{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/0v89g5gt1j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Jussawalla, Meheroo, Tomorrow's Telecommunications Technology and the Global Economy"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203347 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Tomorrow's Telecommunications Technology and the Global Economy is a November 15, 1983 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Meheroo Jussawalla. Meheroo Jussawalla discusses how the growth in communication technology could be used to","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9sx64f7w"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-11-15"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Jussawalla, Meheroo, 1923- (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Communication in economic development","Telecommunication--Economic aspects","Information technology--Economic aspects","Technology transfer--Economic aspects"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Tomorrow's Telecommunications Technology and the Global Economy is a November 15, 1983 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Meheroo Jussawalla. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/751/small/lecture.png?1613498606","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Good afternoon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=7.03,8.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Welcome to the Institute of World Affairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=8.06,10.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before I introduce our speaker for this afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=10.8,13.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to remind you of events","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=13.85,16.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have for tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=16.9,19.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At 5:30, we have a film entitled,\" you can't hear me.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=19.97,24.737"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this better?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=27.58,28.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This afternoon, we have Meheroo Jussawalla,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=31.65,35.109"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a communications economist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=35.109,36.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the few rare birds we have in the discipline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=36.7,40.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very rare that we have both communications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=42.2,44.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and economics put together in one field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=44.73,48.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a discipline, we need more of her kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=48.58,53.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marylou is presently working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=54.898,57.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the East West communication center from Honolulu.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=57.34,61.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she's going to speak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=61.99,64.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on tomorrow's telecommunications technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=65.76,67.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the global economy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=67.817,69.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those of you who are just starting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=71.42,74.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to attend our institute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=74.37,76.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to preface this introduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=76.78,80.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by saying that we have divided the week","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=80.06,83.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into different categories of lectures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=83.12,86.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because our theme is very broad based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=86.17,89.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a lot of sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=89.42,92.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty ambiguous to a number of people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=92.47,95.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're starting to see a lot of changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=95.2,97.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our society and in our world today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=97.69,99.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and most of it is due to the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=99.94,102.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have the proliferation of technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=102.46,106.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are expanding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=106.07,107.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at the same time maybe shrinking our lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=107.54,109.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yesterday, we addressed the technical implications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=110.92,114.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or technological implications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=114.21,115.854"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the communication technologies today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=115.854,120.854"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speeches this afternoon and tonight will try","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=121.53,125.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to address the economic implications of the proliferation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=125.93,128.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the communications technologies that we have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=128.91,131.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tomorrow, we'll focus on its political implications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=131.6,135.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On Thursday, we'll focus on its socio-cultural implications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=135.99,140.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the last talks on Friday,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=140.19,143.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll then wrap up the entire week by addressing the ethics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=143.92,147.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the moral issues that accompany the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=147.65,151.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have a lot of communication technologies 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Jussawalla.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=193.76,196.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=197.655,200.405"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Jane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=215.04,216.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm very happy to be here and I'm grateful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=216.68,220.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Institute of World 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Banks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=737.5,742.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which have surpluses to give them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=742.13,744.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the same time, this debt burden is getting 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one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=754.41,756.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the burning international issues today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=756.68,759.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But a part of all this has been made possible by the 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databases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=787.35,792.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are located in the industrially advanced countries?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=792.46,796.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, just as in the post Second World 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determinant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=810.34,814.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the growth of national income.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=814.53,817.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alternative futures in telecommunications pose greater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=817.12,821.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more exciting opportunities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=821.91,824.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So telecommunications is rapidly 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all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=839.38,843.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the developed and developing countries alike,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=843.79,846.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is satellite communications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=846.32,849.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Epak making entry of satellite technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=849.62,853.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for communications has wrought far reaching changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=853.02,857.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for broadcasting, for television and for telecommunications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=857.32,862.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Its cost and its complexity and the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=862.44,866.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that only two countries, the USA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=866.4,868.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the USSR manufactured communication satellites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=868.68,872.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and three countries launched them including Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=872.37,875.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it makes their application to low income countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=875.48,879.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a questionable one?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=879.07,880.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How does satellite communications impinge on cultures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=881.25,886.