{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/154dn4087x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kamath, M. V., Affluence, Poverty and Hunger"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Affluence, Poverty and Hunger. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kamath, M. V., 1921-2014 (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1977-12-06"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Affluence, Poverty and Hunger is a December 6, 1977 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Madhav Kamath. Madhav Kamath discusses issues of poverty and hunger in India.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio tape"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV167984 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Poverty","Hunger","Economic development","Food security"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV167984"]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w99882s3g"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Affluence, Poverty and Hunger is a December 6, 1977 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Madhav Kamath. Madhav Kamath discusses issues of poverty and hunger in India.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access.","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/741/small/lecture.png?1622849818","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Good evening everybody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=27.5,29.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Sharad Joshi, I'm one of the Co Chairperson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=29.57,32.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for this Institute on World Affairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=32.51,35.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, I welcome all of you tonight here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=36.4,38.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come in this cold, we've been situated outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=38.57,41.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got two announcements to make.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=43.15,45.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First though, tonight our exhibition of South Asian articles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=45.22,49.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be open in the Brunette Gallery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=49.89,52.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want all of you, if possible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=52.46,53.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go and visit before you leave today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=53.88,55.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after the tonight's speech,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=57.02,59.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to have a reception for Mr. Calmer, upstairs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=59.49,63.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there'll be cash but I hope all of you could come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=63.31,66.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then talk with him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=66.01,67.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our topic for tonight is affluence, hunger and poverty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=68.47,73.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's my great pleasure to introduce to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=75.779,78.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our today's distinguished speaker, Mr. Emy Calmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=78.24,81.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Calmer has extensive international background.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=83.02,86.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a United Nations reporter for \"Times of India,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=86.71,90.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the leading National English Language","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=90.18,93.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily in India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=93.3,95.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was also the \"Times of India\" correspondent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=95.24,97.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Bonn, Germany, and presently he's in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=97.58,102.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working as their correspondent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=102.1,104.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you enjoy his lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=104.65,106.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=108.47,111.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Mr. Joshi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=113.174,115.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry I am late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=115.57,117.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I realize how difficult it is on a wintry night","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=117.9,122.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come over here, and my only apologies, I act too well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=122.22,126.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had some lovely hosts to feed me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=126.71,129.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't even apologize the way President Carter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=130.7,135.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apologized recently to a black audience,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=137.51,139.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was late and he said, \"I'm sorry I am late,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=139.65,144.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on my way I met Alex Haley, and said, how's your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=144.15,147.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he told me, I'm afraid, I can't even tell you that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=147.94,152.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can only say I'm sorry too, I kept you waiting.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=152.09,155.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I only hope I'll be able to communicate with you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=157.64,161.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as clearly as I can, on a subject that is as vital today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=162.87,167.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it ever has been, affluence, poverty and hunger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=170.89,175.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am not quite sure whether the subject assigned to me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=178.8,183.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for elaboration should be construed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=184.18,187.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of America's affluence, India's poverty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=187.2,191.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and general world hunger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=193.06,194.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whether I should be prudently confining my remarks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=196.15,199.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the existence side by side in South Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=200.93,204.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the affluence of the 10% rich and the poverty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=205.21,210.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the 90% poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=210.58,211.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a manner of speaking, it should not matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=214.233,217.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are, howsoever the word we is defined,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=219.33,224.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our brothers keepers, and cannot stop that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=225.81,230.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and opt out of our responsibilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=232.3,234.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether international or intranational.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=235.637,238.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, it would be easier for me at least to start 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relationship","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=252.82,257.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the affluent North, and the poverty ridden South,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=257.59,262.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about which so much has been said and written about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=262.51,265.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever since the mid-fifties and the first U.N. Conference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=266.98,271.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Trade and Development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=271.97,274.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May I say that despite the fact that both poverty and 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them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=286.24,290.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least to arouse our conscience about them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=290.0,294.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We now know a great deal more about the real 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organizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=305.24,307.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have also been perfecting the machinery to tackle them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=308.5,311.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We still lack the political will to apply our 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hunger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=328.0,331.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lends itself to facile and easy generalizations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=332.38,337.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if I have one desire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=339.42,342.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is the warn you not to fall into that trap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=342.17,345.