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Affairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=16.67,20.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Barbara Mack, and it has been my privilege","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=20.89,23.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to serve as the faculty chairman this 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me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=28.12,31.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a newcomer to this institution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=31.42,34.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be a part of something that has 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government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=68.84,72.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which guides our lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=72.26,74.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Throughout the coming week, you will hear a 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Constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=84.49,87.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in their daily lives, and we will examine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=87.24,89.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only the individual rights 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tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=199.31,201.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make some brief opening remarks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=201.27,203.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I look forward to hearing what he has to 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Institute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=222.36,225.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've got effectively standing room only.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=225.53,228.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm only sorry that my wife wasn't here this 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institution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=232.65,234.779"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=234.779,235.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She and I often 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some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=277.96,279.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the best qualified and most prominent speakers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=279.61,282.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the subjects that have been the 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history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=330.83,334.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What better way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=334.58,335.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might we assure the Constitution's continuing 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Libodi,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=527.27,531.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my hero, one of my heroes, John Henry Faulk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=533.12,536.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladies and gentlemen, it's wonderful to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=536.2,540.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have again, since it's my second visit to Ames,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=540.12,544.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was here long enough 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=549.19,552.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm very happy to be in a place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=552.62,556.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wrote President Eaton's words,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=556.5,558.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and now I've carefully put them away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=558.5,560.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=563.81,567.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very special, and I think you're lucky to be here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=567.32,570.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I am, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=570.42,571.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I feel reverential about the subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=573.91,578.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on which you are embarking this week,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=579.06,582.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you will forgive me if I talk in that frame of mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=583.6,588.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is rare for any human 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disappear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=596.4,598.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Governments fall to the winds of change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=598.39,601.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To write a charter for a new government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=601.86,603.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have it still enforced 200 years later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=603.93,606.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the fundamental law of a people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=606.54,609.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may be called a secular miracle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=609.03,611.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is why we are celebrating the 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It lasted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=647.31,652.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they did not know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=652.0,653.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They faced doubts and difficulties 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=1443.32,1445.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is no doubt the primary control on the government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=1445.88,1449.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But experience has taught mankind the 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who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=1461.56,1463.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should temporarily govern them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=1463.62,1466.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sovereignty would not rest in a king beyond popular 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So it seemed at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2415.31,2419.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But events since have made it look less of a victory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2420.51,2425.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1980, the Supreme Court decided another 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lead,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2557.1,2559.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it was a bit dull.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2559.75,2561.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, he did, but he then had to send the new 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reluctant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2612.78,2614.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so more and more, they defer to the experts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2614.72,2618.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they are the very government 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secrecy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2623.47,2627.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not only the 1st Amendment, I emphasize,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2628.97,2631.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that loses in this process of deference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2631.26,2634.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the national security state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2634.66,2636.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another of our basic protections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2637.52,2639.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I began by emphasizing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2639.49,2642.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the separation of powers, is also overridden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2642.03,2645.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Go back to the Pentagon Papers Case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2645.82,2648.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The court had another reason beside the 1st Amendment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2648.11,2651.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for refusing to the keep the \"New York Times\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2651.06,2652.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from publishing those papers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2652.95,2655.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was that Congress had not passed any law providing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2655.11,2658.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for such an injunction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2658.18,2659.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that absence of law, that respect for the separation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2660.24,2663.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of powers, did not stop the Supreme Court in the Snepp case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2663.92,2668.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here again, Congress had not legislated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2668.26,2671.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed, the director of the CIA had actually urged Congress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2671.81,2676.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to enact some system to control publication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2676.25,2679.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by former agency employees,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2679.8,2681.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Congress had refused to do so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2681.77,2684.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in the absence of a statute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2684.46,2686.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the court simply made up law to punish Frank Snepp","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2687.34,2691.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and control his words, his speech for the rest of his life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2691.18,2696.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I fear those are the signs of the times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2697.39,2700.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a presidency under any imaginable occupant pressing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2700.51,2705.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for more power to act unilaterally in a difficult world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2707.2,2710.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a court so troubled by national security claims","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2711.43,2714.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it gives way to presidents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2715.72,2717.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even makes up law to increase their power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2717.95,2722.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will burden you with one more legal example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2723.55,2726.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I regard it as so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=2726.12,2728.383"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31378/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/378/original/AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_a.vtt?1627045788","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/378/original/AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_a.vtt?1627045788"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31379","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250/transcript/31379/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good evening, and welcome. On behalf of the committee members of the Institute on National Affairs, welcome to this, the opening of the 19th Annual Institute on National Affairs. My name is Barbara Mack, and it has been my privilege to serve as the faculty chairman this year of the Institute on National Affairs, and it has been a particular privilege to me as a newcomer to this institution to be a part of something that has proven to be so valuable to not only the students of Iowa State University but also to the university community and to the community of central Iowa at large. This year's institute focuses on something that is a particular importance to me as a lawyer and which I hope will be of importance to all of you as citizens, and I think your presence here tonight reflects that. This year's institute celebrates the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States as the document which guides our government and which guides our lives. Throughout the coming week, you will hear a variety of speakers, scholars, lecturers, lawyers, individuals who are involved with the Constitution in their daily lives, and we will examine not only the individual rights that are in question in our society today, but we will also examine the institutions of our government which respond in so very many ways to the dictates of that document drafted 200 years ago this year. The Constitution remains a living and a vibrant document and one which all of us deserve to have a part of our lives. Likewise, we have an obligation as citizens of the United States to study that Constitution and to remind ourselves of its importance in our day-to-day lives. Just as the Constitution is a vigorous and vibrant document, it is my privilege tonight to introduce to you a man who is a vigorous and vibrant institution, newcomer, excuse me, to this institution, the new president of our university. You aren't quite an institution yet. You may be. Since coming to Iowa State University just a few short months ago, I think Dr. Gordon Eaton has made his presence well known across this campus. And again, as a newcomer to the faculty of this university, it has been a particular privilege to me to become associated with him and to observe the kind of foresight and insight and dedication to the principles of this university to excellence in education and to the principles that we all revere, the principles of living and growing in the wonderful heartland of Iowa. It is my privilege to call on him tonight to make some brief opening remarks, and I look forward to hearing what he has to say. Dr. Gordon Eaton, thank you.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much, Professor Mack, and welcome, ladies and gentlemen. It's a pleasure to see so many of you here this evening at the opening of the National Affairs Institute. We've got effectively standing room only. I'm only sorry that my wife wasn't here this evening to hear you characterize me, if only accidentally, as an institution. She and I often talk about the obfuscation of institutions, and I'm afraid she might draw some conclusion from your remarks. As Professor Mack has suggested, I have been here now about seven months, and one of the things that has happened in this period of seven months is that I've become increasingly aware of the strengths and the attractions and the traditions that make this university Iowa State, an even more exciting and promising place than I had imagined prior to coming here from the state of Texas. The Institute on National Affairs, which we are kicking off this evening, is one such strength, attraction, and tradition. I have learned that, through the years, the institute has enjoyed talented leadership that has brought to the campus some of the best qualified and most prominent speakers in the subjects that have been the focus of earlier institutes to focus their intellectual energies and attention, and ours as well, on timely and topical issues of national concern. And I think we're about to embark on a program here this evening that will continue that particular tradition. I do not wish to intrude on the time allotted for the program except to say to all of you and to our distinguished visitors how proud and pleased I am to be allowed this opportunity to launch the 1987 edition of the Institute on National Affairs. I want also to salute the organizers and planners and the advisors of this week's events and commend them for addressing constitutional questions in this bicentennial year of what has to be one of the most remarkable and resilient documents in all of human history. What better way might we assure the Constitution's continuing relevance? What better way might we assure that it remains a living document to exercise the freedoms that it protects and guarantees all of us? I hope you will feel that this program this evening and all that follows it in the week to come, continuing through next Friday, to be as worthwhile as I imagine it is going to be for us all, and I appreciate the opportunity to be briefly here this evening to help get the program started.\r\n\r\n- Before introducing tonight's speaker, I'd like to remind you of tomorrow's events. At three o'clock in the gallery, we'll have Al Juni speaking on sanctuary and alien rights. Al Juni is the director of the Immigration and Naturalization Service in El Paso, and he ordered the deportation of tomorrow evening's speaker, Margaret Randall, who will be speaking on the writer and the Constitution. Margaret Randall is a noted writer and poet, and she is currently appealing a deportation ruling, and her residency has been denied under the McCarran-Walter's Act, and so she'll be responding to some of Al Juni's comments. This evening at dinner, our evening speaker was compared to be a John Henry Faulk to James Madison, and I think that accurately reflects many of his constitutional concerns. Anthony Lewis has been a journalist for over 30 years and most of that time with \"The New York Times.\" His assignments have ranged from being a general reporter to serving as the chief of \"The London Bureau.