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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Could not make it, Dr. Nafis Sadik, because of an illness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=5.41,9.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we do have a very qualified 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Snyder,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=18.4,20.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is the head of the Population Institute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=20.81,23.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the person who will 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American,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=49.2,52.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can say some things that UN officials can't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=52.07,54.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are here in Iowa to talk 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world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=60.43,63.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and especially here in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=63.04,65.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The world is presently 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people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=126.23,131.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with a very basic human right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=131.21,133.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We feel that a lot more could be done 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transfers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=536.71,540.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even intercontinental transfers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=540.29,542.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He of course advocated a 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future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=1152.51,1155.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including three important elements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=1156.13,1158.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these were, 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levels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=1176.71,1179.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that international cooperation is necessary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=1179.29,1182.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and urgently needed to 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firewood,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=1215.41,1217.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly in regions such as parts of Africa, Kenya,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=1217.24,1222.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22648/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has left some regions of the developing world 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691/transcript/22649/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Could not make it, Dr. Nafis Sadik, because of an illness. But we do have a very qualified person in her place from the UN. First I would like to introduce some of the notable people that we do have with us, including Mary Jane Snyder, who is the head of the Population Institute. And the person who will introduce our speaker is Barbara Byfield. And she has coordinated the World Population Day events in campuses across the United States. And she will introduce our speaker, who is Jeannie Peterson. Here's Barbie Byfield.\r\n\r\n- I get to do these little blurbs because as an American, I can say some things that UN officials can't. We are here in Iowa to talk about international population growth and what it means for people all around the world, and especially here in the United States. The world is presently growing at the rate of 20 Iowas a year, 80 million people. And sometimes we lose sight of what projections in the future mean for us here right now. But the Population Institute has been concerned with international population growth since the mid-60s, and our feeling is now that pressures are so great that we really have to go out and get support from Americans out in the heartland of the United States. And one of the ways that we're doing this is to bring speakers to colleges and universities around the country to address the issue of international population growth, what it means for the developing world, and in turn what it means for us here in the developed world. We're living in a very interconnected world and we're all trying to help each other out. The United States presently spends $211 million a year to help people in the developing world control their fertility. Now we're talking about less than 2 cents per person per year in the United States aiding people, and with a very basic human right. We feel that a lot more could be done to help these people who are asking for our aid. The only way that we can get more funding out there and more resources available to people is if our United States Congress decides this is a priority issue. And the only way to get Congress to act on something is if they hear from us back home in the districts. So the concern of the Population Institute is an educational concern to raise your awareness and hopefully get you interested in international population assistance and rally your support with your representatives. I've passed out some cards, and these are not fundraising appeals. We ask just a little bit of time from you. You'll be put on a monthly newsletter, a mailing list, and we'll let you know what's going on with international population, let you know what your members in Congress are doing. And if you find that you do not support or you do support your representatives and their positions are taking on international population, we'll hope that you'll take a minute to write them a letter, send them a telegram, perhaps make a call to the home district. Let them know that you're concerned, because this is the only way, it's the only way the Congress will act. And the United States is the largest single donor to the international population assistance funds. And we feel that since we are such a big powerful country, we should not only exercise our power to control, but our power to aid. And this is a very cost-effective program. And we hope that you'll encourage your representatives to continue and increase funding for this humanitarian program. We have been bringing in speakers from the UN, the State Department, the members of the private sector. And today we have with us Jeannie Peterson. She is deputy chief director of the information and external relations division of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. UNFPA is the largest international fund for population activities. She has spent 12 years in Stockholm at the National Academy of the Sciences, where she was editor of their journal, the Journal of the Human Environment called AMBIO. And she was recognized as being an expert in her field of journalism and was invited by the United Nations to join them in the UNFPA. She is a journalist by background. She has her MA from Northwestern. She is from the Midwest, a native of Michigan. And she'll talk to you now about international population. Ms. Peterson.