{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/0k2697096j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Johanson, Donald C., The Evolutionary Ladder"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203256 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Evolutionary Ladder is an April 22, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Donald Johanson. Donald Johanson talks about prehistoric hominids, focusing on the discoveries that have been made and the researchers who study them.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w96h4cw02"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1982-04-22"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Johanson, Donald C. (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Evolution (Biology)","Paleoanthropology","Lucy (Prehistoric hominid)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["The Evolutionary Ladder is an April 22, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Donald Johanson. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/449/small/lecture.png?1608541999","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_a.mp3"]},"duration":2733.74041,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/449/small/lecture.png?1608541999","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/449/original/AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_a.mp3?1608541999","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2733.74041,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_a.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Good evening,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=7.436,8.269"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to welcome you to the evening's lecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=8.269,12.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entitled the Evolutionary Ladder","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=12.08,14.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man and his ancestors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=14.81,16.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The lecture that we are going to hear this evening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=16.51,19.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be presented by dr. Donald Johanson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=19.2,22.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are waiting for a pointer of some sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=24.85,28.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with which dr. 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Johanson had recovered from Ethiopia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=167.08,170.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not generally appreciated at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=170.39,173.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The story of his discoveries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=173.99,176.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how their crucial role in human evolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=176.88,179.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to be understood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=179.33,181.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is of course, dr. Johanson's story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=181.02,183.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's what he's going to tell you this evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=183.1,186.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before I let him get on with it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=186.08,188.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like simply to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=188.2,190.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=190.41,192.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his work admirably represents anthropological science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=192.74,196.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is characterized by questing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=197.34,201.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under arduous field conditions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=201.02,202.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some indication of which you will get this evening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=202.84,206.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by questioning all theories and all assumptions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=208.34,213.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by the communication of all of this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=214.31,217.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the general public, with clarity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=217.2,220.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with excitement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=220.6,222.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with humanity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=222.14,223.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Please join me in welcoming dr. Donald Johanson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=224.78,228.522"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=228.522,231.522"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much John.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=240.66,242.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Good evening, everyone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=242.35,244.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's I must say a pleasure for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=244.16,247.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you need to glass Casey?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=247.03,248.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To be back in the Midwest everyone says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=250.12,252.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, you fled to the West coast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=252.54,254.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you're now living in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=254.36,255.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as my seven year old boy calls it Berkeley,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=255.97,258.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students laugh)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=259.567,260.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's supposed to be Nirvana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=260.98,263.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, when you move to the West coast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=263.13,264.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're supposed to become a Zen Buddhist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=264.82,266.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and fall in Nirvana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=266.9,269.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I must say that an interesting sort of observation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=269.16,273.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has been made by myself over the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=273.13,276.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay we got all kinds of equipment here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=276.76,279.514"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"past a couple of weeks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=279.514,281.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I had an opportunity to lecture in the Midwest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=281.29,283.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is that there seems to be 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from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=288.08,289.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how we got here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=289.77,290.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're interested in our roots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=290.603,292.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I mean, by that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=292.5,293.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fact that now that it's spring time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=293.83,295.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sort of sensation that one has in the Midwest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=295.74,298.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the resurrection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=298.43,300.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and escape from the winter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=300.7,303.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one that is terribly enlightening us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=303.43,305.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The kind of change which we don't have in California.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=305.4,308.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to a large 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that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=322.61,325.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the book Lucy, which I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=325.34,328.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"written a number of years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=328.21,330.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was published a year ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=330.75,332.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a very close friend of mine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=332.14,333.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the name of Maitland Edey,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=333.68,335.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maitland was a,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=335.44,337.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was actually the founder of the time life book series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=337.96,341.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was assistant managing editor of life magazine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=341.01,343.746"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the fifties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=343.746,344.579"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now is 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fossils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=358.45,360.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their discoveries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=360.85,362.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we got together in Martha's 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Schuster","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=369.41,372.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'd put this book together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=372.39,374.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Maitland is one of 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interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=384.21,385.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in January,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=385.92,387.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were nominated for the American book award.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=387.33,389.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this year there were quite a number of other books","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=389.79,392.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in particular Stephen Jay Gould book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=392.44,394.624"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Mismeasure of man,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=394.624,395.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but other books, which were of great importance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=395.877,398.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books that were I thought extremely well done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=400.18,403.932"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I thought that we had very little 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award.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=410.04,410.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a matter of fact I had such,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=410.92,413.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought that these books were so 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desk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=418.97,421.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the top of my desk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=421.92,422.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was covered with all sorts of letters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=422.95,424.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and things that I was supposed to deal with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=424.9,427.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I came across the American book awards nomination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=427.39,430.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I said, you know, I'm never gonna win this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=430.45,432.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I threw it away, threw it all 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way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=435.9,437.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And on Monday morning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=437.26,439.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the publisher Simon and Schuster call me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=439.38,442.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then he said that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=442.37,443.