\" Mr. Lewis has received a great deal of recognition for his work, including two Pulitzer Prizes. He won the first Pulitzer Prize in 1955 while working for the \"Washington Daily News\" for a series of articles about a Navy employee who was fired as security risk. Another result of that series was the employee was reinstated. His second Pulitzer Prize was won in 1963 for coverage of the Supreme Court and judicial issues. Anthony Lewis is also very well known for his 1964 book, \"Gideon's Trumpet,\" and this book documents the case of the landmark decision stating that all citizens have the right to counsel, regardless of their ability to pay. Since 1969, Anthony Lewis has written a widely syndicated column on national and international affairs. In addition to his career in journalism, Mr. Lewis is also a lecturer at law at Harvard University. And now, I'd like you to welcome tonight, speaking on controversy in the Constitution, Mr. Anthony Lewis.\r\n\r\n- President Eaton, Professor Mack, Ms. Libodi, my hero, one of my heroes, John Henry Faulk. Ladies and gentlemen, it's wonderful to be here. I have again, since it's my second visit to Ames, I was here long enough ago, and so it's probably beyond the memory of everybody in this room, but I like it here, and I'm very happy to be in a place. I wrote President Eaton's words, and now I've carefully put them away. I agreed with him about the strengths, attractions, and traditions of this place, very special, and I think you're lucky to be here, and I am, too. I feel reverential about the subject on which you are embarking this week, so you will forgive me if I talk in that frame of mind. It is rare for any human institution to last as long as 200 years. Kings and princes disappear. Governments fall to the winds of change. To write a charter for a new government and have it still enforced 200 years later as the fundamental law of a people may be called a secular miracle, and that is why we are celebrating the Constitution of the United States. In just a few thousand words, the men who met in Philadelphia in 1787 framed a structure of government strong enough and flexible enough to survive the economic and social and scientific revolutions of these last two centuries. We know that, and we treat the framers with awe. But I suspect that we take their achievement, their Constitution, somewhat for granted. After all, we know it worked. It lasted. But they did not know. They faced doubts and difficulties almost beyond our imagination, and those, too, we should try to understand as we celebrate. The Constitution is holy writ now. We have fierce debates about how judges should interpret its words. But for the words themselves, everyone at least professes reverence. But there was no reverence at the beginning. There was bitter conflict about particular provisions and about the whole idea, the idea of a nation. Conventions were called in each of the 13 original states to consider whether to ratify the Constitution. From our point of view, we might expect them to have said yes by acclamation. The reality was very different. It was what the Duke of Wellington said of the Battle of Waterloo, \"a damn close run thing.\" In the winter and early spring of 1788, the divisions were extremely close. The New York convention decided to ratify the Constitution by a vote of 30 to 27, Virginia by 89 to 79, Massachusetts by 187 to 168. By those slim margins, the farmers and lawyers and merchants who met then made it possible for us to meet here today as citizens of a single nation. The framers provided that the Constitution should come into force if ratified by nine states. New Hampshire was the ninth, acting in convention on June 21st, 1788. At that time, the Virginia convention was meeting, and the delegates went on in passionate debate, Patrick Henry opposing James Madison, without knowing that the United States of America had been born. It took seven days for a dispatch rider to bring the news from New Hampshire to Alexandria, Virginia and General Washington. That tells us something about the physical obstacles to the creation of the Union. Here was a sprawling country, much of it untamed with primitive communications. The states differed greatly in their economic interests, their social structures, their climates. They faced military dangers from without and unrest within. The burden of war debts threatened financial ruin. But in those hard circumstances, the framers of the Constitution and the delegates who ratified their work put their faith in reason. They believed that human beings were creatures rational enough to govern themselves. They believed that institutions properly designed could overcome the defects of human nature and provide both order and freedom. That was the question in 1787 and 1788, how to reconcile freedom and order, or to put in another way, the issue was power. The 13 states, after they succeeded in overthrowing British rule, lived under a system that lacked power. Under the Articles of Confederation, there was no central authority strong enough to act. As a result, economic and social disorder mounted. The Philadelphia convention, going beyond its supposed purpose, sought to meet the problem by uniting the states under a federal government. But then the opponents, Patrick Henry and George Mason, and the rest, very distinguished opponents, said there was too much power at the center. Fear of power was an important element in the thinking of nearly all the men who gave us the Constitution. They had made a revolution against a king, and they did not want anything like the concentrated power of a kind to reappear in their country. But they did also want effective government. That was their dilemma. It was expressed by Madison in words very familiar but so memorable that I think this year they must be said often. \"If men were angels,\" Madison said, \"no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this. You must first enable the government to control the governed, and in the next place, oblige it to control itself.\" Madison wrote that in number 51 of the Federalist papers, 85 essays analyzing the text of the proposed Constitution and arguing for its adoption. They appeared anonymously in New York newspapers, signed Publius but were in fact written by Madison and Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. Those essays are themselves evidence of what an extraordinary process the adoption of our Constitution was. They were written by men of very different views who submerged their differences in the cause of the Constitution. Newspapers, I repeat, but they were weighty essays, detailed, philosophical. The authors and the editors believed that the articles would be read and would make a difference. They were not cynical about democracy. They believed that Americans could be persuaded by serious argument. Enough were persuaded, then, that Madison and his colleagues had found a good answer to the dilemma of power, that their Constitution would give power but control its exercise by men who were not angels. But the question never ends. In every generation, we Americans have to ask ourselves whether we are still safe from the dangers of concentrated power. And in my view, the question has never been more urgent than it is as we approach the 200th anniversary of the Constitution, for that human effort, the words written in Philadelphia and the few, relatively few amendments added since, must now deal with realities of power that have been transformed since 1787. The most optimistic of those who framed the Constitution would have been staggered by the task of designing a government of carefully limited powers for the world in which we now live. It is a world with two superpowers in it, each armed with upwards of 10,000 strategic nuclear weapons and technically sophisticated ways to deliver them. The use of even a small part of that armory would end our present civilization, perhaps end life on Earth. In addition to their nuclear weapons, the superpowers have enormous armies, navies, and air forces. They carry on proxy wars against each other's interests in the Third World, and although they have so far avoided direct military clashes with each other, there is an underlying conflict of social values and political ambitions that ensures a continuing tension between the superpowers, a tension without end so far as we can see. The result has been to create an American state utterly different from the one that Madison imagined, and utterly different, I emphasize this, ladies and gentlemen, from the one that existed in my childhood in the 1930s. You don't have to go back to Madison to realize what a changed country we live in. When I grew up, there was no large standing army in the United States. There never had been. The president did not have the enormous personal apparatus that is now taken for granted in the White House. He had no way of sending plane loads of weapons to Iran in secret. When Franklin Roosevelt led this country in World War II, he had a smaller staff than Vice President Bush does today. The exigencies of national security, exigencies real and asserted, have made the president into a very different kind of creature, one with far greater power and far greater pretensions to infallibility. What we have now is a national security state with a tendency to concentrate military and bureaucratic power in the White House. The president alone decides, and really, only he alone can decide whether to use those nuclear weapons. And at the same time, the president has become ever more the focus of our politics. 30 years ago, Justice Robert H. Jackson of the Supreme Court wrote that the power of the executive was far greater than showed on the face of the Constitution. A great surprise, incidentally, that would have been to the framers who thought that the greatest threat of power lay in the legislative branch. \"Unlike the other powers,\" Justice Jackson said, \"legislative and judicial, the president's power was concentrated in a single head in whose choice the whole nation has a part, making him the focus of public hopes and expectations.\" And Justice Jackson wrote that before television had achieved anything like the dominating part it now plays in our political lives, again, dramatizing the presidency. Americans see the president now not only as political leader and guardian of national security but, to a remarkable degree, a shaper of their personal wellbeing. And here again, I think it's hard for younger people to understand this. The American system has been completely transformed in my lifetime. Before 1933, almost all economic responsibilities in this country were local. No one expected Washington to finance medical care for the elderly, to provide welfare for the poor, to fix farm prices, to rescue failing banks to deal with inflation and recession. All those things and many more are now the federal government's responsibility. Everyone takes that for granted, the leaders of Wall Street and those who receive social security payments alike. For economic leadership, we look to the president. In Shakespeare's \"Henry V,\" on the night before the Battle of Agincourt, the king walks alone in the English camp, unhappily aware that in his soldiers' thoughts, he bears their burdens. \"Upon the king,\" he muses to himself, \"let us our lives, our souls, our debts, our careful wives, our children, and our sins lay on the king.\" But political leaders are not usually so sensitive, so weary of the power given to them as Shakespeare imagined Henry to be. It seems to be a law of human nature that they seek more power. That is so with presidents of the United States. And so in my view, the presidency has become the great test of our Constitution. In an age of enormous physical and political power, can the devices designed in the 18th century still effectively limit the power of the president? What are the constitutional devices to limit power? Madison, when he wrote in the \"Federalist\" about the non-angelic character of political leaders, said, \"A dependence on the people is no doubt the primary control on the government. But experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.\" The Constitution created a republic whose citizens would be the ultimate sovereigns, voting from time to time on who should temporarily govern them. Sovereignty would not rest in a king beyond popular control. That is what Madison meant by his first phrase, \"a dependence on the people.\" But the world is littered with republics so described in which power is actually in the hands of a self-perpetuating oligarchy that acts in the name of the people. The genius of the framers lay in designing those auxiliary precautions to keep such a perversion of popular government from happening here. First among those precautions against tyranny, there is the pervasive theme of the Constitution that the federal government has only limited powers, those delegated to it by the people and the states. That concept may seem dated in an age when so much authority is concentrated in Washington, but it still affects attitudes. In our system, any exercise of official power has to be founded on some authority. An official who makes a disabled social security recipient pass a new medical test or a president who orders a quarantine of Cuba must be ready to point to a legal basis for his action. Lawyers are ingenious in finding such a basis, but the fact that they must seek one still matters. Second, there is the federal system, the division of power between the states and the national government. Centralized as this country has become, some values of federalism persist. The state courts and legal systems, the diversity in taxes and social legislation, the separate legislatures and governors, all these are counterweights to federal power. For even if Washington can override state interests and institutions, there are political obstacles to doing so. Anyone who does not believe that federalism still makes a difference should live as I did for a long time in a democratic country with a unitary system, France, say, or Britain, and discover how much more concentrated political life tends to be. Finally, among the auxiliary precautions, there is the separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. What an abstract, dusty-sounding phrase that is, the separation of powers. But the idea is far from abstract. It is at the heart of the struggles for power that have been fought inside our government from the beginning up to this very moment. The framers gave some power to the executive, some to Congress, some to the judiciary with the very intention of creating conflict. They reasoned that when one branch accumulated too much power, another would fight back, and so the natural tendency of anyone in government to protect his turf would help protect the people from autocracy, and that is exactly the way it has worked out. When we read about a struggle over legislative vetoes or presidential attempts to carry on secret wars without Congress's approval, we are hearing about the separation of powers. A dramatic test of the idea of the separation of powers came in 1952. We were in a painful war then in Korea. The United Steel Workers Union called a strike that seemed likely to damage the war effort. To head off the strike, President Truman seized the country's steel mills and operated them under the nominal control of the government. The companies went to court. \"The president had no authority in law,\" they said, to seize their property. But the president's lawyers argued that he had what they called inherent power to protect the country in time of emergency. They said the Constitution itself gave him what amounted to unlimited power. While Congress had only those powers specifically delegated to it, they argued, Article 2, the presidential article, said, \"The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States,\" \"and that,\" said the lawyers, \"meant all the executive power of which the government is capable.\" That was the argument. The Supreme Court rejected it. Justice Jackson said, \"The example of such unlimited executive power that must have most impressed the forefathers was the prerogative exercised by George III, and the description of its evils in the Declaration of Independence leaves me to doubt that they were created their new executive in his image.\" The Supreme Court said the president had tried to exercise the power that was not his. He had acted without authority in legislation passed by Congress or in any indication of congressional assent to the idea of seizure. He had violated the separation of powers. The makers of the Constitution relied, as I've said, on the Republican form of their new government and on its internal structures to prevent tyranny. But those precautions were not enough to satisfy everyone. That is why some of the ratifying conventions were so closely divided. Men as respected as George Mason and Patrick Henry were afraid that a new national government would trample on the rights of individuals. The farmers of New England, some of them made so desperate by economic hardship that they turned against state authorities in Shays' Rebellion in western Massachusetts, feared a still larger central government. It was only by making a concession to those opinions, those doubts still felt doubts, fears of centralized power that the supporters of the Constitution won the day for their document, a point of history that is often overlooked. Their concession was to couple a vote for ratification with a call for the first Congress to approve a set of specific limitations on the power of the federal government, a Bill of Rights. This ingenious tactic was first produced in the Massachusetts convention by John Hancock. It won over just enough doubters there and in other states to get a majority for ratification. The result was the first 10 amendments of the Constitution, and there we have a third device to control official power. For example, \"Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press.\" That language of the 1st Amendment is especially important, not because it has to do with journalism, which is something I reject, but because it protects the right of sovereign citizens in this country to judge and freely criticize those who govern them, \"the right,\" as Madison phrased it, \"of freely examining public characters and measures.\" As the American Constitution has worked in practice, its most striking feature has been its enforcement as law by judges. The courts have put teeth into the various protections against autocracy. They have enforced the right to vote, protecting it from discrimination and dilution. They have enforced the separation of powers, as in the steel seizure case, and they have enforced the Bill of Rights, including Madison's right of \"freely examining public characters and measures.\" For all those reasons, we are right to celebrate the Constitution. It is a miraculous document, or at least it has worked something of a miracle in history. It forged a union of diverse states and of diverse territories that joined after it. It permitted the development of a continental economy instead of local markets divided by customs barriers, which is to say that the Constitution has enabled us to become richer than any nation in history. And those auxiliary precautions so artfully designed in the 18th century have kept us as free as any people on Earth. The question is how well the safeguards against abuse of power are going to work in the age of the national security state when the president stands beside the country like a colossus, and there I do not think we can be so optimistic. There we should be weary of too easy celebration, for the devices that have protected us from concentrated power in the past are now under strain. Even the courts, our last line of defense against oppression, are under attack. We are told that when judges make some official obey the Constitution, that is undemocratic. We are told that Supreme Court decisions interpreting the Constitution are not the supreme law of the land. We are told such things by high officials of the executive branch. They want to have a free hand to read the Constitution as they wish instead of respecting the courts. They want the unlimited executive power that their predecessors claimed unsuccessfully in the steel case. Freedom of thought, that most basic right of Americans, protected by the 1st Amendment, is also under attack. More and more, we are told that we cannot be allowed even to listen to dangerous ideas. For instance, the current administration in Washington has kept many foreigners from visiting the United States because of their ideas. The Italian playwright, Dario Fo, has been barred from visiting us. So has Farley Mowat, the Canadian author of that wonderful book about wolves, \"Never Cry Wolf.