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people that are still far away from modernization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=886.15,890.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let me give you an example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=891.45,893.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Pacific Islands countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=893.72,896.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Within two decades, some of the smallest island nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=896.64,901.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Pacific, whose economies are based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=901.61,905.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on household self sufficiency and barter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=905.24,908.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They currently participate in what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=908.54,911.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is called the PEACESAT system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=911.48,915.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Pan Pacific Educational Experiment Satellite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=915.23,919.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NASA, from the United States...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=919.85,923.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=924.17,925.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NASA loaned this satellite to the Pacific Island countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=925.11,930.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as an experimental satellite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=932.63,934.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know that the lifespan of a satellite is between 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Fiji.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1034.91,1039.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it imparts mostly agricultural extension education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1039.18,1044.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Samoa's and to Tonga, to Papua New Guinea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1044.67,1049.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other outer islands Micronesia, Kiribati,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1049.25,1052.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solomon Islands and so 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countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1057.43,1061.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they are using and exploiting the advantages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1061.39,1065.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and benefits that are given to them at no cost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1065.99,1068.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because NASA has given the satellite free of cost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1068.98,1072.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only cost that is required by these 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linkages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1079.42,1083.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the universities, the broadcast networks and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1083.8,1087.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I want you to see that many other 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Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1094.35,1096.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are all seeking low cost high speed telecommunications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1096.71,1101.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through these satellite 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farms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1107.48,1110.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their factories and for generating investment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1110.83,1114.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and employment in their electronics 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terrestrial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1129.92,1133.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or undersea cables.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1133.95,1135.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Think for instance, Indonesia has 13,000 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taping.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1143.51,1148.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did I?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1150.36,1151.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I 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Canada","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1553.32,1555.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are seeking direct broadcast satellites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1555.79,1559.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be spaced two degrees apart using only 58 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1980s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1580.99,1584.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is particularly true of the equatorial countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1584.79,1588.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the equatorial countries say that are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1588.44,1590.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is directly above our country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1590.89,1593.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we need stakeholder rights in that part of the 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coast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1602.89,1607.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far mining undersea minerals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1609.27,1614.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So also you must give us proprietary rights over the 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technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1623.56,1626.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you don't have the capital to launch","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1626.22,1628.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and operate those satellites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1628.92,1631.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why do you want to freeze our technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1631.51,1635.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by asserting rights over the orbit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1635.26,1638.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reply to that which is coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1638.68,1640.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the equatorial developing countries is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1640.8,1644.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we cannot use that orbit now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=1644.5,1647.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we want reservations in space and you pay us 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satellites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2180.23,2183.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ford Aerospace built this Insat satellites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2183.17,2187.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Indian 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Intelsat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2329.74,2333.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For all these satellites, for Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2333.83,2337.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Telstar, Anik C and D","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2337.9,2341.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are Canadian satellites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2341.08,2342.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Australian satellite which will be launched in 1985.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2342.88,2347.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Its shadow will cover,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2347.45,2349.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is its footprint will cover Papua New Guinea 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disarray.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2578.08,2581.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Japanese have invested $200 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2581.08,2584.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to capture the world market for the super computer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2585.02,2588.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the fifth generation computer as it is called.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2588.73,2592.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the United States still is leading the market,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2592.15,2596.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the global market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2596.57,2597.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see how the United States has already got about one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2607.87,2612.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a half million dollars worth of some part...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2612.85,2617.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the US market only not just the global market,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2618.74,2622.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look at the US computer output and the micrographic market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2622.47,2626.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2626.4,2628.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see how it has grown from 730 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2628.73,2632.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1977 to 1.5 billion almost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2632.09,2637.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what kind of implication does this have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2645.29,2648.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the manufacturing industry and for the challenge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2648.86,2653.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to employment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2653.72,2655.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See, what happens is that there is the threat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2655.55,2660.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that robotization carries for industrialized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2660.01,2664.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as for developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2664.41,2666.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The developing countries had at present,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2668.61,2672.