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. It's a real pleasure to be here back in the Midwest. And I am actually here to talk to you about population. But of course, that is quite out of the question. One does not simply talk about population, because population is more than statistics. It is, of course, jobs, it is housing, it is resources, it is environment, it's commerce, it is industry. In other words, population is people. And we are all current inhabitants of this very small planet. This fragile marbled blue ball which is whirling through space, which has a finite amount of resources, whose fragile environment has already been seriously damaged in many areas. It is a much smaller, more crowded planet than it was when I was at the university, Northwestern University. It is much different now than it was, and it is becoming smaller and more crowded as we go along. The transportation and exchange of images, of sounds, of people, of finances, of material goods is binding us closer and closer together, networking us into a very close web of contacts. And no person, no country stands alone. We have no choice but to come to grips with our interdependencies. At this point in time, there are about 4.6 billion of us. Now, 4.6 billion is quite a respectable number. But to put it into perspective, it helps to relate that number to some of the other factors that are of importance in our world today, such as water resources, food resources, environmental degradation. And I would like to go into a few examples. A few years ago, one of the world's leading hydrologists did a study of the world's fresh water resources and compared it with the projected population of the world for the year 2015. He estimated the fresh water resources available from the hydrologic cycle, which is a pretty constant flow of water from year to year, region to region, continent by continent. And he took the United Nations projections for the population of the world in those same areas. And then he compared them. And what he found was the world would probably have enough fresh water resources for the various purposes for it to meet the various demands of agriculture, domestic use, and so on, industry, but that the water resources would often be at the wrong place and at the wrong time. Some regions, some continents would be amply blessed with fresh water resources, while others would fall quite short of the need in those areas. What would be necessary, he pointed out, to have fresh water resources at the right place at the right time would be massive transfers. Regional transfers, interregional transfers, even intercontinental transfers. He of course advocated a very, very careful management of freshwater resources. And he also advocated very intense planning for the future. Another example I would like to point out is that of food and land resources. And here I would like to refer to a study, which is still ongoing, and which is being sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. In this study, the land resources of the world, based on a soil map of the world done by the United Nations back in 1977, was used as the basis. Three different scenarios were then devised for the kinds of management that might be used in the future to develop food resources on those land areas. One was a very high level input scenario with a high degree of management, one was a medium level scenario, and one was a low level scenario. The high level scenario included complete mechanization of agriculture in those areas of the developing world which are rain fed and which are also cultivable, full use of the necessary farm chemicals and fertilizers, some soil conservation, and the combination of the presently growing crops and the crops that would be most efficient in producing protein and calories. The low level scenario assumed only hand labor. No mechanization whatsoever. No fertilizers, no pesticides, no soil conservation. The medium level scenario was a combination of the two. The results, which are of course very generalized, very rough, and according to the authors, still tentative, are nonetheless interesting in that they show the magnitude of the problem. They had organized the results on three different, like, levels of aggregation. One on a regional basis, taking Africa as a region, South America as a region, taking the five main areas of the developing world, each as separate regions. The second level was the country level. The third level was a growing zone level. Within each of these regions or levels, they had assumed complete movement of food surplus. No restrictions whatsoever. And the results that they found were that for the year 2000, using UN projections of population, with low level inputs for these land masses in the developing countries, that a total of 65 countries would be unable to meet the food needs of their own people. 