{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/0z70v89z0h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Mandela, Makaziwe P., The Struggle Must Continue"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203991 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Struggle Must Continue is a February 28, 1991 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Maki Mandela. Maki Mandela discusses the Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act in South Africa.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=54.71,58.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a new society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=59.54,60.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last year, on 2nd of 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poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=1771.6,1775.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but, that the laws that had been created in South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=1776.81,1781.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been designated to preserve and perpetuate a 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practitioners,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2677.61,2681.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nurses running whole hospitals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2681.47,2684.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, in one of my local hospitals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2686.03,2691.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Transkei KoffieBaaibaai,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2691.67,2693.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is only about two doctors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2695.89,2698.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are Black but not South Africans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2700.7,2703.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are Ugandans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2703.08,2704.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsible for a whole hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2707.69,2710.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The hospital has some days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2712.37,2715.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it runs out of medicines, pills.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2715.55,2718.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No linen to change the beds of patients.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2719.74,2723.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are no diapers or even cloth napkins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2724.76,2728.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for babies who are sick or even newborn babies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2728.31,2733.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is so bad that even new mothers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2734.82,2738.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have just given birth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2738.59,2739.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot be provided with sanitary napkins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2741.14,2744.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have to bring their own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2745.0,2746.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bring diapers for their children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2746.65,2749.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wash them, hang them in the hospital yard,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2750.02,2753.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and watch over them, so that they'll not be stolen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2753.56,2756.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No matter how sick these mothers are, they have to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2757.56,2762.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A hospital is supposed to be a place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2764.06,2768.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is clean, a model of cleanliness and hygiene,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2768.24,2773.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yet this hospital is filled with cockroaches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2774.08,2777.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many children born in the African homelands or in townships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2781.27,2786.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not even get immunization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2788.52,2791.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I've said, many die of kwashiorkor and malnutrition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2793.12,2796.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Transkei, we still have a high rate of TB cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=2798.6,2803.6"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26269/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/269/original/AV203991_The_Struggle_Must_Continue_a.vtt?1620841459","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/269/original/AV203991_The_Struggle_Must_Continue_a.vtt?1620841459"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26270","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203991_The_Struggle_Must_Continue_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964/transcript/26270/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Thank you very much. It is a great honor for me to be here this evening. I'm especially very happy to see so many people turn out to hear me speak on South Africa this evening. Especially at a time when I know that most minds in America are on the Middle East. South Africa is in the thrones of change. We who live in South Africa, face the prospect, of a new constitution and a new society. Last year, on 2nd of February, De Klerk, the president of South Africa, announced what may be regarded as the historic changes in South Africa, unbanning the African National Congress and the Pan-African Congress. This sent great joy, to all those who are oppressed who live in South Africa. And even, hopes of peace, throughout the international community. This was followed, on the 11th of February, by the release of my father, Nelson Mandela, and truly, for many of us in South Africa it seemed that peace flags were about to flatter. It seemed that the end to our misery, to our frustration and pain was at an end. Yet the events of the same day in the afternoon, indicated something different in