and also used acid on the surface. The hunched posture was unfortunately necessary because they couldn't get a long enough gypsum block. It was shipped to New York and secretly buried on the farm of William C Newell, a relative of home. The whole project costs well over a thousand dollars. The statue was left at rest for a year. Then it was allowed to be accidentally discovered while a well was being dug. And this is from a photograph showing it being hoisted out of its burial spot. The scholars and scientists who visited the site were generally skeptical. They didn't buy it a theory it was a petrified man. Some did think it was an ancient carved statue perhaps, finishing. Fossil expert professor Arthinio Charles March, I always stumble over that. He didn't hesitate to denounce it as a modern forgery. This is March here. He was a respected scientist at the time. He was even unkind enough to step out of his field and declare that it wasn't even good art. By the time most people doubt it. After a while, most people did doubt it's also authenticity. And Howell even admitted the forgery after he'd made quite a bit on admission to see it. But interest in seeing it was still high, PT Barnum tried to buy the statue to exhibit in his own museum, how it wouldn't sell. So Barnum made a wooden foster copy and exhibited it anyway. Poor Howell couldn't even Sue Barnum for is a fake of a fake illegal. Mark Twain satirized, all this confusion and his little short story called a ghost story in which a man takes the room in New York, across from Barnum's museum, in which the Cardiff giant is being shown. The man has been haunted by the ghost of the card. If giant, who says he can not find a rest till his body is given a Jason burial, the narrative burst out in anger. \"This transcends everything that did occur while you poor \"blundering old fossil, \"you have had all your trouble for nothing. \"You've been haunting, a plaster cast of yourself.\" The real card, if giant is in Albany Khan found it don't you know your honor remains. The petrified man slowly rose to his feet and said, \"Honestly, is that true?\" As sure as I'm sitting here, he took the pipe from his mouth and laid it on the mantle, then stood. He resolute a moment, thrusting his hands where his paddloons pockets should have been and meditatively dropping his chin to his breast finally said, \"Well, I never felt so absurd before.\" The petrified man has sold everybody else and now the mean fraud is ended by selling his own ghost. My son, if there's any charity left in your heart for a poor friendless, Phantom like me don't let this get out. Think how you would feel if you had made such an ass of yourself. The original giant is now on display at the Farmers' museum in Cooperstown, New York. If you're ever in the vicinity you can stop and pay your respects to it. Barnum's fake was destroyed in a fire while on tour in London, this is not displayed in very good light and was cloudy today. It was there, but that's how he looks now. He's about as go shape as he here it wasn't. Sir William Herschel lived 1738 to 1802. He was a competent astronomer. He and his assistant Carolyn observed with telescopes like this ungainly 442. They cataloged star clusters and Nebula discovered new satellites of Saturn and of course discovered the planet Uranus. But Herschel was prone to speculate beyond the facts. And he was convinced by a shaky argument from analogy that all stars and planets have intelligent life. In his words he said, \"They are well supplied with inhabitants.\" Even once he concluded that our sun is inhabited, at the hot surface, we observe is only a thin shell around a cooler surface within which supports life. Herschel remain convinced that the existence of his son man up to his death in 1822. William had a son, John who helped with the observing at an early age. He too became a respected astronomer of extraordinary accomplishment. In the year 1835, John was in South Africa where he built a telescope, this is it, to take advantage of the clearer air there, clearer than England. In this year, the New York sun newspaper published in installment forum and alleged rebrand account of John Herschel's discoveries in South Africa. The articles cited as their source the Edinburgh Journal of Science, which had in fact been defined with for some years. The articles created a sensation for the total of Herschel's discovery of life on the moon. They described in detail his invention of a special telescope system which magnified so greatly one could observe them on surface as if he were standing on it. Negative considerations like limits of resolution atmospheric turbulence and so on weren't even mentioned. As the installments unfolded this marvelous telescope observed the moon's craters, amethyst crystals, 90 feet high, vegetation and animals, waterfalls and rivers, curly antlered, antelope, goats, cranes, pelicans, bison, with specialized flaps of skin to shield their eyes from the sun. Tailed as beavers. But finally, we're seeing furry winged men resembling bats. Herschel was quoted describing these creatures in full detail. This was one of the most famous newspaper hoaxes in history but it fooled even scientists, two scientists from Yale journey to New York to obtain from the newspaper the original journal articles. Maybe they were a bit suspicious. They were told that they were at the printers. The originals were at the printers and as they went to get them a newspaper runner took another route, beating them there and telling the predator to send them somewhere else. They were given the rail run around all day and went back to Yale none the wiser. John Herschel finally heard of the hoax. News didn't get to South Africa very fast in those days. He heard that the hoax in a letter and thought it amusing saying, it's too bad my real discoveries here won't be that exciting. But after awhile, he did begin to complain. He says I've been pestered from all quarters with that ridiculous hoax about the moon in English, French, Italian, and German. The hoax schooled so many people it's easy to lose sight of its original target. The whole story was written by Richard Adams Lock, an aggressive editor of the sun, which was then a young four page daily paper. His target of satire was Dr. Thomas Dicker, a writer of popular scientific books. Dicker had a style which combined some scientific fact with fantastic speculation, wild theory and moral preaching. Dick's books about the moon assumed without proof that the moon