\" So have political figures of left and right. Why? We have just been allowed to read the reasons given by state department officials in private to themselves in 1983 when they kept out two Cuban women who were invited to lecture around this country. \"If those women visited,\" they said, they might encourage American groups at universities and elsewhere, quote, \"to accept a positive image of the Cuban revolution and Cuban society,\" close quote. In other words, we Americans could not be trusted to hear a speech and form our own judgment. Now just imagine what James Madison would think of that. But the claims of the national security state are the greatest threat to the structure of freedom we have inherited. Presidents, and I make the point that this is without regard to party and without regard to particular holders of the office, increasingly argue that the world is so dangerous that they must be able to act on their own without consulting Congress, without obeying the law. Harry Truman's assertion of power to seize the steel mills look modest compared to some things that have happened since. Richard Nixon claimed the right to wage war in the teeth of expressed congressional disapproval. That happened in 1973 when the Paris peace agreements supposedly ended the war in Vietnam and the last American soldiers were withdrawn. President Nixon then ordered American bombing shifted to Cambodia. He had no authority to bomb Cambodia in any treaty or congressional resolution, but he did it. Congress then passed a bill forbidding the bombing. Mr. Nixon vetoed the bill and claimed the right to go on. Now just think what it means. The Constitution happens in direct terms to give Congress alone the power to declare war. Mr. Nixon's actions was as if the Constitution had been amended to read, \"The president shall have the power to wage war unless the Congress, by a 2/3 vote of both houses, shall order him to desist.\" Or think of more recent events. Sorry, I'm in the present now, not in the past. President Reagan, as we all know to our sorrow, certainly general sorrow, I think, not a partisan sorrow, has lately made what amounts to a bold assertion of the right to act unilaterally in the national security sphere outside the law. In sending arms to Iran, he acted through his own national security staff and through private individuals outside the government, private contracting of foreign and national security policy, bypassing the state and defense departments in order to avoid, as I see it, their institutional restraints against folly, and he used the CIA without informing the congressional intelligence committees as the law required him to do. The sense of threat in the world has another effect. It provides a reason for governments to say that they must act in secret. And what president would not seize on that excuse? Thus avoiding all the inconvenience of explaining and defending a policy. The result is that the public's ability to learn what its government is doing, one of the essential constitutional protections against abuse of power is under severe strain these days. 15 years ago, the American press won an important victory for its right to inform the public about policy issues, even when the government claimed that national security would be jeopardized by publication. That was the Pentagon Papers Case. By a vote of six to three, the Supreme Court rejected the government's request for an injunction to keep the \"New York Times\" and other papers from printing a secret official history of the Vietnam War. \"The government had not proved what it had to,\" just as Potter Stewart said, \"that publication would surely result in direct, immediate, and irreparable damage to our nation or its people.\" An important victory, I said. So it seemed at the time. But events since have made it look less of a victory. In 1980, the Supreme Court decided another case about secret information, information about Vietnam again, as it happens. This time, the question was whether a former official of the Central Intelligence Agency could publish the facts of a failed American policy, as he saw it, without first getting the approval of the very officials he wanted to criticize. The CIA man was Frank Snepp. He was in Vietnam at the end, and he was distressed by the way the United States abandoned its friends there, even leaving the names of intelligence sources behind in files so that they would surely face terrible retribution, as they did. Snepp had promised to clear any manuscript with the agency. But after resigning, he wrote his book, \"Decent Interval,\" and went ahead and published it without submitting it first to CIA censors. The government sued Snepp for breaking his promise, which it said was a contract. The Supreme Court agreed that it was. The court imposed what it called a constructive trust on Snepp, which amounted to a fine of $175,000, more than the maximum fine under the Federal Criminal Code for many serious crimes. The court also enjoined Frank Snepp for the rest of his life from writing or saying anything about intelligence matters without first getting the CIA's approval of what he proposed to say. It was the first time in our history that the Supreme Court had approved such a censorship system, a prior restraint against comment on matters of government policy. I add as a footnote that six or seven years later, that injunction is still policed with vigor. Frank Snepp was asked by the \"Los Angeles Times\" last fall to review a book about Vietnam. And after he had drafted his review, he sent it to the CIA for clearance, and a month later, he got the review back and was unable to send it to the editor who asked him to please redo the lead, as it was a bit dull. Well, he did, but he then had to send the new lead to the CIA first, and so on. The Supreme Court did all that in the Snepp case with hardly any consideration of Madison's point about the need to examine public policy. It dismissed the 1st Amendment in a footnote, nor did the court demand, as Justice Stewart said in the Pentagon Papers case, that the government prove a direct, immediate risk to the national security. In fact, the government had conceded for purposes of argument that Snepp's book contained no secrets. What happened in that case is clear. The Supreme Court was moved by the claims of national security and the intelligence service. Judges do not know much about those matters, and they are reluctant to get into them, increasingly reluctant. And so more and more, they defer to the experts, and they are the very government officials who say that the 1st Amendment and the right to debate government policy must give way to secrecy. It's not only the 1st Amendment, I emphasize, that loses in this process of deference to the national security state. Another of our basic protections which I began by emphasizing, the separation of powers, is also overridden. Go back to the Pentagon Papers Case. The court had another reason beside the 1st Amendment for refusing to the keep the \"New York Times\" from publishing those papers. That was that Congress had not passed any law providing for such an injunction. But that absence of law, that respect for the separation of powers, did not stop the Supreme Court in the Snepp case. Here again, Congress had not legislated. Indeed, the director of the CIA had actually urged Congress to enact some system to control publication by former agency employees, and Congress had refused to do so. But in the absence of a statute, the court simply made up law to punish Frank Snepp and control his words, his speech for the rest of his life. I fear those are the signs of the times, a presidency under any imaginable occupant pressing for more power to act unilaterally in a difficult world, a court so troubled by national security claims that it gives way to presidents or even makes up law to increase their power. I will burden you with one more legal example because I regard it as so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120250#t=0.0,2733.216"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_b.mp3"]},"duration":2343.024,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/251/small/lecture.png?1627045792","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/251/original/AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_b.mp3?1627045792","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2343.024,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Which defense company that does Jane's fighting ships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=5.28,9.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Jane's all the world's aircraft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=9.81,12.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He sent Jane's three U.S. satellite photographs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=12.87,16.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classified, secret,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=16.9,18.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a Soviet aircraft carrier under construction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=18.61,22.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did so not for money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=22.31,24.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He got none, but because he believes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=24.06,26.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we do not adequately understand the Soviet Naval threat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=26.63,29.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he thought those pictures would awaken us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=29.77,33.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Samuel Morrison has now been convicted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=33.44,35.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a crime for doing that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=35.48,36.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe he was wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=36.92,38.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not my point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=38.29,40.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what he was convicted of was espionage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=40.13,43.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that to me is an astounding notion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=43.51,46.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Espionage is taken generally and has always been taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=46.61,50.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Congress to mean spying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=50.19,52.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"giving secrets secretly to an enemy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=52.93,57.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the first time anyone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=57.03,58.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this country has been convicted of espionage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=58.53,62.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for leaking secrets for general publication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=62.91,66.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the world, that is leaking to the press.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=66.17,69.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, Congress has been asked many times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=69.55,71.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by many presidents to make leaking a crime","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=71.96,75.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it has always refused to do so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=75.34,77.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason is plain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=78.67,80.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaks are simply part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=80.29,81.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the way business is done in Washington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=81.56,83.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the administration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=84.86,86.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unable to get an anti-leak law through 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ourselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=444.67,449.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to renew our faith in their work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=450.01,453.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We still cannot trust power without limits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=453.7,457.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are still not angels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=458.23,461.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=461.82,462.795"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=462.795,465.962"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We have some times for some questions for Mr. Lewis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=484.47,487.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Sir, would you comment on thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=488.96,492.022"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of congressional and executive attempts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=492.022,493.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to dilute the Freedom of Information Act.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=493.13,496.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they're in line with 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Act,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=509.234,510.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by its nature has not been popular with the executive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=510.38,513.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it was strengthened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=515.654,518.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1975 or late '74,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=519.35,523.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I forget the exact date","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=525.55,527.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"giving the courts more power to look into the reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=528.1,531.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for executive refusals to produce documents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=531.39,535.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Ford vetoed, the bill was passed over his veto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=535.45,540.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I say that with great respect for President Ford.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=540.01,543.789"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I regarded him as a, and I've likely had reason to think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=543.789,548.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't regard him sufficiently as a man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=548.38,550.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of decency and honor and understanding of these matters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=550.64,555.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he was sufficiently troubled by the incursion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=555.3,558.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what he saw as executive power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=558.08,560.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to stop that legislation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=560.52,562.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The current administration has made every effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=562.74,565.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to effectively throttle the Freedom of Information Act.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=565.02,568.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The proposed amendments, most of which did not pass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=568.75,571.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but by administration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=571.76,574.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"merely by the way it has administered the law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=574.32,577.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has made it much less effective, simply by delay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=577.38,582.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course it has also tightened the classification rules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=583.48,586.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and done many other things without legislation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=586.99,589.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I've indicated in my talk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=589.88,591.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the practice has been not to ask for legislation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=591.53,594.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because Congress on the whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=594.17,595.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not pass restrictive legislation in these fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=595.64,599.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the presidency, the executive does it by,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=599.38,603.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without Congress, they just do it through the courts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=603.02,605.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or by executive order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=605.69,606.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e At the very end, your last statement or two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=612.893,615.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you mentioned something about the role of Providence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=615.47,618.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you say exactly what you mean by that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=618.353,621.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=621.08,623.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I wish I knew the answer to that question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=623.54,625.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think if you look back at the history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=625.75,627.