South Africa. People were tear-gassed, shot, some killed in Cape Town. In Transvaal, the same thing happened. People in peaceful demonstration, celebrating the release of one of their leaders were also tear-gassed, shamboked and detained. Many of us were surprised and a little bit confused. In one breath, De Klerk was indicating to us and to the whole world, that he was a new face to the history of South Africa, that he was serious about changes. And yet, on the other hand, some elements of his government continued the same brutal and harsh measures against peaceful demonstrations in the country. Even today, there are many people in South Africa still being detained, locked away in jail without any court cases being heard. Young children, adults, old people. Not a single Black person who lives in South Africa has been left unaffected directly or indirectly by apartheid laws and policies in South Africa. We have no doubt in our minds, that De Klerk is serious about change. That the changes that have been instituted in South Africa since 2nd of February last year, are irreversible. But, when one looks at the average man, on the street in South Africa, when one looks at their conditions of life, even today, one at times wonder, where these changes are leading us. Since, as of today, there has not been any significant change, in the life, in the condition of average Black people who live in South Africa. From the cradle to the grave, we are still subjected to the apartheid laws and policies. These have not been scrapped in South Africa. This year, De Klerk issued a statement of intent that soon they would scrap the Land Areas Act, the Group Areas Act, and the Population Registration Act in South Africa. These Acts are still in place in South Africa, and they are the fundamental pillars of the apartheid system in South Africa. A parliamentary vote, according to De Klerk, is going to decide whether South Africa, repeals these laws or still keeps them. As far as we Blacks in South Africa are concerned, we are not interested in parliamentary votes. We would like these laws to be dismantled, not tomorrow, not next year or in five years time, but immediately. Because we have felt the intensity of these atrocious laws. If you are born today in South Africa, you are born as a slave in the country of your birth, with no freedom of choice, of speech, of movement. The laws of the country, in which we live, decide at birth, where you are going to live, which neighborhoods you are going to grow up in, which schools, hospitals or areas you're going to work. Because the Group Areas Act, as I've said and the Population Registration Act and the Land Act in South Africa are still in place, even today. From the moment of birth as a Black child, your future has already been determined by the racist laws and the racist government that rules South Africa today. In South Africa, at this moment they are even separate cemeteries, separate burial places, for all the ethnic groups who live in South Africa. Whereas my parents told me that whatever differences people have at the point of death, they bury their differences. It has not been so up till now with those Whites who rules South Africa. They still take their hate of the Black men to the grave. This is indicated by the different cemeteries that exist in South Africa today. Many children, who are born and grew up in South Africa today, do not enjoy the luxury of growing up under the care of their parents, both mother and father. As I've said, and I want to repeat and emphasize this evening, the Group Areas Act, which restrict and contain the movement of Blacks within the country are still in place. Many of the African people who live in South Africa are required by South Africa's laws to live in the so-called African States homelands or so-called independent States, where soil erosion and overworking of the soil make it impossible for African people to live off the land. Many of these Africans who live in this so-called homelands, have to look for work in White cities. They cannot out of free choice and free will just decide that in the morning, they will pack their baggage and move into South Africa's so-called White cities. They have to have the appropriate documents. This has not changed in South Africa, even though South Africa says it has prepped the past loss. Because who people live in these so-called African homelands still have to carry a document when they go into South Africa, because they're declared as illegal aliens in South Africa, and only aliens in their respectful African homelands. Most men who live in these areas, are recruited to work in the gold or diamond mines of South Africa. The Group Areas Act, prevents them from bringing their children and their wives to their places of employment. Many of these men, are required to live in what are called, mine compounds, in single-sex hostels. They are bunched into one room, crowded in six, seven or up to 12 people, sleep in one room. Many of these men, have defied the laws of South Africa and they've decided to bring their wives and their children to the White cities of South Africa. In fact, when these gold and diamond mines were discovered in South Africa, and Black labor was recruited from the so-called African homelands there were no Black townships in South Africa. There were only these mine compounds, single-sex hostels. So when these miners or migrant workers, brought their wives to the cities, it created a problem, for the South African government, because they did not want to provide any housing for Blacks in South African so-called White cities. They wanted to keep the races totally separate. However, they were at a loss what to do because they needed this Black cheap labor. And they couldn't send these men back to their so-called African homelands. They could not also use White tax payers money to build housing for African people. What they decided to do, was through a proclamation act, allow the local governments, to build liquor stores, African beer halls, so that out of these, the profits that'll be regenerated out of this would be used for African amenities. What happened or resulted out of that is that Black locations were built in places like Johannesburg, Cape town, Durban. And next to all the bus stations and train stations in these Black townships, you would find a liquor store or an African beer hall, so that they could provide amenities for African people. In their minds, African people had to consume enough liquor to generate profit, so that they could build housing for them, schools, hospitals, clinics, for them. My own opinion, is that no nation can ever be built on liquor. The intention of the government, was not to build or provide amenities for Blacks but it was to drag down the Black nation to the gutters. The Group Areas Act, does not only prevent these mine migrant workers from bringing their wives and children to the White cities, but also prevent, the mothers who work as domestic servants in White suburbs in South Africa. Over 80% of African women