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the subsidiaries of the multinational corporations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2672.64,2676.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are providing the transistors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2676.12,2678.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the integrated circuits for performance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2678.83,2681.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of computers and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2681.99,2683.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, as computerization gets applied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2685.09,2687.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to manufacturing industry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2687.72,2689.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the services sector challenges employment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2689.69,2693.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Luddites in society get lined up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2693.2,2695.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to oppose information technology altogether.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2695.89,2698.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's possible that their fears may prove groundless,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2699.32,2703.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the development of micro-electronics has given rise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2703.4,2707.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a new fast growing industry during recessionary times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2707.79,2712.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Club of Rome when...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=2713.83,2715.54"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22768/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/768/original/AV203347_Tomorrows_Telecommunications_Technology_and_the_Global_Economy_a.vtt?1613498608","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/768/original/AV203347_Tomorrows_Telecommunications_Technology_and_the_Global_Economy_a.vtt?1613498608"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22769","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203347_Tomorrows_Telecommunications_Technology_and_the_Global_Economy_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751/transcript/22769/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good afternoon. Welcome to the Institute of World Affairs. Before I introduce our speaker for this afternoon, I'd like to remind you of events that we have for tonight. At 5:30, we have a film entitled,\" you can't hear me.\" Is this better? This afternoon, we have Meheroo Jussawalla, a communications economist, one of the few rare birds we have in the discipline. It's very rare that we have both communications and economics put together in one field as a discipline, we need more of her kind. Marylou is presently working at the East West communication center from Honolulu. And she's going to speak on tomorrow's telecommunications technology and the global economy. For those of you who are just starting to attend our institute, I'd like to preface this introduction by saying that we have divided the week into different categories of lectures. Because our theme is very broad based and in a lot of sense, pretty ambiguous to a number of people. We're starting to see a lot of changes in our society and in our world today and most of it is due to the fact that we have the proliferation of technologies that are expanding, and at the same time maybe shrinking our lives. Yesterday, we addressed the technical implications or technological implications of the communication technologies today. The speeches this afternoon and tonight will try to address the economic implications of the proliferation of the communications technologies that we have. Tomorrow, we'll focus on its political implications. On Thursday, we'll focus on its socio-cultural implications. And the last talks on Friday, we'll then wrap up the entire week by addressing the ethics or the moral issues that accompany the fact that we have a lot of communication technologies today. So that might make our focus a little clearer to all of you who are attending our institute. Dr. Jussawalla has pioneered in her field, looking at communication technologies and looking at the economic implications of it. Because we may have all of the hardware and all of the software that comes with the use of these new technologies but we also have to see whether they have... Whether we can afford them or not, and what it may mean to our lives and our country's lives when we do adopt them. So without any further delay, I'd like to give to you Dr. Meheroo Jussawalla.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Jane. I'm very happy to be here and I'm grateful to the Institute of World Affairs for having invited me and given me this opportunity of telling you a little bit about what telecommunication economics is all about. We know that modern society is living in the most exciting period of its history. Each day seems to unfold a new and spectacular achievement that telecommunications technology brings to radically alter the ways by which nations and people talk to each other. As the interface of satellites with computers grows and as telematics becomes more widespread, countries find their economic health and viability determined by their investments in innovation and innovative communications technology. But the welfare effects of this revolution must be very carefully assessed, even as when modernization was considered to be the cynic one on for all developing countries. It's difficult to predict the future outcome of these catalytic changes. Whether they will widen the gulf between the rich and the poor countries, or whether they will create a global republic of technology remains to be researched. The fact is that equitable access to information will become a significant dimension for policymakers, even as equitable distribution of income now is. With the acceleration of global integration, there emerges a series of controversies over the uses of telecommunications technology. Just this year, in September 1983, at Tashkent, UNESCO's international program for development communications called a meeting of developed and developing countries in order to allocate money to the third world to develop its own communication technology. Then these same countries traveled to Innsbruck in October to discuss the New World information order. Now this month in November, UNESCO will approve its communication programs and the budget for these programs for the next two years. In France, the Simon MORA committee recommended that the computerization of French society is absolutely essential. In Japan, the Jakudi report pointed out that it's very important to have an information society which they call the in Japanese. In England, the Hunt commission recommended that interactive cable communication is very important. So we find that from all sides, countries of the world are giving support to the new world information order, which has as its basic theme, \"many voices one world.\" So, all these programs and all these projections center around certain basic issues. One of them is the allocation of outer space for communications. The second is the free and balanced flow of information. The third is the domination of computerized networks by transnational or multinational corporations, and the growing barriers which are being created to transborder data flows, which means information communication by computer networks. Now, are the resources used by futuristic technology, the common heritage of mankind? Or are they the property of a few high technology nations that invest extensively in research and development. The ultimate objectives of these arguments both pro and con, are to install an international economic regime based on a communication system which will combine efficiency with equity. The leading country in the race towards innovative communication technology is the United States. And it finds that over half its national payroll accrues to those who manipulate symbols rather than those who produce things. This happens because the resource which is feeding this trend is information. Information is both a commodity and a resource, it is fast becoming an important ingredient of the production function itself. It serves as a catalyst, it feeds on itself and it becomes a change agent also. Its diffusion through telecommunication channels becomes a major determinant in altering the working and living patterns of those who participate in today's Information Society. Now, the role of the information explosion that is wrought by telecommunication technology in altering economic and social values is just beginning to be understood. Industrially advanced countries find that concepts of power and equity are really dimensions of information power and information equity in the wake of changing communications. The multinational corporations with their own value added networks have so far internalized their information flows, that is they have their own internal communication networks which are computerized. And they profit from the power which these networks give over the market economy. I think we need to dim the lights there.\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Yes. Now, you can see from this slide how the investments from the rich industrialized countries to the developing countries, the direct foreign investment from industrialized countries to the third world are sort of declining, they are leveling off the official assistance that is given by international agencies by industrialized countries by OPEC, by the Soviet Bloc and other donors. This official aid is growing very slowly, the data is up to 1981. But banks, as you know have poured their liquid assets into the third world, the non oil developing countries, their long term and short term external debt has exceeded $600 billion as you can see from that diagram. So what is happening is that as instant communications becomes possible through all the global networks that are now in place, the developing countries want to take advantage of this instant communications in bringing about economic development, and that is why they are not only taking the direct foreign investment, they are taking the official development assistance, but they are also borrowing heavily from first World Banks which have surpluses to give them. At the same time, this debt burden is getting heavier and heavier for them, they're not able to repay the debts, they're not able to pay the interest. And there is the question of whether there should be a moratorium or not and that is one of the burning international issues today. But a part of all this has been made possible by the fact that there is instant communications and electronic funds transfer and so forth. Now, what we have to ask ourselves is, will these information flows through computer communications? Will they tend to erode the power of the multinational corporations and introduce equity, or will information still be concentrated in databases that are located in the industrially advanced countries? Now, just as in the post Second World War, capital equipment for manufacturing industry was considered to be the engine of growth. In the coming decades, the hardware and the software of communications will become the major determinant of the growth of national income. Alternative futures in telecommunications pose greater and more exciting opportunities. So telecommunications is rapidly becoming what the Business Week described as everybody's future growth business. One of the important communication technologies that spans the globe and its future affects all the developed and developing countries alike, is satellite communications. The