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed, in the next hour or so, we shall be 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10.9.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=465.17,468.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Currently it's about 20%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=469.91,472.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, one out of every five 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century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=480.95,482.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will take another set of facts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=485.32,488.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1947, India's food production was about 45 million 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times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=513.23,515.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This production can be further increased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=517.21,519.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by making more land available to the 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stocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=639.24,640.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are very comforting figures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=642.16,644.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, does it mean that everything in 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forever?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=654.07,657.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=659.41,660.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not on your 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month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=697.84,700.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That will give you just one cereal about two pounds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=700.37,704.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of rice per day, to keep you alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=704.52,708.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not for your clothing, not for your education,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=708.34,710.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not for your medicine, not for housing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=710.82,713.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but just to keep you alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=713.35,715.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About 237 million 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villages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=755.24,759.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are drifting to the cities and staying there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=759.25,763.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember that the percentage of India's urban 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year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=805.53,809.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or more than the total population of Australia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=810.09,813.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is three times larger than India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=813.47,816.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To feed these people, India would have to produce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=818.84,823.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing short of 230 million tons of food grains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=823.54,828.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a mind-boggling thought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=831.18,832.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's about what the Soviet Union produces now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=833.72,838.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to feed about the same number of people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=838.33,841.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can then imagine the increasing migration to the 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society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=890.27,894.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whose per capital income harvests precariously around $140","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=895.8,900.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at about $12 a month,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=902.92,904.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is less than what an average American spends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=906.02,909.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on his transport, or cigarettes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=909.05,911.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The more sensitive among you, may well rise up to ask","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=914.24,918.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how on earth an individual can live on $12 a month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=918.02,923.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The short answer is, of course, they don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=927.07,930.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They merely exist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=932.26,933.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are villages in India, but the people are so poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=935.26,939.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they do not even have the railway drill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=940.7,942.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to dig a community well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=943.94,946.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A friend of mine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=948.094,948.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Deputy Minister of External Affairs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=948.95,951.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was here, to come from Orissa, a fairly poor state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=951.39,955.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said to me that there are over 300,000 villages in India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=958.37,962.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have no water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=962.7,963.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Don't tell me that, surely you can dig a well.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=965.0,969.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He looked at me and said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=971.52,972.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You have been in America too long,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=972.397,974.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have no idea what poverty is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=974.35,976.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People don't even have the railway drill to dig a well.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=976.62,979.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what poverty is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=981.34,984.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very hard to imagine how grinding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=984.53,987.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how hopeless that poverty can be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=987.38,990.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, that's only one side of the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=993.75,997.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I paint a fairly gruesome picture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=997.19,999.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's because unless we have an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=999.85,1002.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how gruesome it really is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1002.09,1004.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"facts and figures don't tell you a great deal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1004.15,1007.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I warned you about relying too much on figures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1008.67,1011.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our nation's gross national product, GNP,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1012.47,1015.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really no real barometer of the people's way of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1016.3,1020.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As David Marovich of the World Bank has pointed out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1022.21,1025.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cost of personal services, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1026.36,1029.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is much higher in richer countries than in poorer ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1029.36,1034.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If India's per capital estimated on the basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1035.74,1039.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of purchasing power perishing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1039.68,1042.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it could well be more than $450,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1043.94,1047.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still lamentably low, by Western standards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1047.6,1051.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at least more respectable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1051.27,1053.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because when you calculate GNP,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1053.47,1056.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't realize in the West, we keep our old parents,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1056.0,1061.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not always, but sometimes, in old people's homes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1061.68,1065.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are paid for the nursing staff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1065.99,1069.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in India, the parents are taken care of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1069.1,1071.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by their own children, and nobody ever computes the 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computed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1084.2,1087.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And according to my friend, David Marovich,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1087.46,1090.