30 of those countries would be in Africa, 15 in Southwest Asia, 14 in Central America, and six in Southeast Asia. In those countries, the food needs of a total of 441 people would go unmet, unless there were to be movement of surplus from outside those areas and that surplus was available when needed. Even using the intermediate input scenario, 36 countries would continue to be in that critical situation. Using the high input scenario, 19 countries would be in that category. This is on a country by country basis. When looking at the results regionally, however, they found that every one of the regional areas, regions of the developing world, could be self-sufficient in food if there were absolutely unrestricted distribution of food within those regions. I would like to go on now to another area that population is touching upon, and that is our cities. The swelling of the cities. By the year 2000, more than half of the people in the world will be living in cities, according to a United Nations projection. Now, that is a projection, not a prediction, and should be, of course, seen as such. Projections being liable to change. Although humankind has lived in rural areas for most of its existence, most of our existence, the transformation of our species into an urban species is now well underway. By the end of this century it could constitute the most radical change in human environment that we have ever known in so short a time. Urbanization is proceeding at an unprecedented rate. According to estimates, in the year 1800, less than 3% of people in the world lived in urban areas, in cities, defined by the UN as settlements of 20,000 or more. But by the year 2000, the cities will claim more than half of humanity. And not only are we moving into an urbanized future, we are also entering an era of mega cities. In the year 1900 there were 20 metropolitan areas with a population of one million or more. By the year 2000, they are expected to be 414. And when we step over the threshold into the next century, it will be into an arena with urban giants. By the year 2000, 60 cities are expected to have populations of five million or more. 45 of them will be in the developing countries, including Mexico City, with a projected population as the largest city of 32 million, Sao Paulo with 26 million, and Calcutta with 20 million. Many of the cities that are projected for immense growth rates are also, are already bursting at the seams. Their infrastructures are already under great strain. About two years ago UNFPA sponsored a conference in Rome on population and the urban future. The mayors and planners from the cities of the world that were anticipated to have, or projected to have populations of five million or more by the year 2000 were invited. About 3000 participants attended, including some of the mayors of some of the great cities of the world. There was, for example, Jane Byrne from Chicago. There was the mayor of Moscow, the mayor of Sao Paulo, the mayor of Dhaka, deputy mayor of Peking, mayor of Rome, of course, who was one of the hosts of the meeting. All of these mayors met together, discussed together over breakfast, lunch in the corridors. And they found that they shared a lot of common problems. Many of their cities were facing similar problems with the workforce, with the breakdown of transportation systems, with the difficulty in providing service to their citizens, with the development of slum areas or squatter areas around them. They had much in common. But when it came to the solution of those problems, the mayors found that they had widely differing views on how they should go about trying to amend the situation of the cities. However, they did come to an agreement on some recommendations for the future. The participants issued a declaration, and in it they agreed that historically the city has been the engine of development, the forge of human creative activities. They agreed that urbanization can be harnessed to achieve mankind's goals of just, peaceful, and lasting progress, but that this must take place under orderly and planned conditions. They approved of a strategy for national planning for the urban future, including three important elements. And these were, one, formulation of comprehensive national population policies, two, policies for balanced development, and three, policies for improvement of urban areas. They noted that the recommendations require actions primarily at the national, regional, and metropolitan levels, but that international cooperation is necessary and urgently needed to successfully carry out these measures. I will mention a few other interrelationships. The need to produce sufficient food for growing populations can lead in cases, as you are only too well aware in this part of the world, to cultivation and steep or dry marginal lands, or overcropping, and can signal the start of erosion processes, silting of waterways and reservoirs and floods. The incessant search for firewood, particularly in regions such as parts of Africa, Kenya, has left some regions of the developing world denuded, left the soil denuded and bare of the nutrients needed to regenerate the soil. The flood, of course, of people from rural areas to the urban areas, which is one of the causes of the swelling of the cities has created some of the most inhuman developments so far. Now, looking at these examples, looking at the at the kinds of problems and the scale of the problems, scale of the solutions that would be necessary to try to solve them, even to try to attempt to solve them, is rather mind-boggling. But even as the knowledge and use of better management techniques grows and spreads, population pressures continue to grow, demanding yet better schemes, yet better projects, and then super schemes and super projects. Many such initiatives on the grand scale, and also smaller scale, have yielded immense benefits as well as many unexpected and perhaps unwanted side products. Yet in the future, there will be even more pressure and more needs to consider the interrelationships between people, resources, environment, and development, because there will be more at stake, more people at stake. But if we go back to that number, 4.6 billion, the present population of the world, to put that into perspective and to see where we are at the present time, it's very useful to look back, far back in human history, back to the beginnings of the human species. It took most of the period of our existence, if we call that about four million years, for us to reach a number of one billion, until there were one billion people on Earth. That occurred about in the year 1800. It took 130 years to reach the second billion. And that was about 1930. It took 30 more years to reach the third billion in 1960. And it took 15 more years to reach four billion in 1975. And now there are 4.6 billion on the planet, and we are adding about 80 or 90 million each year. The rate of world population growth has thus increased from 2% per thousand years in our prehistoric past to about 2% per year, which was the highest rate achieved, and which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. Now, such a growth rate would not be sustainable for long. We would have standing room only on the planet. There are indications now that this growth rate is slackening, and this is a historic occasion, because this is the first time in human history this has happened outside of incidents like the Black Plague in Europe, which shows as a little dip in the growth of population, world population. Outside of the influence of some major epidemics and wars, this is the first time that we can see world population growth rates beginning to go down. In 1973 the United Nations projected a growth rate of 1.95% in the near future. Now that figure has been lowered to 1.7%. And such a decrease may seem slight, but its significance lies in its emphasizing the downward trend. And the growth rates have more meaning if you look at them in terms of numbers of people they represent. If the growth rates of the 1950s and '60s had prevailed throughout the century, instead being slightly decreased as they are now, then we would have had 1.4 billion more people in the year 2000 than we have now. That is the difference in those two growth rates. 