in South Africa, work as domestic servants. They have no education, or no skills to get a better job. These women also have to be recruited to work as domestic workers in the White suburbs. They are required by the laws of South Africa to sign an undertaking, that they will not under any circumstances, bring their children to their places of employment. As far as the White races regime in South Africa is concerned, the African labor force in South Africa, whether composed of men or women, must not be burdened with the superfluous appendages, such as wives or children. Even if, the children are seriously sick and at the point of death, that mother, that parent who works as a domestic servant cannot bring her child to the city, where the child has every chance to get medical treatment because the Group Areas Act, prevent her from doing so. In fact, for many years in South Africa, there have been some White employers who have been sympathetic to the plight, to the condition, of the African people and their servants, and have allowed them to bring their children to their places of employment, and have helped them, with schooling or bringing up the children. However, three years ago, the government has made it difficult for these White employers. If an illegal person is found in their premises, that illegal person will be detained, fined a certain amount of money, and that White employer, will be fined a sum of 1000 rands which is equivalent to $500. As far as the South African government is concerned, Black family life is not important. The Group Areas Act, as it exists today in South Africa has separated the African family and contributed to dismantling the basic fabric of the African community, which is the family. Husband separated from wife and children or mother separated from children. Many of these African mothers, are forced to then leave their children at a tender age when they need their mother's loving care and tender care. They either leave them with elder siblings, relatives neighbors, or grandparents. That this contributes, Act as it exists in South Africa today. A friend of mine who works as a social worker in one of the local colored hospitals in Durban, experienced the negative effects of the Population Restriction Act, on a young infant, and an African mother. One afternoon, he was called to the outpatients department, at the children's hospital to identify the race of a fair-skinned infant who was brought in by two ambulance driver. They explained to the social worker that this infant had been abandoned near one of the local post offices near Pinetown. The social worker, with the two ambulance drivers, a hospital clerk and a nurse, stood together for some time, examining this infant's hair, features and exact coloring of her skin, as well as deciding on a possible name and a surname for her. My friend says, she did not contribute too much to this discussion, because she felt very frustrated, at the very exercise, of determining an unknown infant's race. After some time, they came to the conclusion that this young infant, was colored by birth, that is a child of mixed race, and so it was appropriate for her to be admitted in this colored hospital. If this child had been found to be African or Indian, my friend would have been required by the laws of South Africa to send this child to an African or Indian hospital. She then took this infant to be examined by a medical practitioner. She remained in the room while the medical practitioner examined this infant. After a few minutes, the medical practitioner became apprehensive. He explained that this infant, was premature by birth and had to be placed immediately in an incubator. The infant died an hour later. My friend has up to now felt guilty that they had delayed the immediate admission of this young infant by an unnecessary procedure and discussion on her racial identity. That same week, an African mom came to her office in the company of a one year old son, named Ernest. He was also fair-skinned in color, colored by birth. The reputed father was said to be a Scotsman, a White man. She came to make a request, which is not peculiar in South Africa's circumstances, to ask the social worker to look for a suitable colored home, for young Ernest, since she believed that young Ernest would be rejected in the African community, into which he was born. And she felt the inevitable separation between her and her son would be easier whereas her son was still young. My friend promised to work on the case. After a month, young Ernest's mom came back to the office. This time, she explained to the social worker that she had been released from jail on bail, and that Ernest needed immediate placement either in an adoptive home or in the hospital. She went on further to explain, that a scuffle had broken out between her, and one of her neighbors who had been taunting her for a very long time about the color of her son's skin, and accidentally, she had stubbed her neighbor to death. Young Ernest was admitted into one of the local wards. When he was placed in one of the cots, he was laughing, happy playing about in the cot. He did not understand then, what was happening to him, but when his mom moved away and turned for the last time to wave goodbye, only then did young Ernest realize that his mother was leaving him. He cried, he bounced, he pounced his little fist on the pillow, tried to climb out of the cot, but my friend was helpless to give him back his mother. His mother was subsequently sentenced to seven years imprisonment. This time for defending the color of his son's skin. If the demands of the Population Registration Act had been nonexistent in South Africa, that premature infant would not have lost her life. Young Ernest, would not have been separated from his mother and from the African community into which he was born and hence his roots. Neither would his mother suffer seven years imprisonment. How treacherous, South Africa's Population Registration Act, has been too young fair-skinned Ernest, and too many who are born, who are like him in South Africa today. We, Black people who live in South Africa experience a papotage to be brutalizing, both physically and emotionally. These brutal and harsh conditions, in which we 30 million Blacks, are forced to live in 13% of the land, while 87% of the land, is occupied by five million Whites, has aroused in us Blacks, feelings of hatred of everything that is an obstacle to a full and free citizenship and living, and free and unhampered lifestyle in South Africa. Our complaints as Blacks in South Africa, is not that the five million Whites who live in South Africa are rich, and we 30 million Blacks are poor, but, that the laws that had been created in South Africa have been designated to preserve and perpetuate a situation where we remain poor and in starvation and Whites, rich and living in luxury in South Africa. The De Klerk government has indicated that they are changing South Africa. Some of us have no doubts about this. However, I believe strongly, that the