Epak making entry of satellite technology for communications has wrought far reaching changes for broadcasting, for television and for telecommunications. Its cost and its complexity and the fact that only two countries, the USA and the USSR manufactured communication satellites, and three countries launched them including Europe, it makes their application to low income countries a questionable one? How does satellite communications impinge on cultures and people that are still far away from modernization? Now, let me give you an example of the Pacific Islands countries. Within two decades, some of the smallest island nations in the Pacific, whose economies are based on household self sufficiency and barter. They currently participate in what is called the PEACESAT system, the Pan Pacific Educational Experiment Satellite. NASA, from the United States... Thank you very much. NASA loaned this satellite to the Pacific Island countries as an experimental satellite. You know that the lifespan of a satellite is between seven and eight years after which the signals that it gives, and the signals that it receives get weaker and weaker, but ATS-1, that is the experimental satellite which NASA loaned has been in operation for 16 years. Last year, NASA moved it in orbit a little away from the west coast of the United States and more towards Fiji. It's directly now beaming over Fiji but its footprint also extends to the southern part of the People's Republic of China, Hawaii and so on. Its operation is located in the University of Hawaii. And this enables the Pacific Island people to talk to each other. It also helps disaster warnings to be immediately transmitted. It also helps health problems to be immediately dealt with. For instance, if there is a cholera epidemic in Kiribati, or in Papua New Guinea or in Tonga, then immediately Atlanta, Georgia gets information off it and sends out whatever is needed to be done or it either, transports the team of doctors to deal with a cholera epidemic or whatever. And this is the use that is being made of satellite technology. In addition to that, the University of the South Pacific uses this PEACESAT system. The University of the South Pacific has its headquarters in Suva in Fiji. And it imparts mostly agricultural extension education to the Samoa's and to Tonga, to Papua New Guinea and other outer islands Micronesia, Kiribati, Solomon Islands and so on. So, what I'm trying to tell you is that these Pacific Island countries are low income countries, but they are using and exploiting the advantages and benefits that are given to them at no cost because NASA has given the satellite free of cost. The only cost that is required by these countries is the cost of the ground equipment, the earth stations that receive the signals and the linkages to the universities, the broadcast networks and so on. Now, I want you to see that many other countries in the Asia Pacific region as well as in Latin America and Africa, are all seeking low cost high speed telecommunications through these satellite networks. For them, such services are vital for raising the productivity of their farms, their factories and for generating investment and employment in their electronics industries. The economic advantage lies in using satellite technology for domestic telephone and telex communications to remote areas and islands which cannot be cost effectively linked by terrestrial or undersea cables. Think for instance, Indonesia has 13,000 Islands. The Philippines has 7000 Islands. I think I lost my microphone for your video taping. Did I? I did. I don't know how to operate this.\r\n\r\n- Talk a little bit like this.\r\n\r\n- Now ever since the launch of Telstar in 1962, the geostationary orbit or what is now known as the Clarke orbit because Arthur Clarke was the first person to say that the orbit which is 22,300 miles above the equator is the most suitable orbit for locating communication satellites. Now these satellites are crowded, three to four degrees apart from each other, and there is a greater demand for onboard power for platforms in space for multi-beam antennas. It's right. You can see how the orbit is over there, and how four degrees spacing will equal 1840 miles and three degrees spacing will equal 1380 miles and the United States is pushing for locating the satellites even two degrees apart. And NASA is doing a great deal of research and is going to have one additional band known as the Ka band, now they're using the Cu-band and the Ku-band. NASA is trying to devise a Ka band which will be two degrees apart and where satellites specially the direct broadcasting satellites will be located in orbital space. There's ne more here which will.. Now, you can see how the spectrum is already being used in 1982. The satellite distribution you can see that Satcom, Westar, Anik which is the Canadian satellite. Intelsat is the international satellite Corporation. Marisat is the maritime satellites that is satellites on board the ships, ship to shore communication. Comstar communication satellite, Palapa is the Indonesian satellite, SBS satellite business systems. You see the United States orbital arc, how that is crowded with geostationary satellites. And then there are others at lights in different parts of the orbit. Now, even as the Challenger launched Palapa two, which is the second generation of the Indonesian satellite, and Anik-C for Canada. Countries of the Western Hemisphere were meeting in June 1983 to tackle issues of parking slots for satellites which broadcast directly to users antennas or rooftop antennas. Now the rules for allocating this orbital space are agreed upon at meetings or conferences of the International Telecommunications Union, that is not not a governing body but a body at which, just like yesterday you were told about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, kind of multilateral trade agreement so also the ITU is a multilateral telecommunications agreement by which countries register the frequencies that they are going to use for their radio and for their satellite communications. Now at these conferences, agreements are arrived at. But changing technology makes a mockery of all the rules that are laid down. The economic dimension of this scramble for orbital slots is the fact that the Clarke orbit is a finite resource. It is an invisible common property resource that is subject to congestion but not to depletion. Now this implies that the economic value of the resource increases with its use. But exclusive proprietary rights are difficult to enforce in our battle space. So either it becomes possible to over invest in the resource or to just let it go to waste. Technology has made it possible for the industrially advanced countries to virtually monopolize the use of the orbital arc with nationally and privately owned communication satellites. Assuming that externalities are the same as in other natural resources like oil or coal and so on, such oligopoly use is claimed to result in optimizing efficiency. Now the orbit is so far not a marketable resource. The current International Telecommunications rules, they do not award orbital space in perpetuity. So what is happening is that first come is getting first serve, and establishing sort of squatters rights as it were. And these squatters rights are being contested by the developing countries. Now, I want you to see that it is possible for a single orbital slot to accommodate more than one satellite. Several countries can share a slot as Britain and Ireland now do. They can have several satellites, each country can have several communication satellites in orbit. So the United States and Canada are seeking direct broadcast satellites to be spaced two degrees apart using only 58 watts of satellite power. Now, most of these countries have a strong interest in squeezing as many satellites as possible in the orbital space that is available. But the developing countries also plan to have at least one satellite each by the end of the 1980s and this is particularly true of the equatorial countries, the equatorial countries say that are, which is directly above our country. So we need stakeholder rights in that part of the orbit, just as you awarded law of the sea rights and gave a certain zone beyond the coast, far mining undersea minerals. So also you must give us proprietary rights over the orbit. Now, the argument from the industrially advanced countries is, you don't have the technology, and you don't have the capital to launch and operate those satellites. So why do you want to freeze our technology by asserting rights over the orbit. The reply to that which is coming from the equatorial developing countries is, we cannot use that orbit now. But we want reservations in space and you pay us rent for the parking slots that you are using. And later on as we use we use this money to develop the technology, then we ask you to vacate those slots, that is the kind of argument that is going on. Now in economic terms, is it possible to create a lease market where assignments to specific slots can be bought and sold. The danger of such an alternative is that if the lease rents are exorbitantly high, then again the very developing countries that are now using the orbit like India and Indonesia and Arabsat, and Colombia, these countries will get priced out. For instance, Brazil is claiming five orbital slots this year. Mexico wants two, Cuba wants one, Colombia wants one. So what they are all urging is have a priory planning of spectrum allocation. But at present under a zero pricing system, lease rents cannot be determined. So the next alternative is shadow price it. Use shadow pricing for the orbit and then establish stakeholder rights. Now, this raises another problem. Will stakeholder rights enable the developing countries to catalyze as they did for oil or if they do not catalyze the establishment of stakeholder rights will deny them the present advantage they have of late comer access, a kind of a free rider advantage which they now have. Because they're not investing per se in satellite technology research and development. So they get the kind of free rider option in just being able to use satellite communication without making any initial investment in it. So the most critical issue for determining the future of satellite technology is where the maximum value dispersion of information pathways is to be achieved at the cost of economic efficiency or at the costs of distributive equity. And that is why John Naisbitt in his book Megatrends, he inserted that instead of turning us outward towards space, the satellite era has turned the globe inward upon itself. Which means satellites are becoming instruments for fulfilling Marshall McLuhan's concept of a global village. Now, many of these issues that are currently politicized in the international fora are to a large measure overcome by what is known as the Intelsat system, the International Telecommunication satellite. What the Intelsat system is made up of, is three communication satellites, they are located over the three ocean basins, that is the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. And these three locations are supposed to be the preferred slots, the slots which give the highest efficiency for satellite communications. Now, these three satellites are owned by over 105, 106 countries, they cooperatively contribute to the construction, the launching, the operation of the satellite system. And what the satellites do is, they carry international traffic, they carry international traffic between the Americas and Europe and Africa between all the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean, between all the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean. Now Intelsat so far has provided only international telephone telex and so on and television signals. But now, Intelsat for its fifth generation satellites which is now being made by Ford Aerospace. They want to provide domestic communications also to some of the developing countries, especially in Asia. And they will leave some transponders for this purpose. But what's happening is that the tariffs that are