was inhabited and went on to discuss how we might send signals and communicate with those inhabitants. So he was the target of the hoax, not for her show. So it was such pompous, theorizing and extravagant writing that locks it out to satirize but he succeeded all too well and had to admit to friends that he never imagined how many it would be taken in and said he was the best self hoaxed man in the community because he hadn't anticipated that. I learned recently that the name Gotham is a nickname for New York city is the name of a mythical land of fools. Maybe there's something to that. I'm going to be brief on a very famous hoax, the Piltdown man hoax, because it could get very messy if I gave you all the details. I find difficulty falling to it myself. Although if anyone's interested in mystery stories that have some reality this is a good one. In 1912, it fell down England, an amateur fossil Hunter Charles Dawson found the first of two skulls with human-like cranium and ape-like jaw. Some hailed it as the long lost missing link. Now any new discovery gets hailed by the press in that manner whether the scientists say so or not, the missing link between man and ape. Some scientists were skeptical but few skeptics were able to get access to the skull to examine it thoroughly for they had to work from a cast, which doesn't allow them to do much. The hoax was exposed in 1953. So it had lasted quite a while from 1912 to '53, the jaw wasn't of an ape. It and the teeth were stained to look old, but who did it? Who was the hoaxer? Dawson was immediately suspected but a few thought him skillfully enough knowledgeable enough to do the job to fool the scientists who were fooled. And besides he was lacking a motive, Stephen Jay Gould focuses suspicion next on to hard to shot in who was a knowledgeable paleontologist and Jesuit priest. Again, a motive is lacking forcing one to assume that if he was the hoax it was only a youthful prank. Geologist James Archibald Douglas found evidence that Williams Soulles is the hoaxer. Soulles professor of paleontology and geology at Oxford had the opportunity and the skills to do the job and a motive to destroy a hated rival Arthur Smith Woodward. Woodward is the one way in the back in the right. Dawson is the one next to him, second from the right. Now, John Hathaway Winslow and Alfred Meyer argue a different line. They say that Alfred Kahn and Iol did it. In the September issue of science '83 you'll find an interesting article with that hypothesis. Now, Doyle had had some medical training and had the opportunity. He was in the right places at the right time to obtain the materials and to plant them. His motive, dislike of dogmatic scientists. Many scientists had ridiculed him for his belief in spiritualism. Doyle not only believed in spiritualism and all the phenomenon of the seance room but he also believed in fairies, which brings us to another kind of another hoax. In the year 1917, two teenage girls in Yorkshire had taken these photos of fairies and their garden. This is Elsie, right one of the girls who was 16 at the time, and this is her cousin Francis Griffiths who use the simple camera and were said to be lacking any knowledge of photography or photographic trickery. Arthur Conan Doyle, the inventor of Sherlock Holmes accepted these as genuine. He even wrote a book and several pamphlets about it. His book, The coming of the Fairies is still in print from Samuel wiser company. And there are still people today who believe it. I wonder for how long though, all this time the girls had stopped re insisted that the photos showed the fairies they had seen in their garden, but just this year Elsie has published a book admitting they faked the photographs with simple cutouts that they've drawn copied from magazines. In fact, the navel on the gnome, which didn't show it in this picture, the navel on the gnome that Doyle had remarked showed that the fairies and the gnomes are born like we are, was actually the head of a hat pin. They used to stick the thing on the . Well, enough of deliberate hoaxes. Let's look at more honest mistakes. Incidentally, it's my philosophy that mistakes are the lifeblood of science. If we never made any mistakes, we'd never make any progress because the way science works system make bold guesses and bold guesses mean going out on a rather slender limb. These have a very high possibility of being wrong. The next step is to test the guesses and find the wrong ones and discard them. The trouble is after discarding them, we like to forget that we ever made the mistakes and they don't often end up in textbooks. That's why I feel it's maybe useful now. And then to review some of these. And as you can see by now, the kind of presentation I'm giving today is designed for students. It's not designed to impress faculty. If you want more scholarly details, there are plenty of references in your library that a diligence searcher can find. That's where I found them. Recently, there's been quite a bit of publicity to scientists who have cheated by falsifying or prettying up their data. The astronomer Claudius Ptolemy is said to have faked some of his astronomical observations to make them fit his theory. I'm not going to go into all the details because they do get rather messy and statistical. In fact, some of these have been found out only by applying rather sophisticated computer methods to the data from persons who had not the advantage of computers. So in a way, some of the criticism after the fact may seem a little unfair to someone who's dead and Camden to defend himself. Greg Remendo, had been accused of making his genetic data on pea plants look better than it was and he was a church man to boot working here, but we are not doubting the results. It seems that he may have pretty dumped the data to make them make the results look better. One of the mistakes scientists sometimes make is to have an idea and then try to find data to confirm it at the same time, being blind to everything else. Well, first example, spectroscopy was the triumph of 19th century physics by using prisms and later gradings in instruments called spectrometers, physicists were able to analyze the component colors of light with a precision greater than any measurements ever before attempted. It was found that each chemical element has a distinctive spectrum as unique as a fingerprint. An early triumph of spectroscopy was the discovery of a new element helium and a spectrum of sunlight. This is a spectrum such as produced