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julia Knickerbocker called me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=443.3,444.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she said, \"Well congratulations.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=444.61,446.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, 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kidding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=449.885,450.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=450.91,452.085"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No you've won the American book awards.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=452.085,453.022"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you know what I was doing that afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=453.022,455.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going through the garbage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=455.01,456.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=456.322,458.221"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=458.221,459.074"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to go to the garbage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=459.074,459.907"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I found the papers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=459.907,460.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And next week I go to New York with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=460.82,464.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this great expectation of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=464.98,466.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only receiving the award,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=466.38,468.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not being able to understand a single thing about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=468.52,470.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the awards being given by William F. Buckley.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=470.763,473.894"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=473.894,475.174"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=475.174,476.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless I bring with me the Oxford dictionary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=476.55,479.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to go further able to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=479.78,481.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to understand him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=481.74,483.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at any rate, it's it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=483.04,484.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm extremely pleased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=484.68,486.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the fact that they have awarded this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=486.42,488.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because it was, as you heard,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=488.56,491.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of my objectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=491.75,493.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one of my objectives has always been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=493.65,495.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only to go find the old bones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=495.65,497.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to be able to say something about them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=497.94,500.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's my editor at Simon and Schuster said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=500.45,502.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The big sign that was on the store,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=502.757,504.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lucy is not just a bag of bones.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=504.25,506.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what he was saying really is the fact that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=506.75,510.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sorts of discoveries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=510.5,511.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sorts of pursuits that we have been engaged in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=511.66,514.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are in a way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=514.4,516.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely interesting for all of humankind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=516.07,518.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that I do think that there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=518.95,521.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a very large extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=521.86,524.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no matter what culture you're in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=524.42,526.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no matter what religion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=526.52,528.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or non-religion, you're subscribed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=528.26,530.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an interest in your origins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=530.03,532.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're interested in ourselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=532.05,534.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we a unique species in many ways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=534.16,537.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we have not only the fascination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=537.51,540.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also the ability to explore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=540.7,543.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to unravel the very early stages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=543.74,547.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what I like to call the human career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=547.24,550.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've been remarkably fortunate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=550.15,553.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in being able to work with a large group of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=553.68,557.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have dedicated an enormous amount of time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=557.11,560.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working under remarkably strenuous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=560.47,563.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and often really dangerous situations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=563.4,567.285"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to uncover and to understand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=567.285,570.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the very earliest beginnings of the human family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=570.67,574.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm the spokesman for that group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=574.45,577.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a large extent, I suppose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=577.94,579.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I've been able to raise more money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=579.69,582.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than anybody else on the expedition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=582.49,583.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know any other reason.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=583.71,585.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's really the dedicated efforts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=585.11,588.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a large group of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=588.47,590.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have been able to bring about these insights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=590.67,594.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this glimpse into the past","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=594.91,597.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the opening up of a little bit of a window","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=597.19,599.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into sort of those beginnings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=599.65,602.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those origins of when an ape stood up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=602.39,605.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on some remote corner of a Savannah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=605.13,607.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere in Africa and became man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=607.03,609.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And 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preserved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2679.515,2684.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've actually found some articulated animal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2684.14,2687.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which suggest that this fossils were 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risks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2697.087,2701.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the details of this error,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2701.07,2703.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suggest that there is none other work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2703.4,2706.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was capable of the final manipulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2706.447,2708.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have today in our hand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2709.863,2712.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is nothing the bank has stated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=2712.51,2714.848"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if there is a any kind of different 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21186/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/186/original/AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_a.vtt?1608542001","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/186/original/AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_a.vtt?1608542001"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21187","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449/transcript/21187/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good evening, I would like to welcome you to the evening's lecture, entitled the Evolutionary Ladder man and his ancestors. The lecture that we are going to hear this evening will be presented by dr. Donald Johanson. We are waiting for a pointer of some sort with which dr. Johanson can point out important things on the slides that he is going to present. But while we're waiting for that article to arrive, let me go on with the introduction. Which I hope to make brief, but necessarily dealing with the sponsorship of this evening's presentation. It is sponsored by the anthropology club, the anthropology program, the geology club, the biology program, the genetics department the zoology department and the university committee on lectures, which is funded by the government of the student body. Okay. There's an off-campus sponsor too the off-campus sponsor is the LSB Leakey foundation in Pasadena, California. Our lecturer tonight has a doctoral degree in anthropology from the university of Chicago, and he is currently director of the Institute for the study of human origins at the university of California in Berkeley. He is also the author of the 1981 best seller entitled Lucy, the beginnings of humankind, which very recently was honored with the American book award prize for scientific publication. I first met dr. Johanson in Nairobi in 1973, where he was wandering around with a rather unprepossessing collection of bones from Ethiopia whose importance very frankly, was difficult to appreciate to me and probably to others as well. However, their discovers enthusiasm was very apparent. Dr. Johanson has been to Iowa State University previously. He lectured here in 1974, which by coincidence was a year when the rather remarkable fossil colloquially known as Lucy, the eponymous fossil for the book was discovered. And again, the importance of the finds that dr. Johanson had recovered from Ethiopia was not generally appreciated at that time. The story of his discoveries and how their crucial role in human evolution came to be understood is of course, dr. Johanson's story. And it's what he's going to tell you this evening. Before I let him get on with it, I would like simply to say, that for me, his work admirably represents anthropological science. It is characterized by questing under arduous field conditions, some indication of which you will get this evening by questioning all theories and all assumptions. And by the communication of all of this, to the general public, with clarity, with excitement and with humanity. Please join me in welcoming dr. Donald Johanson\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much John. Good evening, everyone. It's I must say a pleasure for me. Do you need to glass Casey? To be back in the Midwest everyone says, well, you fled to the West coast, and you're now living in as my seven year old boy calls it Berkeley, and that's supposed to be Nirvana. You know, when you move to the West coast, you're supposed to become a Zen Buddhist and fall in Nirvana. But I must say that an interesting sort of observation that has been made by myself over the... Okay we got all kinds of equipment here past a couple of weeks when I had an opportunity to lecture in the Midwest. And