1.4 billion is equivalent to the present population of China and the United States combined. It's also more than the total number of people in the world in the year 1800. So these small decreases in population growth rates are significant. According to United Nations projections, we can now look ahead into the future and see the point in time when the population of the world will stabilize. This is, according to the medium projection, about to happen, likely to happen in the year 2110. And the number of people we can expect to have at that time is 10.5 billion. This is the medium projection. There are, of course, as you would guess, high projections and low projections. The medium projection being 10.5 billion represents more than a doubled population, if you compare it with today. And perhaps the medium projection is attainable if population programs and policies that are now in effect can be maintained or even increased. Now, at the time of stabilization, well, stabilization is going to occur in different parts of the world at different points in time because of the different growth rates. In Europe, it should occur in 2030. In North America, in the year 2060. In East Asia, in the year 2090. In the Soviet Union, in the year 2100. 2100 in Latin America and South Asia as well. And last of all in Africa, in the year 2110. And at that time, South Asia and Africa will account for about 60% of the world's population. Now at this stage in time, with world population growth rates beginning to come down a bit, attention is often riveted on world population as an issue. Many countries and individuals and organizations have been frustrated by the slow rate of progress that developing countries have been experiencing with many of their most important problems. But in the area of population programs, there can be said to be some considerable progress. In any case, population can be seen to be a success story beginning on the international scene. How it continues is a matter that is being decided today and tomorrow by the organizations, governments, and individuals concerned. But why have these growth rates turned down? What are the underlying reasons for it? Rafael Salas, who is executive director of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, points out the commitment of developing countries to population programs. Countries that earlier had not decided, had not seen population growth as detrimental to their own development plans have changed their attitudes considerably in the last 10 to 15 years. With the dawning realization that population does have a central role in the development process came plans and actions. Back in the early 1950s, the only developing country that had a population policy was India. And now 80% of the people in developing countries live under governments that consider their growth rates, their birth rates to be too high. About 2% of the people in developing countries live under governments that consider their birth rates to be too low. And the remainder live in countries whose governments consider their birth rates to be just right for their conditions. During the period 1965 to 1970, and '75-'80, between those two periods, the birth rate, which is the number of live births per thousand inhabitants in population per year, in the less developed countries declined by 16.2%. Most of the countries with large declines in birth rates are in Asia. They have had the longest experience with population programs, family planning programs. They have been concerned for a longer time than other regions of the world. And at the opposite end of the spectrum is Africa, where countries such as Kenya and Uganda still have rising birth rates. Again, Africa is a region where attention to population is a rather recent phenomenon. The magnitude of the requests for assistance attest to the increasing commitment of governments to population programs. But about a third of the requests that we receive at UNFPA have to go unmet because there simply are not the resources available. Developing countries themselves are devoting more of their own scarce resources to their own programs. For every dollar that UNFPA gives in support, many developing countries give 4.6 of their own funds to their own programs. Now, of a country's population size, allocations for population programs have dramatically increased in the '70s. Although data is still being collated, it can be said that the level of resources allocated by countries committed to population programs, the birth rate is still rising, but the government is committed to its program. The government expenditures during the period 1968 to 1980 was about 12 times that of 1971-75. The average of national shares of family planning expenditures in 15 developed countries for which data have been collected by the Population Council comes to about 67% of total expenditure. Our executive director, Mr. Salas, has pointed out that developing countries now have the capacity, if they so wish and see it important, to program population, as well as other socioeconomic factors. The big difference, of course, being the time element. Now, the decline in birth rate is dependent on a host of social, economic, and cultural factors, which influence couples' decisions about family formation and size. Reduction in disparities of wealth has been shown to be important. The level of socioeconomic development has been shown to have a very strong correlation to birth rates. Opportunities offered to women to move to new occupations, number of years of schooling, population education aimed at helping people to make their own decisions, but providing them with information about family planning. All of these contribute. And research has shown that certain demographic variables are specifically important, especially important. And these are rather recent findings emerging from the World Fertility Survey, the largest sociological research project ever conducted. The results of which are still being analyzed. The analyses are still coming in. And some of these recent analyses show that the status of women is definitely an important variable. The level of education a woman has in developing countries, as well as in developed