by those instruments. The discovery of helium in the spectrum of the sun long before it had been discovered in the earth made other scientists eager to discover new elements of their own. And if you search for something hard enough you're likely to find it. Sometimes you can find that even when it isn't there. Wiliam Huggons in 1868, found a green line in the the solar choroma which he attributed to the new element named chromium, not at content with a bagging one and a new element he found a different green line and planetary Nebula and Kristen did name it Nebulium. They aren't on your periodic charts, chemists. This allows quite a controversy for awhile since Huggins was an astronomer the physicists pretty much ignored him. They did not try to make room on their period charts for his elements. It wasn't until decades later in the 1920s that the spectrum aligns of Nebulium where it correctly attributed to the very emissions from highly ionized oxygen and nitrogen and chromium was found in the 1930s to be from highly ionized and atoms. The chemist had been responsible for many spurious elements. The list includes sydinia or Australa, dunerium saline, darium, woodenium and boxium. What kind of glad they aren't on the charts. The ones that are on there are hard enough to pronounce remember. And I refer you to William Huggins a series of articles in chemistry magazine back in 1975. If you want to follow up some of these further as a physicist, I better stay out of chemistry. The discovery of x-rays in 1895, created a sensation and quite a few mistakes were associated with discovery. First, many scientists missed the discovery by not being sufficiently observant. Reverend Frederick Smith was operating crooks tubes and noticed that his photographic plates kept in sealed boxes black and when he developed them, he sent the plates back to the manufacturer with a complaint that they had sent him defective merchandise. It was of course the x-rays which had fogged the plates. Dr. Goodspeed of the university of Pennsylvania had accidentally produced an x-ray in 1890 of some coins in a purse. He had filed it away as an unexplained curiosity and thought no more of it until five years later when he heard of Rankin's discovery. He was gracious about it he said, discovery is no good unless you publish it. Scientific reports appeared claiming that x-rays could revive persons who had died of electrocution. One electrical engineer said that x-rays were nothing more than sound waves because he could hear them. Another tried to obtain an x-ray of the brain in order to find the soul. This photograph by a doctor in new Orleans purported to be an x-ray of the brain showing remarkable detail and soft tissues which other workers couldn't obtain on film, but it was a fake. He was a quack doctor and there was a total fraud in his photo. One newspaper warned that there will no longer be any privacy in a man's home has anyone armed with a vacuum tube outfit can obtain a full view of any interior through a brick wall. The newspapers had a field day satirizing the discovery. The new Rankin photography, a farmer outstanding in his field. What the ostrich has eaten. The latest photographic discovery what's in the brains of various people, Senator Tillman, the certain various people who were important to the news then. But what really made scientists look foolish was their mad rush to try to find other kinds of rays. Fame was assured that the discovery of a new ray. And if, as I said, if you look hard enough, you'll find it. Professor Renee Longbow of the university of Nancy and France was a spectroscopist to edit the innovative idea to try opaque materials as prisms and spectrescopes. Of course the light wouldn't get through but maybe other rays would, after all x-rays penetrated opaque materials. With an aluminum prism, he found that the aluminum refracted radiation which was given off spontaneously by x-ray tubes. Some types of gas burners, but not Bunsen burners, oddly and some metals like iron and silver when they were heated to a doll red, and even the sun gave up these new rays. He called them N-rays for Nancy university. They couldn't be seen directly, but he found that when they fell on a dark adapted eye, the eye became more light sensitive. So he let the rays fall on his eye while looking intently at a weekly glowing phosphorescence surface. When the surface brightened he knew the N-rays were falling on his eye. Well, you can see how one's perception could be altered by one's expectations here. To bypass the unreliability of the eye, a photographic detector was devised. Blondlot had found that when N-rays fell on spark gaps, the light from the spark was increased. Water was supposed to be opaque to N-rays. So a wet cardboard block, a wet cardboard would block them. So here's his detectors the presumed and raise the cardboard box. The ground-glass screen, a spark gap. That's one detector and the wet cardboard screen you could move this whole detector at the left under the wet cardboard screen. And thus the end rays were supposedly blocked. And so he'd take one picture there over at the left on the photographic plate. And then he'd take another one over here. I moved it over and he'd get something like this. But you recall that photography in those days and development processes were not as reliable and easily controlled as they are today. So the possibility of it being a fluke of experimentation is rather strong. It's hard to say after the fact what particularly showing this difference, but-- and as for the sparks, they're notoriously erratic. So the movement of the cardboard screen could very well disturbed the spark and a spark after all was what's exposing these. The N-rayS are supposed to enhance the output of the spark, didn't mean to get into that complicated stuff there. Well, the interesting thing about this observation is that it wasn't an isolated aberration when Blondlot paper was published within a 12 year period, other papers appeared independently confirming the discovery. And some first drank scientists like Beckaround and Jay were among them. Others found fantastic new properties of the rays. Blondlot even found several spectral lines of N-rays, could anyone doubts so many independent observations? Yes, almost everyone outside of France doubted. Some had tried and failed to duplicate the experiments. The American physicist R.W Wood is generally credited with the definitive exposure. He visited Blondlot lab and got the usual demonstrations. Suspecting