scrapping of apartheid laws in South Africa in itself, will be meaningless to many of us oppressed in South Africa, if it is not accompanied by improvements in Black housing, Black education, health services, the economy, in the Black community. African education, is the most inferior form of education ever provided for a group of people. While education is South Africa, is compulsory and free for Whites up till the age of 18, It is said to be compulsory for us Blacks but it is not free. We have to pay for school fees, school uniform and school books. If your parents have money for school uniform and none to pay for fees and books, you do not get any education in South Africa. Our classrooms are always overcrowded. They're built out of very frugal structure, corrugated iron roof, and cement on the floor. There are hardly any desks in most of the classrooms. We do not have any science laboratories or science equipment, no recreational facilities whatsoever. Most of our teachers, even at the high school level do not have university degrees. They're unqualified, ill-equipped. From literature to history books, we Black children, are taught about how superior intelligent Whites are. How backward, uncivilized, uncultured, we Blacks are. In history we are taught about the Great Trek. That is the movement of the Afrikaner, moving away from British rule in search of new land and freedom. The history books tell us, that whereas these Afrikaners were moving inland, they met the African people, who were a menace and a burden to them by stealing their livestock. Yet these same history books provided for us African children, do not tell us, how these Afrikaners in South Africa got their livestock, since they had not brought any livestock from Europe. Perhaps, they got the livestock from heaven as the chosen children of God. We have not found the answers as yet. The education offered African children, is not only pertinently unequal, it is intellectually inferior. It is filtered through the White Consciousness. While all amenities are provided for White children, none are provided for us in South Africa. Hence today, there is a great shortage of Black skilled labor, in South Africa. South Africa as it is today has an impressive achievement in science and technology. But it must be pointed out, that participation of Blacks in this area is at best minimum. While South Africa represents the paradox of a highly developed industrialized society, with massive Black unemployment and under employment and huge disparities amongst Blacks and Whites. The human resource gap today in South Africa, is very wide and is a direct results of apartheid laws and policies. The government in South Africa, continues even today to spend 10 times as much on White education than on Black children. The result, is both an absolute shortage of skilled and semi-skilled Black participants to participate in the labor force today. The concentration of skills is in the White community of South Africa. In 1989, South Africa had only about 600 Black physicians in the whole country, and only 50 Black dentists in the whole country. Of an estimated nearly 10,000 full-time scientific and medical researchers, 99% of those are White. White South Africans in South Africa, especially those with science and engineering degrees or qualifications are immigrating out of South Africa at an alarming rate. And they're not being replaced by South Africa's university graduates, especially Black graduates. While South Africa is experiencing the emigration in terms of science, technology and research skills, it is doing nothing at all to improve Black education in science, in technology and many other areas to fill the gap in South Africa. Today, South Africa is in the process of irreversible change. Economists, last year December, projected that South Africa devoid of apartheid will experience a mass increase in economic, industrial and scientific activities, yet many South Africans will not be able to fill those jobs. A new South Africa with Black majority rule will require that we Blacks, take an active role in shaping the future of the South African society. And this includes that we have skills in all facets of the economy and society. Surely, we 30 million Blacks in South Africa, cannot claim to be free, even given political independence when we are underrepresented in crucial sectors of the South African economy or society. The pre and post independence of many African countries with human resources investment, strengthens the case I am trying to make here. The painful process of economic freedom in Africa, has been made much more difficult by the severe shortage of skilled manpower and lack of participation of Africans in their own independent countries, in the crucial areas of their economies. The question, is to what extent, are we oppressed Black South Africans going to participate in crucial sectors of the South African society in post apartheid South Africa? As I indicated earlier the participation of Blacks, in crucial areas such as science and technology and research is today less than 1%. I cannot see a greater level of Black participation in the post apartheid period, if the government does not do something now to improve Black education in South Africa. The obstacles to attaining education in the crucial sectors of South Africa are enormous. As I've said and I want to emphasize, our schools both primary and secondary schools are overcrowded, under financed, with mostly unqualified teachers. Home and neighborhood environments also edge to school problems. Secondary Schools and universities, results are very poor. Last year's mid trick results or high school results, were shocking. The failure rates among African children, were horrifying. We already have, amongst the African community a whole generation of kids that have not seen the inside of a classroom. The nonwhite or the Black universities, lack the staff, the facilities to teach, many of the advanced science and engineering courses. Equally significant, only 1000 Black graduates make it out of university. 