that is that there seems to be something true about the fact that we're all interested in, where we came from and how we got here. And we're interested in our roots. And I mean, by that, the fact that now that it's spring time, the sort of sensation that one has in the Midwest of the resurrection and escape from the winter is one that is terribly enlightening us. The kind of change which we don't have in California. And to a large extent, I've enjoyed my lecture tour in the Midwest this year, because I've been able to see the world emerge from the terribly bitter winter and to, I guess, a certain degree. I miss being here in the Midwest. You heard earlier in the introduction that the book Lucy, which I had written a number of years ago, it was published a year ago with a very close friend of mine by the name of Maitland Edey, Maitland was a, he was actually the founder of the time life book series and was assistant managing editor of life magazine in the fifties. And now is retired and has the wonderful opportunity to live up on Martha's vineyard. And I had proposed to him, the possibility of writing a book, pumping book of more easily accessible rendering of the fossils and their discoveries. And we got together in Martha's vineyard, Then we sort of talked about it and we decided that we would it. Then we found somebody in New York who was willing to take it on Simon and Schuster And we'd put this book together. And Maitland is one of these absolutely extraordinary people who writes extremely well and who was able to make much of the old dry bones very interesting. And in January, we were nominated for the American book award. But this year there were quite a number of other books in particular Stephen Jay Gould book the Mismeasure of man, but other books, which were of great importance books that were I thought extremely well done. And I thought that we had very little opportunity of achieving or receiving or winning this award. As a matter of fact I had such, I thought that these books were so good that we didn't have much of a chance until last Saturday in Berkeley I was busy excavating my desk, the top of my desk, which was covered with all sorts of letters and things that I was supposed to deal with. And I came across the American book awards nomination, and I said, you know, I'm never gonna win this. So I threw it away, threw it all away. The invitation nomination, everything threw it all the way. And on Monday morning, the publisher Simon and Schuster call me and then he said that Julia Knickerbocker called me And she said, \"Well congratulations.\" And I said, why? And she said, \"Well you won the American book award.\" And I said you gotta be kidding. And she said, \"No you've won the American book awards.\" So you know what I was doing that afternoon, going through the garbage. It's true. I had to go to the garbage and I found the papers. And next week I go to New York with this great expectation of not only receiving the award, but not being able to understand a single thing about it because the awards being given by William F. Buckley. So unless I bring with me the Oxford dictionary, I have to go further able to, to understand him. But at any rate, it's it, I'm extremely pleased with the fact that they have awarded this. And because it was, as you heard, one of my objectives, and one of my objectives has always been not only to go find the old bones, but to be able to say something about them. That's my editor at Simon and Schuster said \"The big sign that was on the store, Lucy is not just a bag of bones.\" And what he was saying really is the fact that the sorts of discoveries, the sorts of pursuits that we have been engaged in are in a way extremely interesting for all of humankind in the sense that I do think that there is to a very large extent, no matter what culture you're in, no matter what religion or non-religion, you're subscribed to an interest in your origins. We're interested in ourselves. And we a unique species in many ways, because we have not only the fascination, but also the ability to explore and to unravel the very early stages of what I like to call the human career. And I've been remarkably fortunate in being able to work with a large group of people who have dedicated an enormous amount of time working under remarkably strenuous and often really dangerous situations to uncover and to understand the very earliest beginnings of the human family. And I'm the spokesman for that group to a large extent, I suppose, because I've been able to raise more money than anybody else on the expedition I don't know any other reason. But it's really the dedicated efforts of a large group of people who have been able to bring about these insights, this glimpse into the past the opening up of a little bit of a window into sort of those beginnings, those origins of when an ape stood up on some remote corner of a Savannah, somewhere in Africa and became man. And that fascination is one which I hope, you know, to tell you about tonight and to tell you about how important that quest is for understanding our place in nature. Which is indeed what we are specifically interested in. The people who have worked with me, some of whom you will meet this evening are a remarkable group of people who have decided to leave the comfort of their laboratory or their office, or their home or whatever, and to go off into a really remote and hostile situation to put together a picture, a portrait, a sense of why it is we became human. Where it happened and to try to grapple with that important question of why it happened. So with that sort of as an introduction, a general background to why it is somebody goes off bashing in the bush, looking for old bones, let's look at the slides and talk to them. During the late 18 hundreds, and at the turn of the century, the major focus of attention for finding human head fossil focused on Europe and Asia, mainly because these should be put in importance to work However, Christopher Darwin in the late 18 hundreds, suggested that it wouldn't it be the dark continent Africa that would yield our oldest and most primitive ancestry. This suggestion laid down for a number of decades until the remarkable discovery in Southern Africa just here at the site of Taung by Raymond Dart by a Raven dark of a child's skull, which is still somewhat a very important of a absolute age, but it's probably something on the order of two to three million years in age. Here's the discovery which consists of this sector the Taung child which was then given this terrible tongue twisting name Australopithecus africanus or the South Africans ape man. It was given 12 session of exactly an ape man six years old died in the previous year the first and when this specimen he announced what he considered to be the missing link. The missing link is a popular concept, really boils down to finding that specimen that it half point intermediate between ape and man. The trail in evolution is a long and continuous more defined off many ways. And this happened to be obviously one of those ways, but as Darwin announced there's a missing link. He said, \"It was of South africana of South African ape man that it was our oldest most primitive end search.\" Most people accepted this with a considerable amount of reticence. In fact, you may or may not know the studying of human origins, the studying of human ape origin or the study of paleo anthropology. I was sitting next to somebody on a plane today he actually, mentioned to me he was a paleo anthropologist. He thought that meant that I studied paleo anthropology The study of paleo anthropology A paleo on its one which has been tremendously controversial. It's one, which is exciting because of that right and as you probably know, involved in what has been done the battle of the bones, with the leading family I think the battle is over. I think we've won. There is always a considerable amount of skepticism that accompanies any discovery, any announcement and that discovery, and announcement of the top pronoun with that with considerable benefits in great Britain, to a large extent, because he did bring it back the specimen and show it to his old professor. And he didn't ask him what paid for he simply went ahead and promised what he thought. Well, there were a number of early supporters not many one was Robert Crull a very colorful man whose claimed to fame up to that point was the fact that he was an expert in midwifery, but he was very fascinated with mammal microptile of Southern Africa. And in Southern there was this session which gonna be out. And he found enormous companies of specimen in the Transvaal region. And vindicated that Darwin's suggestion that all E the family tree somewhere. For 35 years or so Southern African dominated, our ideas, our scenarios of human evolution until 1959. When the late Louis Leakey and his wife married, and made this extremely important pivotal discovery, and probably the most celebrated and well known of any of these sites Olduvai Gorge. This is famous nutcracker man or the Gigantopithecus as in it is a form of Australopithecus like Taung child, but there is different into the head skull from top of the skull which you see here. It has an enormously broad face with large crushing and grinding molars and pre-molars. and we know and it was probably a barbaric athletic side branch that was adapted to a vegetarian diet. It was successful form but lived well over many years, but it was conserved in South Africa. Very robust in its development hence Australopithecus to robustus or the robust ape man. But it died out about a million years ago and it has left no monitor fossil. The shift at Eastern was one which was to a large extent, very fortunately for us. There was a large theological structure in Eastern Africa, which is known as the great East African Rift. That we heard begins in Mozambique continues to north wards to Tanzania to Kenya to Ethiopia up and actually was continuous with the rival team right up here in Israel. It is an extraordinary structure. It's one that's been developing for tens of billion years hence providing depositional places for animals to be buried, ultimately to be fossilized and preserved for interested people like myself to come along and find them years ago. The East African Rift, as it turned out, was associated with a considerable degree of volcanicity There were lots of active volcanoes. It was formed as you can see by volcano break you see just here, Eastern portion by the Somalia, slightly have been integral by ripping itself away from the main continent of Africa. And it was a very important geological phenomenal for vindicating, many of the ideas of volcano but associated with it more and breaking of volcano a lot of volcanic activity, which was important in producing ashes and the results from mammal that could be dated so we could absolutely date this fossils. The fossils were filed off in association with various kinds of mammals that would allow us to derive insights into the early environments in the world that these human ancestors lived in interaction. And often in places that was stored tools associated with them. So we could say something, the cultural development. And also about the human ape. And by the way this site begin to develop or we discovered in rift for example from this historic of Nairobi here like Turkana which was then called dr. Vargas and the students who did come to the pioneer geological work in this area, sites in the Southern part of Ethiopia, such as Oromo these are sites that all directly associated with the East African rift. Well, when I was working in, Southern Ethiopia, just here in the 1970, 71, 72, I had an opportunity to meet some French, paleontologists and geologists. One of those geologists was working in the Afar Triangle just here. and in this Triangle as we explained from the beginning they are party that he had encounter this area of South, indicated by this Southern Dona area that were extremely rich and fossil remains with different kinds of memoirs. And he wondered if they might be of interest to an anthropologist such as myself. This is the sort of area living the cone, typical inviting bandwidth focusing and fossil hunters like myself consisting of most late performers which meant that the fossils were fairly complete. They weren't broken up that were fairly complete skeletons of of antelopes, gazelles, warthogs, rhinos, giraffes, and so forth. And some of the fossils, which he showed me from this side were very, delight rustic in terms of their age. And when compared with other fossils, from other sites, it was apparent almost immediately that the site was somewhere between three and four million years in age. In this theory of the human curator was virtually empty at that time. There were a few teeth from Southern Ethiopia but very, very few fossils. And we thought that if we could find some human ancestors fossil in this area of Ethiopia. We might open up a new chapter on human origin. We visited the site for the first time in 1972, formed the international Earth watch research expedition from here South Africa a series of expeditions for this one. Here you see an aerial view of the campsite up here can be immediately located immediately junction to the Awash river, which provides us with a permanent source of water. We're normally here between October and December, as we will be later this year, conveniently adjacent to the deposits that have yielded half million of fossils that we are talking about this evening. Another view of that site, showing you the camping in the front ground we bring them up to 20 sides, of fossils equal number of Ethiopians who work with us. And this is an exciting opportunity 'cause it's looking South wards. Inside areas which have only been explored in depth very recently prevention doesn't its part. And my coastal team white and both of whom are at university of California Berkeley were there this last fall. And they have discovered that the sediments South of African miles or so South of here extend further back in town and actually preceded the discoveries, which I'll talk about this evening. So that we may have opportunities of gaining insights into the even earlier stages and earlier ground of the humankind tweaks. They will also be going back to the source. The area itself is populated today by the Afar people. These are nomadic muslims who lived in this area and they have played a crucial role in the success of expiration in the sense that they have been not only guards and guard with extra values in parts of discoverers holding activation. And to run instead we really owe our security to them in the sense that we do not bring weapons with us, we hire a number of Afar guard like Adal who is pictured here to look after us. They replaced these primitive world war two right as now with very managed training right in their figures. Am sorry right here somewhere around here And they have lived with us and they've looked out for our security ever they necessarily go and work for us or fought for us but their mere presence and their mere acceptance of us has