Blondlot was a victim of self-delusion, he stripped justly removed the aluminum prism from the spectroscope in the dark. That was aluminum prison that was supposed to be refracting the rays. So if you took the prism out, Blondlot shouldn't be seeing the rays, but Blondlot didn't notice the removal. He still saw the unraised refracted, right where they were supposed to be by the now absent prism. What's short description of this event in nature not mentioning blondlot by name burst the N-rays bubble completely, but was Blondlot convinced? Robert Ligament and a recent paper shows evidence that Blondlot continued to experiment on N-rays and continued to believe N-rays for at least 15 years after Wood's exposure. In 1929, the Russian biologist Alexander Goodrich, discovered Mitogenetic rays. He admitted by the roots of growing plants. That's the root of a growing plant over there at the left. The zigzags are the raising minted and they're falling on another root. And what he found was that the rays emitted by one growing root, enhance the growth of the other root. The chance for observational areas years rather obvious yet to see Fritz urge scientists not to be so skeptical of N-rays after all they discovered some other remarkable rays. Watson Davis the editor of science service listed all the other rays known, heat, light, x-rays, nuclear radiation. So he says, why not expect still other radiations? Let's not be so skeptical. A Highlander in Klaus of Wisconsin university studied the matter for the National Research Council and reported no evidence for N-rays and that did end at all. And none have been discovered since. Fred Allison who died in 1974 had studied the faraday effect which is the rotation of the plane of polarization and magnetic field. He suspected that the time it takes for the rotation depends on the composition of a sample. And this is time delay could be a means for detecting different isotopes of material. Each material had a different time delay. And this way he discovered new elements reported in the literature like Alabama and Virginia. His apparatus was a fairly complex system of four sets of lecture wires to bruise time delays by sliding jumper wires along the apparatus. The light from the sparks was visually observed. The adjustments made manually. Here you have the light from sparks again and they're notoriously erratic. Sensitivity was playing distinguish time differences about three times 10 to the minus 10 seconds between the sparks, outside skeptics so, plenty of opportunity for mismeasurement and self-delusion. Irving Langhammer discusses this in his 1953 talk pathological science which is still available on micro card from General Electric. But so far as I know the whole story of this remains to be told I included here only to ask if any of you faculty know more that you might communicate with me. What is the nature of those stake? I don't claim to know. It's hard to analyze the data from the published literature. Is there anyone still who was there when it happened who could relate more about it? I haven't found anyone. I think the classic case of self-delusion is that of the canals of Mars, Shepper Ralley and even earlier, the people astronomer Saatchi had published sketches of Mars from observations made through a telescope. Chaparrally mapped them. He mapped 113 Cannally, he called them. But it was personable Lowell. The American AmaTerra turned into professional astronomer who popularized these features as canals. He mapped over 500 of them and explained them as irrigation canals built by intelligent creatures alike to us in spirit, though not informed. Some astronomers could see the canals, others couldn't. Those who couldn't remain skeptical. Photographs showed no canals but then you have the trouble of atmospheric turbulence and long exposures. And it is well known that the eye can distinguish some details with telescopic observation that on those slow films you couldn't record on the film. 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e They are at certain times, not only perfectly distinct,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=6.22,9.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but are not even difficult objects being by no means at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=9.01,11.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"limit of vision,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=11.79,13.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it is often stated from ignorance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=13.23,15.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to one not used to the subject,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=15.1,17.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in good err they stand out at times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=17.03,18.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with startling abruptness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=18.82,20.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I say this after having had 12 years experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=20.16,22.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the subject, almost entitling me to an opinion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=22.83,25.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equal to that of critics who have not done it at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=25.29,28.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He could be a little sarcastic at times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=28.63,31.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another passage in his book is the most revealing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=31.3,33.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says his Canal Theory has been decried as baseless","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=33.24,36.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the telescopically blind so easily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=36.51,38.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are men the dupes of their own prejudice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=38.79,40.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=40.833,42.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is one of his sketches of the canals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=42.2,44.