1,200 out of trade school, each year in South Africa. These figures have not significantly improved in the atmosphere that prevails in South Africa. There is one bright spot, however, that there is a well qualified pool of Black South Africans in exile. And perhaps, in the post apartheid period, we can draw from this pool to help augment this country participation of Blacks in the crucial sectors of the South African society. Finally, I am convinced, that only great time mastery of Blacks in terms of skills, science, technology, politics, the economy, can lead to genuine and lasting solutions to South Africans problems as they exist today. Health facilities are also very inadequate in South Africa. Most of our hospitals are overcrowded. People forced to sleep on cement floors, or on hospital verandas. The hospitals provided in the African homelands are shocking. With no medical supplies, no medical practitioners, nurses running whole hospitals. In fact, in one of my local hospitals in Transkei KoffieBaaibaai, there is only about two doctors, who are Black but not South Africans, they are Ugandans, responsible for a whole hospital. The hospital has some days when it runs out of medicines, pills. No linen to change the beds of patients. There are no diapers or even cloth napkins for babies who are sick or even newborn babies. It is so bad that even new mothers who have just given birth cannot be provided with sanitary napkins. They have to bring their own and bring diapers for their children, wash them, hang them in the hospital yard, and watch over them, so that they'll not be stolen. No matter how sick these mothers are, they have to do that. A hospital is supposed to be a place that is clean, a model of cleanliness and hygiene, yet this hospital is filled with cockroaches. Many children born in the African homelands or in townships do not even get immunization. As I've said, many die of kwashiorkor and malnutrition. In Transkei, we still have a high rate of TB cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112964#t=0.0,2811.288"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It is difficult to be attended to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=6.38,9.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if you seek help from a clinic or hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=9.2,13.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over the past year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=19.22,20.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have also noticed an increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=22.19,25.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in infanticide in South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=25.33,28.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many black children, infants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=31.68,35.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are found abandoned, dead,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=35.39,38.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next to train stations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=40.72,42.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bus stations, public places, rubbish dumps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=43.88,48.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many young black mothers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=52.43,54.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give birth, and kill their children, or abandon them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=55.55,60.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not because these young mothers are cruel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=64.99,69.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unkind, and do not love their children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=71.8,74.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is because of the lack","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=76.57,78.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of supporting services in black communities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=80.61,83.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lack of adequate resources in black communities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=84.8,88.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the government not doing its job,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=90.4,92.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in improving the conditions of black people in South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=95.775,100.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of these young mothers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=102.84,104.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been brought up in poverty and starvation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=106.01,109.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They see no future at all for their offspring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=112.24,116.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And instead of bringing them up to the same condition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=119.49,124.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they decide that they should kill them or abandon them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=125.69,130.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a survival strategy for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=131.16,133.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These conditions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=139.09,140.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot go on forever in South Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=142.42,146.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something has to change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=147.35,149.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that change cannot come in five years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=151.41,156.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has to come immediately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=158.53,160.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The government has to take steps now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=161.84,164.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not in the post-apartheid period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=164.87,166.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to redress the wrongs of apartheid in South Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=168.11,171.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that we who live in South Africa can have better hopes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=172.99,177.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that post-apartheid will mean a brighter future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=180.95,185.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only for ourselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=186.87,189.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but for our children and generations yet to be born.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=189.24,193.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa today (clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=197.59,201.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is torn by what many of the Western media has termed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=202.37,207.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tribal faction, black on black violence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=209.37,214.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to appreciate the violence in the black townships,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=219.93,224.