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America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1060.35,1063.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Three of these type,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1063.26,1064.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a small one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1064.88,1066.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overly elongated one like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1067.17,1069.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one similar to this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1069.49,1071.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three types were found in the West Indies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1072.75,1075.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And most likely they were carried to Spain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1076.8,1079.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're not heard again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1079.47,1080.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not heard of again in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1082.32,1084.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we find that Fuchs in the Herbal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1084.72,1087.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I described earlier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1087.43,1089.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"describes three kind as occurring in Germany","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1089.5,1093.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1542,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1093.13,1095.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are the chili peppers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1095.37,1097.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which must have come from middle of America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1097.21,1100.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's the illustration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1101.49,1103.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the question comes 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Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1114.13,1116.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as the squash and the pepper, get to Europe so early?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1116.15,1121.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some people think they would not have 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that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1129.36,1133.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they could have come from Honduras or Costa Rica,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1133.06,1136.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"following Columbus' trip there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1136.15,1138.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Columbus was the discoverer of Costa Rica,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1138.24,1141.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a trip there in 1502,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1143.84,1147.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his son, Ferdinand, who is 13 years old at the time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1147.44,1152.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tells us of encountering a canoe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1152.12,1154.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off the coast of Central America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1154.21,1156.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loaded with 25 people and all kinds of food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1156.53,1160.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently the Indians were taking these to a food fair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1161.87,1165.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we have another person on the voyage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1165.29,1168.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who also gives his account,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1168.01,1169.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure you'd want to trust a 13 year old boy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1169.77,1172.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so apparently I would suggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1172.59,1175.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least that many of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1175.36,1177.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foods were seized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1178.99,1180.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people and the contents of the boat were seized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1180.32,1183.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and although neither peppers nor squash were mentioned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1183.8,1188.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's likely they could have been collected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1188.07,1191.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time and made their way to Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1191.17,1193.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was also the occasion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1195.45,1197.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their first encounter with cacao,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1197.68,1200.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or chocolate beans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1200.3,1201.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which at that time was not only being eaten,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1203.36,1206.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also used for currency in Middle America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1206.88,1211.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are chocolate beans or cocoa beans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1211.23,1214.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for sale in a market in Oaxaca, Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1214.82,1218.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Spaniards in Mexico didn't appreciate chocolate at first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1219.98,1224.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently because the Indians didn't sweeten it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1224.12,1226.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they spiced it with other things, including chili pepper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1226.9,1231.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I might","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1234.2,1235.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1236.95,1237.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in addition to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1238.71,1239.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peppers, which I've been discussing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1242.18,1244.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vanilla was a second spice that came from the Americas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1244.76,1249.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the only food product that I know of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1249.33,1251.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that comes from an orchid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1251.82,1253.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this, of course it was still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1253.82,1257.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being grown in Mexico and Central America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1257.41,1260.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but most of the production of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1260.84,1264.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vanilla is from the orchid that's grown in Madagascar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1267.59,1272.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should go beyond that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1272.01,1273.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and say most vanilla is made synthetically today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1273.69,1276.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you can still get natural vanilla from plant sources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1276.17,1281.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The third important spice to come from the Americas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1281.72,1286.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the plant which we know is allspice, or pimenta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1286.49,1291.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is from a plant in Jamaica,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1291.14,1294.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and although most of these slides are my own,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1294.23,1296.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must acknowledge Dr. Breeding for this slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1296.87,1300.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for I've never been to Jamaica.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1300.8,1302.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, the Spaniards also found this tree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1305.97,1309.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"growing wild in Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1309.38,1311.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was not at that time cultivated as I understand it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1311.03,1314.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they collected the fruits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1314.01,1316.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from wild trees in Jamaica and on the mainland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1316.61,1321.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But let me return to chocolate for a moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1322.89,1325.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a plant of cacao growing in Ecuador","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1325.94,1329.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once they learned to sweeten it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1331.16,1333.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it became a favorite drink of the Spaniards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1333.47,1336.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are the pods in which the seeds are found.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1336.92,1341.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after the conquest of Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1341.31,1344.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shipment of the beans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1344.15,1346.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the cacao beans began to Spain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1347.29,1351.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by 1525,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1351.08,1353.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cocoa was being cultivated in Trinidad and Venezuela.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1353.95,1357.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now cocoa is native to South America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1357.89,1360.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was not in 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conquered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1410.9,1413.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Portuguese carried it to Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1413.38,1415.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was in India by 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them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1427.9,1431.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pineapples do not do very well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1431.26,1433.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the ordinary English climate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1433.05,1435.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably second to popularity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1438.49,1441.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the fruits of the New World","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1441.1,1443.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1443.37,1444.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papaya,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1444.83,1446.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tree that produces melons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1446.49,1449.