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some critics suggested the canals were optical illusions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=44.93,47.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Lowell argued that he had observed the canals to change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=47.73,50.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the seasons and sometimes to become double.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=50.63,54.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, he could not be an illusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=55.27,56.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"For an illusion could no more exhibit intrinsic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=56.87,59.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change than a ghost could eat dinner without endangering its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=59.59,62.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constitution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=62.23,63.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The mere fact that it is an illusion or optical 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of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=70.24,72.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vegetation growing with the help of irrigation water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=72.87,76.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, I 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canals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=81.15,83.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"route water routed from the polar caps through the canals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=83.4,87.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a painting illustrating that idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=87.21,90.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The canals must have been constructed he said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=90.43,93.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by intelligent beings to permit agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=93.37,96.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Critics thought this an unfounded speculation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=99.78,101.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Lowell shared them that, \"We have been careful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=101.97,105.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to indulge in no speculation.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=105.66,108.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The laws of physics and the present knowledge of geology and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=108.26,110.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biology effected by what astronomy has to say have conducted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=110.79,113.758"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us starting from observations to the recognition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=113.758,117.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of other intelligent life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=117.01,119.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here's another revealing statement from his books.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=119.18,122.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have then searched for a motive and have lighted on one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=122.2,125.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which thoroughly explains the evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=125.62,127.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that observation offers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=127.72,129.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are justified, therefore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=129.14,130.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in believing that we have unearthed the cause,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=130.44,132.426"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our conclusion is this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=132.426,134.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that life and life have no mean order at present inhabits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=134.2,137.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=137.28,138.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we've now sent spacecraft to Mars and have pretty good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=139.44,143.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"photos of most of the surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=143.13,145.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some interesting things have been seen what appear to be old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=145.42,148.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"river beds, but alas, no canals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=148.81,151.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only one feature found this huge Canyon coincides with any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=153.07,156.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of his visually observed markings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=156.62,158.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lowell's error was a psychological one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=159.54,161.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the eye and brain conspire to give an illusion that 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William Thomson later Lord Kelvin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=283.2,285.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an 1884 lecture in Philadelphia said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=285.1,287.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The luminiferous ether is the only substance we 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dogmatism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=597.24,599.