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you really compare it in 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$450,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1094.88,1097.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still low but at least respectable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1098.23,1100.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if you compute wealth or individual 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mortality,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1234.41,1239.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and literacy into one equally simple composite index.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1242.14,1247.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Under each of these, countries are 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hundred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1275.2,1276.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now here comes the joker in the pack,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1277.8,1279.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iran, with a per capital GNP of $1,250","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1280.92,1284.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has a PQLI of 38 points, whereas Sri Lanka,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1288.1,1293.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the per capital of GNP of $130, less than India,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1295.46,1300.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has a PQLI of 83, very high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1300.939,1304.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The PQLI for Kerala, for instance, the province of India,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1306.08,1310.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one of the most literate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1310.9,1312.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably the most literate state in India,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1312.36,1315.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is 69, much higher than the national average of 41.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1315.01,1319.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And note this, the United Arab Emirate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1321.86,1325.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a per capita GNP of $11,710","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1325.98,1328.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is more than what the U.S. has, has a PQLI of 34.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1331.54,1335.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do this figure tell us?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1338.12,1340.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One thing that they do tell us, rather loudly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1341.62,1344.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to be aware of facts and statistics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1345.78,1349.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can be so misleading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1351.05,1352.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But having said that, there is still no getting away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1353.88,1357.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the fact that 600 million people in India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1357.86,1361.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are still 600 million people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1361.47,1364.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you happen to be in Calcutta or Bombay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1366.03,1368.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would feel the full impact of what human misery means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1369.8,1374.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know something about Bombay, which is my home 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conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1393.1,1397.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, a bare 10 years later, the shortage is in the order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1398.39,1403.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 500,000 housing units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1405.46,1409.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, almost two out of 10 people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1409.14,1412.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are living on the streets with no hygiene, no sanitation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1413.57,1418.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no nothing, something to be seen to be believed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1419.91,1424.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each day, by the time the last incoming train has arrived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1426.18,1431.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Victoria station,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1431.07,1432.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 300 people would have come to the city","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1433.25,1437.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from towns and villages, without jobs, with no capital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1437.85,1442.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adding to the squalor, that breeds filth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1444.58,1448.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and misery, and crime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1448.82,1450.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, I am surprised that there is so little crime","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1451.61,1455.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comparatively in Bombay, when I would have thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1455.7,1458.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everybody would be a criminal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1458.79,1460.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the conditions are so bad, so desperate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1460.81,1463.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I wouldn't even be surprised if they did steal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1463.69,1465.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there is comparatively speaking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1465.96,1468.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far less crime in Bombay than, for example, in Washington,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1468.5,1472.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not saying much for Bombay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1472.78,1475.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's a fact of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1475.52,1477.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I actually might say something about cultural values.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1479.17,1481.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know, but this is a fact of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1481.24,1484.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Rashmi Mayur, of Bombay's Urban Development Institute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1485.4,1489.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has calculated that by the year 2,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1489.24,1492.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"70 million dwellings will be required","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1494.26,1498.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to house the entire country's urban population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1498.76,1501.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that at prevailing rates,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1501.96,1504.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would cost Rupees 1.5 trillion to build them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1504.28,1509.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has also computed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1511.89,1513.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there will be a national food deficit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1513.93,1516.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of at least 30 million tons per year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1516.88,1520.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What he did not say, but clearly implied,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1522.35,1526.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that we are heading straight for trouble.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1526.22,1531.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poverty and hunger go together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1533.73,1535.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are the twin horses that drag India's national chariot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1536.8,1541.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to doom and have to be unharnessed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1541.28,1546.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the country is to survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1546.07,1547.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poverty, as you know, is a function of 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worse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1825.61,1828.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we imply that the country is over populated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1828.64,1831.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least that is accepted wisdom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1832.6,1835.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I submit that there is really no such thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1836.45,1840.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as over population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1840.77,1842.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we accept the normal definition of overpopulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1844.14,1847.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we shall have to accept party parcel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1847.81,1850.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Britain, Soviet Union, Japan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1850.15,1855.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scores of countries are all overpopulated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1856.46,1860.