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the papayas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1449.23,1451.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not in the West Indies when Columbus was there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1451.01,1455.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's some question about that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1456.22,1458.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that seems to be that's my conclusion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1458.84,1461.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least from studying the early historical record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1461.32,1464.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't think Columbus ever saw it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1464.58,1466.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was growing in Panama and Venezuela,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1468.342,1471.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Columbus of course never 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market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1480.57,1483.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is today one of the world's most important vegetables,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1483.64,1486.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although as you know, it is a fruit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1487.85,1490.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it also had not yet reached the West Indies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1490.74,1494.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although all wild tomatoes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1495.55,1498.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are native to South America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1498.45,1500.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tomato was domesticated in 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1544,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1522.28,1525.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is fairly late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1525.07,1526.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some people think that the 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called,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1533.45,1536.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for at one time it was called pomo de mori,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1536.34,1540.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Moor's 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time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1562.3,1565.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pomi d'oro,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1566.736,1568.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or golden 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Apple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1573.74,1577.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or pomi d'oro,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1577.06,1579.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"golden 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France,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1584.05,1586.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from that, we get our English name love Apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1588.03,1590.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because of this 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1788.41,1789.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a potato harvest in the Andes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1789.243,1792.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the yellow flowered plant there is a 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tobacco,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1891.24,1894.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although it's also cultivated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1894.45,1896.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has a very different type 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Americas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1901.44,1903.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including the eastern North America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1905.09,1908.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of these filthy 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disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1920.72,1925.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we call syphilis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1925.12,1927.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Virginia, the English began cultivating the wild tobacco,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1927.45,1932.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this one we see here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1932.27,1934.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was grown by the eastern North American Indians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1934.51,1937.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this tobacco couldn't compete","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1937.56,1939.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the other species being grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1939.75,1942.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the West Indies by the Spanish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1942.22,1944.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so not until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1944.64,1946.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeds of the Cuban tobacco was smuggled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1947.46,1951.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into Virginia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1951.91,1953.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did the tobacco empire begin there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1953.5,1956.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1956.68,1957.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1958.68,1959.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is still widely cultivated in the southern United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1960.447,1965.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1965.42,1966.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today the world's leading producer of tobacco is China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1967.46,1971.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they produce four times as much as the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1971.77,1975.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are of course, many other minor plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1979.46,1981.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some major the ones which crossed the ocean much later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1981.93,1985.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must mention a few of these,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1985.55,1987.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly the sunflower,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1987.17,1988.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a plant that's occupied my research attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1988.6,1991.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for over 25 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1991.05,1993.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it reached Europe in 1560.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1993.54,1996.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, it didn't come either from Mexico","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1996.06,1998.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the West Indies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=1998.66,2000.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but from what is now the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2000.02,2002.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the only important cultivated plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2002.66,2005.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was ever domesticated in what is now the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2005.65,2009.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it now ranks as the third","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2010.73,2012.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most important oil crop in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2012.46,2015.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And most of that production is again from the USSR,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2016.17,2020.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or what was the USSR.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2020.36,2022.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should also mention avocado,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2025.43,2027.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which at the time of the discovery was being grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2027.6,2029.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in Peru and Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2029.9,2032.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several nuts were also indigenous to the Americas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2032.14,2035.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have time to mention only one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2035.47,2037.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the most important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2037.67,2039.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is the cashew,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2039.28,2041.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2041.81,2043.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's the way I saw it in the market in Costa Rica.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2043.09,2047.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is the cashew apple, it's a fleshy part,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2047.51,2052.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's the part it's being sold there for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2052.78,2055.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the people suck the juice out of that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2055.04,2057.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the juice is a fruit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2057.41,2058.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the nut part is frequently thrown away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2058.96,2062.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in other parts of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2062.94,2064.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is the nut rather than the fleshy stalk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2064.34,2067.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is the more important part.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2067.56,2070.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let me turn very briefly to animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2071.37,2074.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I realized that Dr. Bessie was a botanist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2074.35,2078.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I feel we should mention these as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2078.7,2081.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were very few domesticated animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2081.97,2085.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in America at the time of its discovery,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2085.0,2087.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think only a half a dozen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2087.44,2089.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And dogs were present,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2090.86,2093.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2095.0,2095.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's obviously a ceramic dog","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2097.75,2099.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're extinct now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2099.7,2101.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the true American dog I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2101.02,2103.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing that impressed the Spanish most about these dogs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2104.93,2107.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that they were bark-less,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2107.55,2110.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously that one is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2110.17,2111.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were also very small.\n(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2111.74,2116.