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is the scientist being so sure of his theories that he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=599.69,602.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rejects data,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=602.5,603.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which doesn't fit the old story of scientists who once said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=603.333,607.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stones do not fall from the sky,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=607.46,609.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and later had to admit that meteorites do fall from the sky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=609.52,613.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it's not quite the same as 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interdependent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=637.24,640.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that sooner or later, somebody will find their own fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=640.0,642.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or idea that just doesn't 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experiment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=646.21,648.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as the pace of science has accelerated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=648.02,649.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So as the speed at which mistakes are corrected,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=649.76,652.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aristotle's mistakes persisted over a thousand years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=652.43,656.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physicist belief in luminiferous ether,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=656.11,658.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I talked about lasted about 60 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=658.41,661.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polywater lasted eight, science is improving.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=661.97,665.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will skip these last few slides, if you would turn off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=671.06,673.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the projector, we'll end it here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=673.98,675.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I've taken as much time as I intended to take.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=675.22,678.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=680.453,682.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Are there any questions perhaps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=692.677,695.845"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I've been asked if I had any questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=695.845,697.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=697.163,699.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's my favorite word.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=699.1,700.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=702.09,702.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What does Einstein say about luminiferous ether?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=702.923,706.951"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e He did an end run around it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=713.08,714.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did his own thing and the ether their idea more or less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=715.83,720.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fell from grace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=720.21,721.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People jumped on the relativity bandwagon and saw that it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=723.27,725.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked nicely and that it didn't need any concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=725.98,728.729"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ether as to what he said about it, Frankly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=728.729,732.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure whether, I haven't looked at Einstein","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=732.48,736.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carefully enough to give you any quotes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=736.26,737.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=737.72,738.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what he was doing was not so much, and he admitted it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=740.164,742.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was not so much motivated by these no measurements on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=742.45,745.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speed of light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=745.4,746.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was motivated by looking at the Symmetry in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=746.89,750.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maxwell's equations of electricity and magnetism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=750.23,754.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he was going from entirely different direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=754.16,756.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said later that the ether drift experiments that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=756.19,760.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"measured the speed of light,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=760.65,761.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were a nice confirmation of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=761.83,763.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he hadn't paid much attention to them at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=763.75,766.