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=627.73,629.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would have to say over a period of 200 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=630.96,633.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, that we have not had among,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=633.93,638.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could not claim to have among the governments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=638.07,640.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the world the most brilliant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=640.74,643.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wisest leaders at all times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=643.79,648.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We haven't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=648.17,649.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed you go back through the latter part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=649.92,653.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the 19th century or most of the 19th century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=653.04,656.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get these landmarks like Lincoln","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=656.01,658.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then sort of fallow falling away on either side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=659.489,663.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hate to mention names like Buchanan or Pierce,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=665.02,669.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because John Updike will write a book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=669.18,671.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in their defense but,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=671.21,672.761"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=672.761,674.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know what I mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=674.91,675.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We haven't been blessed with uniformly wise leadership","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=675.84,678.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet here we are now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=678.88,681.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what I mean by Providence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=681.61,683.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The perhaps not fair way of saying is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=683.62,687.062"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that God looks after fools, drunkards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=687.062,689.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the United States of America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=689.84,691.726"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=691.726,694.726"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Some 20 years ago you wrote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=696.936,698.661"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the importance of judicial self-restraint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=698.661,702.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you were talking in an article about Rehnquist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=702.883,705.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wondered, in light of the problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=705.827,708.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the growth of the presidency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=708.3,710.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with Rehnquist's knowledge he just and his,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=710.4,714.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost a fixed star in his firmament being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=716.019,719.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that any time individual rights conflict with government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=719.073,722.721"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the governmental power prevailed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=722.721,726.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What role do you see in the courts led by Rehnquist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=726.148,729.628"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this flash 15 seconds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=729.628,731.711"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, when you mentioned that to me earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=733.7,735.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I honestly couldn't remember the article.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=735.18,737.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still can't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=737.34,738.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=738.173,739.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to plead innocent to my own words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=739.02,743.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I know what I think on the subject,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=743.54,745.588"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a rather complicated and elusive subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=745.588,749.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because people tend, judges and those who counsel judges,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=749.6,754.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to say we must have self restraint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=756.01,760.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of judges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=760.22,762.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to mean different things when they say that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=762.1,765.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because judges have built into them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=766.24,769.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain values that they can't escape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=769.62,773.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Justice Holmes called them, \"Can't helps.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=773.25,776.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Justice Frankfurter, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=776.09,778.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the greatest contemporary preacher of self-restraint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=778.06,781.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He practically invented the phrase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=781.63,783.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet when it came to certain things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=784.548,787.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that to him represented deep psychological truths,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=787.25,792.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was as ready to exercise the power of that court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=793.4,796.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as anyone else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=796.45,797.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The freedom, in establishment of religion, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=797.38,800.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Justice Frankfurter was very strong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=800.89,803.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for preventing state intermixing in matters of religion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=803.68,808.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or wire tapping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=808.52,813.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the knock at the door as he called it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=813.05,815.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was much more sensitive to issues of wire tapping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=815.82,820.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and illegal police behavior of that kind,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=820.0,823.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, than Justice Black, who was generally regarded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=823.8,826.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the least restrained and most activists and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=826.55,830.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it happened that they had different backgrounds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=830.44,833.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Justice Frankfurter once put it in a letter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=834.8,837.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he'd had this conversation with Stanley Reed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=837.87,840.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stanley Reed was his colleague on the Supreme Court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=840.7,843.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who came from an a rather elegant family in Kentucky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=843.27,847.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, \"Stanley, when he hears the word police,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=847.87,851.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinks of himself in a Lord Fauntleroy suit as a little boy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=851.56,856.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a Kentucky trooper patting him on the head.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=856.05,858.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think as an Austrian in the middle of the night","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=858.96,861.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with somebody knocking at our door.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=861.84,864.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't help those differences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=864.16,866.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So restraint is relative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=866.56,869.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now coming to the immediate point of your question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=869.48,873.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're at a very, very interesting phase on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=873.95,877.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chief justice Rehnquist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=878.81,880.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in the Frankfurter category, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=883.64,887.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of someone who preaches and genuinely believes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=887.03,890.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the courts should on the whole,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=890.84,893.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let the elected branches of government do what they want.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=893.29,896.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are the popular branches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=896.68,898.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're the democratic branches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=898.35,900.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We shouldn't stand in the way, that's self-restraint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=900.02,903.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course it sometimes gets carried to the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=903.95,908.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Justice Rehnquist, where I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=908.974,912.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Justice Frankfurter would not have followed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=912.883,916.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, I once, I heard an argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=916.05,918.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the complaint was that a sheriff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=918.13,923.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sheriff of Alameda County, California,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=923.03,926.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had acted unconstitutionally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=926.87,929.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And from the bench,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=929.32,930.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the then Justice Rehnquist asked the lawyer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=931.53,934.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the complaining side, \"Is the sheriff elected?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=934.05,938.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the lawyer said, \"Yes, yes, Justice Rehnquist, he is.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=938.82,943.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How often does he run?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=943.857,945.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I think he has to run every four years.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=945.067,947.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, if they don't like what he does,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=947.817,949.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suppose they can defeat him.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=949.34,951.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, you see, then we would be living","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=951.23,952.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a different kind of country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=952.78,954.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd be living in the country without a Bill of Rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=954.08,956.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and majoritarian country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=956.13,957.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which the framers of the Constitution rejected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=957.6,960.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they thought as Madison said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=960.63,962.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We needed auxiliary precautions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=962.867,965.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the vote wasn't enough.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=965.65,967.698"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what I was going to say, I'm going on a bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=967.698,971.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=971.93,974.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We, now I just read something today, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=974.15,977.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"posing a very interesting point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=977.4,979.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the whole, I think Chief Justice Rehnquist does want","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=979.59,984.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to defer to the decisions of state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=985.682,990.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and national legislatures and executives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=990.9,993.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just in principle, self-restraint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=993.54,995.906"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They run things we shouldn't stand in their way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=995.906,998.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there's a new body of conservative lawyers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=999.86,1004.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a few becoming judges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1004.31,1007.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have abandoned the theme of self-restraint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1007.82,1011.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and want to use the judicial power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1011.37,1016.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do what the old pre-Roosevelt court did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1016.26,1019.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to strike down economic legislation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1019.59,1022.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without any modesty or humility about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1022.08,1026.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or any pretensions of self-restraint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1026.01,1029.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They think that the progressive income tax","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1029.38,1031.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is unconstitutional.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1031.66,1033.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They think that rent control is unconstitutional.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1033.77,1037.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They think that zoning laws are unconstitutional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1037.35,1040.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1040.44,1042.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it may be that before long,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1042.32,1044.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will regard Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Scalia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1044.36,1048.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as our bulwarks against this new judicial activism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1048.36,1053.