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet no one has ever charged them with eating less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1861.29,1866.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than what they grow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1866.77,1867.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If each country were to eat only what it grows,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1869.41,1873.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there would be many on the verge of starvation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1875.44,1879.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hunger then is not only a function of population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1880.8,1884.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food production, and equitable distribution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1885.45,1889.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also a function of a nation's capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1889.38,1893.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to pay for its food imports.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1893.64,1895.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan does not produce enough food grains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1897.04,1902.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to feed it's own people, but it has high purchasing power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1902.72,1907.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it cannot or would not produce,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1908.62,1911.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it can buy on the world market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1911.58,1913.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It can buy because it can sell manufactured goods,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1915.51,1918.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from transistors to automobiles and steel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1918.82,1921.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"currently a big issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1921.95,1923.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it sells largely to the U.S. because the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1927.03,1930.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lets Japanese goods in freely, even when it hurts to do so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1930.47,1935.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Witnessed recent talks in Tokyo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1938.12,1941.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Japan's huge balance of payments surplus is $11 billion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1941.13,1945.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have no business to unmask that much of a surplus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1945.264,1948.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet they do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1948.27,1949.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And who allows 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so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1953.51,1955.366"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For strictly political reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1955.366,1958.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the U.S. today carry flaws","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1960.0,1962.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to keep Japanese manufactured goods out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1962.07,1964.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if international markets are similarly denied to Japan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1965.24,1968.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the trade could fall, regardless if surplus is met,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1969.93,1973.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its people might have to tighten their belts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1974.89,1977.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We would just see that hunger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1978.5,1981.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is also a function of 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game","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=1999.71,2003.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is also an important and underrated determinant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2004.18,2009.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of economic growth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2009.16,2010.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Up to 1970, Bolivia has had 184 governments in 136 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2012.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its growth rate during 1950-'70 was another slow rust","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2024.86,2029.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the developing world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2030.47,2031.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or take the case of India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2033.3,2034.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the arithmetic of compound interest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2035.81,2038.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the Indian average income per capital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2039.44,2042.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say 2000 years ago, had been even $25 in today's prices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2042.62,2047.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if it had grown at only 0.5% a year since,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2053.22,2057.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very low rate of growth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2057.82,2059.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today it would stand at over $300,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2060.99,2065.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you go and count, and strictly I can't do arithmetic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2065.86,2068.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, as David Marovich has pointed 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crops,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2238.68,2241.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's also the base for fertilizers that enrich the soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2242.78,2247.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American agriculture is energy 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Institute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2290.46,2292.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the combination of reserve stocks of grain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2293.78,2296.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in exporting countries and idle cropland in the 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F. Schumacher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2393.07,2396.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who wrote his book, \"Small Is Beautiful,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2396.23,2399.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he says, taking even the facts given by the oil 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bought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2494.17,2495.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In ways that are not fully realized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2500.58,2502.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the food that America grows does not paradoxically 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millions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2565.28,2569.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in his machinery and gives so much of his labor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2569.34,2573.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he works long, countless hours in good times and 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latitude","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2594.871,2597.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is singularly blessed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2598.85,2600.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the relative regularity of weather.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2601.8,2604.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I understand you didn't have too much snow, last year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2605.39,2608.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yesterday you had five inches of snow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2608.47,2610.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my heart is glad because the more snow you have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2610.56,2613.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more water surface you have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2613.11,2615.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the better for all the rest of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2615.06,2616.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We pray for your snow much more than anybody else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2616.23,2620.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a soil that responds so heartily to treatment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2622.91,2626.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not many nations, I can assure you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2627.43,2630.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of say that of their land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2630.94,2632.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Almost all of Siberia is about 50 degrees parallel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2633.83,2638.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a fact that Khrushchev so often bemoaned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2638.4,2641.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All his plants to grow more food fell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2641.8,2644.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because food just wouldn't grow there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2644.15,2647.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They hardly had about three months of harvesting time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2647.264,2650.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or other time for growing the food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2650.46,2653.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am drawing your attention to these 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coaxed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2661.52,2666.