charged by Intelsat are still too high for some of the Pacific Island countries and other low income countries of Asia. Now, whether these tariffs will become more competitive with challenges that Intelsat is now facing, there are several challenges. One is that Eutelsat, the European satellite is now being designed and constructed, which means Europe will have its own international and inter-country communications through its own satellite. Orion, a company by the name of Orion in the United States has applied to the FCC for launching a satellite to carry international communications over the Atlantic Ocean. So far the FCC has not given permission but if it does, that will be a challenge to Intelsat. Now, will that bring down the tariffs? Will it help to reduce the monopoly pricing power of Intelsat, that will depend on the unit costs of transmission and also the cost of the last mile in the network architecture. What I mean by the last mile is the ground stations, from the receiving stations again, you need extra communication networks to attach to the telephone exchanges to the radio stations to the television stations and so on. Those costs also significantly feature in the cost of satellite communications. So for developing countries, the opportunity costs of satellite communications are high even when equipment costs are declining. But elasticity of demand in such regions defies measurement, it makes it difficult to devise a tariff structure with a built in subsidy for low income consumers. So Intelsat must offer some kind of preferential tariffs to make the trade and the marketing system for developing countries more profitable through reliable communications. That again is the synchronous orbit and that slide shows you the diameter and the altitudes 22,300 miles. And it's geosynchronous because the Earth rotates. Now, this is the Indonesian satellite receiving Earth station at Bali in Indonesia. And they have their second generation satellites already in orbit. This is the communication payload system, our communication satellites. This is the way it works, the storage batteries give power and then telemetry, the cell phone system, the position control, all that goes through and then you have the final signals coming down and signals beaming upwards towards the satellite. This is the least sat naval communications coverage of the United States Navy. It shows you how the entire territory gets linked for naval communications for the United States. You see all the other communication satellites, Ford Aerospace built this Insat satellites, the Indian satellite. And this satellite has been built twice over, one time it was launched by Ariane from Europe, it did not beam any signals after a couple of weeks of being in orbit, its solar cells did not operate. So this year, Challenger put up another new satellite, so you can see that India has spent $20 million twice over in order to get satellite communications. Now, what are the opportunity cost for a poor country like India whose people need to be fed and clothed in their slums in the urban areas, there is under development in the rural areas. Why does India invest twice over in satellite communications? Because it has already made a cost benefit analysis and it believes that satellite communication will help its economic development strategy to be achieved faster than from terrestrial or undersea communications. Then you have the RCA SATCOM satellite, you have the now this TDRSS is a data satellite, it only transmits data. And then you have the fourth, the fifth generation satellite that Ford is making for Intelsat and that is going to give some power of domestic communications also. That is the galaxy new satellite that Hughes Aircraft is building, is going to be dedicated to cable programming. It will have transponder equipment that will be for sale and it does not have any common carrier services. And it has a kind of shopping center concept that is you can shop for whatever programs you want to view from that galaxy satellite that is been built by Hughes Aircraft. Now, this is... These are all the satellites that have been built by Hughes Aircraft throughout the world. The Palapa is built by Hughes Aircraft, the maritime satellites are built by Hughes, the Intelsat. For all these satellites, for Mexico, and the Telstar, Anik C and D which are Canadian satellites. The Australian satellite which will be launched in 1985. Its shadow will cover, that is its footprint will cover Papua New Guinea also, but not New Zealand. Resat, all these satellites have been constructed by Hughes Aerospace Industry. Now, let's move on to computer technology. When Time magazine declared the computer as its man of the Year in 1982, it became amply evident that information processing technologies had invaded not just the factory, the bank, the office but the home in most developed countries. So concurrent with the advance of computer technology has been the equally rapid advance in interconnecting networks for communications. This has led to a blurring of products and markets. And telematics as it is called, it portends a kind of synergistic future, a nerve system for all facets of a country's economy, be it finance or education, government commerce and trade. So producers of telecommunications hardware now include computer networks as part of that product mix, and firms move between markets making it difficult for us to estimate the marginal costs of any one particular product in this telematics sector. Now, this trend has overtaken the markets not just of developed countries but also of the newly industrializing countries like Brazil and Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong. Bringing profound changes to the societies of these developing countries. Demand for computer communications has become the catalyst for economic progress. So much so that new entrepreneurs are in search of new profits from new innovations. The recent generation of digital communication systems makes it possible to build in services like automatic call back, conference calls, caller identification at subscriber terminals and other services. For economics, the problem is that the structure of the telematics industry gets complicated by the jointness of the activity. That is, computers are demanded because of the demand for records, for databases, for networks, for conferencing, just to name a few of the joint demand. Now, despite this complexity, there are major variables that influence labor for computer products. Firstly, there is the impact of factor productivity in input and in output of computer goods and services. The second is the impact of changes in such factor productivity relative to the response of demand from falling prices that is, as prices of equipment decline, demand grows, and as demand grows you have more and more computer input into the manufacturing process itself like robotization. Now, the race for supercomputers that perform functions in speeds and billions per second threatens to plunge the United States and Japan into costly competition, and the French also. But the French are way behind in their aspirations, because the nationalization of the French telecommunication and information processing industries has thrown their telematic program into disarray. The Japanese have invested $200 million to capture the world market for the super computer or the fifth generation computer as it is called. But the United States still is leading the market, the global market. You can see how the United States has already got about one and a half million dollars worth of some part... This is the US market only not just the global market, look at the US computer output and the micrographic market within the United States. You can see how it has grown from 730 million in 1977 to 1.5 billion almost. Now, what kind of implication does this have for the manufacturing industry and for the challenge to employment? See, what happens is that there is the threat that robotization carries for industrialized as well as for developing countries. The developing countries had at present, the subsidiaries of the multinational corporations that are providing the transistors and the integrated circuits for performance of computers and so on. Now, as computerization gets applied to manufacturing industry and the services sector challenges employment, the Luddites in society get lined up to oppose information technology altogether. It's possible that their fears may prove groundless, because the development of micro-electronics has given rise to a new fast growing industry during recessionary times. The Club of Rome when...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105751#t=0.0,2722.58612"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The honest productivity and output are enhanced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=5.1,8.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then employment will increase over the long-term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=8.9,12.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in the short-term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=12.33,14.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's effect is likely to be disruptive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=14.01,16.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New avenues of retraining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=16.93,19.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and employment are constantly opening up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=19.44,22.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the main danger for the short run is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=22.277,25.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that increased efficiency in any one industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=25.39,29.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gives it a dominant position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=29.69,31.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then it drives down its competitors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=31.87,34.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reduces employment for its competitors industries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=34.82,39.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the market for computer software is exploding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=39.5,43.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even in the Asian, newly industrializing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=43.29,47.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that custom built software is now in demand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=47.35,52.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which opens up further avenues for future employment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=53.27,57.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and gives export potential for the developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=57.44,62.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another very important new technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=62.58,65.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is pushing its way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=65.27,66.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is threatening to take over society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=66.67,69.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is called Integrated Services Digital Network, ISDN.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=69.16,74.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This new technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=74.31,76.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before it takes over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=77.0,79.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it requires a certain amount of planning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=79.33,82.