countries, and this is speaking generally, there are exceptions, but this is a rather strong trend. The level of education a women has will influence how many children she has. The more years of education, the fewer children she decides to have. Another factor which has been shown to be correlated to birth rates is the level of employment of women. The status of the employment of women is also connected to the number of children they have. The higher the status of the employment outside of the home and outside of agriculture, which are both the traditional sectors, the fewer children she will decide to have. The recent study from Sweden carries this out, even in such a highly developed country as Sweden, where the educational level in general is very high. So you're starting off from a very high base. But even starting up from that high base and making the correlation, you'll see that it holds true. These indices of the status of women can prove to be important and might have to be integrated more into population and development policies in the future. Now, earlier population was seen more in terms of sheer numbers. But sheer numbers are no longer sheer numbers. And this was made clear, I think, to the world back in 1974 at the World Population Conference held in Bucharest, Romania. Some called it a population confrontation. But it was an international conference of quite great importance on the population scene. The delegates who arrived there in Bucharest that hot and steamy August to attend the population conference made it clear that population and development are two sides of the same coin. Now, it has been said that the road to hell is paved with great conventions. And the question was asked at that conference, when the delegates, advisers, journalists and observers packed up to leave Bucharest after the biggest convention in the United Nations history, were the prospects for the world any brighter than they had been 11 days earlier when the conference was convened? During the conference, the population of the world had increased by approximately two Bucharests. The population of Bucharest at the time being 1.6 million. At the time it was expected that the population of the world would double in 30 to 35 years. And there were very many different opinions that were expressed at that conference. The majority of delegates, not content to be restricted to a purely quantitative discussion, made it clear that population is a qualitative issue involving all aspects of life. And thus the task to finding an answer to the population problem became the task of finding a suitable solution to the whole human situation. As there were about 136 governments represented at that conference, there were about 136 opinions as to how this should be done. And I'll go into some of those different opinions now. The prime concern of most of the developing countries at that conference, which outnumbered the developed nations about two to one, was socioeconomic development. They mistrusted and they resented the affluent countries' eagerness to provide the poor of the world with cases of contraceptives. One African delegate pointed out, it is easier to get money for cases of contraceptives than for digging wells. The majority voices, generally supported by the Soviet Bloc, the majority being the developing countries, said that given sufficient development and an equitable distribution of resources, the problems associated with population, including poverty, malnutrition, lack of social and economic security, high infant mortality rates, will automatically take care of themselves. Now, in the opinion of some developed countries, including the Scandinavian countries, Netherlands, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Germany and so on, all of which agreed that development was imperative. They were worried about the lack of urgency in the approach of other countries. They were worried about the timescale. They were worried about the de-emphasis on reduction of population growth rates and the problem of the natural resources and the scarcity of those resources and the potential impact of the growing population on the world environment. Some other countries already groaning under the burden of overpopulation and lacking the necessary resources to help themselves out, like Bangladesh, became very worried at this point, thinking that the conference was going to end in chaos. They being very much concerned about short term answers. They didn't have time to wait for development to help them out with their population problems. And they were worried about the conference becoming an oratorical confrontation between the two main groups. So as delegates unpacked speeches brought in attache cases, The conference began in a storm of clashing ideas, politically loaded statements, and the prospect of bloc stands that threatened in the early days to lead to chaos. Now, what eventually emerged after valiant efforts on the parts of many at the conference was not, out of that chaos, was not perhaps order, but consensus. And the consensus was reflected in the World Population Plan of Action, the document that has survived the years since 1974 as providing the main guidelines for international population assistance and thinking on population issues since that time. I'd like to share with you a few of the principles in that plan of action. They will be re-evaluated and analyzed again in 1984 when the United Nations will have another World Population Conference. This is the first principle. The principle aim of social, economic, and cultural development, of which population goals and policies are integral parts, is to improve levels of living and the quality of life of the people. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. And of course you'll recognize that last line is the Chinese contribution. Another. Population and development are interrelated. The formulation of a World Population Plan of Action reflects the international community's awareness of the importance of population trends for socioeconomic development. Population policies are constituent parts of socioeconomic development policies and never substitutes for them. All couples and individuals have the basic right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information, education, and means to do so. Women have the right to complete integration in the development process, particularly by means of an equal access to education and equal participation in social, economic, cultural, and political life. The necessary measures should be taken to facilitate this integration with family responsibilities, which should be fully shared by both partners. In the formulation of national population goals and policies, consideration must be given to the supplies and characteristics of natural resources and to the quality of the environment and food supplies. If these principles had been fulfilled by now, we of course would have been living in a much different world by now, particularly the principle that states, \"All couples and individuals have the basic right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information, education, and means to do so.