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A nice confirmation of relativity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=766.45,768.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=771.16,772.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did I see your hand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=772.307,773.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=773.14,773.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well if there are no further questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=777.373,778.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll just adjourn. Thanks for coming today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=778.81,780.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=780.788,783.038"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22774/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/774/original/AV203349_Hoaxes_Mistakes_and_Gullibility_in_Science_b.vtt?1613498622","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/774/original/AV203349_Hoaxes_Mistakes_and_Gullibility_in_Science_b.vtt?1613498622"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22775","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203349_Hoaxes_Mistakes_and_Gullibility_in_Science_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754/transcript/22775/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- They are at certain times, not only perfectly distinct, but are not even difficult objects being by no means at the limit of vision, as it is often stated from ignorance to one not used to the subject, but in good err they stand out at times with startling abruptness. I say this after having had 12 years experience on the subject, almost entitling me to an opinion equal to that of critics who have not done it at all. He could be a little sarcastic at times. Another passage in his book is the most revealing. He says his Canal Theory has been decried as baseless by the telescopically blind so easily are men the dupes of their own prejudice. This is one of his sketches of the canals. Some critics suggested the canals were optical illusions, but Lowell argued that he had observed the canals to change with the seasons and sometimes to become double. And therefore, he could not be an illusion. He said, \"For an illusion could no more exhibit intrinsic change than a ghost could eat dinner without endangering its constitution. The mere fact that it is an illusion or optical product renders it incapable of spontaneous variation.\" Lowell considered the seasonal changes to be evidence of vegetation growing with the help of irrigation water. Oh, I should. This is a seasonal change showing on one of his drawings. Anyway, he thought these canals were irrigation canals, route water routed from the polar caps through the canals. This is a painting illustrating that idea. The canals must have been constructed he said by intelligent beings to permit agriculture. Critics thought this an unfounded speculation, but Lowell shared them that, \"We have been careful to indulge in no speculation.\" The laws of physics and the present knowledge of geology and biology effected by what astronomy has to say have conducted us starting from observations to the recognition of other intelligent life. And here's another revealing statement from his books. We have then searched for a motive and have lighted on one, which thoroughly explains the evidence that observation offers. We are justified, therefore in believing that we have unearthed the cause, and our conclusion is this, that life and life have no mean order at present inhabits the planet. Well, we've now sent spacecraft to Mars and have pretty good photos of most of the surface. Some interesting things have been seen what appear to be old river beds, but alas, no canals. Only one feature found this huge Canyon coincides with any of his visually observed markings. Lowell's error was a psychological one, the eye and brain conspire to give an illusion that fuzzy small blobs are connected by straight lines. If you look at something like this, which looks like a mess, but if you were to look at it very small, and then if you were to add little atmospheric turbulence and make it a little smaller than your eye would connect lines.\r\n\r\n- You very well might connect the line right along there to anywhere and along there.\r\n\r\n- And even in Lowell's day, psychologists and astronomers had pointed out this effect and had even demonstrated this effect in the laboratory. And yet Lowell rejected that interpretation. He knew what he saw. Lowell must be counted on as a sincere, but diluted believer in an illusion. This case should have a sobering effect on all who draw vast conclusions from data on the borderline of detection. At the turn of the century, the late 1800s early 1900s. Most of the best physicists believe that although space was filled with luminiferous ether, which provided light a medium to wave in. You won't find much about it in Halliday and Resnick. These days, if a footnote and not hardly even a footnote. You may think I exaggerate the same old scientists believe it. Let me quote a few, Helmholtz whose pictured here. He says, \"There can no longer be any doubt that light waves consists of electric vibrations and the all pervading ether.\" Sir, Oliver Lodge, noting that his experiment to detect ether drift gave no results, as Michaelsons had, said, \"The experiments may have to be explained away.\" Maxwell in the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica says there can be no doubt that the interstellar spaces are occupied by material substance. Sir. William Thomson later Lord Kelvin in an 1884 lecture in Philadelphia said, \"The luminiferous ether is the only substance we are confident of in dynamics. We are sure of the reality and substantiality of the ether.