played an important role in our success. Well, when you get up by 6:30 in the morning by 5:30 in the morning, go out and survey all morning and the temperatures creep up to about 120 degrees. The river is extremely inviting. As you can see here what about noon, this is out there we are talking out in the river all of the noon time seem to be their time to seat on the young beach and watch us be happy eating the fish in the river. Here you see one of our French colleagues preparing one allergic side salad on Saturday nights we are off now That means we get to drink a beer or two. Not a real man students who were told that they're not supposed to buy beer I do. And it's just convenient choice as I said a drinking water, but it's also a place to be able to refresh oneself. The expedition after being in the field for three months, takes a considerable support. Mrs Betty, our cook who has been successful in keeping everybody happy and well fed. Has the evening collectable dinner, anything you want to eat you like cow we buy goats and sheep occasionally from the local people and then on the diet goats and sheep for three months or so. You can't believe all the different variety dishes that were made I got fat on average We're also, we also usually bring with us a medical doctor, which is Dr Michael Bush, a medical doctor who was then at Case Western Reserve University, who was able to offer a small clinic to help a number of the local people with severe ear infection. And he also worked with the health of the expedition itself. There are a number of major focal points to an expedition, such as this which is a paleo anthropological endeavor. One, which is extremely multi interdisciplinary. And one of those areas concerns paleontology or the study of the fossilized remains of the various kinds of animals that are found in the same geological strata from which we draw on the early human ancestor fossils. This is doctor Tom Gray, who is was one of my graduate students. And it was his job to coordinate the paleontological survey to combine and sort of put together all of the data from the various specialists he's cleaning up a microscope just say one of his papers that lived in that ancient light system, but to integrate the information from the people who studied the rodents people who studied the antelope the people study the giraffes the people who studied the carnivores and so forth to give us a picture of what the paleo environment was like. It was a very mosaic environment. One in which you had everything's from fringing, riverine forests, all the way to open grasslands represented at the site. Some of the fossils which were recovered from the site are extraordinary, completely. This is a picture virtually complete but it required light. One of the things it's called noble curse that's between this ape which correlates with many of these other sites to draw all the three to four million years. It was one of the things that alerted us to the considerable antiquity of the site. Here is an elephant cell. Clone is excavated in the scam or crane just see you'll see the tusks coming out virtually complete bite out of the tip. We found with the parts of the shoulder, hip, ribs and so forth during the excavations. Close to four million years old, probably very close to the exact spot where it died about four million years ago. There are also a number of forms in animal, which have become extinct. Which have not left any modern curvy which is done theory. An elephant might creature, which had tusks coming on in lower jaw instead of coming out in upper jaw. So there were a number of points several such as these also. With this remarkable, with thrilling bio mass that was available, there were newest ecological niches for carnivores to fit into. And here's the reconstruction of what one of these cats will look like with its large canine they were also lion like, leopard, like creatures. There were several kinds of hyenas there were wild dogs and so forth. Fitting into these various ecological niches preying, predating in a farm to the very are which we're living there. We're interested not only in this mega forum the large sorts of fossil but also in a microphone such as this. And here you see your new meter rule for scale at the bottom and you see the lower jaw mandible in this jaw of a rodent. And these are extremely important in terms of telling us something about the micro environment. And there are a number of specialists in particularly in France, who are dedicated to studying this particular group, of mammals. Moving into the order of mammals, which includes human beings and its environment, here is an example of one of our monkeys. This is probably good ancestor for the present day baboon. That is so typical of the East African Savannas that some of you have probably seen or certainly seen in televisional movies. And we have a number of different kinds of baboons some monkeys, which were solely living in our boreal or tree habitats like leafy or cold as well. The other major focal point, and probably more than what is the most critical to our work it concern the geological work or the earth surface. This is Louis Pasteur The French etiologist who was responsible for the discovery of this locality and in the late 1960s, and not only was responsible for the discovery of these localities, but had the insight to begin to develop an international team of people who would work this site in a very systematic way in order to exploit its tremendous richness. He is his photographer, he's interested in interpreting these mirrors structure, segment, which is saved in the background understanding where they came from, how they were brought into the site and what kinds of environments they were deposited in. So he's been responsible for a lot of the geological mapping at the site. He has included or brought into the expedition, a number of other routes scientists. This is Dr. Robert Walter, who was at the university of Toronto. Now who's is the spices there also he is a specialist in vulcanology and here you see him taking some notes on the volcanic ash, which is I think if you can see by far you can find volcanic sediments which is here with these Lake deposits on top of it. And he's been interested not only in establishing the age of these deposits, but also reconstructing the volcanoes, which produced these volcanics. And has been successful in finding extinct volcanoes that were probably responsible for the volcanic eruption. The volcanologist the people who are interested in his organic sediments are the ones who haven't been able to establish a absolute times framework for the site This is Dr. John Erickson also in Case Western Reserve University he was actually by motors major professor. And what he has done is he's collected a sample from volcanic lava in this particular place. He's taken it back to the lab and he's done to it what about Kainnel did to it millions of years ago. And he's done it under very controlled conditions. He has here a principle intense extremely high temperature, melted the lava and driven off all the gases that were trapped in the that rock. Now the gases that are trapped in that rock that are of most important, include a gas know as argon. Argon is a normal lithium gas that doesn't combine with other elements stays by itself. And it's produced by the radio active decay of potassium rich minerals. And when its done it is collected that argon again is are valued over a mass spectrometer. He knows the decay rate of this one and he's been able to suggest that that block came out of a volcano about 3 million, 700,000 years ago or so. So the geologist pictured here spend their time it means that also sum of the loudest are older the 2.8 million but there is a result that stated about 3.8 million it mean that all the lava are younger than that. So these such as evolution and the first family arbitrary about 248 million and mainly this run up to four million years in age. The initial discovery, which I had been fortunate to mention in 1973 this is of this region here in the middle the val line of the femur happened with the same viral bacteria compared with the modern human on the left and the modern, human on the left. The critical question to ask here was what was the mode of locomotion on this early human ancestors. Were they fully upright and like people as we are today? Or were they still walking four legs or something? Intermediate all of the anatomical work which we have studied all of the biomechanics which we have done on this particular specimen suggests that in every way, it was fully adapted to upright biopinal posture to get. This has come to be the hallmark of what it used to be placed in family of men verses the family of apes. If these features are walking upright, they belong in what is called the community or the family of man versus the ponds of the family. And there are numerous characters about this mammal which showed this very... Everything identical to that of a man Well, and I was rewarded with a Legion. Unfortunately I was told that I find teeth my colleagues were a little bit upset that we didn't find teeth because I said, well, you know, teeth are very important because they often preserve the most primitive character and the most important characters that happen within family I think one of them is me joy So we went back the next year and was paid up for that but I found the teeth. And at here you will see a rare like a extraordinary collection of jaws from the side of Padar in Ethiopia Lucy's jaw just up here, complete upper jaw from here a lowered jaw from the other side of the other one places we hope to zoom in and take photo. And they have revealed for us important diagnostic characters, which are the most oddly, more primitive or lets say less derive. Then what we see in Australopithecus africanus. remember the ape man in South Africa Australopithecus robustus or things like nut cracker man with a jerrican, And they suggested to us that when we are dealing with a new canonic of human ancestor, a new species, which we have called Australopithecus, afarensis where they are for a ape man. And it wasn't the nicest of a lot of characters in the teeth and jaws. We made the decision to dug or nail the restriction. The preservation in these specimen is really extraordinary. Here you see a view of one of his lower jaws and you see the chewing surfaces and this teeth course surfaces and we have done a number of studies on this we can scan in electron microscopic results here so you can see the scratches in the enamel that were made by sort of the last meal was individual ape three and a half million years ago. If you take an x-ray of them, you can see, canine you can see the dentine you can see the pop chain you can see the root canals, all of the kinds tale teeth had important information that we use in our analysis. In 1974, we were rewarded with what is one of the most astonishing discoveries in research for homeland origins. That was the discovery of the skeleton, which has become popularly known as Lucy. She was, we saw we were tired about talking about her partial Australopithecus skeleton from locality 288 A.L one night we were sitting around here resting while taking porridge and it happened to be our favorite people stand She was playing there's leucine. If someone says, why don't we call her Lucy And a couple of days it wasn't anything intentional. It was sort of like the next morning he got up for breakfast and somebody said, \"You're going out to the Lucy side?\" I think you'll find any more of Lucy stall and that's more or less that she got her name. But here, where this people were cluster in 1974, am not certain with one of my students who were walking back to the land over just right here, I looked over my right shoulder and five champs saw a piece of an arm bone on the surface of the ground recognize it as coming from ancestral fossil. As we examined it and we knelt down to examine it we noticed that those were robbin arm of the cells of horizon Justin and we had parked every single structure. We threw all of our efforts into the site. We began to screen and very carefully search all the loose soil, which was later collected in burlap sack here carried down through the department to awaiting land rover which was then driven to the river where we cast all of this sediment through extremely fine mesh screening, more washing with sand, with soil, with clay with the larger particles remaining in the screen which were then laid out on burlap sacks and very carefully search through so that we would be able to reach to discover all of the tinniest bone and then will find fragments and so forth up to this terribly important discovery. We were ultimately rewarded with about 40% of a single skeleton, an extraordinary discovery because Dr Schuster but also because of what Maitland should tell us it is obviously Australopithecus the spices were stored in another... Many of them, but there was another particular back portion of the skull to show us that it had a brain that was probably not much bigger than that of a modern chimpanzee. We were able to tell that she was indeed a she because we had the pelvis and we all know that ladies pelvis men don't or different requirements in the pelvis and you could see that. We were able to reconstruct the fact that she was probably about three and a half feet tall when she died. Which leads us to the question of was she a child? We had enough of the jaw to see her wisdom teeth and the so she was a full adult. That the growth of her long nose had been terminated. And we suggest that she died in her early twenties. Were we able to also or earlier on we can say for like evening was able to reconstruct her weight, which had followed me in the order of 55, 60 pounds, something like that. A Very interesting And in many ways, very primitive kind of a Australopithecus one which has played an important role in our long term in house. We've recently reconstructed the entire counts of sapphire compared with the chimpanzee count on the right there are chimpanzee there are modern chimpanzee and some female counts Dr Edey has taken a PhD in anthropology, or neither recognizes that these two are remarkably similar and a sun shade different from that of a common figure of a four lighted phone. So not only the knee but also here in the hip had the transformation to full upright posture in Cleveland upright figure. In 1975, when we returned, I asked my friend, Allan Lan Joy who was the guy who somehow mysteriously directed many of these discoveries, 73, when I went there, I said, we want me to find this person. I'm an expert in locomotion. So find me something related to locomotion. So we found the knee joint in 74. I said, what do you want us to find? And then I said, \"Well, I like he skull\" and I said what else do you want us to find a 74? If you go back and find month or 75 and just go back and find mum, papa and the kids. And at this locality which is known as locality 333 or popularly, the first planet we made an extraordinary discovery month of October here had found a piece of rock at the bottom