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But more than that was that they were delicious to eat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2117.39,2121.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's why the Indians had so many of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2121.12,2123.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And according to the noted geographer, Carl Sauer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2123.51,2127.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the native dog in Mexico was nearly eaten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2127.39,2130.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to extinction by the Spanish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2130.14,2132.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although once it was thought that the dog came with people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2133.95,2136.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Asia to the Americas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2136.81,2138.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it now seems likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2138.9,2140.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the dog was independently domesticated in the Americas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2140.66,2144.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in other words, dogs had more than one origin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2144.05,2146.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly at least one in the Old World,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2146.48,2148.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and again, at least one in the New World.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2148.71,2150.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ancestor the dog is the wolf,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2150.95,2153.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we know that wolves are native both to Asia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2153.47,2156.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to North America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2156.04,2158.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They Muscovy duck was present in the Antilles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2162.27,2166.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and soon made way to Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2166.38,2168.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a domesticated bird of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2168.873,2171.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's now found all over the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2171.51,2173.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but nowhere does it rival the Old World mallard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2174.75,2178.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for use as meat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2178.21,2179.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guinea pigs were an important food source in the Americas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2183.4,2186.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's some for sale in a market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2186.26,2188.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for you to take home and roast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2188.81,2190.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2191.69,2192.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if you don't,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2194.25,2195.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can buy them roasted in the market too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2195.37,2197.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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bad,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2202.94,2204.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it always looked to me like roasted rats.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2204.91,2207.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2207.63,2210.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they were eaten in Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2211.6,2214.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after they were first introduced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2214.11,2215.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they soon stopped that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2215.45,2217.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and now around the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2217.84,2219.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except in the Andes where they're still an important food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2219.43,2222.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're mostly pets or laboratory animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2222.46,2226.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Llamas and alpacas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2229.48,2230.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are our llamas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2230.66,2233.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I find it very difficult to tell them apart,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2233.027,2236.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are alpacas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2236.07,2237.974"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Llamas were particularly veiled as a beast of burden,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2237.974,2241.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also for meat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2241.59,2243.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also for religious ceremonies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2243.81,2247.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they are still important there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2248.41,2251.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And llamas, I mean alpacas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2251.25,2253.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were used the similar way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2253.68,2256.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2256.83,2257.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they've never been very successful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2260.44,2262.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in other parts of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2262.53,2263.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although in recent years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2263.95,2266.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we find they're doing quite well in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2266.27,2268.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I believe they're now maybe over 10,000 llamas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2268.89,2272.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this country where they serve as pack animals or as pets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2272.46,2276.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now for your examination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2277.61,2279.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that a llama or an alpaca?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2279.14,2281.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also how many are there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2281.95,2284.105"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2284.105,2287.062"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the one reason I retired early,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2287.062,2288.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'd never have to go to another exam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2288.46,2290.402"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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young,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2293.24,2295.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're getting its meal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2295.75,2297.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only American domesticated 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turkey,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2305.54,2306.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm not going into why it's called turkey,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2307.47,2309.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's still not 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today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2449.54,2452.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leather became as important as the meat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2453.48,2456.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and soon huge amounts of 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animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2460.27,2464.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they still are today in parts of Latin America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2464.02,2467.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Horses were used to take care of the cattle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2468.92,2471.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually not in this way, but in other ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2472.58,2475.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But before that, they were of great significance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2476.36,2480.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the conquest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2480.65,2481.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not a statute for the horse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2482.87,2484.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't know who it is upon him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2484.93,2486.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it might well be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2486.78,2487.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they certainly helped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2487.86,2489.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Spanish subdue the Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2489.23,2491.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They, Indian's initial reaction was great fear,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2491.58,2495.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and justly so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2495.45,2496.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But eventually the horse was to change the culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2497.93,2501.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Indian more so than any other animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2501.28,2504.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we well known from our own Western United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2504.94,2509.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should also mention that once the that's on occasions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2510.16,2514.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Spanish had to resort to eating their horses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2514.96,2518.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they ran out of food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2518.47,2520.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as happened in some of the expeditions to the continent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2520.62,2524.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donkey's were also very early introduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2524.31,2527.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're still very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2527.06,2528.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many Latin American countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2528.43,2530.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And with both donkeys and horses present,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2530.71,2534.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soon, we also had mules.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2534.64,2536.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I won't explain that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2538.88,2540.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After the conquest of the Philippines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2540.113,2543.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was mule train that carried the riches of the Philippines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2543.21,2547.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Acapulco to Vera Cruz for shipment to Spain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2547.33,2551.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And today of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2551.63,2552.