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope I've cheered you up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1053.5,1054.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1054.913,1058.038"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e So that's where judicial restraint,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1058.038,1060.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's interesting to look at the justice of California","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1060.148,1063.484"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who recently put out of office in elections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1063.484,1066.702"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have any comments about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1066.702,1069.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question is about the justice in California","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1069.76,1072.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was defeated in the election, three in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1072.0,1074.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just Chief Justice Bird, but two of her colleagues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1074.98,1077.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I have a view which I expressed in print","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1079.32,1081.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'm not shy of saying it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1081.34,1082.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's a great mistake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1082.7,1084.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Constitution of California provides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1086.3,1089.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for such elections for judges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1089.3,1092.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and most states in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1092.23,1094.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think until recently only my own state of Massachusetts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1094.92,1099.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Maine for ancient historical reasons had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1099.42,1102.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an appointive judicial system like the federal system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1102.05,1105.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I agree with the framers of the federal Constitution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1105.84,1109.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you cannot expect judges to decide cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1109.5,1113.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without looking over their shoulders at popular opinion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1116.93,1120.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they are going to be subject to periodic elections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1122.27,1125.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The people of California felt otherwise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1126.62,1129.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were enormous funds expended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1130.42,1133.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against those three judges and many issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1133.18,1137.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had nothing whatever to do with their qualities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1137.22,1140.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as lawyers and judges came into the race.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1142.17,1146.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Such things are always defended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1148.35,1149.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Jacksonian populous terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1149.89,1152.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to tell you, it's not a recent development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1152.37,1155.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The idea of electing judges developed very early on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1155.36,1159.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early part of the 19th century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1159.81,1161.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as part of Jacksonian democracy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1161.64,1163.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"power to the people or its equivalent in those days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1163.84,1167.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'm old-fashioned in these regards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1168.92,1170.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I feel safer with judges who are not elected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1170.86,1173.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and responsible only to their consciousness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1173.89,1176.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What is your opinion of Attorney General Meese","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1177.55,1178.858"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his attack on the Miranda laws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1178.858,1181.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question is about Attorney General Meese's views","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1182.812,1184.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Miranda case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1184.67,1185.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there are interesting disputes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1185.91,1190.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issues, posed by Attorney General Meese","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1191.29,1193.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how to construe the Constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1193.6,1195.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and about the powers of the court.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1195.47,1196.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I very obliquely referred to a couple of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1196.83,1198.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the beginning of my talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1198.72,1200.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't happen to think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1200.21,1201.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that his views on Miranda are very interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1201.16,1203.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or relevant because practically nobody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1203.16,1206.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Supreme Court or off, so far as I can see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1207.32,1209.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in the police forces of the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1209.74,1211.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regards that as a very significant or alive issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1211.68,1214.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody believes anymore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1214.41,1215.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Miranda decision has anything much to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1215.68,1218.566"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the prevalence of crime in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1218.566,1221.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has a insignificant part in that matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1221.29,1224.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think the document written for Attorney General Meese","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1224.46,1228.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his support of it is primarily a political gesture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1228.04,1232.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Earlier in your speech,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1235.21,1236.448"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you talked about the paternalistic nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1236.448,1238.714"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and paternalistic role of government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1238.714,1241.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say from when you were young,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1241.157,1242.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you were young in the '30s and '40s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1242.44,1245.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My question is, it seems that there tends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1245.056,1246.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be more governmental control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1246.743,1248.112"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along with this increasing paternalistic nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1248.112,1249.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it possible to decrease the amount of government rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1249.71,1253.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vis-a-vis the individual rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1253.207,1255.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without increasing the paternalistic nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1255.499,1257.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our government?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1257.34,1258.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I have to tell you that as a practical matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1260.3,1262.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not think we are going to reduce the federal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1262.28,1264.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the role of the federal government in our lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1264.65,1267.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've had an experiment in for the last six years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1268.93,1273.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and now 19 days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1273.36,1278.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1278.007,1281.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a proclaimed effort to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1281.663,1283.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the percentage of the national wealth going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1283.58,1287.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the federal government has increased, not decreased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1287.86,1291.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not going to 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back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1355.04,1357.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the way it was in 1928","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1357.29,1360.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do nothing about matters economic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1360.2,1362.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's unthinkable, unthinkable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1362.42,1364.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's not gonna 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1920s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1371.46,1374.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1374.42,1376.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has come to make developed societies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1376.81,1379.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe that central governments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1380.67,1383.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have certain basic 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affair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1433.9,1436.931"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and things that are coming along now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1436.931,1440.014"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The question is about the role of special 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Watergate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1449.727,1451.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, you suddenly brought back to my mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1451.98,1453.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the certainly most dramatic moments of my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1453.97,1457.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, (laughs) I wish I had the words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1457.37,1460.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember them because the words matter completely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1460.03,1465.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew Professor Cox well then, and I do now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1465.03,1468.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I knew him to be a rather naive, politely, man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1469.94,1473.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with no political animus and a great reluctance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1475.66,1479.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to tangle with the presidency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1479.86,1481.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wasn't at all sure that he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1481.43,1483.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as special prosecutor would press on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1483.53,1485.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the tapes and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1485.72,1487.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when the effort was made to remove him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1487.68,1491.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from office just the day before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1491.51,1496.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he came on to a press conference in Washington","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1496.05,1500.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he stood there as this kind of very naive professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1500.98,1504.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with his Tweed jacket and sort of said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1504.51,1506.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, you know, I kind of believed,\" it was Jimmy Stewart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1506.587,1509.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, I believe in the Constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1509.07,1511.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was devastating, absolutely devastating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1511.81,1514.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And his dismissal was to set in motion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1514.97,1518.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the events that destroyed President Nixon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1518.61,1521.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It just, the public was not prepared to accept it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1521.93,1524.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to say that maybe I should say a more cheerful thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1524.46,1528.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in light of my worries about the tendencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1528.07,1530.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toward concentration of power and the presidency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1530.45,1532.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think when that power is too grossly abused,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1532.67,1536.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people of this country do not accept it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1536.22,1538.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You saw it after the Saturday Night Massacre.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1538.7,1541.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think people were much exercised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1541.73,1543.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Watergate until the raw use of power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1543.66,1547.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that President Nixon attempted on that occasion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1548.58,1551.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it just was an uprising from this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1551.21,1553.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the same thing exactly has happened over Iran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1553.72,1557.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The minute that happened, people, a lot of people said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1557.74,1560.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, you know, President Reagan is so popular,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1560.447,1562.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it won't make any difference.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1562.84,1563.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never believed it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1563.96,1565.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the moment I heard it announced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1565.18,1567.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"It's over, it's finished.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1567.79,1569.