of the slope. He contained a number of upper premolar teeth. We came back the next morning to excavate it, to be programmed financial, geographic which is this program and to be filmed later by French film crew here usually the husband and wife situated situated itself under this very wash stay stream the next thing we were getting set up and they weren't going to shoot the film she called me up because she is a couple bone fractures and I tried to talk to some there was a piece of a knee, piece of a heal and it was a promise of another one of these partial skeletons, astonishing as it sound there was. It was much bigger, much larger in size and the Lucy skeleton, of course somebody joked with me and said \"Well, maybe it was Sergeant paper. He begin to search this hillside and found numerous phones eroding out of horizon ultimately have begun an excavation. And somebody brought in two pieces of a right foot warder which meant there had a minimum of two individuals. We now know on the basis of the material from the site, that there are a minimum of 13 individuals. Individuals as young as two years old, up to full adults, including both males and females, what theory paleontologists would call the catastrophic event. There are no other animal fossils of this size only human ancestors. We don't know how this salvage came about. Some people suggested that it was a flash flood. Although I would say that the evidence for that is pretty flint and this would be one of the major focal points for the expedition this fall. We wanna go back and to do a major excavation at the site regularly as well as into the Hills try to determine what marvelous event occurred three and a half million years ago to bring us this incredible insight into homeland origins. Some people suggested that, they were all sleeping under a tree that occupied by night. Some people suggested maybe they are in the bad desert now Nobody really knows until we do the excavation we won't be able to determine why it was to do this post. We've seen close to 40 tons of sediment which are containing itself We are now in putting a small excavation, which is roughly, to this all I'll say that, it was from the back slow or maybe even were homo dine family. Although I'll say that to some extent. But we do know the precise arrives and they aren't just fossils on the surface of the ground. We've been able to dig into the hillside that we have found pieces of her skeletons. Here is one of the larger joint color main menu parts of remains of someone my brothers cast it so low. The law caution of course is faced as a slave robbery. Which is the order attain this case just from what the faces and the faces are maybe too low. somewhat different from anything that we didn't know we found in Africa. We found one fossil you see the child skull I'm in the process of chipping away, the stone in case you start creating the near you know in a lateral view, you're looking into the brain, face and the forehead, and the nasal area, looking at the baby teeth. You are also go find the the poem, Sean, this individual probably about four or five years old. We didn't have details of the face as the list in the public or they'll come back to the faces my only statement are different from Dares Tom maybe. And we're also remarkably fortunate. Confined various collection for small bubbles. Normally you don't find in things like pay with foot pounds. This is what kind of thing like consumed for orders before they attack the main part that has been preserved. We've actually found some articulated animal which suggest that this fossils were buried individual barrier but before all of them used to hunt appeared to composite hill multiple choices but the details of the risks, the details of this error, suggest that there is none other work that was capable of the final manipulation that we have today in our hand. And it is nothing the bank has stated that if there is a any kind of different culture from that point of research. If they make tools, download with the impact any stone tools associated with it although the certain capable. Making.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103449#t=0.0,2733.74041"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_b.mp3"]},"duration":1322.31837,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/450/small/lecture.png?1608542006","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/450/original/AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_b.mp3?1608542006","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1322.31837,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And whether or not these fossil hands are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=5.988,7.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smaller, larger, about the same size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=7.322,9.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here on the left","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=9.955,11.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the hand of a recently divorced individual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=11.056,13.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=13.203,16.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why they decided to take the ring off the picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=18.514,21.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know, but it might just be crazy work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=21.05,23.234"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see that to a large extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=23.234,27.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're, for the larger case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=27.04,28.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were very much the size of modern humans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=28.57,31.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After this enrichment of the fossils,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=33.481,36.564"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fossil prominence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=39.882,41.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody began asking some very important questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=41.387,44.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, where were these people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=44.4,47.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were they like Capriconus, were they like Homocapalis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=47.453,51.142"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll tell you about those later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=51.142,52.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were they like Zinjanthropus, the nutcracker men,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=52.487,54.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where do you think these bones have been traced?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=54.22,57.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a lot of those people were asking these questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=57.19,60.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were somewhat sorry they asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=60.375,62.142"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause when we told them the answers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=62.142,63.275"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they didn't like the answers either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=63.275,66.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hence the pile of bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=66.387,68.972"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to answer that question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=68.972,71.334"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or those questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=71.334,72.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we felt very strongly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=72.72,75.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was Bill Kimball, who was one of my students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=75.27,77.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is now at the Natural History Museum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=77.73,79.676"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working with Tom Gray,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=79.676,80.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a little more suit than he was earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=80.814,85.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looking at this extraordinary collection of bones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=85.11,89.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that comprised everything from the big toe to the thumb,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=89.51,94.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the top of the head.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=94.769,96.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were 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kinds:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=101.48,103.712"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The big one and the small one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=103.712,105.026"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The big one was true man, or homo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=105.026,107.376"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the little one was primitive ape man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=107.376,109.362"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I was wrong, as I will tell you 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fossil,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=119.973,122.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to spending some time studying it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=122.08,125.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I must say that not 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=130.278,131.149"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because not only did I find out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=131.149,132.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the American book 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have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=443.987,446.735"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left impressions in this volcanic ash.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=446.735,450.629"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was recently 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December,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=454.345,456.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it is a curious place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=456.167,458.505"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was at a party and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=458.505,460.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody asked me about these fossils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=460.15,462.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they asked me if I had any 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Cantania,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=511.88,514.619"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the material from the site of Tongbar, in Ethiopia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=514.619,517.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are two lower 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into,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=537.606,539.458"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry, we finished dinner about thirty seconds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=539.458,542.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before we arrived here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=542.639,544.556"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We realized we had to combine the two samples,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=545.478,548.352"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though they were 800 miles apart,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=548.352,549.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the same analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=549.794,551.966"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're virtually 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ridiculous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=557.968,560.571"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That you're combining two separate sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=560.571,562.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are separated by 800 miles for a single analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=562.07,564.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how can you do that?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=564.12,565.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, my answer was, we combined homo 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Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=573.17,577.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Separated by thousands of miles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=578.708,580.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and nobody complains about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=580.82,582.909"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then she said \"Well, the site we're on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=582.909,584.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were initially dated at 3 million,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=584.47,586.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ones at Mitoli were close to 4 million,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=586.01,588.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you've got 750 thousand years between them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=588.66,591.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how can you do that?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=591.003,592.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our answer to that was homo erectus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=592.94,594.