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the sheep that are probably more important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2552.64,2554.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Indians than most of these other animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2554.78,2557.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly and for example, in our own Southwest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2557.89,2561.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next to the horse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2562.5,2564.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dog was the most important animal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2564.13,2566.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in conquering the Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2566.43,2568.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Columbus took 20 dogs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2570.62,2572.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mastiffs and Greyhounds on a second dogs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2572.29,2575.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these weren't the little Native American dogs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2575.42,2579.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these were huge dogs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2579.3,2581.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dogs had been trained to kill Moors in Spain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2581.09,2584.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and soon they were doing the same to the Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2584.74,2587.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if the dogs were armed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2587.86,2589.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but these were from pictures of some of the European dogs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2589.48,2593.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trained for battle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2593.0,2594.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will spare you all the gory details of what happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2595.5,2598.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the America with the introduction of these dogs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2598.91,2602.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're written up in a recent book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2602.05,2604.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the \"Dogs of the Conquest\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2604.37,2606.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by John and Jeannette Varner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2606.75,2609.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you'll find a lot of things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2609.25,2612.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More dogs followed on later voyages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2615.1,2617.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were allowed to fend for their own for food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2617.97,2621.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which of course rapidly led to a depletion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2621.7,2624.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the wildlife in some areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2624.07,2626.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of course they frequently ate the Indians they killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2626.69,2630.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the other animal that came over, the chicken,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2630.73,2633.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George Carter, another geographer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2633.26,2635.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maintains that the chicken was already in South America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2635.93,2640.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having come from Asia before the arrival of the Spanish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2640.37,2645.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the kind of chicken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2645.103,2646.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would have been introduced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2646.7,2647.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the same species as our chicken,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2647.76,2651.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this is the Indian or type form of the chicken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2651.76,2655.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carter's argument is that chicken was already present","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2658.04,2660.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some places in South America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2660.96,2663.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the Spanish reached there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2663.06,2664.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this simply means the chicken traveled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2666.58,2668.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by trade in South America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2668.96,2671.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faster than a Spanish did by foot or on horseback.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2671.04,2674.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As the same thing happened to watermelon in the Southwest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2675.74,2678.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many places in Arizona,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2678.93,2681.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Spanish founding Indians growing watermelons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2681.0,2683.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this plant had to come from the Old World,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2683.47,2686.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not an American plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2686.103,2687.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well until chicken bones are recovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2689.26,2691.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by archeologists and are dated as being pre-Columbian,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2691.14,2694.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will remain skeptical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2694.66,2696.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any event,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2696.34,2697.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chickens were re-introduced by Columbus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2697.173,2698.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they were already,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2698.97,2700.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if they were already here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2700.58,2703.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although Columbus brought some seed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2703.04,2704.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with him on his first voyage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2704.9,2706.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are not sure that they were ever planted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2706.67,2709.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although I do recall reading somewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2709.23,2712.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they did plant seeds of melons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2712.1,2714.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the first voyage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2714.74,2716.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that on their return,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2716.36,2718.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the second voyage they ate these melons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2718.65,2720.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they harvested the fruits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2720.93,2723.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe this is just another one of the many myths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2723.19,2725.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have grown up around Columbus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2725.89,2729.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because apparently nearly all the edible seeds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2729.03,2731.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were taken over on the first voyage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2731.61,2734.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and left there were eaten by the people that Columbus left","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2734.08,2737.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Americas to establish the colony","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2737.8,2740.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they all starved to death,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2740.21,2741.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we suppose all the seeds were eaten,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2741.84,2744.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was again the second voyage of Columbus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=2745.36,2747.71"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27143/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/143/original/AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_a.vtt?1622139817","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/143/original/AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_a.vtt?1622139817"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27144","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507/transcript/27144/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Welcome all of you here this evening. This is the 18th Bessie lecture sponsored by the Department of Botany and a number of cosponsoring departments. This evening, as long as we don't have any loud cheering from the back, we're going to have Professor Charles Heiser present a talk on botanical aspects of the Columbian Exchange of plants and animals during the time of earliest exploration here in the New World. Professor Heiser, we're indeed fortunate to have on campus here today, he is clearly one of the distinguished botanists in this country today. He got his bachelor's and master's degrees at Washington University in St. Louis, and a coke administered program with the Missouri Botanical Garden. He then headed west as a young man and in 1947 received his PhD from University of California, Berkeley. At the same time, he did a little bit of teaching out at University of California, Davis. And was very strongly influenced by Ledyard Stebbins. He then, upon completion of his PhD, moved to Indiana University, where he has been extremely successful ever since. This was in 1947, he put in 39 years as an exemplary Professor of Botany in that institution. And in 1986, he retired as a distinguished Professor Emeritus. Dr. Heiser's research has centered primarily around our understanding, or trying to understand, how plants of economic importance evolved, both in their natural settings, and under the influence of humans, so his interests are very broad. However, his primary foci of his studies centered around a few groups, namely the sunflowers, the genus Helianthus, the genus Capsicum in the Solanaceae, the potato, tomato family, and in fact, the genus Solanum, he continues that work and enjoys that work yet in his retirement. As a teacher, he has produced over 50 graduate students, 30 of which are PhDs. And today, many of these PhDs are at the top of their fields respectively. For instance, Gregory Anderson is President Elect of the Botanical Society of America. Peter Breeding is on campus here, in our plant production station. Ed Schilling is the director, or the editor of Systematic Botany. So his influence in his students continues to perpetuate long after his active participation in Indiana University teaching. He has, as a scholar, been an author of over 150 scientific research papers, he has written five books, primarily centering around economically important plants. He has also served in a leadership capacity in a number of scientific societies, serving as President of the Botanical Society of America, the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, the Society for Economic Botany, and the Society for the Study of Evolution. He is clearly a leader in this field and has been recognized as such by the awarding of a Guggenheim fellowship. The Asa Gray Award awarded in 1988, by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, in recognition of his many accomplishments and systematics. The Merit Award of the Botanical Society of America, and in 1987, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and we're quite happy to have him here on campus. We would like to thank a number of participating departments in bringing him here, namely, if you'll please bear with me, there's a lot of interest in Dr. Heiser's seminar on campus, the Departments of agriculture engineering, agronomy, animal ecology, animal science, anthropology, the biology program, the Botany Department, Botany Organization of Graduate Students, entomology, food science and human nutrition, forestry, history, horticulture, plant pathology, zoology, and genetics, the USDA Plant and Production Station, the graduate college, and we especially like to thank the committee on lectures for their participation in the publicity of Professor Heiser's lecture this evening. We are indeed happy to have him here, and without further ado, I would like to introduce Professor Heiser, and the title of his talk this evening, the Plants and Animals of the Columbian Exchange, 1492 to 1550. Dr. Heiser.