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has to be some anticipation of this technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=82.73,87.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not even the poor countries like the Pacific Islands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=87.46,90.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to be left out of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=90.84,92.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International markets are coming closer because of ISDN.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=92.91,97.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disaster warning, disaster relief is all getting speeded up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=97.11,101.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and foreign exchange reserves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=101.52,103.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the developing countries are likely to be conserved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=103.75,106.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of this technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=106.95,108.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in 1988, a transpacific link up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=108.9,113.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using optical fiber will bring the Island nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=113.71,118.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into closer ties with Japan, with USA,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=118.24,122.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=122.17,126.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This will give a tremendous boost to their resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=126.6,130.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for government education and business communications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=130.4,133.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So with the technology comes the issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=133.96,136.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of investment finance, can low-income countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=136.66,140.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at thought to plug into such a system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=140.21,142.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at high opportunity costs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=142.66,144.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Will such costs be higher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=144.69,146.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they opt out of the system?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=146.74,149.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What international policies can be set in 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growth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=369.45,371.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=374.42,375.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will conclude my talk this afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=378.82,383.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by saying that selective transfer of technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=384.59,389.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is closely related to the basic human needs strategy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=389.42,394.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we cannot guarantee that technology transfer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=394.84,398.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by itself will all the social 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countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=405.89,408.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what they need to do is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=408.6,410.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acquire selective communication 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alike.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=511.83,515.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this may be true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=515.18,516.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all other forms of communication technology also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=516.49,520.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd be happy to answer any questions that you may have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=520.49,524.446"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd 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(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=546.016,550.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wandering orbits back down?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=550.72,553.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Or did they just-\nNo, no, yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=553.14,555.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they don't remain there but they begin to disintegrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=555.727,559.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after a period of seven or eight 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orbit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=576.3,581.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once they stopped sending the signals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=581.34,583.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e From your research do you believe that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=585.721,588.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the communications revolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=588.58,592.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going to really improve the 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countries?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=598.623,601.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Some of the research which the East of our center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=601.633,604.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has done in 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on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=826.15,827.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Then did you guys, the comparison United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=830.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Soviet Union and the European countries?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=835.107,838.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How much (indistinct) they are involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=839.73,842.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into this World of Communication?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=842.04,845.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It sounds to me as it is the American (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=845.15,850.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the personal (indistinct) in European countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=852.157,854.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No I'm talking only about the free market economies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=854.85,859.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not have information about communication satellites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=859.07,863.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Soviet Union or in the East European block.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=863.47,866.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not have that information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=866.53,868.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My research concentrates only on the free market system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=868.4,872.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the free market economies and the developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=872.49,876.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I don't have that comparison that you want.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=876.38,880.865"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, but your own experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=880.865,883.448"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whenever you have (indistinct) in this or not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=884.961,889.961"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I beg your pardon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=890.439,891.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e By your own education and your own experience,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=891.63,894.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do you see the Russians being involved into these-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=896.15,899.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, to some extent they are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=899.27,901.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they helped to launch the satellites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=901.53,904.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The weather satellites that were made in India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=904.2,907.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were launched by Russian space ships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=907.03,910.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by launcher equipment made in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=910.68,913.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Russians launched those weather satellites for India,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=913.31,917.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Rukmini and other satellites that are launched","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=917.78,920.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the East coast of India,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=920.69,922.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Madras were launched by Russia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=922.79,925.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do help some developing 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=929.65,933.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happens is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=933.77,934.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Russia accepts payment in local currency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=934.98,938.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it makes it cheaper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=938.93,941.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the developing 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used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=944.57,947.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for buying products that are manufactured","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=947.14,950.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within that country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=950.28,951.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is not true of industrialized countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=951.38,953.