\" So in 1984 there will be an evaluation of what has happened in the last 10 years in the population world. There will be an analysis of the successes and the failures and the provision of guidelines for the future. Because much has been accomplished, but there remains much more to be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105691#t=0.0,2771.35674"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e 'Cause much has been accomplished","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=6.7,8.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there remains much more to be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=8.1,10.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That conference will be held in Mexico city","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=13.85,15.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in August of 1984.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=15.95,17.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Preparations are already underway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=17.82,19.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNFPA's director Rafael Salas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=23.0,25.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is going to be the head of that conference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=25.98,29.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Tabah of the United Nations Population 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done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=810.38,813.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or agreed upon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=813.7,815.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The goal of a 1% population growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=815.3,818.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the region as a whole, by the year 2000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=818.91,823.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The accomplishment of this goal would depend very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=823.66,826.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what happens in China and in India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=826.93,830.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those two of course, being the giants of the area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=830.45,833.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asia as a whole, all of Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=839.9,843.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the countries that have parliaments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=843.71,846.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since it was a parliamentarian conference on population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=846.47,850.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=850.367,851.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=851.25,852.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=852.611,855.194"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We really don't have information about those problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=870.2,874.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the United Nations fund for population activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=874.433,878.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I really couldn't shed any light on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=878.07,880.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think what we see at the same newspaper reports","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=880.16,883.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that others see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=883.107,885.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=892.19,894.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We actually only answer requests for assistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=908.1,912.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being organization within the United Nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=913.25,918.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are of course, a creature of governments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=918.93,921.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we would never have the right to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=921.874,925.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into any one country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=925.29,926.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tell them they have a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=926.36,928.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they had not themselves perceived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=928.27,930.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their situation as somehow being detrimental to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=930.5,934.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What a problem is, is of course depends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=936.25,939.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the perspective of the individual country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=939.59,942.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=947.408,949.991"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e As far as agriculture is concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1052.477,1056.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you would get a much better answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1056.23,1059.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from someone who was representing an organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1059.61,1062.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the Food and Agriculture Organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1062.61,1065.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the World Food Programs since","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1065.2,1069.