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much. I'm indeed pleased to be invited here to give the Bessie lecture. And I would like to start by saying that I didn't come to praise Columbus nor to damn him, but I wanna talk about this great exchange of plants that began with his first voyage to the Americas. Probably the greatest exchange of plants between the Old World and the New World that ever occurred. And this took place largely in the few years following Columbus' voyages. Before 1492, only three domestic catered plants had crossed the oceans and the bottle gourd, which we'll see in the first slide, native to Africa, was well-established in the Americas, and the coconut native of Southeastern Asia, and the Pacific Islands was found on a few places on the coast of Central America, and the sweet potato, which was domesticated in Tropical America was present on some of the Pacific Islands when the Spanish arrived there. Both the bottle gourd and the coconut have fruits that float, and they possibly floated across the ocean. It has been shown that both will germinate after long periods of in salt water, but we can't say the same for the sweet potato. And probably the most likely explanation is that early Polynesian voyagers carried the sweet potato from South America to the Pacific Islands. Now, there are some people who believe that other domesticated organisms also crossed the oceans previous to Columbus' voyages, but I do not find the evidence very convincing. Today or tonight, I shall concentrate on those domesticated plants and animals that crossed the ocean intentionally. Because many other organisms made the crossing unintentionally, many diseases, many animals such as insects and rats, and of course weeds. About 50% of our weeds in the northern states come from the Old World, about 35% of them from Europe. Now we have given them some weeds in return, but far fewer. And with a few exceptions, which I've noted, it all began with Columbus. Although he knew that he was looking for spices, he was not particularly knowledgeable about plants, and in one place in his writings he expressed regret that he didn't know more. However, he was obsessed with gold, he didn't have time to learn about plants. And of course he was not alone in his interest in gold, and art, and making slaves of the Indians. But I should point out that it was the plants that were discovered that was proved far more valuable than all the gold that ever came out of the New World. Columbus does mention a few plants in his writings, but our best early record of the American plants comes from one Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, usually called Oviedo, who went to Panama in 1514 as an official of the Crown, and later lived for many years in Santo Domingo. When Columbus arrived in the West Indians, in the West Indies, he found that the Indians cultivated a large number of plants. And the domesticated plants, and the people as well of the West Indies. This is the area I'll be speaking about most of the time, and, but the plants and the animals apparently came from northern South America, and the people. And of course, many other plants were later found in Mexico and in South America, and the other parts of the New World. Corn as it's known in Iowa, I think, and Indiana, or maize is it's more properly called, from the Indian name, and I shall use the word that Columbus used for the Native Americans, he called them Indians, in fact, he's the one that started it, it's shorter than Native Americans, and maize was the New World plant that was to travel most rapidly around the world. It was not of great significance in the West Indies however, and it wasn't until the Spanish reached the main land that they found that this was the major food source of the American Indians. At this time, it was already being cultivated from southern Canada to southern South America. And it was first illustrated in an herbal, \"The Herbal of Fuchs\" in 1542, that is not the illustration, but that shows a corn for sale in a market in Ecuador, and there is the first drawing of the corn plant. And here he called it Turkish corn, for he thought it came from Asia, and he was not the last to do so for some people still maintain that maze, although of American in origin, went to Asia before it reached Europe. And two years ago, there was a paper in the Journal of Economic Botany, in which goddesses are shown holding ears of what appear to be maize on a 13th century temple in India, there is the illustration and it does I admit look remarkably like an ear of corn, but I still remain skeptical, and I don't think the last word has been in, is come in. Corn of course soon became a very important crop in many parts of the Old World, as it still is today. The basic food plant in the Islands was not maize, but bitter manihot, this is a plant that's also known as yuca, or cassava, and a plant that is very little known in this country. And when it is, it's generally known in the farm of tapioca, but today, a lot of people don't even know tapioca. It's a wonderful yield of carbohydrates. Here are the roots. And cassava bread made from this starch soon became the principle food of the Spaniards in the New World, and it was to prove the best food for outfitting ships for the return voyage to Europe. And it became practically the only food supply to the Indians working in the gold mines, and it probably contributed to many of their deaths because although it gives a full belly, it's woefully lacking in protein, about 1% protein. Starts of the plants were soon carried to Europe and they did not do well there, but they soon found homes in both Africa and Asia. And today, both of these places produces far more of this plant than does the Americas. The sweet potato was second only to manihot as a food, and the leaves as well as the roots for eating. There are two main types of sweet potatoes, sweet ones and starchy ones, and some of these are sometimes called yams in the United States, but the true yam is a completely different plant. And for unexplained reasons, when the sweet potato reached Europe, it was considered an aphrodisiac, which probably increased its popularity, but it was Asia where it became most widely accepted, and today over 90% of the world's crop is grown there, China is the leading producer, and Japan is also very important. In Japan, it's a second in importance only to rice and it's there, it's considered typhoon insurance, for the sweet potato routes are safe underground, when the rice crop is destroyed. Common beans, which you know from my garden there, and here's the scene from Mexico, common beans were found in cultivation in the Antilles, but like maze, it was to prove to be far more important in the Mexico and South America. The beans were somewhat more familiar to the Spanish than many of these other plants because they had bean like plants in Europe, particularly the Windsor broad bean, however, the American beans are superior, and they were assumed to assume a dominant position in the world. And the common beans were soon followed by lima beans and red runner beans. The other member of the bean family that they found here was this was the peanut. And this plant appeared very unusual to them because it produced its seeds underground. There's a somewhat similar plant that occurs in Africa, but I don't think the Spanish were aware of it. Later, the peanut was to become particularly important in Asia. And India alone produces four times, as much as the Americas today. Squash and pumpkins were new to the Spanish, there are peanuts being harvested in Ecuador, squash and pumpkins were new to the Spanish, melons were known for Europe, but squashes and pumpkins were indigenous to the Americas. Those in the West Indies, however, were not the ones that were first identified in Europe, although I think these were probably carried to Europe, it was a Mexican species that is first figured in the herbal drawing of 1542, and there we have it. And that is a type that is still common in Mexico, and of course, widely grown in the United States, I'll have an explanation for this shortly. Although Columbus never found the spices that he was seeking, he did discover others. Peter Martyr tells us that he found peppers more pungent than those of the caucuses, these of course, being black pepper. Three different fruit types were found of peppers in the West Indies, this is a species showing the great variation in it that occurs widely in South America. Three of these type, a small one, overly elongated one like that, and one similar to this, three types were found in the West Indies. And most likely they were carried to Spain, but they're not heard again, they're not heard of again in Europe. And we find that Fuchs in the Herbal that I described earlier, describes three kind as occurring in Germany in 1542, and these are the chili peppers, which must have come from middle of America. Here's the illustration. And so the question comes up, how did the peppers from the Americas, from Mexico, we can understand from the West Indies, how did those species from Mexico, such as the squash and the pepper, get to Europe so early? Some people think they would not have arrived until after Cortes went to Mexico in 1519, but some people overlook that, they could have come from Honduras or Costa Rica, following Columbus' trip there, Columbus was the discoverer of Costa Rica, on a trip there in 1502, his son, Ferdinand, who is 13 years old at the time, tells us of encountering a canoe off the coast of Central America, loaded with 25 people and all kinds of food, apparently the Indians were taking these to a food fair. Now we have another person on the voyage who also gives his account, I'm not sure you'd want to trust a 13 year old boy, so apparently I would suggest at least that many of these foods were seized, the people and the contents of the boat were seized, and although neither peppers nor squash were mentioned, I think it's likely they could have been collected at that time and made their way to Europe. This was also the occasion of their first encounter with cacao, or chocolate beans, which at that time was not only being eaten, but also used for currency in Middle America. Here are chocolate beans or cocoa beans for sale in a market in Oaxaca, Mexico, the Spaniards in Mexico didn't appreciate chocolate at first apparently because the Indians didn't sweeten it, they spiced it with other things, including chili pepper. I might say that in addition to peppers, which I've been discussing, vanilla was a second spice that came from the Americas, it's the only food product that I know of that comes from an orchid, and this, of course it was still being grown in Mexico and Central America, but most of the production of vanilla is from the orchid that's grown in Madagascar. I should go beyond that and say most vanilla is made synthetically today, but you can still get natural vanilla from plant sources. The third important spice to come from the Americas was the plant which we know is allspice, or pimenta. And this is from a plant in Jamaica, and although most of these slides are my own, I must acknowledge Dr. Breeding for this slide, for I've never been to Jamaica. Later, the Spaniards also found this tree growing wild in Mexico, it was not at that time cultivated as I understand it, but they collected the fruits from wild trees in Jamaica and on the mainland. But let me return to chocolate for a moment, there is a plant of cacao growing in Ecuador once they learned to sweeten it, it became a favorite drink of the Spaniards, there are the pods in which the seeds are found. And after the conquest of Mexico, shipment of the beans of the cacao beans began to Spain. And by 1525, cocoa was being cultivated in Trinidad and Venezuela. Now cocoa is native to South America, but it was not in cultivation until the Spanish introduced it into these countries. It's still a very important crop in Tropical America, but today, West Africa produces more than does the Americas. By far the fruit that excited the most attention was the pineapple, and the Spaniards found that the Indians in addition to enjoying the fruits, made a wine from it. Columbus did not do this, but on a later voyage, pineapples were sent to the King of Spain, most of them spoiled on the trip, but apparently some reached there in good shape, and it was rapidly carried to the other parts of the world. The Spanish carried it to the Philippines as soon as that country was conquered, the Portuguese carried it to Africa, and it was in India by 1550, so amazing how rapidly some of these plants moved. And pineapples were so popular that they were specially constructed greenhouses in England so that they could grow them, pineapples do not do very well in the ordinary English climate. Probably second to popularity among the fruits of the New World was the papaya, the tree that produces melons, and the papayas were not in the West Indies when Columbus was there. There's some question about that, but that seems to be that's my conclusion, at least from studying the early historical