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that only not brought challenges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=227.89,229.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the South African government and forced it to change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=229.98,234.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but has also torn asunder the black community,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=234.45,237.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have to understand the nature and the operation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=239.06,244.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the South African racist regime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=244.61,247.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the first 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themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=536.49,539.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is true many people will say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=541.16,546.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how can you hope for a brighter future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=546.523,551.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for peace and unity in South Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=551.42,555.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there is so much black on black violence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=555.61,558.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I am not discouraged in the long-term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=561.8,566.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is true, it is hard to live under those conditions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=567.98,572.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see that happening in your black community,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=573.47,576.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when I search the pages of history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=577.226,580.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see whether what we have in South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=581.4,585.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the black community is new and unique,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=585.42,588.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have found that it is not new and unique.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=589.96,593.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have Ireland where brother is fighting against brother,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=595.51,599.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have the newly freed East European countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=599.61,604.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freed from the so-called communism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=605.41,607.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where ethnic violence has erupted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=608.5,610.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have this great free non-racial and democratic country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=611.85,616.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where brother fought against brother,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=619.01,621.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the North against South.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=621.92,623.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet today you co-exist as a country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=624.59,627.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not difficult for us as blacks in South Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=629.22,634.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to overcome the hurdles and obstacles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=635.23,638.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we also live side by side as brother and sister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=638.84,642.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We who live in South Africa today, both black and white,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=646.4,650.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have before us, not only an opportunity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=654.26,658.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a historic duty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=660.04,661.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is in our hands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=663.0,664.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both black and white who live in South Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=664.58,667.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to join our hands, our strength,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=668.67,671.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and take sustenance from our diversity and varied cultures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=672.77,677.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acting together for the betterment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=679.16,683.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the peace, the stability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=684.34,687.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and harmony of South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=689.43,691.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we take those actions now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=693.1,696.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will have a bright future for ourselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=698.73,702.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our children, and generations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=703.774,707.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yet to be born in South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=707.58,710.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=710.32,711.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=711.99,714.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applause continues)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=730.084,733.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=741.963,744.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll take a few questions if people have some.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=745.09,747.