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to yield its fruits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2666.75,2668.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"According to Eric Econ, about 630 million people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2669.26,2674.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"14% of the world's population live on arid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2674.33,2679.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or semi arid lands, and that some 78 million people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2679.14,2683.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live on lands all ready almost useless","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2683.95,2687.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of such factors as erosion, during formation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2687.4,2690.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vegetation change and salt and crustacean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2691.84,2695.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I myself come from a narrow strip of land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2696.18,2698.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the West Coast of India, that is in large part laterite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2698.76,2703.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To see a farmer battling with monsoons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2704.778,2708.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that strip acres of their top soil year after year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2709.18,2712.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to mangle at man's undying belief","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2713.36,2717.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the power of self sustenance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2717.35,2720.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People are not poor by choice or hungry by divine ordinance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2722.19,2727.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most people I know have at least put up a fierce struggle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2731.15,2736.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to eke out a decent sustenance against overwhelming odds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2736.11,2741.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such has in fertile soil, inadequate drainage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2742.31,2747.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adverse weather, or creeping deserts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2747.29,2750.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even when the (audio breaking up) from the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2751.61,2754.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States is today feeding 20% or more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2755.69,2760.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Egyptian population, which might give you an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2760.41,2763.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of why Sadat is trying to make peace with Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2763.54,2768.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He just has no leeway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2768.31,2770.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has just no elbow room to do anything else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2770.04,2773.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but come to peace because he cannot fight any wars anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2773.02,2776.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is just no money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2776.89,2778.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The economy cannot sustain a state of war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2778.87,2783.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But here you'll permit me to strike a note of optimism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2788.2,2792.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"None of these need to be a permanent state of affairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2794.21,2798.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know now why men are poor and hungry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2799.99,2802.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not by choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2802.72,2803.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We accept the fact that there need not ever be so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2805.53,2809.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If in the 16th century and after,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2810.82,2814.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men discarded the divine right of Kings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2815.52,2818.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the late 20th century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2820.353,2822.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are learned to question the appropriateness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2823.59,2827.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of human suffering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2827.67,2829.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know many of the causes of poverty and hunger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2831.46,2834.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uncontrolled growth of population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2836.44,2838.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mal-distribution of wealth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2840.44,2842.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in India, we know that there are about 240 million people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2842.69,2847.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"below the poverty line,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2849.72,2851.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but as Ambassador Moynihan once said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2853.01,2857.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in India there are about 60 million people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2857.19,2860.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or almost the same number as you would have in France","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2860.9,2864.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Germany or England, well-trained, well fed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2864.12,2868.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well-traveled like me, who can hold their heads high","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2868.76,2873.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against any other nation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2874.61,2876.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question of mal-distribution of wealth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2877.44,2879.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unequal ownership of land,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2882.36,2883.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protectionism of the developed countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2884.82,2888.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unwillingness to open the doors to fair trade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2888.96,2893.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2893.01,2894.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The known causes are endless.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2894.17,2896.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But fundamental to any progress,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2898.37,2901.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the acceptance of the fact that the world is a village.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2901.18,2906.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That the dying peasant in the Sur Hill is a brother,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2908.57,2913.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a neighbor, or the farmer in Ames, Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2913.39,2917.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If this is accepted, half the battle against poverty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2919.54,2924.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hunger would have been over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2924.89,2927.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lacking is the political will.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2928.6,2931.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I take it that the institution of this series of discussions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2932.73,2937.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the auspices of your Institute of World Affairs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2938.44,2941.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a bold attempt to stimulate and get our message across.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2942.52,2947.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It invites our approbation and desserts are thanks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2951.19,2955.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had asked Professor Laurie,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2956.6,2959.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it would be kind enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2960.18,2961.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have the text of this speech gotten ready","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2961.21,2965.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and distributed to you earlier, so that at least in so far","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2965.58,2969.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I had done my homework, you would have done yours,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2969.1,2973.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you could ask questions to me because too often I find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2973.46,2976.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I go to a lecture and I complete my speech and say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2976.76,2981.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Are there any questions?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2981.917,2983.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a dead silence, and I think I'm feeling in my heart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2983.98,2987.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I have not been able to communicate my thoughts to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2987.27,2990.