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurs at one and a half million years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=594.77,596.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in eastern Africa, and is as young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=596.783,598.634"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a half million years in Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=598.634,600.962"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not a problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=600.962,602.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we combined these two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=602.377,604.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next thing that we did was we noticed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=606.136,608.909"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was wrong, that I made a mistake,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=608.909,610.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the big ones, while they were big,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=610.64,614.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were really no different than the little ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=614.1,616.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is our largest jaw, from the site of 333.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=616.43,619.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is our smallest jaw,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=620.84,622.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also from the site of 333.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=622.76,625.181"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even though they're different in size,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=625.181,627.077"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're identical in shape, morthology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=627.077,630.435"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we suggested that these are probably male,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=630.435,632.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are probably female.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=632.55,634.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that generated a response.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=634.17,637.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People have said there's too much variation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=637.08,639.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These individuals are too large.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=639.97,641.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These individuals are too small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=641.08,642.881"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can't be from the same species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=642.881,644.684"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we answered back by saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=644.684,646.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, here's Lucy's lower jaw,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=646.54,648.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just here, very small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=648.253,650.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here's a male jaw, far right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=650.29,652.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's much larger in size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=652.58,654.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And look at the variation in modern Orangutans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=654.485,657.068"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they're all one species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=657.068,658.836"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same thing with gorillas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=658.836,659.936"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same thing with chimpanzees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=659.936,661.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same thing with baboons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=661.097,662.978"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The degree of sexual dimorphism is not extraordinary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=662.978,666.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One finds it not only a living primate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=666.917,669.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the orangutan, but also in things like robusts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=669.154,672.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can find the same sort of degree of variation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=672.4,675.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we put together this reconstruction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=677.31,681.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which happens to be in my briefcase as a matter of fact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=681.054,685.042"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what one of these complete skulls would look like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=685.042,687.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have not had the tremendous fortune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=687.532,689.469"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of like Richard and Mary and other people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=689.469,692.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in finding complete skulls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=693.082,695.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we put together most of the back of the skull,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=695.053,698.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the base of the skull, the face, the lower jaw,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=698.307,700.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a composite reconstruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=700.56,703.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=703.313,704.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This white area is a guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=704.97,706.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there's certain restraints on that guess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=706.456,708.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I won't go into.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=708.0,709.921"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we're doing our part on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=709.921,711.629"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"skull reconstruction right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=711.629,713.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we will find this skull that will test","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=713.337,717.276"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this hypothesis a to whether or not we're right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=717.276,720.139"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The major important parts are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=720.139,721.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the face and the back of the skull.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=721.19,724.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing that startled us was the fact that it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=724.26,727.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeing this thing kind of develop in the lab","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=727.3,730.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was extraordinary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=730.054,730.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because once it was put together, as it was formed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=730.887,734.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one realizes it's remarkably primitive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=735.499,738.732"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We began to look at details of the drawing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=738.732,742.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, for example, is modern human Z, a modern human,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=742.86,746.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the middle, one of our jaws, and you can see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=746.25,749.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has long, parallel, diamond tooth rows,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=750.441,752.734"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a chimp, very different from a human.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=752.734,754.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has a gap in its tooth row","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=754.693,756.211"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a chimp, unlike a human.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=756.211,758.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has big, broad, angular incisors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=758.277,760.216"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a chimp, unlike a human.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=760.216,761.841"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it has very reduced canines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=761.841,763.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unlike a chimp, more like a human.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=763.717,765.625"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many ways, it's an intermediate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=765.625,767.844"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between an ape and a human.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=767.844,770.079"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But bore the undeniable stamp of its ape ancestors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=770.079,774.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We, well here, these are the slides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=776.1,778.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just got in the mail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=778.45,780.572"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't shown these before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=780.572,782.055"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The modern human, modern chimp,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=782.055,784.161"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here is the fossil reconstruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=784.161,786.745"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'll just let these pictures, as they say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=786.745,788.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speak for themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=788.44,790.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A facial view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=790.437,792.172"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lateral view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=792.172,793.339"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look how primitive this is, compared to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=794.418,798.168"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how primitive it is compared to a modern human.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=799.307,803.391"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how similar is that to a chimpanzee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=803.391,806.724"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the back view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=808.053,810.308"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the question is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=810.308,811.556"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why don't you call it a darn ape,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=811.556,814.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why don't you call it a chimpanzee,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=814.072,815.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it looks that much like a chimp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=815.549,817.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very simple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=818.19,819.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's perched on top of a body that walks upright.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=819.55,823.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is the definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=824.881,826.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what it means to be placed in the human family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=826.463,829.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It comes closer to the popular concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=829.363,831.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a missing link than anything else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=832.213,834.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A primitive ape-like creature from the neck up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=834.245,837.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's walking around like people do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=837.217,841.104"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do we do with this? Where does it fit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=841.104,842.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's different. We don't have anything like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=842.787,846.