record. And I don't think Columbus ever saw it, but it was growing in Panama and Venezuela, and Columbus of course never explored either of these countries very extensively. The tomato seen here in the Mexican market is today one of the world's most important vegetables, although as you know, it is a fruit, and it also had not yet reached the West Indies, although all wild tomatoes are native to South America, the tomato was domesticated in Mexico. I won't be able to go in detail, but the Spanish first encountered it when they arrived in Mexico, and we find no early mention of it in the Spain. And the first definite record from Europe is from Italy in 1544, which is fairly late. Some people think that the tomato may have gone first to North Africa, where it was at one time called, for at one time it was called pomo de mori, or Moor's apple. And some of the earliest tomatoes grown in Italy had yellow fruits. Now these are not unusual, you can get these from most of the seed companies, Northrup King and so on today, but they were called at the time pomi d'oro, or golden apples. However, one or other of these names, either a pomo de Mori, Moor's Apple, or pomi d'oro, golden apple, became transformed into pomme d'amour, or love Apple in France, and from that, we get our English name love Apple. And because of this name, some people in France attached aphrodisiac properties to the tomato, but as one Frenchman who tested it sadly reported, it wasn't true, or so the story goes. A plant that reached Europe much later, rivals maize in its importance, and yields more calories per acre than does any of the cereals. This is the Irish potato or the sweet potato, seen in flower there in the high Andes. When the Spanish arrived, it's cultivation was confined to the South American highlands, and as they thought indeed a strange food, comparing it to truffles. And the potato was first recorded in Spain in 1570, and in England in 1590, and it came to North America from Europe in 1718. The English herbalist, John Gerard had good things to say about it, in 1597, quite early, but like the tomato it was slow to gain acceptance in Europe, perhaps because many people recognized its affinities with plants that were known to be deadly poisonous, such as deadly nightshade, belladonna, henbane, and mandrake. However, encouraged in fact, at a little later time, a Presbyterian minister preached that had God intended the potato for food, it would have been mentioned in the Bible, and we all know it isn't. However encouraged by royalty in some countries, the potato slowly gained acceptance and became one of the most important food plants in Europe, and a plant that was to play a prominent part in history, no more so than in Ireland. The potato had become the principle and nearly the only food of the Irish, they consume 12 to 14 pounds a day. Then in 1845, the potato blight struck, a fungal disease, wiping out the crop or virtually wiping out the crop, causing great suffering, deaths, and mass immigration with great consequences on the population of Boston, and on the political life, and on the police forces in the United States. The potato is now the world's fifth largest crop, and most of it is grown in Europe. The USSR, this was written some months ago, produces or did produce, four times as much as the United States, I think we can say did produce. The Spanish also encountered cotton in the West Indies, and this plant, oh, excuse me, that's a potato harvest in the Andes, and the yellow flowered plant there is a mustard, this is a weed that came over from Europe. The Spanish also encountered cotton, and this is a plant that should have been familiar to them, I'm not sure it was, but the Moor's had introduced cotton technology to Spain in the 10th century, because there were two species in the Old World of domesticated cotton, which were fairly widely grown, but in the Americas, the species were quite different, Columbus' men did not know that, there's the cotton market finished product among the Otavalo Indians in Ecuador. Two American species of cotton were domesticated, one in South America and one in Mexico, and these were found to have a superior fiber to those of the Old World. And today nearly all the cotton grown in the world are from the American species, primarily the Mexican one. Nativse smoking tobacco were observed on Columbus' first voyage, but there is still no agreement on what species of tobacco was being cultivated in the West Indies. This is the Nicotiana tobacco, and this is the tobacco that's widely cultivated around the world today, but there are two species, this species and a second species, which is sometimes called wild tobacco, although it's also cultivated, which has a very different type flower. This is the tobacco that was being cultivated in many parts of the Americas, including the eastern North America. Both of these filthy weeds soon spread around the world with great rapidity, and they have sometimes been referred to as the Indians revenge, although other people would reserve that for a disease, which we call syphilis. In Virginia, the English began cultivating the wild tobacco, this one we see here, which was grown by the eastern North American Indians, but this tobacco couldn't compete with the other species being grown in the West Indies by the Spanish, and so not until seeds of the Cuban tobacco was smuggled into Virginia, did the tobacco empire begin there. And as we know, it is still widely cultivated in the southern United States. However, today the world's leading producer of tobacco is China, and they produce four times as much as the United States. There are of course, many other minor plants and some major the ones which crossed the ocean much later, I must mention a few of these, certainly the sunflower, a plant that's occupied my research attention for over 25 years, it reached Europe in 1560. However, it didn't come either from Mexico or the West Indies, but from what is now the United States. This is the only important cultivated plant that was ever domesticated in what is now the United States, and it now ranks as the third most important oil crop in the world. And most of that production is again from the USSR, or what was the USSR. I should also mention avocado, which at the time of the discovery was being grown both in Peru and Mexico, several nuts were also indigenous to the Americas. I have time to mention only one, one of the most important, and that is the cashew, seen here, and that's the way I saw it in the market in Costa Rica. And this is the cashew apple, it's a fleshy part, and that's the part it's being sold there for because the people suck the juice out of that, and the juice is a fruit, and the nut part is frequently thrown away, but in other parts of the world, it is the nut rather than the fleshy stalk that is the more important part. Now let me turn very briefly to animals because I realized that Dr. Bessie was a botanist, but I feel we should mention these as well. There were very few domesticated animals in America at the time of its discovery, I think only a half a dozen. And dogs were present, and that's obviously a ceramic dog because they're extinct now, the true American dog I think. The thing that impressed the Spanish most about these dogs is that they were bark-less, obviously that one is, and they were also very small. But more than that was that they were delicious to eat, and that's why the Indians had so many of them. And according to the noted geographer, Carl Sauer, the native dog in Mexico was nearly eaten to extinction by the Spanish. Although once it was thought that the dog came with people from Asia to the Americas, I think it now seems likely that the dog was independently domesticated in the Americas, in other words, dogs had more than one origin, certainly at least one in the Old World, and again, at least one in the New World. The ancestor the dog is the wolf, and we know that wolves are native both to Asia and to North America. They Muscovy duck was present in the Antilles, and soon made way to Europe, this is a domesticated bird of course, it's now found all over the world, but nowhere does it rival the Old World mallard for use as meat. Guinea pigs were an important food source in the Americas, there's some for sale in a market for you to take home and roast. And, but if you don't, you can buy them roasted in the market too. It took me a long time to try to eat those, I finally did, and they're not bad, but it always looked to me like roasted rats. And they were eaten in Europe after they were first introduced, but they soon stopped that, and now around the world, except in the Andes where they're still an important food, they're mostly pets or laboratory animals. Llamas and alpacas, and these are our llamas, and I find it very difficult to tell them apart, and these are alpacas. Llamas were particularly veiled as a beast of burden, and also for meat, and also for religious ceremonies, and they are still important there. And llamas, I mean alpacas, were used the similar way, but they've never been very successful in other parts of the world, although in recent years, we find they're doing quite well in the United States, and I believe they're now maybe over 10,000 llamas in this country where they serve as pack animals or as pets. Now for your examination, is that a llama or an alpaca? And also how many are there? That's the one reason I retired early, so I'd never have to go to another exam. Those are alpacas, and there's two there, one quite young, and they're getting its meal. The only American domesticated animal to assume any great importance in the Old World was the turkey, and I'm not going into why it's called turkey, because it's still not solved, but some people at that time thought they came from Turkey, like maize and some of the plants. The Spaniards was found it in Middle America, so I thought it appropriate I include a picture from Moharka, and they introduced it to the West Indies from Mexico. And from there, the first one went to Spain in 1518, where it was presented to the King. We have no record of what his expression was when he saw it. Soon the Americans were to be well supplied with domesticated animals, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens, all of them coming with Columbus' voyages, I think nearly all of them came on the second voyage. They all proved to be very successful, so much so that in many parts of the Americas, the animals escaped and became wild or feral, as they still are, for example, pigs in the southern United States, goats and other parts, and horses in our own Western United States exist in a feral state. Pigs multiplied at most rapidly, and they didn't look anything like those, those are Iowa pigs I think. And the pigs were taken to, that's the way that I think that they're more like the pigs of the time, these pigs were taken to the southern United States by de Soto when he came here in 1538, and they escaped to give rise to the razorback hogs still alive there. Of course, the way I see them most often in South America is like that. Cattle also did very well, they reached Mexico in 1521, and they were in Peru in 1539. And in that same year, there are already ranches with 150,000 head of cattle in Mexico. The Texas Longhorn stems from escape, some of these as early escaped Spanish cattle, these early Spanish cattle did remarkably well in the Americas, but they did not do as well in some of the lowland tropical areas, as did the Indian cattle or the zebu, which were introduced at a much later date, and what you see in parts of our southern states and over much of the lowland tropics today. Leather became as important as the meat, and soon huge amounts of leather were being shipped to Europe. And oxen soon became important work animals, as they still are today in parts of Latin America. Horses were used to take care of the cattle, usually not in this way, but in other ways. But before that, they were of great significance in the conquest. This is not a statute for the horse, and I don't know who it is upon him, but it might well be because they certainly helped the Spanish subdue the Indians. They, Indian's initial reaction was great fear, and justly so. But eventually the horse was to change the culture of the Indian more so than any other animals, as we well known from our own Western United States. I should also mention that once the that's on occasions the Spanish had to resort to eating their horses, when they ran out of food, as happened in some of the expeditions to the continent. Donkey's were also very early introduced and they're still very important in many Latin American countries. And with both donkeys and horses present, soon, we also had mules. I won't explain that. After the conquest of the Philippines, it was mule train that carried the riches of the Philippines from Acapulco to Vera Cruz for shipment to Spain. And today of course, it's the sheep that are probably more important to the Indians than most of these other animals, particularly and for example, in our own Southwest. Next to the horse, the dog was the most important animal in conquering the Indians. Columbus took 20 dogs, Mastiffs and Greyhounds on a second dogs, these weren't the little Native American dogs, these were huge dogs. Dogs had been trained to kill Moors in Spain, and soon they were doing the same to the Indians. I don't know if the dogs were armed, but these were from pictures of some of the European dogs trained for battle. I will spare you all the gory details of what happened in the America with the introduction of these dogs, but they're written up in a recent book called the \"Dogs of the Conquest\" by John and Jeannette Varner, and you'll find a lot of things like that. More dogs followed on later voyages and they were allowed to fend for their own for food, which of course rapidly led to a depletion of the wildlife in some areas, and of course they frequently ate the Indians they killed. Now, the other animal that came over, the chicken, George Carter, another geographer maintains that the chicken was already in South America, having come from Asia before the arrival