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that somehow somewhere I have failed in conveying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2990.7,2994.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my ideas of poverty or hunger or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=2994.92,2999.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most difficult thing I find is being able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3002.32,3004.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to communicate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3004.45,3006.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm reminded of the story of the Roman slave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3006.63,3011.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was being thrown to the Lion in the Adena.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3013.07,3016.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The poor man stood there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3018.0,3019.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the lion came jumping towards him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3020.94,3022.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he said, \"God, I am going to be eaten now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3022.61,3026.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I might as well say my prayers.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3027.08,3029.077"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he went down on his knees and began to say his prayers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3030.92,3035.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when he opened his eyes he found the lion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3037.66,3040.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also on its knees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3040.45,3041.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I shut saying, prayers.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3042.777,3044.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the slave said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3047.031,3048.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Thank God, I'm at least communicating to you.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3048.207,3050.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the lion said, \"I don't know about you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3052.566,3054.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm saying, grace.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3054.07,3055.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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snow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3060.74,3061.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a very delightful subject,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3063.15,3068.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hunger or affluence, or starvation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3068.23,3071.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the trouble you've taken to come to hear me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3071.15,3074.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I express to you my own grateful thanks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3074.01,3076.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3076.19,3077.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3077.39,3080.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course I'll answer any questions you have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3082.31,3084.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3084.32,3085.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3085.52,3086.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=3086.353,3087.186"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28901/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/901/original/AV167984_Affluence_Poverty_and_Hunger_a.vtt?1622849821","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/901/original/AV167984_Affluence_Poverty_and_Hunger_a.vtt?1622849821"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28902","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167984_Affluence_Poverty_and_Hunger_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741/transcript/28902/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good evening everybody. My name is Sharad Joshi, I'm one of the Co Chairperson for this Institute on World Affairs. First of all, I welcome all of you tonight here to come in this cold, we've been situated outside. I got two announcements to make. First though, tonight our exhibition of South Asian articles will be open in the Brunette Gallery. I want all of you, if possible, to go and visit before you leave today. And after the tonight's speech, we're going to have a reception for Mr. Calmer, upstairs, and there'll be cash but I hope all of you could come and then talk with him. Our topic for tonight is affluence, hunger and poverty. It's my great pleasure to introduce to you our today's distinguished speaker, Mr. Emy Calmer. Mr. Calmer has extensive international background. He was a United Nations reporter for \"Times of India,\" which is the leading National English Language daily in India. He was also the \"Times of India\" correspondent for Bonn, Germany, and presently he's in the United States, working as their correspondent. I hope you enjoy his lecture.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Mr. Joshi. I'm sorry I am late. I realize how difficult it is on a wintry night to come over here, and my only apologies, I act too well, I had some lovely hosts to feed me. I can't even apologize the way President Carter, apologized recently to a black audience, he was late and he said, \"I'm sorry I am late, on my way I met Alex Haley, and said, how's your family? And he told me, I'm afraid, I can't even tell you that, I can only say I'm sorry too, I kept you waiting.\" I only hope I'll be able to communicate with you as clearly as I can, on a subject that is as vital today as it ever has been, affluence, poverty and hunger. I am not quite sure whether the subject assigned to me for elaboration should be construed in terms of America's affluence, India's poverty, and general world hunger, or whether I should be prudently confining my remarks to the existence side by side in South Asia, of the affluence of the 10% rich and the poverty of the 90% poor. In a manner of speaking, it should not matter. We are, howsoever the word we is defined, our brothers keepers, and cannot stop that and opt out of our responsibilities, whether international or intranational. However, it would be easier for me at least to start with to confine myself to the situation in South Asia, and discuss a little later, the complex relationship between the affluent North, and the poverty ridden South, about which so much has been said and written about ever since the mid-fifties and the first U.N. Conference on Trade and Development. May I say that despite the fact that both poverty and hunger exist among us, a great deal of work has been done in the last two decades to eradicate them, or at least to arouse our conscience about them. We now know a great deal more about the real causes of poverty and hunger through the world bank and other international organizations. We have also been perfecting the machinery to tackle them. We still lack the political will to apply our knowledge and our weaponry to the situation on hand, but that day will come. If it doesn't, it may be forced upon us. The topic affluence, poverty and hunger, lends itself to facile and easy generalizations, and if I have one desire, it is the warn you not to fall into that trap. Indeed, in the next hour or so, we shall be dealing With the facts and figures, not all of which are necessarily accurate to the first decimal point, but which nevertheless are useful as guideposts to a better understanding of poverty and hunger, mainly in South Asia. First, some bare facts about an unbearable situation. India, with one third the land mass of the U.S. has three times as many people. Its population has been increasing at a disconcerting pace. In 1901, India had a population of about 236.3 million, about what the U.S. has today, give or take a few million. In the first decade of the 20th century, 1901 to 1910, this increased to about 252 million. In the second decade, due largely to famine, peatlands and war, the population stagnated. In fact, it slightly decreased. There after, however, the rise has been steady and steep. When India became independent in 1947, its population was about 348 million, one million for every day. At the latest count in 1976, the population was 607 million. In 1901, the percentage of the urban to the total population was 10.9. Currently it's about 20%. In other words, one out of every five Indians, lives in urban areas, and only one out of 10 did so at the turn of the century. We will take another set of facts. In 1947, India's food production was about 45 million tons. Last year, it was 118 million tons. If the population has increased since 1947, about 1.75 times, food production has increased about 2.6 times. This production can be further increased by making more land available to the cultivator, by providing better seed grain, water, and cheaper fertilizers, and by enabling him to have more purchasing power by providing him off certain jobs of a productive nature. Thanks largely to some excellent monsoons, India has had bumper crops these last three seasons. As a result, India's purchases of food grains in the Fiscal 1977, have been minimal. As a matter of fact, since may of this year, India has bought no food grains whatsoever. On the other hand, it's returning the food grains that had been borrowed from the Soviet Union, in previous months. Two million tons are being returned. As recently as on October 26th, the agricultural Minister was predicting that India will be a net exporter of food grains very soon, and that the country has all ready been exporting about 50,000 tons, including high quality Basmati rice. With adequate supplies of food grains now available, the government has decided to raise the ration quarter from eight kilograms to 12 kilograms. Presently, the government faces the problem, not a food shortage, but food storage, though the situation may change anytime. India now has about 12 million tons in the buffer stocks and another eight and a half million tons as operational stocks. These are very comforting figures. Now, does it mean that everything in India, on the food front, is under control, and that the question of hunger has been solved forever? Not at all. Not on your life. In the first place, half of India's population is under the poverty line. And when I say a poverty line, their income is 77 dollars, not per week, not per month, but for a whole year. It comes to about six dollars a month. You can very well imagine how anybody can ever exist on six dollars a month. That will give you just one cereal about two pounds of rice per day, to keep you alive. Not for your clothing, not for your education, not for your medicine, not for housing, but just to keep you alive. About 237 million people. 