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a number of hypotheses, a number of choices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=846.874,849.819"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A, B, and C.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=849.819,851.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember those from your exams,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=851.073,852.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick A, B, or C, all of the above.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=852.153,854.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what's A?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=854.063,855.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A is that we put the Lytoli and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=855.74,860.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=860.314,863.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we make that an older ancestor for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=868.352,870.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=870.131,872.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a common ancestor for the line of nutcracker man,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=872.337,875.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that died out about a million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=875.553,878.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a common ancestor for that line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=878.473,879.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that lead to modern homo sapiens through what was called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=879.843,882.674"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hobo capillus, or the handyman tool maker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=882.674,885.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Through homoe erectus taking java man up into homo sapiens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=886.814,890.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we rejected that hypothesis, why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=890.72,893.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because we believe it's a different species.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=893.33,896.091"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we named the new species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=896.091,897.716"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=897.716,899.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We go to plan B,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=899.597,901.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which makes Opperisis an ancestor for Capriconus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=901.35,905.778"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the divergence into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=905.778,908.171"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=908.171,910.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we think that's wrong, also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=910.342,913.082"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because we feel that Apricanas, we published","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=913.082,916.918"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a recently long article in 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1084.436,1086.066"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it should make some predictions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1086.066,1087.658"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it should be testable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1087.658,1089.491"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've taken Apricanus and put it on this side of the branch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1090.796,1094.041"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People are unhappy about 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that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1100.287,1101.401"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought about the human mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1101.401,1102.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1102.537,1104.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was there an environmental change here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1104.03,1105.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was there a change in food availability?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1105.63,1108.878"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so 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gap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1113.209,1116.411"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and will test this hypothesis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1116.411,1117.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and will tell us whether we are right or wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1117.97,1120.737"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I must say I hope by looking in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1120.737,1123.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an open mind as I've been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1123.12,1125.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'll be the first person to go up against it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1125.46,1128.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1128.638,1131.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So on the one hand we had the vegetarian, Robustus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1132.899,1135.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dressed on top of its skull, big massive face,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1136.527,1139.145"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"huge crushing molars and premolars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1139.145,1141.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1141.465,1144.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A dead end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1147.249,1148.166"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a hole for a million years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1149.1,1150.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've only been around for what, a hundred thousand years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1150.837,1154.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One tenth of the time as this one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1154.343,1156.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yet we think we are the answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1156.27,1159.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interesting philosophically in there, somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1159.457,1162.458"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those of you who are studying philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1162.458,1165.982"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And on the other hand, this form,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1165.982,1168.836"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unfortunately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1168.836,1169.669"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my frontal view of this got lost somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1169.669,1173.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is a homohabulus, 1970s skull","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1173.83,1176.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was found by Richard Linken's team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1176.21,1178.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Announced in 1972, it's 3 million years old,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1178.747,1181.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is pretty 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diet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1197.851,1199.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The initial kind of advancement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1199.511,1201.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the initial evidence that we have of the line 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course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1216.41,1218.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Richard, who married Leaky,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1218.293,1220.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"championed the late Lewis Leaky's idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1220.71,1222.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there are two parallel lines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1223.753,1226.255"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That there is a line of true homo, big 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laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1235.222,1238.222"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what we're saying is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1240.31,1241.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that homo doesn't go back any further","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1241.36,1243.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than two million years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1243.612,1244.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you worked from the paradigm of evolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1244.445,1247.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to join the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1247.98,1249.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1249.63,1252.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at this point, all I can say is that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1253.991,1257.269"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1257.269,1259.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I've presented as equal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1259.29,1262.354"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be tested ultimately by the fossils which we find.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1262.354,1266.124"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we go back and find fossils,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1266.124,1269.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we find fossils that predate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1269.153,1271.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinguishable)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1271.302,1272.135"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will find out if we were more right or wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1272.135,1276.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at this point I leave you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1277.145,1279.695"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that, the new things, the new break throughs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1279.695,1283.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this kind of work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1283.69,1284.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will only come when we're fortunate enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1284.913,1286.592"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go back in time by fishing for fossils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1286.592,1289.112"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1289.112,1290.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=1290.133,1293.3"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21188/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/188/original/AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_b.vtt?1608542007","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/188/original/AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_b.vtt?1608542007"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21189","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203256_The_Evolutionary_Ladder_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450/transcript/21189/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And whether or not these fossil hands are smaller, larger, about the same size. So here on the left is the hand of a recently divorced individual. Why they decided to take the ring off the picture, I don't know, but it might just be crazy work, and you can see that to a large extent, they're, for the larger case, were very much the size of modern humans. After this enrichment of the fossils, of fossil prominence, everybody began asking some very important questions. Well, where were these people? Were they like Capriconus, were they like Homocapalis? I'll tell you about those later, were they like Zinjanthropus, the nutcracker men, where do you think these bones have been traced? And a lot of those people were asking these questions, were somewhat sorry they asked cause when we told them the answers, they didn't like the answers either. Hence the pile of bones. In order to answer that question, or those questions, we felt very strongly, this was Bill Kimball, who was one of my students, who is now at the Natural History Museum working with Tom Gray, with a little more suit than he was earlier. Looking at this extraordinary collection of bones, that comprised everything from the big toe to the thumb, to the top of the head. They were enigmatic. I, in my great stupidity in 1976, decided that there were two kinds: The big one and the small one. The big one was true man, or homo, and the little one was primitive ape man. Well, I was wrong, as I will tell you shortly. But it came time to do something that I know all of you must do, and that is your homework. And we decided to take some time off from going and finding the fossil, to spending some time studying it. And I must say that not only, one thing was it was a tremendous, red letter day for me, because not only did I find out about the American book award, but I received in the mail the final results of the the five years of work that we put in. In the entire duration of the American Journal History it's eleven articles which describe every nook and cranny and bruise and bump, on all of these fossils. It's the first time that anyone has helped us so quickly. An entire description of the fossils which were found. For example, the