of the Spanish. And that's the kind of chicken that would have been introduced, that's the same species as our chicken, but this is the Indian or type form of the chicken. Carter's argument is that chicken was already present in some places in South America when the Spanish reached there. I think this simply means the chicken traveled by trade in South America, faster than a Spanish did by foot or on horseback. As the same thing happened to watermelon in the Southwest, in many places in Arizona, the Spanish founding Indians growing watermelons, this plant had to come from the Old World, it's not an American plant. Well until chicken bones are recovered by archeologists and are dated as being pre-Columbian, I will remain skeptical. In any event, chickens were re-introduced by Columbus, if they were already, even if they were already here. Although Columbus brought some seed with him on his first voyage, we are not sure that they were ever planted, although I do recall reading somewhere that they did plant seeds of melons on the first voyage, and that on their return, the second voyage they ate these melons, they harvested the fruits. Maybe this is just another one of the many myths that have grown up around Columbus because apparently nearly all the edible seeds that were taken over on the first voyage, and left there were eaten by the people that Columbus left in the Americas to establish the colony because they all starved to death, so we suppose all the seeds were eaten, and it was again the second voyage of Columbus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115507#t=0.0,2752.44"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_b.mp3"]},"duration":811.248,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/508/small/lecture.png?1622139820","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/115/508/original/AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_b.mp3?1622139820","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":811.248,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Those are not a well adapted to the tropical lowlands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=5.07,8.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did I miss that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=15.76,16.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's sweet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=19.73,20.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=20.563,21.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cereals are not well adapted to tropical lowlands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=21.91,24.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but are found to do well in the highlands of Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=24.42,28.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by 1535 wheat was being shipped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=28.12,31.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Mexico to the islands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=31.61,33.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because although the Spanish were forced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=33.84,36.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to accept a cassava bread","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=36.11,38.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maize bread, they didn't like it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=38.42,40.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wanted wheat bread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=40.36,41.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they were glad to have wheat from Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=41.69,45.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, wheat then spread to South America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=45.41,48.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and much later to North America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=48.14,50.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the most important crops in the world today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=50.131,53.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is said to be harvested somewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=53.23,55.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world in every month of the year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=55.84,58.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barley.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=62.89,64.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seen there on the left","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=64.2,67.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was also early introduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=67.85,69.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and found to grow well in the 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wine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=192.86,194.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they make a very good kind of Brandy called Pisco","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=194.947,198.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you do have excellent 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Spanish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=204.21,207.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Olive oil was almost as necessary to the Spanish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=207.01,210.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it was wheat and grape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=210.95,214.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But again, the olive is not adapted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=215.43,217.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the climate of the West Indies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=217.59,219.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was eventually established in Peru in 1560.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=219.85,224.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is an olive if you can make it out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=226.33,229.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't know why I stopped to show you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=232.61,234.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think everyone knows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=234.42,235.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what an olive looks like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=235.63,237.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But here is one of these old orchards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=237.88,240.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in near Lima.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=240.84,242.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I don't know that this goes back to 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crop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=473.84,477.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Southern Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=477.62,478.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was it still late 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beans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=526.02,528.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with many of my meals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=528.28,530.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rice reached the colony of North Carolina in 1685,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=531.22,535.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And today the United States is an exporter of rice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=535.19,538.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've now pretty well covered the period to 1550,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=538.87,542.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's a lot more plants have come more recently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=542.9,546.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I will just 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=606.07,607.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rubber.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=610.02,610.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't had 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Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=622.14,624.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the most more recent introductions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=624.5,626.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are plants like the pepino,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=626.73,630.179"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is now appearing in our markets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=630.179,632.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also the tree tomato,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=634.05,636.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is sold under the name of tamarillo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=636.4,639.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not a Mexican name","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=639.09,640.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a completely made up name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=640.49,642.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are South American plants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=642.85,644.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which have gone to Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=644.31,645.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are also going to the United States now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=645.6,648.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And other plants are even more of a success story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=648.38,652.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are kiwi fruit or the kiwi berry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=652.46,655.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as many of you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=655.56,656.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a fairly new fruit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=656.62,658.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it comes from originally from China","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=658.11,660.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by way of Australia, New Zealand and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=660.67,663.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Enough for the plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=670.74,671.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must say that for good or bad,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=671.75,673.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the results of the Colombian exchange","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=673.9,675.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a population explosion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=675.92,677.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many parts of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=677.54,679.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The potato was certainly one of the reasons for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=679.29,681.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And certainly maize and cassava contributed greatly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=681.79,685.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our foods have become more or less cosmopolitan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=685.37,688.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm reminded of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=688.4,689.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I eat a Mexican meal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=689.65,691.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now with this lecture here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=691.45,694.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next time you go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=694.15,695.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and eat at your local Mexican restaurant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=695.25,698.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you'll find that over half of the food items","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=698.22,701.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come not from Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=701.342,703.731"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but from Europe or Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=703.731,706.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me conclude by saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=707.54,709.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the human change of the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=709.03,711.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Americas began in a modest way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=711.3,714.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When people first entered from Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=714.59,717.