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they have to pay in dollars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=953.22,955.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So to that extent, there is some movement in that direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=956.26,960.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not to a significant extent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=960.79,962.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to any significant extent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=962.76,964.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e If you wanna try to keep abreast of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=967.8,969.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's happening in this area, you've talked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=971.43,974.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you mentioned some of these, I'd like you to review them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=974.31,976.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or maybe expand on what are some of the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=976.88,979.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"key points that decisions are being made in this whole 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governments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=985.55,989.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International Consortiums, or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=989.44,992.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are some of the key decision-making 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Union","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=998.35,1001.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which holds meetings that are called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1001.31,1005.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World Administrative Radio Conferences or WARC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1005.72,1008.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One WARC was held in 1979.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1010.26,1014.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One WARC will be held","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1014.32,1016.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1985 before the allocation of orbital space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1016.14,1021.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this year in October","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1021.79,1024.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the International Telecommunications Union","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1024.35,1027.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"held a world exhibition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1027.12,1030.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all the telecommunications equipment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1030.4,1033.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States had probably the biggest exhibition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1033.24,1036.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, it was the biggest exhibitor there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1036.86,1039.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of telecommunications equipment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1039.37,1041.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia, the East European countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1041.25,1044.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England, Europe were all exhibitors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1044.13,1046.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was called Telecom 83.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1046.84,1049.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This exhibition, Singapore put its exhibitions there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1049.83,1054.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Hong Kong and Taiwan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1054.35,1056.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there was this kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1057.49,1059.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other fora","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1059.99,1063.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the UNESCO, the UNCTAD, the GAD","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1063.12,1066.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these are trying to get developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1066.21,1069.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing countries together in what is called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1069.52,1072.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the North-South Dialogue in order to help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1072.58,1076.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But a US and Canada had that own regional conferences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1076.64,1080.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to farther up space allocation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1080.38,1083.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what trans border data flows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1083.61,1085.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hot issue now is trans border data flows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1085.31,1088.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And non-tariff barriers for data flows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1088.77,1091.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Just a point of verification","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1093.79,1094.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the unions involved in (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1094.82,1097.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1098.35,1099.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly they are involved, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1099.67,1100.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's like-\nYes, yes, yes, right yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1100.55,1103.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, they are involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1103.87,1104.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And I have another question, (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1104.87,1106.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1111.033,1111.866"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e When that is achieved and they will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1113.197,1116.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theoretically have a leg up on the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1116.07,1117.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they will become vended on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1117.81,1119.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, except that the Cree and the Trilogy projects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1119.84,1123.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in US are also going to be super computer and it's possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1123.57,1128.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a trilogy might overtake the Japanese.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1129.71,1134.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Cree (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1134.14,1135.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1137.43,1138.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, I don't know its exact location.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1140.523,1143.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e All I wanted to know is (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1143.36,1144.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expenditure of sharing the market,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1144.783,1147.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you factor in other places other than Japan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1147.47,1150.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you bring in (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1150.92,1152.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan have a network of external Asian producers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1152.225,1156.015"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will then people (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1156.015,1159.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, no way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1159.227,1160.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much for coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1168.988,1170.392"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1170.392,1171.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=1171.225,1174.142"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22770/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/770/original/AV203347_Tomorrows_Telecommunications_Technology_and_the_Global_Economy_b.vtt?1613498612","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/770/original/AV203347_Tomorrows_Telecommunications_Technology_and_the_Global_Economy_b.vtt?1613498612"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22771","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203347_Tomorrows_Telecommunications_Technology_and_the_Global_Economy_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752/transcript/22771/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The honest productivity and output are enhanced then employment will increase over the long-term. But in the short-term it's effect is likely to be disruptive. New avenues of retraining and employment are constantly opening up. But the main danger for the short run is that increased efficiency in any one industry, gives it a dominant position and then it drives down its competitors and reduces employment for its competitors industries. But the market for computer software is exploding even in the Asian, newly industrializing countries. So that custom built software is now in demand. Which opens up further avenues for future employment and gives export potential for the developing countries. Another very important new technology that is pushing its way and is threatening to take over society is called Integrated Services Digital Network, ISDN. This new technology before it takes over it requires a certain amount of planning that has to be some anticipation of this technology, but not even the poor countries like the Pacific Islands want to be left out of it. International markets are coming closer because of ISDN. Disaster warning, disaster relief is all getting speeded up and foreign exchange reserves for the developing countries are likely to be conserved because of this technology. So in 1988, a transpacific link up using optical fiber will bring the Island nations into closer ties with Japan, with USA, with Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan. This will give a tremendous boost to their resources for government education and business communications. So with the technology comes the issue of investment finance, can low-income countries at thought to plug into such a system at high opportunity costs. Will such costs be higher if they opt out of the system? What international policies can be set in