237 million people live under the poverty line. That's to say the entire population of America would be living under the poverty line. It's arguable whether they get a square meal a day. This is a question, both of mal distribution of food and lack of producing power. One reason why India cities are bursting at the scenes is that the unfed people from the villages are drifting to the cities and staying there. Remember that the percentage of India's urban population has practically doubled since the turn of the century. In the second place, there is no guarantee that food production will keep pace with the population increase in the coming years. By the year 2000, if there are no meaningful curbs on population growth, India would have a total of 950 million people, adding about 14 million each year, or more than the total population of Australia, which is three times larger than India. To feed these people, India would have to produce nothing short of 230 million tons of food grains. It's a mind-boggling thought. That's about what the Soviet Union produces now to feed about the same number of people. We can then imagine the increasing migration to the cities as the rural population explodes. If people behave true to form, and they usually do, political explosions are bound to follow. Even as a matter of stand, Indian cities are in no position to house, employ and feed the poor. The cost, in terms of even the bare necessities of water, transportation and communication, not to speak of energy, will be so astronomical to a society whose per capital income harvests precariously around $140 at about $12 a month, which is less than what an average American spends on his transport, or cigarettes. The more sensitive among you, may well rise up to ask how on earth an individual can live on $12 a month. The short answer is, of course, they don't. They merely exist. There are villages in India, but the people are so poor that they do not even have the railway drill to dig a community well. A friend of mine, the Deputy Minister of External Affairs, who was here, to come from Orissa, a fairly poor state, said to me that there are over 300,000 villages in India that have no water. I said, \"Don't tell me that, surely you can dig a well.\" He looked at me and said, \"You have been in America too long, you have no idea what poverty is. People don't even have the railway drill to dig a well.\" That's what poverty is. Very hard to imagine how grinding, how hopeless that poverty can be. Now, that's only one side of the problem. If I paint a fairly gruesome picture it's because unless we have an idea of how gruesome it really is, facts and figures don't tell you a great deal. I warned you about relying too much on figures. Our nation's gross national product, GNP, is really no real barometer of the people's way of life. As David Marovich of the World Bank has pointed out, the cost of personal services, for example, is much higher in richer countries than in poorer ones. If India's per capital estimated on the basis of purchasing power perishing, then it could well be more than $450, still lamentably low, by Western standards, but at least more respectable, because when you calculate GNP, we don't realize in the West, we keep our old parents, not always, but sometimes, in old people's homes. They are paid for the nursing staff, but in India, the parents are taken care of by their own children, and nobody ever computes the cost of how much they should be paid for taking care of the children. So when you think of GNP, you have to be very precise in your minds, how exactly it's being computed. And according to my friend, David Marovich, if you really compare it in terms of purchasing power parities, India's GNP could well be about $450, still low but at least respectable. Now, if you compute wealth or individual wellbeing by a different yardstick, and this is really very fascinating, we may get yet another picture of the real situation. The trouble with using GNP and per capital GNP as indicated, is that they said nothing about the distribution of income besides which money measures do not in themselves indicate anything about the levels of physical wellbeing of individuals or their happiness, which is what national and international development planners seek to achieve, but seldom compute. As Marovich has remarked, \"Despite the fact at within most countries, there is a clear positive association between income and self rated happiness, there is no observable tendency for people in poor countries to rate themselves as less happy on average than people in rich countries rate themselves.\" A point worth noting indeed as a matter of fact. Whenever I go back to India and I am amazed at how relatively happy they are for what little goods they have. One would imagine that they would be unhappy, miserable, morose, for not getting the latest car, or a TV set, or a color TV. They don't seem to miss that very much, and they seem to be comparatively happy. I'm not saying that it's a desirable state of affairs, but certainly they are not that unhappy, as to be very morose about what they have or what they don't have. The Overseas Development Council, has come up with a new yard stick which is called the Physical Quality of Life Index, or PQLI. I find it in most fascinating index. What the PQLI does is to consolidate three simple indicators, life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy into one equally simple composite index. Under each of these, countries are rated on an index of one to a hundred, according to their performance. They take Sweden as the ideal society, hundred. Gabon, in many cases, is the lowest. In the PQLI Scale, Sweden ranks as number one country with an index of a hundred. And now here comes the joker in the pack, Iran, with a per capital GNP of $1,250 has a PQLI of 38 points, whereas Sri Lanka, the per capital of GNP of $130, less than India, has a PQLI of 83, very high. The PQLI for Kerala, for instance, the province of India, is one of the most literate, probably the most literate state in India, is 69, much higher than the national average of 41. And note this, the United Arab Emirate, with a per capita GNP of $11,710 which is more than what the U.S. has, has a PQLI of 34. What do this figure tell us? One thing that they do tell us, rather loudly, is to be aware of facts and statistics. They can be so misleading. But having said that, there is still no getting away from the fact that 600 million people in India are still 600 million people. And if you happen to be in Calcutta or Bombay, you would feel the full impact of what human misery means. I know something about Bombay, which is my home base. In 1966, Bombay had a deficit of 160,000 dwelling units to accommodate people in desperate conditions. Today, a bare 10 years later, the shortage is in the order of 500,000 housing units. In other words, almost two out of 10 people are living on the streets with no hygiene, no sanitation, no nothing, something to be seen to be believed. Each day, by the time the last incoming train has arrived at Victoria station, about 300 people would have come to the city from towns and villages, without jobs, with no capital, adding to the squalor, that breeds filth, and misery, and crime. Actually, I am surprised that there is so little crime comparatively in Bombay, when I would have thought that everybody would be a criminal because the conditions are so bad, so desperate, that I wouldn't even be surprised if they did steal, but there is comparatively speaking, far less crime in Bombay than, for example, in Washington, which is not saying much for Bombay, but it's a fact of life. But I actually might say something about cultural values. I don't know, but this is a fact of life. Dr. Rashmi Mayur, of Bombay's Urban Development Institute, has calculated that by the year 2,000, 70 million dwellings will be required to house the entire country's urban population, and that at prevailing rates, it would cost Rupees 1.5 trillion to build them. He has also computed that there will be a national food deficit of at least 30 million tons per year. What he did not say, but clearly implied, is that we are heading straight for trouble. Poverty and hunger go together. They are the twin horses that drag India's national chariot to doom and have to be unharnessed, if the country is to survive. Poverty, as you know, is a function of production, whether of food or consumer goods. When the food production fails, it aggravates poverty, leading to starvation and death. There is a discernible core relationship between death rates and production shortfalls. Take for example, three food deficit states in India, Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. In Bihar, the death rate for each of these years, 1970, 1971 and 1972, was 14.1, 14.2 and 18.3. For Orissa, the death rates for these same three years was 16.4, 15.5 and 20. And for Andhra Pradesh, they were 21.6, 20.1 and 25.6 Needless to say, 1972, was an uncommonly terrible famine year. From 1970 to '72, there was a sharp and noticeable jump of about four points in death rates. For reasons that one does not have to go in here, these states have shown no significant increases in food production. The nagging question remains. How much food grains can or should a given acreage of land produce in order to sustain its People. Is self-sufficiency absolutely necessary? It's an important question. Japan relies on imports to feed 62% of its 110 million people. It has to import 62% of its needs for a country of 110 million people. Should Japan be asked not to be a charge on world food supplies and grow more food and stop Sony radios? Japan actually is far and away, the world's largest grain importer. It might make the people in Iowa happy. I am not quarreling with that particular part of it, but they are important more than any other two countries combined. 20 million tons, for example, in 1975, where the Soviet Union is now coming closer, they are all ready booked for 15 million tons. When India hasn't taken one single ton, Soviet Union has taken 15 million tons this year so far. During it's worst food crisis, India asked for, and received from the U.S. about nine million tons of food grain under PL-480, and India was then called a basket case. A pejorative term that's subsequently been applied to Bangladesh. No one has ever described to me, Japan has a basket case, or the Soviet Union, or for that matter, Britain, which has never in it's entire history been self-sufficient in food, or Italy, or West Germany, as basket cases, though they are. They consume far more food grains, imported food grains than Indians do. Not only as grain, but also as meat. People do not often realize that meat is to be calculated in terms of how much food grains have been used to build up one pound of meat. The point I'm trying to make is that when one talks of hunger, one sometimes refers to the ratio of population and food production. If the ratio between the two is at worse, then we imply that the country is over populated. At least that is accepted wisdom. But I submit that there is really no such thing as over population. If we accept the normal definition of overpopulation then we shall have to accept party parcel that Britain, Soviet Union, Japan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, scores of countries are all overpopulated, and yet no one has ever charged them with eating less than what they grow. If each country were to eat only what it grows, there would be many on the verge of starvation. Hunger then is not only a function of population, food production, and equitable distribution. It's also a function of a nation's capacity to pay for its food imports. Japan does not produce enough food grains to feed it's own people, but it has high purchasing power, but it cannot or would not produce, it can buy on the world market. It can buy because it can sell manufactured goods, from transistors to automobiles and steel, currently a big issue. And it sells largely to the U.S. because the U.S. lets Japanese goods in freely, even