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People will not accept in this country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1569.74,1572.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a president of the United States acts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1572.41,1574.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in knowing violation of the law and in knowing violation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1574.42,1578.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what he has said openly and pledged many, many times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1578.06,1581.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't matter whether they like him or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1581.05,1582.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They won't accept it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1582.81,1584.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I mean, I just think people have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1584.72,1586.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe that's what we're all celebrating right now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1586.59,1589.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for 200 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1589.567,1590.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have this kind of faith in our system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1590.75,1594.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when it comes to raw abuse of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1594.12,1597.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're not going to accept it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1597.05,1598.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't believe it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1598.61,1599.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I was wondering if you could talk about Reagan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1601.92,1604.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Meese's civil right's record,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1604.87,1606.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his track record on civil rights (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1606.94,1609.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, there's enough for a whole speech in itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1610.991,1612.949"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1612.949,1614.555"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is about the Reagan administration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1614.555,1617.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attorney General Meese's record on civil rights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1617.053,1619.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have only to say that I feel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1620.78,1623.517"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's a completely unnecessary and tragic development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1627.48,1632.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unnecessary from the point of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1632.2,1633.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those who are in power because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1633.88,1637.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their own party's history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1642.853,1643.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the recent history of this country provided no reason","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1643.98,1647.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for them to try,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1648.87,1653.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"despite their protestations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1653.16,1654.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's fair to say, to bring to a stop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1654.61,1658.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the progress that has been so dramatic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1658.33,1661.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think any of us should 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difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1754.37,1757.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was conforming reality,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1757.1,1761.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is dealing with the 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oppression,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1767.84,1770.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just conforming the law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1770.78,1774.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the promise of the Constitution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1774.5,1776.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great as an achievement, great an achievement as that was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1776.28,1780.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it was always going to be harder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1780.64,1782.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I just regret to see the essential abandonment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1783.59,1788.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the attempt to do 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cheeky,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1795.8,1799.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the British expression, to mention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1801.21,1803.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it did give me a certain amount of 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one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1807.96,1809.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those Fred Friendly television panel discussion programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1809.71,1814.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Brad Reynolds, the assistant attorney 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area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1819.84,1821.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he was talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1822.61,1823.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how bad Affirmative Action was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1825.35,1828.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how in all positions, there should be no consideration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1828.48,1833.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of disadvantages in the 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success?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1839.96,1844.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Isn't there an advantage to all of us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1844.64,1846.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in providing leadership symbols, even if you take it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1847.642,1850.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the narrowest matter of self-interest?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1850.54,1853.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Mr. Reynolds said, \"No, there isn't.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1853.3,1855.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then through some happy circumstance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1855.39,1858.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there leapt into my mind the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1858.7,1860.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that within a month or two before that occasion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1860.75,1864.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Reagan had appointed Sandra O'Connor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1864.98,1867.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the first woman Justice of the Supreme court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1867.61,1869.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1869.96,1871.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I said, \"Mr. Reynolds, do you think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1871.8,1874.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Sandra O'Connor was the single best-equipped lawyer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1874.92,1879.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States to sit on the Supreme Court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1880.31,1883.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the most qualified by experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1883.32,1885.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the bench or at the bar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1885.42,1887.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or on the faculties of law schools or in any other way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1887.39,1891.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or do you think that it's important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1891.88,1893.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indeed that it was a monumental achievement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1893.97,1896.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your president to break this terrible pattern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1896.52,1899.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all these years and at last appoint a woman to that bench","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1899.75,1903.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and begin the process that ought to begin.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1903.35,1906.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he sat silent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1906.457,1908.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1908.19,1911.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1911.03,1912.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I've said enough. (laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1915.28,1917.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e One more.\nOh, is there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1917.38,1918.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure, if somebody has another one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1918.36,1920.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've warned, oh, one more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1922.49,1923.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There we go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1923.66,1924.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you care to comment on the right to popularity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1925.364,1928.112"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the original intent doctrine of the Constitution?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1928.112,1931.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, there, that was one of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1931.11,1933.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I said could be a serious,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1933.27,1935.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of Attorney General Meese's arguments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1935.547,1939.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could be a serious matter for discussion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1939.32,1943.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the question, Mr. Lewis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1944.26,1945.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm so sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1945.237,1946.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question was Attorney General Meese's demand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1946.874,1949.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a return to interpretation of the Constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1949.51,1952.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to the original intent of the framers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1952.02,1954.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I have to tell you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1955.69,1958.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that though it is a very popular subject for debate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1958.56,1961.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I find it hard to get a handle on it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1961.89,1964.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in most cases, it's frankly impossible to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1964.19,1968.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the original intent of the framers was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1968.64,1971.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You take the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1971.47,1972.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's take two examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1976.27,1978.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are probably subject to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1979.36,1981.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among those clauses of the Constitution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1981.3,1983.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are most subject to debate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1983.59,1985.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among judges, lawyers, and academics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1985.84,1988.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The First Amendment, what does it mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1988.6,1990.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1990.68,1994.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of religion or prohibiting the free exercise of thereof","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1994.5,1997.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on about speech and press and assembly and petition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=1997.87,2001.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, as it happens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2001.64,2002.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's virtually no material on what the framers meant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2002.49,2006.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The framers were James Madison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2006.2,2008.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Madison, the thing happened very quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2009.6,2014.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the first Congress, the amendment was proposed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2015.62,2017.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was approved with virtually no debate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2017.98,2020.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Madison never said, \"Now, this is what I mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2020.01,2022.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I say respecting an establishment of religion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2022.1,2025.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have in mind, school buses in New Jersey.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2025.01,2028.415"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2028.415,2029.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't talk that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2029.52,2030.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's very little guidance you can get.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2030.67,2033.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or take another that figured very, very strongly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2033.45,2036.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's relevant to the previous 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deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2042.74,2044.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the question of racial segregation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2044.66,2047.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so he said, \"I think the case of Brown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2047.06,2049.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against Board of Education was rightly decided.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2049.82,2053.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although mind you, that was the most powerful 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meant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2064.95,2067.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most dramatic example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2067.53,2068.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet the Attorney General Meese 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framers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2077.84,2081.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the 14th Amendment to ban segregation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2081.06,2084.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I wish that were 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Columbia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2090.27,2091.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the direct rule of Congress had segregated schools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2091.39,2094.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on and so 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one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2100.12,2103.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of his greatest law clerks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2103.37,2104.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later Professor Alexander Pickle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2104.49,2106.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"researching the very issue of the historical questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2106.19,2109.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what was contemplated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2109.16,2110.104"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the best the court come up with was to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2110.104,2113.