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNFPA really does concentrate on population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1069.6,1072.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is our area of expertise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1072.36,1075.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one of the points you brought up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1075.24,1077.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you mentioned agriculture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1077.72,1079.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the exodus of the population from the rural areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1079.72,1084.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing countries to the cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1084.28,1086.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You brought up agriculture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1087.73,1088.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is one of the reasons for the rural exodus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1088.84,1092.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because people are not able to support themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1092.7,1095.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the land with the kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1095.64,1097.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of agricultural techniques they're now using","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1097.29,1100.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is as I understand you're right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1100.12,1102.366"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This Exodus, this problem of the emptying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1102.366,1107.366"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the rural areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1108.551,1111.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the swelling of the cities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1111.15,1113.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a problem that is attracting more attention now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1113.18,1118.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least within the United Nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=1118.06,1119.813"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22650/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/650/original/AV203307_The_State_of_the_World_Population_b.vtt?1613498280","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/650/original/AV203307_The_State_of_the_World_Population_b.vtt?1613498280"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22651","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203307_The_State_of_the_World_Population_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692/transcript/22651/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- 'Cause much has been accomplished but there remains much more to be done. That conference will be held in Mexico city in August of 1984. Preparations are already underway. UNFPA's director Rafael Salas is going to be the head of that conference. Leon Tabah of the United Nations Population Division will be the next in command. Now the role of UNFPA in this whole population scheme Of things started in 1969, when the United Nations Fund for Population Activities was created. As you know, UNFPA is one of the operative arms of the United Nations. Most of what is heard about the UN and the outside is heard about the security council and the general assembly. The political arenas, where countries gather to talk about their political problems. UNFPA is quite distinct from those areas of operation, was created by governments and at the urging of non-governmental organizations and individuals to become the United Nations Organization to formulate and carry out population programs and activities at the requests of governments. UNFPA's purpose is to increase the awareness of population problems and to help governments to solve them. UNFPA is the largest internationally funded source of assistance to population programs in the world. About one quarter of all international population assistance is channeled through this organization. We work in eight different areas. We have been given directives by our governing council which is composed of member countries of the UNDP governing council, United Nations Development Program. Our governing council has instructed us to concentrate on particularly family planning. Family planning of course meaning the provision of programs for the providing of information, communication and education, to people about family planning, explaining to them what family planning is, where they might have access to family planning facilities and of course the provision of family planning programs. The actual infrastructure, the actual supplies and training and health facilities associated with family planning in different parts of the world. Another area that we work in is basic data collection. The Chinese census, which was taken last July was done with assistance from UNFPA, particularly in the computer area and in the training of people to handle their analysis and collection of data. We also work in the area of formulation of populations, policies, and programs. UNFPA answers requests from governments. Governments have to make a request to UNFPA for assistance on the basis of their own perceived needs of their own problems. Each individual government being seen as a very specific entity with very specific problems and situations. UNFPA will enter into discussions with that government, with the relevant parts of that government, perhaps the ministry of health, ministry of education to formulate, if the government doesn't already have a population policy to help them in the formulation of their policies, provide them with technical expertise and advice. Then when the policy is formulated to create programs, the goal of which is to bring those policies to fruition. We also work in communication and education. Many of these programs are actually executed through UNESCO. Reaching out to areas where people perhaps have not heard about the possibilities of the government's family planning programs, through many different means of communication. We work in implementation of policies and programs. There are also special programs on women, and youth, and the