when it hurts to do so. Witnessed recent talks in Tokyo, as Japan's huge balance of payments surplus is $11 billion. They have no business to unmask that much of a surplus, and yet they do. And who allows them? The United States. And why do they do so? For strictly political reasons. Well, the U.S. today carry flaws to keep Japanese manufactured goods out, and if international markets are similarly denied to Japan, the trade could fall, regardless if surplus is met, and its people might have to tighten their belts. We would just see that hunger is also a function of politics. In this connection, I might also point out that the historical experience suggests that political stability of whatever ilk, and stability of the economic rules of the game is also an important and underrated determinant of economic growth. Up to 1970, Bolivia has had 184 governments in 136 years, and its growth rate during 1950-'70 was another slow rust in the developing world. Or take the case of India. By the arithmetic of compound interest, if the Indian average income per capital, say 2000 years ago, had been even $25 in today's prices, and if it had grown at only 0.5% a year since, a very low rate of growth, today it would stand at over $300,000, if you go and count, and strictly I can't do arithmetic. In fact, as David Marovich has pointed out, historical reconstruction suggests that income per person in the Indian subcontinent, probably stagnated between 1600 and 1900 and perhaps fell between, fell between 1900 and 1950, during the heyday of the British Empire. The first indicates the political instability of India. The latter suggest political exploitation. No better examples can be cited to the theory that hunger is a function of politics. It is this lesson that the developing countries have been trying in vain to impress upon the rich. If the developing countries have easy access to the markets of the developed world, if the developing countries get fair prices for the primary produce, then conceivably, many countries, though not obviously all, would be in a position to pay for the food imports in stuff being a charge on the United States. They could really more easily face the problem of hunger in their lands. We may take this issue of international cooperation a bit further. The United States, very rightly is proud of its ability to feed the hungry in the world. It can do so almost single handedly, tremendous achievement. But America should realize to perhaps temper it's pride with the knowledge that much of the food production in the U.S. has been made possible because of availability of cheap energy, and of course, high technology. Where energy do get costlier, and it's all ready getting costly, and you have farmers on strike now because they find they can't sustain themselves on these prices, then they may well come to a point where food production will either take a nosedive or get priced beyond the capacity of millions to pay. Oil not only drives the machines that till the ground, sow the seeds and harvest the crops, but it's also the base for fertilizers that enrich the soil. American agriculture is energy intensive. We come then to yet another equation. Hunger is a function of energy. If the U.S is cut off from energy supply, or the farmers declined to produce because of growing costs, which is a possibility, not all its missionary and all it's high technology can save it or the world, from catastrophe. Remember this. In 1971, according to Lester Brown of the Worldwatch Institute, the combination of reserve stocks of grain in exporting countries and idle cropland in the U.S. amounted the equivalent of 105 days of world grain consumption. By 1972, stocks still equaled 69 days of world consumption. Then reserves began to drop rather abruptly to 55 days in 1973 and still further to 33 days in 1974. In 1976, the world was down to a reserve of just 31 days. 31 days of reserves. Imagine what could possibly happen if there is an extended drought in the Midwest here, we will all be in the bloody soup. That's how bad the situation is, and it shows how much worse it could be if energy gets scarce. Indeed, we may well envision a time, perhaps in the early decades of the 21st century, when oil will become so scarce, that the U.S. like other developed countries may be forced to turn to the horse and the mule and to human labor, and to a consequent enormous drop in production. According to E. F. Schumacher, who wrote his book, \"Small Is Beautiful,\" he says, taking even the facts given by the oil industry, you do not expect oil to last for more than 40 years. I may not be living at that time, our children certainly would be, but unless steps are taken now to conserve energy, the lead time, even from turning coal into oil is a long time. Technology has not been perfected. Nuclear energy is still not sufficient, and people are very doubtful whether nuclear energy can really meet the needs of the country. Nuclear waste is so great, that the one calculation is that by the year 2000, from the existing nuclear plants in this country, plus a few here and there, the nuclear waste would be so much, it'll be enough to pave a four lane highway, six inches deep, from New York to San Francisco. A four lane highway from New York to San Francisco, six inches deep. This would be the amount of nuclear waste that would be created. How on earth are we going to deal with this? Nobody has any answer. Happily, the demand for nuclear plants is steadily coming down. For 1976, they are at the grand total of one. Just one plant had been bought. In ways that are not fully realized, the food that America grows does not paradoxically enough. And I hope my good Iowa neighbors won't throw stones at me, belong to it because of the dependency on energy from foreign sources. It's the oil from Saudi Arabia, Nigeria or Venezuela, that goes into the production of every bushel of corn or wheat in the United States. American wheat or corn, in that sense, please don't think I'm being corny, it's the fact of life. And certainly should be wheat held in trust for the rest of the world. It belongs by definition, to all of us. This is the concept of the world as a village. Now this may sound unreasonable. The American farmer, who has invested in millions in his machinery and gives so much of his labor and he works long, countless hours in good times and bad, and we all know it, in fair weather or foul. But the American farmer might perhaps occasionally remember how lucky he is to live in a strip of territory between 30 and 50 degrees latitude that is singularly blessed with the relative regularity of weather. I understand you didn't have too much snow, last year. Yesterday you had five inches of snow, and my heart is glad because the more snow you have, the more water surface you have, the better for all the rest of us. We pray for your snow much more than anybody else. And a soil that responds so heartily to treatment. Not many nations, I can assure you, kind of say that of their land. Almost all of Siberia is about 50 degrees parallel, a fact that Khrushchev so often bemoaned. All his plants to grow more food fell because food just wouldn't grow there. They hardly had about three months of harvesting time or other time for growing the food. I am drawing your attention to these facts because it is too often forgotten that millions live on land that is plainly unproductive or has to be laboriously coaxed to yield its fruits. According to Eric Econ, about 630 million people, 14% of the world's population live on arid or semi arid lands, and that some 78 million people live on lands all ready almost useless because of such factors as erosion, during formation, vegetation change and salt and crustacean. I myself come from a narrow strip of land on the West Coast of India, that is in large part laterite. To see a farmer battling with monsoons, that strip acres of their top soil year after year, is to mangle at man's undying belief in the power of self sustenance. People are not poor by choice or hungry by divine ordinance. Most people I know have at least put up a fierce struggle to eke out a decent sustenance against overwhelming odds such has in fertile soil, inadequate drainage, adverse weather, or creeping deserts. Even when the from the U.S. the United States is today feeding 20% or more of the Egyptian population, which might give you an idea of why Sadat is trying to make peace with Israel. He just has no leeway. He has just no elbow room to do anything else but come to peace because he cannot fight any wars anymore. There is just no money. The economy cannot sustain a state of war. But here you'll permit me to strike a note of optimism. None of these need to be a permanent state of affairs. We know now why men are poor and hungry. Not by choice. We accept the fact that there need not ever be so. If in the 16th century and after, men discarded the divine right of Kings, in the late 20th century, they are learned to question the appropriateness of human suffering. We know many of the causes of poverty and hunger. Uncontrolled growth of population, mal-distribution of wealth. in India, we know that there are about 240 million people below the poverty line, but as Ambassador Moynihan once said, in India there are about 60 million people, or almost the same number as you would have in France or Germany or England, well-trained, well fed, well-traveled like me, who can hold their heads high against any other nation. The question of mal-distribution of wealth, unequal ownership of land, protectionism of the developed countries, and unwillingness to open the doors to fair trade, et cetera. The known causes are endless. But fundamental to any progress, is the acceptance of the fact that the world is a village. That the dying peasant in the Sur Hill is a brother, a neighbor, or the farmer in Ames, Iowa. If this is accepted, half the battle against poverty and hunger would have been over. Lacking is the political will. I take it that the institution of this series of discussions and the auspices of your Institute of World Affairs is a bold attempt to stimulate and get our message across. It invites our approbation and desserts are thanks. I had asked Professor Laurie, whether it would be kind enough to have the text of this speech gotten ready and distributed to you earlier, so that at least in so far as I had done my homework, you would have done yours, and you could ask questions to me because too often I find when I go to a lecture and I complete my speech and say, \"Are there any questions?\" There is a dead silence, and I think I'm feeling in my heart that I have not been able to communicate my thoughts to you that somehow somewhere I have failed in conveying my ideas of poverty or hunger or whatever. The most difficult thing I find is being able to communicate. I'm reminded of the story of the Roman slave who was being thrown to the Lion in the Adena. The poor man stood there, and the lion came jumping towards him, he said, \"God, I am going to be eaten now, I might as well say my prayers.\" So he went down on his knees and began to say his prayers. And when he opened his eyes he found the lion also on its knees. \"I shut saying, prayers.\" And the slave said, \"Thank God, I'm at least communicating to you.\" And the lion said, \"I don't know about you, but I'm saying, grace.\" Thank you for coming on a very wintry night with all that snow. It's not a very delightful subject, hunger or affluence, or starvation, but the trouble you've taken to come to hear me, I express to you my own grateful thanks. Thank you very much. And of course I'll answer any questions you have, If you have any. I hope you have. Yes, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43650/file/116741#t=0.0,3095.856"}]}]}]}