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indian agriculture was not terribly destructive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=718.37,721.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the land,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=722.24,724.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this changed with the arrival of the Europeans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=725.37,729.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The clearing of fields for crops and livestock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=729.07,732.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurred rapidly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=732.09,733.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we lost many native indigenous organisms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=735.16,739.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lost soil and we lost people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=739.25,741.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nearly all the Indians of the Antilles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=743.137,746.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had largely disappeared in 30 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=746.74,750.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not only from laboring in the goldmine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=753.01,755.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being killed by dogs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=755.5,757.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and laboring on the plantations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=757.27,759.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but principally from the indigenous disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=759.0,762.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They killed more of the Americans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=762.13,764.878"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than any other of the things I've mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=764.878,769.878"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, the destruction of our forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=770.12,772.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continues on a scale never known before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=772.27,774.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are too many people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=776.01,777.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can't blame Columbus for all of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=778.8,781.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the discovery of the Americas was inevitable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=781.68,785.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even though his name is not attached","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=786.81,788.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the continents,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=788.99,790.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it shall be forever associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=790.4,792.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this great Colombian exchange.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=792.85,795.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=795.62,796.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students clap)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=796.562,799.229"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27145/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/145/original/AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_b.vtt?1622139821","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/145/original/AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_b.vtt?1622139821"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27146","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204080_The_Plants_and_Animals_of_the_Columbian_Exchange_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508/transcript/27146/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Those are not a well adapted to the tropical lowlands. Did I miss that? That's sweet. Sorry. Cereals are not well adapted to tropical lowlands but are found to do well in the highlands of Mexico. And by 1535 wheat was being shipped from Mexico to the islands, because although the Spanish were forced to accept a cassava bread and maize bread, they didn't like it. They wanted wheat bread. And so they were glad to have wheat from Mexico. And of course, wheat then spread to South America and much later to North America. And one of the most important crops in the world today it is said to be harvested somewhere in the world in every month of the year. Barley. Seen there on the left was also early introduced and found to grow well in the highlands. I'm sorry to say that much of the barley in a large part of South America never reaches the hungry people, Most of it goes to the production of beer. At least that's true for Ecuador, from which this slide was taken. The plant on the other side which you see the Indians gathering, is a daisy-like plant, pyrethrum which was much later introduced from Africa, and is used to make the insecticide. Grapes for wine. There is a section of the wheat market in of the grain market in Ecuador. And now we come to the grape. Grapes for wine were as important to the Spanish as wheat for bread. A priest at the time was reported to have said that if God had intended for the Indians to be Christians he would have given them grapes. The Indians of course did make a wine from beer and alcoholic beverage from maize but they didn't use grapes. However, there were plenty of grapes in the Americas. They later Spanish for the fine wild grapes all over North America. And one of these native North American grapes, did become a wine grape in New England, Or New York wines for example, are made or used to be made from a native grape, but there's no grape quite like the old world grape for making wine, and that's the one the Spanish finally successfully introduced to the Americas. It failed in the West Indies. Again, it's not a lowland tropical crop. but it was successfully grown in Peru. And there was a harvest there in 1551. Peru today doesn't make a very good wine, they make a very good kind of Brandy called Pisco but you do have excellent wines coming from Chile, Argentina and California, where it was introduced by the Spanish. Olive oil was almost as necessary to the Spanish as it was wheat and grape. But again, the olive is not adapted to the climate of the West Indies. It was eventually established in Peru in 1560. There is an olive if you can make it out and I don't know why I stopped to show you because I think everyone knows what an olive looks like. But here is one of these old orchards in near Lima. Now, I don't know that this goes back to 1560 but it's a very ancient olive orchard which pre exists there near Lima, although it no longer bears. The new world never became an important producer of Olives, although some is grown in California as you know, and it's chiefly for eating rather than making the oil. The orange and the lemon were introduced on Columbus's second voyage. Ovey Ada later wrote that the fruit was very good. and that by 1525, they had multiplied so rapidly that they were now past counting. The most abundant of the citrus fruits in Northern South America, is today called the lemon. And it's what we would call a lime. This however, I think came much later, it did not come by Europe, but came after the Philippines were conquered. And there is one citrus fruit which we saw on the previous slide, the grapefruit which originated in the West Indies. This may come as a surprise, because all the citrus foods are said to be native to Asia, but the grape fruit originated in the West Indies in 1770 as a hybrid between the pomelo a grapefruit-like a citrus fruit and the orange or perhaps it's a mutant of an orange. Cuttings of sugarcane from the Canaries also went on Columbus's second voyage, that sugarcane in farm which beyond that hedge. And there is sugarcane for sale in the market in Mexico city for chewing. It's cheap candy, rots your teeth just as well. Columbus was familiar with this plant from his Sojourn on Madeira. And there was a great demand for sugar in Europe at this time. And sugarcane soon became the first plantation crop in the Americas. Although sometimes cotton is thought of in the United States, as the plant most closely connected with slavery, it was sugarcane that was responsible for the importation of large numbers of slaves from Africa. There were too few Indians left to labor in the fields they had all died off. Sugarcane was the first plant, It was also responsible for the massive destruction of the forest, not only for areas to grow it, but also for huge amounts of wood needed to boil the juice to crystallize it to sugar. Tropical America's continued to be a most important source of sugar. And it is the number one crop in some of the countries Cuba for example, and most of it goes to the production of rum in some of these countries. The banana. Another important old world import didn't reach Hispaniola or the West Indies until 1516. And it also thrived giving rise to eventually, to the banana republics of Central America. Another sorry chapter in the history of the United States. The starchy banana are a plantain Which is a starchy staple, also flourished in the Americas and it became the chief food source of some Indian communities in South America, where manioc had previously been their main food. But in reality, very few of these foods had great impact upon the native American populations. Rice, which in the 15th century was a new crop in Southern Europe, Was it still late arrival. I don't think that's rice. There we are. And it was first recorded by the Portuguese in Brazil where it was introduced by the Portuguese in 1535, and later to other parts of South America. Today considerable amounts of rice are grown in South America, Some in central America also, chiefly for their own use for it's a very important food to the people in Latin America today. I recall my first sabbatical leave in Costa Rica in 1953, where I was served rice and beans with practically every meal. And I returned from another visit to Costa Rica just two weeks ago. And I was still served rice and beans with many of my meals. Rice reached the colony of North Carolina in 1685, And today the United States is an exporter of rice. I've now pretty well covered the period to 1550, and there's a lot more plants have come more recently. And I will just mention a few of these very rapidly because I don't think people should speak for over an hour. That is soybean, which of course, I think most of you knew here in this state. And it was of course, a very late arrival. And now it's one of the world's most important plant and it came over very late. It reached Brazil in 1882, and the United States sometime later. Coffee came over from Africa and it proved to do better in the Americas than it did in the old world. There's a coffee drying in Costa Rica. It's rather interesting. There are a number of these plants went from one continent to another did better in their new homeland. Various reasons had been given for this one is that quite often, the plant may have been exported without taking all of its native pests and diseases with it. Rubber. I haven't had time to mention many of the commercial crops. Rubber is native to the Americas. It was never domesticated as was quinine. but quinine was never domesticated either. And both of these today. do much better in Southeastern Asia. Some of the most more recent introductions are plants like the pepino, which is now appearing in our markets and also the tree tomato, which is sold under the name of tamarillo which is not a Mexican name but a completely made up name. These are South American plants, which have gone to Europe and are also going to the United States now. And other plants are even more of a success story they are kiwi fruit or the kiwi berry, as many of you know this is a fairly new fruit. And it comes from originally from China by way of Australia, New Zealand and Enough for the plants. I must say that for good or bad, one of the results of the Colombian exchange was a population explosion in many parts of the world. The potato was certainly one of the reasons for it. And certainly maize and cassava contributed greatly. Our foods have become more or less cosmopolitan. And I'm reminded of this when I eat a Mexican meal. And now with this lecture here, the next time you go and eat at your local Mexican restaurant, I think you'll find that over half of the food items come not from Mexico, but from Europe or Asia. And let me conclude by saying that the human change of the environment in the Americas began in a modest way When people first entered from Asia. Indian agriculture was not terribly destructive of the land, but this changed with the arrival of the Europeans. The clearing of fields for crops and livestock occurred rapidly and we lost many native indigenous organisms. We lost soil and we lost people. Nearly all the Indians of the Antilles, had largely disappeared in 30 years. Not only from laboring in the goldmine, being killed by dogs, and laboring on the plantations but principally from the indigenous disease. They killed more of the Americans than any other of the things I've mentioned. Today, the destruction of our forest continues on a scale never known before. There are too many people but we can't blame Columbus for all of this for the discovery of the Americas was inevitable. And even though his name is not attached to the continents, it shall be forever associated with this great Colombian exchange. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42904/file/115508#t=0.0,811.248"}]}]}]}