Tongbae, some of you are gonna be budding anthropologists, decide you want to know what the Tongbae looks like, you have to go to South Africa. There is no descriptions available, and that was found in 1924. So we decided to take this time away from the field. Things were warming up in the Horn of Africa, things would be a little more difficult there. And it was also time to spend some time, moments, with these fossils, and to understand them. I realized that one of the sites, which was being worked at that time, that would be extremely important, was located about 800 miles south of the site in Ethiopia. Down in east Africa, past very famous sites like homo, Lake Victoria, Old Mine Gorge. And immediately adjacent to it is a site known now as Lytoli. And the site of Lytoli is about 3.8 million years old, which meant that it was about a contemporary history site to Ethiopia. And Dr. Barry and her team have been recovering big skeletons at this site. And some other astonishing discoveries that I thought played some role in understanding the fossils from Ethiopia. The young man who was working at the time, Tim White, who is now at University of California Berkeley, was at this site, and was responsible for the interpretation of the fossil material. We met in Nairobi, just after the first discovering the first family. And we said, well you know there a lot of similarities here, we oughta get together and compare these fossils. And we did, and have spent the last number of years working here very closely together. This is an extraordinary sign, it consists mostly of volcanic ashes. Millions of years ago there was an angry volcano in the district that was throwing out volcanic ash like Mount St. Helen and blanketing the surface of the earth. And very soon after this eruption, before the, or as the ash was solidified, animals walked across the surface of that ash, and left imprints of their feet. And this is Tim White, who developed the computer technique of excavating these footprints. And here you see were these ash rocks. During the course of excavation, they found, as remarkable as it may seem, a trail of human footprints in this volcanic ash. This trail, finalized by the dark sand, which you see here, shows a minimum of two individuals, maybe more, that were nice enough to us to walk across that surface and leave imprints of what their feet looked like. All of a sudden out of nowhere, the ultimate test of the predictions we made on the basis of the knee and the hip. They're walking upright, they have feet. They look like modern human feet. Well here, Tim White made renders of all our Is in the process, I told him to take a bull whip with him, of excavating one of these footprints, here you see the bone, and in the next slide you see a close up of a human foot print, and this fossil impression. And once you know this, I think immediately, that the large toe is fully aligned with the rest of the toes, is fully aligned with the length of the foot. There's seal stripes, there's one, two, print, here's curvature. Everything about it is like a modern foot. So even in their soft anatomy, 4 million years ago, roughly, they had adapted to full upright posture. The details found in this volcanic ash are so remarkable, that here you see a hand, a finger, pointing to the trail that was etched in this volcanic ash by a millipede as it crawled across the surface 3 million and 8 thousand years ago. We know, for example, that this eruption and these hominids who walked across it did it during the rainy season. Because there are raindrops that are left in the surface of this volcanic eruption. Remarkable signs of early hominid environments. Jame Maturnes, who is a freelance artist working with Geographic, put together this composite of what a female carrying an offspring and her mate would look like walking across this volcanic ash. You see the volcano in the background erupting, elephants, giraffes, guinea fowl that have left impressions in this volcanic ash. And I was recently talking, I've just moved to Berkeley, in the beginning of December, and it is a curious place, and I was at a party and somebody asked me about these fossils. And they asked me if I had any fantasies. And in Berkeley, you're pretty careful about that. I mean last week we had a debate between Gordon Liddy and Timothy Leary. Anyway, I said well, like anything else that we do, I put paleo in front of it. So I said I'll tell you my paleo-fantasy. And my paleo-fantasy is that one of these hominids was kind enough to trip and fall on its face. Cause we need for us a record of whether we were right or wrong. Well, we know this, two important things, immediately. The material from the site of Lytoli in Cantania, the material from the site of Tongbar, in Ethiopia, there are two lower jaws, which are virtually mirror images of one another. If you're a paleontologist, I don't care if you study mammals, reptiles, hominids, monkeys, whatever you're studying, mollusks, shells, whatever. If you find two specimens that are that similar, you put it into, sorry, we finished dinner about thirty seconds before we arrived here. We realized we had to combine the two samples, even though they were 800 miles apart, for the same analysis. They're virtually identical. Well, that immediately generated all kinds of responses. Mary Leekey said \"Wow, you know, this is ridiculous. That you're combining two separate sites that are separated by 800 miles for a single analysis, how can you do that?\" Well, my answer was, we combined homo erectus in a single species, taking man that we know from east Africa, Europe, Africa, Europe, Asia. Separated by thousands of miles and nobody complains about that. And then she said \"Well, the site we're on were initially dated at 3 million, the ones at Mitoli were close to 4 million, so you've got 750 thousand years between them, how can you do that?\" Our answer to that was homo erectus occurs at one and a half million years in eastern Africa, and is as young as a half million years in Asia. Not a problem. So we combined these two. The next thing that we did was we noticed that I was wrong, that I made a mistake, that the big ones, while they were big, were really no different than the little ones. Here is our largest jaw, from the site of 333. Here is our smallest jaw, also from the site of 333. And even though they're different in size, they're identical in shape, morthology. So we suggested that these are probably male, and these are probably female. Well, that generated a response. People have said there's too much variation. These individuals are too large. These individuals are too small. They can't be from the same species. So we answered back by saying, well, here's Lucy's lower jaw, just here, very small. And here's a male jaw, far right, it's much larger in size. And look at the variation in modern Orangutans. And they're all one species. Same thing with gorillas. Same thing with chimpanzees. Same thing with baboons. The degree of sexual dimorphism is not extraordinary. One finds it not only a living primate, like the orangutan, but also in things like robusts. You can find the same sort of degree of variation. Well, we put together this reconstruction, which happens to be in my briefcase as a matter of fact. of what one of these complete skulls would look like. We have not had the tremendous fortune of like Richard and Mary and other people in finding complete skulls. So we put together most of the back of the skull, the base of the skull, the face, the lower jaw, into a composite reconstruction. This is a guess. This white area is a guess. But there's certain restraints on that guess that I won't go into. But we're doing our part on the skull reconstruction right now. And we will find this skull that will test this hypothesis a to whether or not we're right. The major important parts are the face and the back of the skull. The thing that startled us was the fact that it was seeing this thing kind of develop in the lab was extraordinary, because once it was put together, as it was formed, one realizes it's remarkably primitive. We began to look at details of the drawing. Here, for example, is modern human Z, a modern human, in the middle, one of our jaws, and you can see it has long, parallel, diamond tooth rows, like a chimp, very different from a human. It has a gap in its tooth row like a chimp, unlike a human. It has big, broad, angular incisors like a chimp, unlike a human. But it has very reduced canines, unlike a chimp, more like a human. In many ways, it's an intermediate between an ape and a human. But bore the undeniable stamp of its ape ancestors. We, well here, these are the slides I just got in the mail, I haven't shown these before. The modern human, modern chimp, and here is the fossil reconstruction. And I'll just let these pictures, as they say, speak for themselves. A facial view. Lateral view. Look how primitive this is, compared to that. And how primitive it is compared to a modern human. And how similar is that to a chimpanzee. And the back view. Well, the question is, why don't you call it a darn ape, why don't you call it a chimpanzee, if it looks that much like a chimp. Very simple. It's perched on top of a body that walks upright. And that is the definition of what it means to be placed in the human family. It comes closer to the popular concept of a missing link than anything else. A primitive ape-like creature from the neck up, that's walking around like people do. What do we do with this? Where does it fit? It's different. We don't have anything like this. We had a number of hypotheses, a number of choices. A, B, and C. Remember those from your exams, pick A, B, or C, all of the above. Well, what's A? A is that we put the Lytoli and And we make that an older ancestor for And a common ancestor for the line of nutcracker man, that died out about a million years ago. And a common ancestor for that line that lead to modern homo sapiens through what was called hobo capillus, or the handyman tool maker. Through homoe erectus taking java man up into homo sapiens. Well, we rejected that hypothesis, why? Because we believe it's a different species. So we named the new species We go to plan B, which makes Opperisis an ancestor for Capriconus, and then the divergence into Well, we think that's wrong, also. Because we feel that Apricanas, we published a recently long article in the South African Journal of Science, that it is already derived in the direction of being And that it's already on the scientific mind. So we go to scenario C, which we'll see is a little bit more comprehensible here. We had taken and placed it between 3 and 4 million years, at the trunk of the family tree. And we have made it the common ancestor for this lineage, or line, an extinction about a million years ago. Why'd it go extinct? It was a very early, specialized form. And evolution tells us that we don't want to become too specialized, because when you get very specialized, very narrowly adapted, and you're living only on a particular food source, or whatever, if there's a change in environment, if there's competition for that food source, and you can't compete with it, what happens? It dies out. And it's an interesting lesson in many ways because Robustus was kind of the ultimate chewing machine. It had massive molars and crests on the tops of its head. Huge, massive face, lived all over eastern Africa, lived in southern Africa, lived for over a million years, but died out. So, you know, don't become a vegetarian, right? It means that specialization is a bad thing, in terms of evolution. The generalized was also an ancestor for the line that lead, I hesitate to say successfully, to homo sapiens, through the handy man, homo erectus, and then homo sapien. It was a totally different emphasis in this lineage. In this sign, they emphasized feet, jaws, and food processing, right. Somebody said recently the ultimate evolutionary cuisine art. But this lineage emphasized brain expansion, brain could be anything here, associated with development of stone tools, hunting, butchering, exploiting resources, meat, very high in energy, very high in protein, a very new and different, unique, in many ways, primate adaptation. One which has ultimately survived into those of us in this room. There's certain problems with this hypothesis. I must say that it's a hypothesis. If it is a hypothesis, it should be testable. We should be able to refute it, it should make some predictions, it should be testable. We've taken Apricanus and put it on this side of the branch. People are unhappy about this. They say no, no, no, it belongs down here. Well, we have a blank spot between We want to know what it was that brought about the human mind. Was there an environmental change here? Was there a change in food availability? And so forth. But we know that we can go back now and begin to find fossils that were filling this gap and will test this hypothesis, and will tell us whether we are right or wrong. And I must say I hope by looking in, with an open mind as I've been, and I'll be the first person to go up against it. So on the one hand we had the vegetarian, Robustus, dressed on top of its skull, big massive face, huge crushing molars and premolars. A dead end. It's a hole for a million years. We've only been around for what, a hundred thousand years? One tenth of the time as this one, yet we think we are the answer. Interesting philosophically in there, somewhere. For those of you who are studying philosophy. And on the other hand, this form, and unfortunately, my frontal view of this got lost somewhere. But this is a homohabulus, 1970s skull that was found by Richard Linken's team. Announced in 1972, it's 3 million years old, which is pretty historic. You can see the enormous expansion of the brain, just here. The emphasis here is brain expansion rather than adaption to a vegetarian diet, adaption to a specialized diet. The initial kind of advancement, the initial evidence that we have of the line of what Lewis Leaky interestingly called \"true man\" that led ultimately to modern homo sapiens. Well, the major battle of the bones, the major dissent, is of course, that Richard, who married Leaky, championed the late Lewis Leaky's idea that there are two parallel lines. That there is a line of true homo, big brain, that goes back millions of millions of millions of years. Well, what we're saying is, is that homo doesn't go back any further than two million years, and if you worked from the paradigm of evolution, you have to join the And at this point, all I can say is that the strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis, which I've presented as equal, will be tested ultimately by the fossils which we find. When we go back and find fossils, when we find fossils that predate we will find out if we were more right or wrong. So at this point I leave you, in the sense that, the new things, the new break throughs in this kind of work, will only come when we're fortunate enough to go back in time by fishing for fossils. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34599/file/103450#t=0.0,1322.31837"}]}]}]}