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct chattering)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=751.494,754.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well if people have no questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=763.64,766.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thank you again for coming this evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=766.22,769.114"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=769.114,771.364"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26271/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/271/original/AV203991_The_Struggle_Must_Continue_b.vtt?1620841463","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/271/original/AV203991_The_Struggle_Must_Continue_b.vtt?1620841463"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26272","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203991_The_Struggle_Must_Continue_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965/transcript/26272/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- It is difficult to be attended to, even if you seek help from a clinic or hospital. Over the past year, we have also noticed an increase in infanticide in South Africa. Many black children, infants, are found abandoned, dead, next to train stations, bus stations, public places, rubbish dumps. Many young black mothers, give birth, and kill their children, or abandon them. This is not because these young mothers are cruel, unkind, and do not love their children. It is because of the lack of supporting services in black communities, lack of adequate resources in black communities, and the government not doing its job, in improving the conditions of black people in South Africa. Many of these young mothers have been brought up in poverty and starvation. They see no future at all for their offspring. And instead of bringing them up to the same condition, they decide that they should kill them or abandon them, as a survival strategy for them. These conditions, cannot go on forever in South Africa, something has to change. And that change cannot come in five years, it has to come immediately. The government has to take steps now, not in the post-apartheid period, to redress the wrongs of apartheid in South Africa, so that we who live in South Africa can have better hopes, that post-apartheid will mean a brighter future, not only for ourselves, but for our children and generations yet to be born. South Africa today is torn by what many of the Western media has termed, tribal faction, black on black violence. In order to appreciate the violence in the black townships, that only not brought challenges to the South African government and forced it to change, but has also torn asunder the black community, we have to understand the nature and the operation of the South African racist regime. In the first instance, the South African white racist regime is confronted with a legitimacy crisis, both internally and externally. We the dominated in South Africa, have rejected the established white order in South Africa. And those who rule find it extremely difficult, to successfully will be manage us as before. Apartheid today is faced with a hostile international opinion. Faced with this challenges, the state has tried to institute reforms in South Africa, and they have often tried the strategy of co-optive tolerance. They have tried to create a so-called black middle class, in the hope that this black middle , will support the state, and thus defied the dominated in South Africa. However this confrontation strategy, has exacerbated rather than alleviated the problems of apartheid, Because we blacks in South Africa have turned our anger against those co-opted individuals, such as the so-called Homeland leaders, the town councilors, the police, and many other individuals that we have identified as heads of the state. The other issue that has contributed to the violence, has been rent and transportation hikes. The question of the continued poor black education, and the deteriorating conditions in black communities. The question of poor wages for black workers, and many other atrocities in South Africa. People in peaceful demonstration, being brutally massacred by the police and military. In retaliation, we have turned against enemies, whether it be white, or whether it be identified as black. This then is the anatomy of the black on black violence in South Africa. As attacks and counter attacks continue in the black township, anarchy also sets in. And there's no doubt and no denying, that there has been some infighting, between the black political organizations themselves. Although they has been great proof, eye witness accounts, that the state itself has not been exonerated, from instigating, fueling, and encouraging, such conflicts among black people. They have been positive steps however, between the political organizations in South Africa, who have met to try and find the solution to the black on black violence as it exists in South Africa today. The Inkatha movement, has met with the African National Congress, and they held promising talks. And many more such meetings are going to occur in South Africa. They have also been meetings between the African National Congress and the Pan African National Congress, to iron out differences between themselves. It is true many people will say, how can you hope for a brighter future, for peace and unity in South Africa, when there is so much black on black violence, but I am not discouraged in the long-term. It is true, it is hard to live under those conditions, and see that happening in your black community, but when I search the pages of history, to see whether what we have in South Africa among the black community is new and unique, I have found that it is not new and unique. We have Ireland where brother is fighting against brother, we have the newly freed East European countries, freed from the so-called communism, where ethnic violence has erupted. We have this great free non-racial and democratic country, where brother fought against brother, the North against South. Yet today you co-exist as a country. It is not difficult for us as blacks in South Africa, to overcome the hurdles and obstacles, and we also live side by side as brother and sister. We who live in South Africa today, both black and white, have before us, not only an opportunity, but a historic duty. It is in our hands, both black and white who live in South Africa, to join our hands, our strength, and take sustenance from our diversity and varied cultures, acting together for the betterment, the peace, the stability, and harmony of South Africa. If we take those actions now, we will have a bright future for ourselves, our children, and generations, yet to be born in South Africa. Thank you very much. Again, thank you very much. I'll take a few questions if people have some. Well if people have no questions, thank you again for coming this evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41104/file/112965#t=0.0,784.536"}]}]}]}