aged and other disadvantaged groups. And we have multi-sector activities such as the conferences that we support and the training activities. A high priority on UNFPA assistance is given to those countries especially in need of assistance according to a given set of criteria. The criteria have to do with the amount of arable land available per capita, with the per capita income of the country, with the birth rate of the country and the basis of those criteria. Priority countries are selected to receive relatively more aid. At the end of 1981, UNFPA was supporting about 1,700 projects. That number is slightly increased by now. However, 1981 and 1982 were difficult years for UNFPA and the country problems or country projects that were supported because of the general economic situation in the world which of course impacted on the United Nations and the organizations within the United Nations. Our resources were constrained. The expected increases in resources from donors did not materialize being a completely voluntary fund. UNFPA is completely dependent upon the voluntary donations from countries every year. It was perhaps tragic that just at the point in time where there were so many requests for assistance from countries that perceived themselves as having population problems that the resources became constrained. Adjustments have been made in programs now and it's hoped that in the future there will be increased resources made available. But it all depends on the general economic climate and the ability of the donor countries to provide from their own constrained resources. Now the United Nations International Development Strategy for the third development decade, the 1980s calls upon all countries to continue to strengthen their implementation of the recommendations of the world population plan of action. It also points out that population policies will be considered as an integral part of overall development policies and that all countries will continue to integrate their population measures and programs into their economic and social goals and strategies. The top level conferences of world leaders that were held in Ottawa in Kansas included considerations of population in their statements and deliberations. The global 2000 report that was issued a while back by the United States government. It was the previous administration, emphasized population in relation to resources and environment issues. There is a need now, for a renewed commitment for a renewed support for population programs and the recognition that population is one of the major issues of our time, for it impacts on all the others. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- You're invited this time to ask any questions that you wanna ask.\r\n\r\n- China and India and Tunisia are examples of countries that are mostly self-supporting as far as their own population programs are concerned. The Chinese government has of course a very major commitment to its own population programs because it sees population as an essential part of the development policy of the country. The Chinese have concentrated many of their energies on their population programs. They have integrated their population programs into all levels of the Chinese hierarchy, so that it operates from the very top to the very bottom and also with feedback from the bottom up. Although there is this very definite hierarchy, they've also decentralized their population programs to the extent that even the smallest village has its population brigade and they have also made great use of communication and education and we can call it propaganda for the one child family. They give out, I believe medals for one child families, one child certificates excuse me, one child family certificates. They also use peer pressure and social pressure. China being a certain kind of a culture, a very together collective culture. They have also utilized that pressure to try to reach their goal of the one child family. Now what has worked in China may not necessarily be transferable to another culture such as India. Again each country seems to have its own, specific problem and it has to have its very own solutions for those problems because of the religious differences, the cultural differences, the socioeconomic differences, the political differences. But China was one of the countries that attended the population and development conference for parliamentarians that was held in Colombo not long ago. At that conference, parliamentarians from Asia gathered together parliamentarians who had a special interest in population and development. By the end of that conference, they had agreed on a goal. A goal for Asia, a regional population goal. This was the first time this has ever been done or agreed upon. The goal of a 1% population growth for the region as a whole, by the year 2000. The accomplishment of this goal would depend very much on what happens in China and in India. Those two of course, being the giants of the area. Asia as a whole, all of Asia, but the countries that have parliaments since it was a parliamentarian conference on population and development. Yes?\r\n\r\n- We really don't have information about those problems that the United Nations fund for population activities. I really couldn't shed any light on that. I think what we see at the same newspaper reports that others see.\r\n\r\n- We actually only answer requests for assistance. Being organization within the United Nations. We are of course, a creature of governments and we would never have the right to go into any one country and tell them they have a problem if they had not themselves perceived of their situation as somehow being detrimental to them. What a problem is, is of course depends on the perspective of the individual country.\r\n\r\n- As far as agriculture is concerned I think you would get a much better answer from someone who was representing an organization like the Food and Agriculture Organization or the World Food Programs since UNFPA really does concentrate on population and that is our area of expertise. But one of the points you brought up before you mentioned agriculture was the exodus of the population from the rural areas in developing countries to the cities. You brought up agriculture because this is one of the reasons for the rural exodus because people are not able to support themselves on the land with the kinds of agricultural techniques they're now using this is as I understand you're right. This Exodus, this problem of the emptying of the rural areas and the swelling of the cities is a problem that is attracting more attention now at least within the United Nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36600/file/105692#t=0.0,1125.06776"}]}]}]}