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the materials were 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did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2117.74,2120.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not very mysterious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2120.81,2122.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has nothing to do with original 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laws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2127.31,2130.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in 1896, the Supreme Court said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2130.28,2133.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that segregation met the standard of equal protection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2133.77,2136.996"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there was nothing wrong with being segregated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2136.996,2140.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless those who were segregated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2140.96,2142.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put that construction upon it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2142.85,2145.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The words of the Supreme Court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2145.69,2147.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Plessy against Ferguson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2147.03,2148.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, you know, after Hitler, after the Nazis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2148.25,2152.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no Supreme Court could possibly say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2152.37,2154.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a straight 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preposterous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2159.15,2161.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was simply that we knew more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2161.39,2163.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we knew more about the reality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2163.54,2165.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of racism and segregation and what it meant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2165.98,2169.052"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it doesn't take any great genius to figure that 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freighted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2173.75,2176.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe even a remotely funny comment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2176.07,2180.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about original 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Court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2185.74,2188.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States about the, let's see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2188.82,2190.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder if I'll get the amendment, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2190.69,2192.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whichever the amendment was that undid prohibition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2194.6,2197.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was it the 22nd?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2197.56,2199.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e 21st.\n21st.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2199.43,2200.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2200.55,2201.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That amendment, the 21st Amendment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2202.296,2205.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"repealed the 18th Amendment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2205.67,2207.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it had another clause saying that no liquor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2207.38,2211.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no intoxicating liquor should shall be imported","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2213.28,2216.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into any state in violation of its laws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2216.48,2219.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It empowered the states, in other words,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2219.94,2221.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to deal with the prohibition as they wished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2221.81,2225.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there came a case before the Supreme Court","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2225.26,2227.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States, in which the question was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2227.04,2230.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether New York State could regulate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2230.57,2233.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it claimed the power to regulate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2233.41,2236.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a company which sold duty-free liquor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2236.017,2241.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to departing airline passengers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2241.06,2243.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at what was then Idlewild Airport.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2243.25,2245.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the case of the Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2245.3,2250.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2250.293,2252.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the question was whether New York State had that power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2252.74,2256.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the second clause of the 21st Amendment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2256.11,2259.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as the case was argued,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2259.28,2260.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were all talking about the intent of the framers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2260.76,2263.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as the case was argued,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2263.57,2264.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suddenly this look of wonder and pleasure came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2264.96,2267.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over Justice Black's face.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2267.7,2269.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had just realized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2269.71,2270.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he was a framer of the 21st Amendment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2270.543,2272.861"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2272.861,2275.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All those years, he'd been talking about James Madison","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2275.73,2278.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all that, but he had been in the Senate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2278.95,2282.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which approved the 21st Amendment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2282.11,2284.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He voted for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2284.12,2284.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a framer and he was very happy about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2284.953,2287.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the case was decided, and the court held","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2288.9,2293.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that New York did not have the power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2294.07,2297.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to regulate those liquor sales, Justice Black dissenting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2297.88,2302.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2302.683,2304.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2304.212,2307.462"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There will be a reception for Mr. Lewis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2329.421,2331.866"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately following in the Campanile Room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2331.866,2333.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people chattering)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=2335.697,2338.78"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31380/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/380/original/AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_b.vtt?1627045795","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/380/original/AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_b.vtt?1627045795"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31381","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203644_Controversy_and_the_Constitution_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251/transcript/31381/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Which defense company that does Jane's fighting ships and Jane's all the world's aircraft. He sent Jane's three U.S. satellite photographs classified, secret, of a Soviet aircraft carrier under construction. He did so not for money. He got none, but because he believes we do not adequately understand the Soviet Naval threat. And he thought those pictures would awaken us. Samuel Morrison has now been convicted of a crime for doing that. Maybe he was wrong. That's not my point. But what he was convicted of was espionage. And that to me is an astounding notion. Espionage is taken generally and has always been taken by Congress to mean spying, giving secrets secretly to an enemy. This is the first time anyone in this country has been convicted of espionage for leaking secrets for general publication to the world, that is leaking to the press. Now, Congress has been asked many times by many presidents to make leaking a crime and it has always refused to do so. The reason is plain. Leaks are simply part of the way business is done in Washington. But the administration, unable to get an anti-leak law through Congress, has asked the courts in effect to rewrite the 70-year-old Espionage Act so that it covers leaks. And so far, through the first phase of the Morrison case, his conviction, the courts have cooperated with that extraordinary idea. Once again, the president accumulates new power to silence public debate, and does it in defiance of the separation of powers, in defiance of Congress' right to make the laws in this country. It is as if I sometimes think reading contemporary opinions in this field, as if the steel seizure case had been forgotten. In that case Justice Felix Frankfurter, a man with the utmost reverence for presidents, warned us that Americans were not free of human frailty. \"The founders of our country,\" he said, \"Had no illusion that our people enjoyed biological or psychological or sociological immunities from the hazards of concentrated power.\" Exactly. That is why they made such an enormous effort to channel and limit the powers of government. The realities of the external world are pressing on the framer's dream now. Madison's vision of three separate branches of government resisting each other's aggrandizement is in danger of being transformed in the name of national security into a presidency increasingly free to act on its own. Madison's vision of a sovereign public freely examining and criticizing its servants is in danger of becoming an empty promise with debate silenced on critical issues and the public unaware of abuses. Our heritage of judges enforcing the Constitution against the holders of power is under attack as undemocratic. Under attack by officials who will gain power if the judges forsake their function. The surprising thing to me is that it is not as if presidents needed new power with compliant courts acquiescing in it. The President of the United States is potentially today. Of course not always, because we are occasionally saved by accidents of folly. But potentially the presidency is more powerful today than ever before. To an extraordinary degree, the president can set the national agenda. If this country needs anything, it is not new ways to confide decision-making to the executive. There have always been those who wanted to brush aside the limits of the Constitution in the name of efficiency. To that Justice Brandeis replied, \"That the purpose of the framers was,\" I quote, \"Not to promote efficiency but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary power. Not to avoid friction but to save the people from autocracy.\" That was a ringing statement of Brandeis', deservedly famous, but I think he conceded too much. There is no reason to believe that American government will be more efficient or wiser in its policy if we give the president more power to act in secret. Recent history is to the contrary. The United States is a highly successful country by the standards of this world, extraordinarily rich, extraordinarily free. We have not achieved what we have in the teeth of our Constitution. We have achieved it because of our commitment to the constitutional ideas of limited power and an open society. At various points in these 200 years, we have made it through crises by the skin of our teeth. Indeed, we began the journey by what has to be called luck as well as genius. Think of the first state convention that narrowly approved the Constitution, the Massachusetts Convention that met in Boston in January 1788. One of the delegates elected by the Western Massachusetts town of Ashfield was Ephraim Williams. Ephraim Williams had supported Shay's rebellion, that desperate movement of farmers who occupied courthouses and attacked armories in their anger at government. He had lost his civil rights for his support of the rebellion. And he had to take a new oath of allegiance to serve as a delegate. He was pledged to vote against the proposed Constitution as a dangerous source of new official power over citizens. So were many other delegates in Boston. But Ephraim Williams was won over by John Hancock's proposal for a bill of rights that would put express limitations on the new federal government. So were enough other delegates to give them the motion to ratify its victory by the vote of 187 to 168. If just 10 of those delegates had held to their instructions and voted no, Massachusetts would have rejected the Constitution. And that would very likely have been a fatal blow. Looking back, we must feel that some special Providence attended the builders of the Constitution. 200 years later, we owe it to them, to ourselves, to renew our faith in their work. We still cannot trust power without limits. We are still not angels. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- We have some times for some questions for Mr. Lewis.\r\n\r\n- Sir, would you comment on thought of congressional and executive attempts to dilute the Freedom of Information Act. I think they're in line with what.\r\n\r\n- There again, the Freedom of Information Act, by its nature has not been popular with the executive. When it was strengthened in 1975 or late '74, I forget the exact date giving the courts more power to look into the reasons for executive refusals to produce documents. President Ford vetoed, the bill was passed over his veto. I say that with great respect for President Ford. I regarded him as a, and I've likely had reason to think, I didn't regard him sufficiently as a man of decency and honor and understanding of these matters but he was sufficiently troubled by the incursion on what he saw as executive power to try to stop that legislation. The current administration has made every effort to effectively throttle the Freedom of Information Act. The proposed amendments, most of which did not pass, but by administration, merely by the way it has administered the law it has made it much less effective, simply by delay. And of course it has also tightened the classification rules and done many other things without legislation. As I've indicated in my talk, the practice has been not to ask for legislation because Congress on the whole will not pass restrictive legislation in these fields. And so the presidency, the executive does it by, without Congress, they just do it through the courts or by executive order.\r\n\r\n- At the very end, your last statement or two, you mentioned something about the role of Providence. Can you say exactly what you mean by that?\r\n\r\n- I wish I knew the answer to that question. I think if you look back at the history of the United States, you would have to say over a period of 200 years, for example, that we have not had among, we could not claim to have among the governments of the world the most brilliant and wisest leaders at all times. We haven't. And indeed you go back through the latter part of the 19th century or most of the 19th century you get these landmarks like Lincoln and then sort of fallow falling away on either side. I hate to mention names like Buchanan or Pierce, because John Updike will write a book in their defense but, you know what I mean? We haven't been blessed with uniformly wise leadership and yet here we are now. That's what I mean by Providence. The perhaps not fair way of saying is that God looks after fools, drunkards and the United States of America.\r\n\r\n- Some 20 years ago you wrote about the importance of judicial self-restraint and you were talking in an article about Rehnquist. And I wondered, in light of the problems of the growth of the presidency, and with Rehnquist's knowledge he just and his, almost a fixed star in his firmament being that any time individual rights conflict with government, that the governmental power prevailed. What role do you see in the courts led by Rehnquist in this flash 15 seconds?\r\n\r\n- You know, when you mentioned that to me earlier I honestly couldn't remember the article. I still can't. So I don't know. I have to plead innocent to my own words. But I know what I think on the subject, it's a rather complicated and elusive subject because people tend, judges and those who counsel judges, tend to say we must have self restraint on the part of judges and to mean different things when they say that. Because judges have built into them certain values that they can't escape. Justice Holmes called them, \"Can't helps.\" Justice Frankfurter, for example, was the greatest contemporary preacher of self-restraint. He practically invented the phrase. And yet when it came to certain things that to him represented deep psychological truths, he was as ready to exercise the power of that court as anyone else. The freedom, in establishment of religion, for example, Justice Frankfurter was very strong for preventing state intermixing in matters of religion or wire tapping, the knock at the door as he called it. He was much more sensitive to issues of wire tapping and illegal police behavior of that kind, for example, than Justice Black, who was generally regarded as the least restrained and most activists and so forth. But it happened that they had different backgrounds. Justice Frankfurter once put it in a letter that he'd had this conversation with Stanley Reed. Stanley Reed was his colleague on the Supreme Court who came from an a rather elegant family in Kentucky. And he said, \"Stanley, when he hears the word police, thinks of himself in a Lord Fauntleroy suit as a little boy with a Kentucky trooper patting him on the head. And I think as an Austrian in the middle of the night with somebody knocking at our door.