\" Edwin Edser optic texts Light for Students, marvelous title in 1915, this is about five years after Einstein's relativity paper quotes Calvin's calculations of the elasticity, viscosity and density of the ether. In case you wondered, the density is five times ten to the minus eighteenth that of water. Petty, the poor students then who had to memorize this stuff for the exams. Someone has said that physics exams don't change much. They still contain the questions used decades ago only the answers have changed. Some other analogist maybe briefly mentioned some others you might like to look up in the library. Cyril Burt has been pretty well convicted of after the fact of faking his data on an intelligence of twins, reared separately, You can read about this in recent magazines and journals. This is him and old age. Rhine the ESP, did studies of card guessing experiments. One of his workers Levy, had a neat computerized method for testing whether rats had and mice had ESP and it seemed they did. He was suspected of tinkering with things and they set up a trap for him and observed him messing with the computer program to produce those results. He left in disgrace. William Summerland and the cancer researcher had apparently altered some of his data on cancer in mice, recent cases like this, they usually say the pressure of product, the pressure to produce results and to publish papers was their excuse for doing it. One of the most recent mistakes of chemistry was a sensational 1966 discovery of polywater by Russian Chemist, Boris Deryagin, this is him. It had long been known that ice can exist in several crystalline forms and each farm had different physical properties. Now Deryagin claimed he had found a new form of water in which hydrogen and oxygen molecules combine in structures is much larger than simple H2O. In fact, there were indications that had a molecular weight of 72 compared to 18 for ordinary water. It was 1.4 times as dense as ordinary water, several times as viscous and had a higher refractive index. Other workers confirmed the results and found other properties, theoretical chemists, proposed molecular structures of ingenious complexity. Some had already had theories that predicted this such a thing might exist. So they were overjoyed to see they confirming data. Others have theory say such a thing should not exist. They were skeptical. The method of production of polywater could be performed in any lab. You take a few thousand very fine capillary tubes of Silicon silica or silicon glass tubing put them in a beaker in the beaker of tubes and a vacuum desiccator. And another beaker make an aqueous solution of saturated potassium sulfate. Put this in the desiccator with the capillary tube. Seal, pump out all air and leave for a few days to a few months. If you're lucky, some of the tubes will have liquid in them. And you might have as much as a 10,000 for the gram of this polywater. Skeptics scoffed claiming the strange substance was just water with trace amounts of contaminants, amounts too small to identify, \"Dirty glassware,\" they said contemptuously. The claims and counterclaims became quite heated in the professional journals for awhile. Finally in 1973, Deryagin reported that he'd done more experiments in order to meet the critics objections. And he concluded the critics were right. The strange properties were due to contaminants leached from the courts, capillary tubes. The nature of that controversy is worth commenting on. Most theoreticians had come to view, to the view that no molecular model of simply hydrogen and oxygen could possibly fit polywater's properties. That is the physical and chemical theory ruled out the possibility of such a substance. However, the hypothesis of contamination of water, would fit the data. So even those who did not do the experiments concluded the substance couldn't exist. Furthermore, they considered a waste of time to do the experiments, for the experiments were very painstaking and had to be carried out with much skill and took a long time. The theoreticians convinced this stuff couldn't exist. So no point in taking that time away from their important work to experiment on and non-existence substance. And that very well, maybe a defensible attitude, although it could be a wrong attitude. One always has to make these judgments about what's a good direction to carry the research in view of limited funds, limited time, and the resources at hand. This is an attitude which in other instances has been much criticized as narrow-minded dogmatism. It is the scientist being so sure of his theories that he rejects data, which doesn't fit the old story of scientists who once said, stones do not fall from the sky, and later had to admit that meteorites do fall from the sky. Well, it's not quite the same as that this time the narrow-minded dogmatists were right. And I think it's very nice that the final demise of polywater was due to its own discoverer. It is fine to see he had the honesty to admit that he'd been wrong. The whole thing only lasted eight years. One thing about error in science is that the process of science will eventually correct errors even when no one bothers to repeat the original experiments, scientific knowledge is so interconnected and interdependent that sooner or later, somebody will find their own fact or idea that just doesn't fit. Then he will be prompted to take the time to check the original experiment. And as the pace of science has accelerated. So as the speed at which mistakes are corrected, Aristotle's mistakes persisted over a thousand years, physicist belief in luminiferous ether, which I talked about lasted about 60 years, polywater lasted eight, science is improving. I will skip these last few slides, if you would turn off the projector, we'll end it here because I've taken as much time as I intended to take.\r\n\r\n- Are there any questions perhaps?\r\n\r\n- I've been asked if I had any questions.\r\n\r\n- It's my favorite word.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- What does Einstein say about luminiferous ether?\r\n\r\n- He did an end run around it. He did his own thing and the ether their idea more or less fell from grace. People jumped on the relativity bandwagon and saw that it worked nicely and that it didn't need any concept of the ether as to what he said about it, Frankly, I'm not sure whether, I haven't looked at Einstein carefully enough to give you any quotes. I'm sorry. But what he was doing was not so much, and he admitted it, it was not so much motivated by these no measurements on the speed of light. He was motivated by looking at the Symmetry in the Maxwell's equations of electricity and magnetism. So he was going from entirely different direction. He said later that the ether drift experiments that measured the speed of light, were a nice confirmation of it, but he hadn't paid much attention to them at the time. A nice confirmation of relativity.\r\n\r\n- Yeah Did I see your hand?\r\n\r\n- No.\r\n\r\n- Well if there are no further questions we'll just adjourn. Thanks for coming today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36631/file/105754#t=0.0,788.08816"}]}]}]}