place in order to regulate both optimal efficiency and distribution of equity? There're other technologies like electronic funds transfers, cellular radio interactive cable. I don't want to go into all those but I do want to say that developing countries are in on all this new technology and therefore the services sector in all these countries is increasing and widening far more rapidly than the manufacturing sector. You see, how, why is it called the invisible league? Because the services sector is difficult to quantify and difficult to price, but you can see that not just the developed countries, but the developing countries also, are using the services sector. Some of them having an adverse balance of trade in their balance of payments accounts for 1980. Look at that slide on population X-Box and gross national product of the countries. Between 1976 and 1990. The low-income countries are indicated by the yellow color, in the pie diagram. And you can see that they carry the largest burden of population, but that their income and their exports, their exports are just 1.7% of total world exports. And the growth of national income is hardly 1.9%. The Slack is being taken up by those country indicated by the red area and that pie chart which stands for the middle income countries. The middle income countries the newly industrializing countries, their growth of national income and their growth of exports is almost parallel up to 1990. The oil producing countries will not be doing as well as these newly industrializing countries will be doing with new technology. See the structural characteristics of the newly industrializing countries. I don't know if you can read that diagram but, what I wanted to show was that the services sector is overtaking the manufacturing sector. As a percentage of gross national product, the services sector is growing more rapidly for Korea, for Taiwan, for Mexico, and for Brazil than the manufacturing sector. That means that they are getting more and more into services into information related activities. This is finally a diagram to show you who belongs to the third world and who belongs to the fourth world. The poorest countries with less than $300 of annual per capital output. They are under the fourth world. And you can see that such powerful countries as Egypt politically powerful countries as Egypt and India are all part of the fourth world because of their large populations. They are not able to carry the populations relative to their growth, their industrial and economic growth. So, I will conclude my talk this afternoon, by saying that selective transfer of technology is closely related to the basic human needs strategy. But we cannot guarantee that technology transfer by itself will all the social change. The technology gap may continue or even widen between the have and the have not countries. So what they need to do is acquire selective communication technology and direct that technology towards improving the physical quality of life index off its periphery people. But the opportunity cost of capital investment must be affordable for these countries. There are certain social system parameters within which technology chance for must operate. There must be an optimum mix of labor using and labor saving technology so that the developing countries get more self reliant in their own forms of sophisticated technology. The multinational corporations so far have created islands of technology in backward societies. They have helped to create economic enclaves of urban elite population that have all the modern technology and the rural poor have nothing. So in terms of this kind of development, the transfer costs, the absorption costs of technology all have to be taken into consideration when we determine the level of infrastructure development and the type of technology that is imported. But we have to realize that technology does create its own community of shared experiences, just as the printing press and television were denounced when they first got introduced. The fact remains that both today exercise a homogenizing and democratizing influence in more developed and less developed countries alike. And this may be true of all other forms of communication technology also. I'd be happy to answer any questions that you may have.\r\n\r\n- This sounds like the silly question for , but how did they get the help wandering orbits back down? Or did they just-\r\n\r\n- No, no, yeah, they don't remain there but they begin to disintegrate after a period of seven or eight years. And for some strange reason, they seem to fall into the ocean area near the Micronesian Islands and they call that the graveyard for the satellites, but they disintegrate or they don't occupy the orbit once they stopped sending the signals.\r\n\r\n- From your research do you believe that the communications revolution is going to really improve the life of the citizen at the most ignorant level in some of this poorest countries?\r\n\r\n- Some of the research which the East of our center has done in Indonesia, seems to indicate that the farmers and the rural people in the remote islands are getting linked into the overall system. They are receiving messages better. On the other hand, they were at one time the Indonesian government found that a lot of farm viewers off the television programs were getting hooked on commercials. And this sort of raised expectations for commodities that they could not afford to buy. There were more American commercials that came along with the American movies or whatever it was. And so now the Indonesian government has banned all commercials altogether but they find there is a study done of satellite television in Indonesia, which seems to indicate that it is helping the farm population in Indonesia to have better output and to be educated in farming technology, in population, family planning and that kind of thing. In India the experimental satellite, again, that was loaned by NASA for one year in 1976, that was the ATS-6. It was first launched to Alaska then to Appalachia and then it went to India. And then the Indians found that community viewing and they put television sets in the elementary schools in rural areas, the children were learning better on Science and Mathematics programs. They used it for training Science teachers and they found a lot of benefits. That is the main reason why the government of India and the Indian parliament is agreeing every time to invest in satellite technology. It's not easy for them but they are devicing low cost methods of ground station. Like for instance, they are using chicken wire for earth stations on that school tops for antennas for receiving the signals from their satellites. And from this year onwards, they are allowed to have color television sets, which are again give an impetus to Indian industry, to manufacture these color television sets which they have not done before. So that way it's sort of generate some employment then it helps, but it does link the rural areas more cost-effectively than if they were to be linked by terrestrial communications or by undersea cable.\r\n\r\n- You mentioned rejection of commercial user, any rejection by some of developed countries connected into first world culture and so on?\r\n\r\n- Yes, there is, they do feel that they need to devise their own software, their own programs, but these are so expensive compared to the tapes that they can buy for little or nothing from television studios in the United States, that they use them just to keep their television stations going. But at the same time they are investing in making their own software particularly instructional television, for instance they want to concentrate first on instructional television. In India, in Indonesia, in the Philippines and Thailand and so on.\r\n\r\n- Then did you guys, the comparison United States and the Soviet Union and the European countries? How much they are involved into this World of Communication? It sounds to me as it is the American was the personal in European countries.\r\n\r\n- No I'm talking only about the free market economies. I do not have information about communication satellites in the Soviet Union or in the East European block. I do not have that information. My research concentrates only on the free market system and the free market economies and the developing countries. So I don't have that comparison that you want.\r\n\r\n- Okay, but your own experience whenever you have in this or not?\r\n\r\n- I beg your pardon.\r\n\r\n- By your own education and your own experience, do you see the Russians being involved into these-\r\n\r\n- Yes, to some extent they are because they helped to launch the satellites. The weather satellites that were made in India were launched by Russian space ships by launcher equipment made in Russia. The Russians launched those weather satellites for India, the Rukmini and other satellites that are launched from the East coast of India, from Madras were launched by Russia, they do help some developing countries to the extent possible to the extent of the payment that is received for them. What happens is that Russia accepts payment in local currency. So it makes it cheaper for the developing countries when they can pay in their own currency, because they know that their own currency will be used for buying products that are manufactured within that country. That is not true of industrialized countries where they have to pay in dollars. So to that extent, there is some movement in that direction but not to a significant extent not to any significant extent.\r\n\r\n- If you wanna try to keep abreast of what's happening in this area, you've talked you mentioned some of these, I'd like you to review them or maybe expand on what are some of the, key points that decisions are being made in this whole area or are they being made by, multinational corporation, individual governments, International Consortiums, or whatever. What are some of the key decision-making areas-\r\n\r\n- The most important decision making area is the International Telecommunications Union which holds meetings that are called World Administrative Radio Conferences or WARC. One WARC was held in 1979. One WARC will be held in 1985 before the allocation of orbital space. And this year in October the International Telecommunications Union held a world exhibition of all the telecommunications equipment. United States had probably the biggest exhibition, I mean, it was the biggest exhibitor there of telecommunications equipment, Russia, the East European countries, England, Europe were all exhibitors and it was called Telecom 83. This exhibition, Singapore put its exhibitions there and Hong Kong and Taiwan. So there was this kind of thing. The other fora are the UNESCO, the UNCTAD, the GAD all these are trying to get developed in developing countries together in what is called the North-South Dialogue in order to help. But a US and Canada had that own regional conferences to farther up space allocation, what trans border data flows the hot issue now is trans border data flows. And non-tariff barriers for data flows.\r\n\r\n- Just a point of verification so the unions involved in .\r\n\r\n- Oh, yes, they are. Certainly they are involved, yes.\r\n\r\n- It's like-\r\n\r\n- Yes, yes, yes, right yes. Yes, they are involved.\r\n\r\n- And I have another question, .\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- When that is achieved and they will, theoretically have a leg up on the United States and they will become vended on.\r\n\r\n- Yeah, except that the Cree and the Trilogy projects in US are also going to be super computer and it's possible that a trilogy might overtake the Japanese.\r\n\r\n- Cree .\r\n\r\n- Yeah, yeah. Oh, I don't know its exact location.\r\n\r\n- All I wanted to know is expenditure of sharing the market, if you factor in other places other than Japan you bring in Japan have a network of external Asian producers that will then people\r\n\r\n- No, no, no way.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much for coming.\r\n\r\n- Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36630/file/105752#t=0.0,1193.74367"}]}]}]}