\" You can't help those differences. So restraint is relative. Now coming to the immediate point of your question. We're at a very, very interesting phase on that. Chief justice Rehnquist is in the Frankfurter category, I think, of someone who preaches and genuinely believes that the courts should on the whole, let the elected branches of government do what they want. They are the popular branches. They're the democratic branches. We shouldn't stand in the way, that's self-restraint. Of course it sometimes gets carried to the point with Justice Rehnquist, where I think that Justice Frankfurter would not have followed. For example, I once, I heard an argument in which the complaint was that a sheriff, the sheriff of Alameda County, California, had acted unconstitutionally. And from the bench, the then Justice Rehnquist asked the lawyer for the complaining side, \"Is the sheriff elected?\" And the lawyer said, \"Yes, yes, Justice Rehnquist, he is.\" \"How often does he run?\" \"I think he has to run every four years.\" \"Well, if they don't like what he does, I suppose they can defeat him.\" Well, you see, then we would be living in a different kind of country. We'd be living in the country without a Bill of Rights and majoritarian country, which the framers of the Constitution rejected because they thought as Madison said, \"We needed auxiliary precautions, and the vote wasn't enough.\" Well, what I was going to say, I'm going on a bit, but it's very interesting. We, now I just read something today, I think, posing a very interesting point. On the whole, I think Chief Justice Rehnquist does want to defer to the decisions of state and national legislatures and executives, just in principle, self-restraint. They run things we shouldn't stand in their way. But there's a new body of conservative lawyers and a few becoming judges who have abandoned the theme of self-restraint and want to use the judicial power to do what the old pre-Roosevelt court did to strike down economic legislation without any modesty or humility about it or any pretensions of self-restraint. They think that the progressive income tax is unconstitutional. They think that rent control is unconstitutional. They think that zoning laws are unconstitutional and so on and so on. So it may be that before long, we will regard Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Scalia as our bulwarks against this new judicial activism. I hope I've cheered you up.\r\n\r\n- So that's where judicial restraint, it's interesting to look at the justice of California who recently put out of office in elections. Do you have any comments about that?\r\n\r\n- The question is about the justice in California who was defeated in the election, three in fact, not just Chief Justice Bird, but two of her colleagues. Well, I have a view which I expressed in print so I'm not shy of saying it. I think it's a great mistake. The Constitution of California provides for such elections for judges and most states in this country. I think until recently only my own state of Massachusetts and Maine for ancient historical reasons had an appointive judicial system like the federal system. But I agree with the framers of the federal Constitution, I think you cannot expect judges to decide cases without looking over their shoulders at popular opinion if they are going to be subject to periodic elections. The people of California felt otherwise. There were enormous funds expended against those three judges and many issues that had nothing whatever to do with their qualities as lawyers and judges came into the race. Such things are always defended in Jacksonian populous terms. I want to tell you, it's not a recent development. The idea of electing judges developed very early on, the early part of the 19th century as part of Jacksonian democracy, power to the people or its equivalent in those days. But I'm old-fashioned in these regards. I feel safer with judges who are not elected and responsible only to their consciousness.\r\n\r\n- What is your opinion of Attorney General Meese and his attack on the Miranda laws.\r\n\r\n- The question is about Attorney General Meese's views of the Miranda case. I think there are interesting disputes, issues, posed by Attorney General Meese about how to construe the Constitution and about the powers of the court. I very obliquely referred to a couple of them at the beginning of my talk. I don't happen to think that his views on Miranda are very interesting or relevant because practically nobody on the Supreme Court or off, so far as I can see, or in the police forces of the country regards that as a very significant or alive issue. Nobody believes anymore that the Miranda decision has anything much to do with the prevalence of crime in this country. It has a insignificant part in that matter. And I think the document written for Attorney General Meese and his support of it is primarily a political gesture.\r\n\r\n- Earlier in your speech, you talked about the paternalistic nature and paternalistic role of government, say from when you were young, when you were young in the '30s and '40s. My question is, it seems that there tends to be more governmental control along with this increasing paternalistic nature. Is it possible to decrease the amount of government rights vis-a-vis the individual rights without increasing the paternalistic nature of our government?\r\n\r\n- I have to tell you that as a practical matter I do not think we are going to reduce the federal, the role of the federal government in our lives. We've had an experiment in for the last six years and now 19 days in a proclaimed effort to do that. And the percentage of the national wealth going to the federal government has increased, not decreased and it's not going to change. The reasons for that are plain. We, first of all, the very large defense expenditures are not going to change. And they have colossal impact on our whole society as President Eisenhower so brilliantly foresaw in his farewell address about the power of the military industrial complex. Everything that is done by way of defense procurement has affects politically, socially, distribution of wealth in the country and power in the country. And it's going to go on unless some miracle occurs in the world and we all learn to lie down together like lambs, which I doubt. Secondly, we have come to rely on the federal government for fundamental economic decisions and there's no other body going to take up that burden. That's why I said in the sentence that it didn't matter whether you were talking about social security recipients or the bulls of Wall Street. Right or left, republican, democratic, nobody wants the federal government to go back to the way it was in 1928 and do nothing about matters economic. That's unthinkable, unthinkable. So it's not gonna happen. And thirdly, a great deal has happened in the world since the 1920s, not only in the United States, that has come to make developed societies. I believe that central governments have certain basic responsibilities to the survival of their populations. So that we have minimal pension system, national pension system, and a rather modest by world standards, health system. We are, we, and the Republic of South Africa are the only developed countries that do not have a national system of healthcare. We have a system of reimbursement of the elderly for healthcare, which is a great game but I don't think we're going to abandon that. It's not politically possible. We're not going to abandon social security. So realities are that we might need not talk about it.\r\n\r\n- Could you say a few words about special prosecutors and the role say of Cox in the Nixon affair and things that are coming along now.\r\n\r\n- The question is about the role of special prosecutors. Then especially the question mentioned Archibald Cox and the Nixon affair, Watergate. Well, you suddenly brought back to my mind one of the certainly most dramatic moments of my life. I, I wish I had the words. I don't remember them because the words matter completely. I knew Professor Cox well then, and I do now. And I knew him to be a rather naive, politely, man with no political animus and a great reluctance to tangle with the presidency. And I wasn't at all sure that he as special prosecutor would press on for the tapes and so on. Then when the effort was made to remove him from office just the day before and he came on to a press conference in Washington and he stood there as this kind of very naive professor with his Tweed jacket and sort of said, \"Well, you know, I kind of believed,\" it was Jimmy Stewart. You know, I believe in the Constitution and it was devastating, absolutely devastating. And his dismissal was to set in motion the events that destroyed President Nixon. It just, the public was not prepared to accept it. I have to say that maybe I should say a more cheerful thing in light of my worries about the tendencies toward concentration of power and the presidency. I think when that power is too grossly abused, the people of this country do not accept it. You saw it after the Saturday Night Massacre. I don't think people were much exercised about Watergate until the raw use of power that President Nixon attempted on that occasion. And it just was an uprising from this country. And then the same thing exactly has happened over Iran. The minute that happened, people, a lot of people said, \"Well, you know, President Reagan is so popular, it won't make any difference.\" I never believed it. From the moment I heard it announced, I said, \"It's over, it's finished.\" People will not accept in this country that a president of the United States acts in knowing violation of the law and in knowing violation of what he has said openly and pledged many, many times. It doesn't matter whether they like him or not. They won't accept it. And I mean, I just think people have, maybe that's what we're all celebrating right now for 200 years. We have this kind of faith in our system. And when it comes to raw abuse of it, we're not going to accept it. I don't believe it.\r\n\r\n- I was wondering if you could talk about Reagan and Meese's civil right's record, his track record on civil rights .\r\n\r\n- Well, there's enough for a whole speech in itself. The question is about the Reagan administration Attorney General Meese's record on civil rights. I have only to say that I feel that it's a completely unnecessary and tragic development. Unnecessary from the point of view of those who are in power because their own party's history and the recent history of this country provided no reason for them to try, despite their protestations, I think it's fair to say, to bring to a stop the progress that has been so dramatic. I don't think any of us should pretend that the process was going to be an easy one. I happen to have lived, again, through, I think, one of the most amazing transformations of any that any country has had of a happy kind. When people forget that 25 years ago, less than 25 years ago, you couldn't vote in large parts of the South in this country if your skin happened to be black, you were in danger of being killed. You could not vote. You couldn't eat in a restaurant. You couldn't go in a hotel. You couldn't ride on a bus like other people, you couldn't go into an interstate terminal in Mississippi or South Carolina or large parts of Georgia, Northern Florida, Alabama. That no schools were integrated in those states, and so on. I mean, in 20 years, in 10 years, there was transforming progress to the point that we have a black Congressman from Mississippi and we have senators from all over the South with a real sense, not all of them, but most of them with a real sense of obligation to their black as to their white constituents. So I don't ever want to underrate what's happened in this country. It's been amazing and we all should be happy about it. And what would come after that was always going to be much more difficult which was conforming reality, that is dealing with the reality of the inheritance of all those hundreds of years of slavery and oppression, not just conforming the law to the promise of the Constitution, great as an achievement, great an achievement as that was. So it was always going to be harder. But I just regret to see the essential abandonment of the attempt to do that. I had one personal experience, which I suppose it's a bit of a cheeky, in the British expression, to mention but it did give me a certain amount of pleasure. So I'll repeat it. I was on one of those Fred Friendly television panel discussion programs with Brad Reynolds, the assistant attorney general for civil rights who is the real fount of policy in this area. And he was talking about how bad Affirmative Action was and how in all positions, there should be no consideration of disadvantages in the past. And I said, \"Well, isn't there some value in giving people of a disadvantaged group models of success? Isn't there an advantage to all of us in providing leadership symbols, even if you take it as the narrowest matter of self-interest?\" And Mr. Reynolds said, \"No, there isn't.\" And then through some happy circumstance there leapt into my mind the fact that within a month or two before that occasion President Reagan had appointed Sandra O'Connor as the first woman Justice of the Supreme court of the United States. So I said, \"Mr. Reynolds, do you think that Sandra O'Connor was the single best-equipped lawyer in the United States to sit on the Supreme Court or the most qualified by experience on the bench or at the bar or on the faculties of law schools or in any other way? Or do you think that it's important, indeed that it was a monumental achievement of your president to break this terrible pattern of all these years and at last appoint a woman to that bench and begin the process that ought to begin.\" And he sat silent. That's what I think. Maybe I've said enough.\r\n\r\n- One more.\r\n\r\n- Oh, is there? Sure, if somebody has another one. I've warned, oh, one more. There we go.\r\n\r\n- Do you care to comment on the right to popularity of the original intent doctrine of the Constitution?\r\n\r\n- Well, there, that was one of the things that I said could be a serious, one of Attorney General Meese's arguments that could be a serious matter for discussion.\r\n\r\n- What was the question, Mr. Lewis?\r\n\r\n- I'm so sorry. The question was Attorney General Meese's demand for a return to interpretation of the Constitution according to the original intent of the framers. Now, I have to tell you that though it is a very popular subject for debate, I find it hard to get a handle on it because in most cases, it's frankly impossible to say what the original intent of the framers was. You take the, let's take two examples that are probably subject to, among those clauses of the Constitution that are most subject to debate among judges, lawyers, and academics. The First Amendment, what does it mean? Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise of thereof and so on about speech and press and assembly and petition. Well, as it happens there's virtually no material on what the framers meant. The framers were James Madison. And Madison, the thing happened very quickly in the first Congress, the amendment was proposed. It was approved with virtually no debate. And Madison never said, \"Now, this is what I mean. When I say respecting an establishment of religion I have in mind, school buses in New Jersey.\" They didn't talk that way. And there's very little guidance you can get. Or take another that figured very, very strongly and it's relevant to the previous question. In Attorney General Meese's main speech on this, he knew that he had to deal with the question of racial segregation. And so he said, \"I think the case of Brown against Board of Education was rightly decided.\" Although mind you, that was the most powerful example probably in our history as a country of the Supreme Court overruling its prior view and changing its mind on what a clause of the Constitution meant. The most dramatic example, and yet the Attorney General Meese said the court had been right to do that. Now, why had it been right to do that? He said, \"Because the court went back to what was surely the intent of the framers of the 14th Amendment to ban segregation. Well, I wish that were true. But alas at the time that amendment was passed, the District of Columbia under the direct rule of Congress had segregated schools and so on and so on. And when the Supreme court decided the Brown case it spent a whole year and Justice Frankfurter had one of his greatest law clerks, later Professor Alexander Pickle, researching the very issue of the historical questions of what was contemplated. And the best the court come up with was to say that the materials were ambiguous. So, you know, the answer as to why the Supreme Court decided the Brown case as it did is not very mysterious. It has nothing to do with original intent. The Constitution, the 14th Amendment, required the equal protection of the laws. And in 1896, the Supreme Court said that segregation met the standard of equal protection because there was nothing wrong with being segregated, unless those who were segregated put that construction upon it. The words of the Supreme Court in Plessy against Ferguson. But, you know, after Hitler, after the Nazis, no Supreme Court could possibly say with a straight face that there was nothing invidious about being segregated. It would have been preposterous. It was simply that we knew more, we knew more about the reality of racism and segregation and what it meant and it doesn't take any great genius to figure that out. I will just say one last thing by way of a slightly less freighted maybe even a remotely funny comment about original intent. Some years ago, not very long ago, a case was argued in the Supreme Court of the United States about the, let's see, I wonder if I'll get the amendment, right. Whichever the amendment was that undid prohibition. Was it the 22nd?\r\n\r\n- 21st.\r\n\r\n- 21st. Thank you. That amendment, the 21st Amendment, repealed the 18th Amendment but it had another clause saying that no liquor, no intoxicating liquor should shall be imported into any state in violation of its laws. It empowered the states, in other words, to deal with the prohibition as they wished. And there came a case before the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the question was whether New York State could regulate, as it claimed the power to regulate, a company which sold duty-free liquor to departing airline passengers at what was then Idlewild Airport. It was the case of the Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Company. And the question was whether New York State had that power under the second clause of the 21st Amendment. And as the case was argued, they were all talking about the intent of the framers. And as the case was argued, suddenly this look of wonder and pleasure came over Justice Black's face. He had just realized that he was a framer of the 21st Amendment. All those years, he'd been talking about James Madison and all that, but he had been in the Senate which approved the 21st Amendment. He voted for it. He was a framer and he was very happy about that. Well, the case was decided, and the court held that New York did not have the power to regulate those liquor sales, Justice Black dissenting.\r\n\r\n- There will be a reception for Mr. Lewis, immediately following in the Campanile Room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46858/file/120251#t=0.0,2343.024"}]}]}]}